449 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/30be7e090a9738b21dc43e731bd8991b.jpg 46270806c802ca6929ce6fa686ff9780 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club Description An account of the resource Scrapbooks of newsclippings, photographs, postcards, and ephemera of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Photos were taken at regattas on Reeds Lake; the Grand River; Peoria, Illinois; and in Chicago of club members, and events. Historical articles, reports of regatta events, and articles featuring members Charles McQuewan and Jack Corbett are included. Programs include the First Grand Regatta on Great Salt Lake 1888, and Peoria Rowing Festival, and banquet and music programs and the GR Log, a publication of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Materials from the Central States Amater Rowing Association, and the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen are also included. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1980s to 1940s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks, (RHC-54)</a> Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Racing shells Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54_Photographs-GRRC15 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource no date Title A name given to the resource Junior Double Shell Chicago Description An account of the resource A. C. Palm on stroke and F. H. Reichers at the bow in a doubles event in Chicago. Saved for Conlon Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Racing shells Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks (RHC-54)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/">No Known Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cb3e00394978cbc3e5a11b1bdd09b14a.jpg 4a0fde8f16ed19fa38195642c11bfcbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JunnSungjook Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Junn, Sungjook Description An account of the resource Sungjook Junn, Political Science Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/af4ab4e9ac60123ac7ad71273a210ad5.jpg 463a4df8caa639093142583e7209ed0c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_3_1911-1915_008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-16 Title A name given to the resource Jupiter Terrace from above Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Jupiter Terrace, Yellowstone National Park. Taken by Robert Merrill from above. Water damage is visible on the image, which was scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Rock formations Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b03af4aada55f6eb9deee8fdfab5770f.jpg 9b4fcf69c942466152356923e70a051e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_2_1909-1911_067 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-12 Title A name given to the resource Jupiter Terrace from below Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of Jupiter Terrace at Yellowstone National Park. Taken by Robert Merrill from below. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Landscapes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a3d167580a2b4fbd3b891cede40ca63f.mp3 61c56323c15b6aef64c25f5f9214ef16 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ee907204a827dc5a7bf8dae933aa7d57.pdf 11cb31aea340c82b2fbd85a5c04dd612 PDF Text Text Just Imagine: The Real Miracle of Easter Easter Sunday, The Festival of the Resurrection Scripture: I Corinthians 15:35-37, 42-50; John 20:11-18 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan March 31, 2002 Transcription of the spoken sermon We have come a long way in a few weeks. If you have been journeying with us, with Jesus on the Road Less Traveled, we have been in some dark environments, and we have felt the heaviness increasing until Thursday evening, the night in which he was betrayed, and Friday noon, the crucifixion. It has been a long way, and in a post-9/11 world, we have felt it more poignantly, perhaps, than at any time that I can remember. In the darkness, as it concluded, the end of the journey, we heard the mixed messages, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”, "Father, into thy hand I commend my spirit," and now here we are on Easter Sunday morning once again, amid the flowers in all of their beauty, and the flickering candles, the magnificent music, and this setting of Easter worship. Is it too bright too soon? Do you ever feel that? Just too bright too soon to move out of that darkness into the splendor of this moment - is it simply too quick a transition? One of our families who faithfully worshiped throughout Lent and entered very, very thoughtfully into that journey with Jesus told me they came Thursday night but wouldn't be here this morning because they simply couldn't move that quickly out of the darkness and into the light. I respect that. I feel that somewhat myself. For, what are we celebrating this morning? What has brought us from that somber and sobering darkness into this beautiful moment? What is Easter, after all? What is it all about? A simple answer which the Church has given down through the centuries, of course, is that obvious answer. Jesus died in order that I might live. Jesus died to open heaven's gate. He lives and now we, too, shall live. Easter is about resurrection. Easter is about that movement from life through death to life eternal. And certainly, that is no insignificant movement and that is no insignificant realization, particularly if, as we celebrated here yesterday, we experience the life of one loved and lost a while. Not an insignificant affirmation if one receives a terminal diagnosis and knows that one's days are numbered. And so, in no way do I want to say that promise of Easter, that Christian hope is without deep meaning and great significance. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine: The Real Miracle of Easter Richard A. Rhem Page 2 But, think with me for a moment about that. Is that really what Easter is all about? Is Easter really all about the assurance to Richard Rhem that, at the point of his death, he need fear no darkness, for the light will dawn? I mean, what about all of the history that we have been traversing together? What about the journey of Jesus into the darkness of his day which seems to be replicated all too well in the post-September 11 world when Jerusalem is burning, when Hindu and Muslim are massacring each other, when the globe trembles with the anguish that has it in its grip. Is it really enough to say that Easter is about my personal, ultimate, eternal life? We've done that in the Church, of course. We have made that promise, and again it is not insignificant, but do you feel my question? Isn't there something more? Aren't we brushed into a broader canvas? Isn't there another story going on? My own personal existence is one thing, but what about the whole cosmic movement of 15 billion years? What about the course of human history? What about this creature that we are who comes to consciousness and to awareness and who gives society and culture and civilizations? What about the vast canvas of human history? What about the awesomeness of creation? What about the human possibility, the human experiment? Isn't there more to it than whether or not I live and die and live again? Isn't that a narrow focus compared to the broader question? Haven't we missed what Jesus was all about? Let me suggest to you this morning that perhaps Easter is about human transformation. Maybe Easter is about social transformation. Maybe Easter is about a dawning awareness of something new. Maybe Easter is about the transformation of the world. Maybe all of that in which Jesus was engaged and all of the struggle and the anguish of the human community is reflective of something deeper and something more, and maybe the followers of Jesus in the wake of his death had something dawn upon them that said, "My God! He lives!" Resurrection and the nature of it has been debated and discussed from the beginning. Peter read the lessons, Paul's long 15th chapter of I Corinthians. The Corinthians were Greeks, somewhat philosophically inclined, and there were those who were saying there was no resurrection, and Paul said, if there is no resurrection, I have no message to preach, your faith is vain, our preaching is empty, nothing has happened then if there is no resurrection. But, when he got to try to explain what in the world resurrection was, Paul didn't know any more than you do. Did you hear the torturous way he was arguing about that resurrection? In fact, he starts off that one paragraph by saying, "You fool!" That’s the kind of thing we do with one another when we're not sure, raise our voice, get shrill. Paul didn't know what he was talking about, of course. He certainly wasn't talking about corpuscles. He wasn't talking about a physical body. I thought some years ago I mentioned that Easter certainly wasn't about the resuscitation of a corpse. I really thought everybody understood that by now, but not everybody did. It ruined a few Easters, I think. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine: The Real Miracle of Easter Richard A. Rhem Page 3 But, you know, if you just hear Paul, he says flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. What is buried is perishable; what comes forth is imperishable. He talks about a physical body and a spiritual body and, frankly, Paul is going around in circles because it's not about corpuscles for Paul, because Paul was on his horse and on his way to Damascus and the light knocked him off his horse and he had a vision of the ascended Lord and there were no corpuscles there. He had to go into the city and sit there in the darkness for a while and think about it. And what happened to Paul after his resurrection experience was a transformation, an absolute transformation and he was turned around in his tracks. He began to think differently and he became passionate about something of which he could never have dreamed. John's Gospel, written some six decades after the event, John who is dealing with people who have no possibility of any kind of encounter with the corpuscular Christ, tells the story of Mary and she recognizes Jesus. And of course, in the story, she wants to grab him and he says, "Don't hold me, Mary." Well, John is simply saying, isn't he, that this thing is not about bodies? Or, Thomas who missed the Easter Sunday night service, shame on him. And when he's told about the fact that Jesus was there, he says, "I don't believe it. I won't believe it unless I can put my finger in the wounded hand." And then the next Sunday night he was in church and, without coming through a door, no corpuscles there, Jesus - a hand, a wounded hand without corpuscles, can you believe it? There you are, Thomas. Well, Thomas doesn't need to touch the hand, because Thomas suddenly sees something and he says, "My Lord and my God." It is about transformation of understanding, about seeing something, and John writing six decades after the event has to deal with people whose only hope is to be able to believe it without handling it. As a matter of fact, it's not about handling it. It is about finally understanding it, it is finally to see what came to expression when the word became flesh. What was embodied in that life? That is the point - what came to expression, what was the story, what was that initial impulse of the Jesus story that led to the Jesus movement that caused people after his crucifixion to say, "The Lord is risen." Wasn't it that they began to see that in this human one, this human being, God was revealed? So, God is revealed as human. So, human beings are called to be human. And in these past weeks I have suggested that we, contrary to what we assume, are not human, we're advanced primates. But then someone suggested to me that that is a slander on the monkey world. Monkeys don't behave as poorly as we do. But, you get the point. The point is that Jesus embodied something - some truth and beauty and grace flowed through that flesh, and they saw it, and he was crucified, and they were crushed, and they said, "Oh, but he lives!" What lives is what he embodied. What lives is that which he represented. What lives is what he incarnated. God lives. God's intention lives. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine: The Real Miracle of Easter Richard A. Rhem Page 4 Easter is about human transformation. Easter is about seeing something. Easter is "Aha! I understand." Easter is Jesus getting through. Sometime or other in the past I put aside this little sheet, thinking some Easter I'd need a message. I came across it recently going through a lot of old materials, and it talks about an imaginal cell, from imagination. An imaginal cell. It is about caterpillars and butterflies. You know, the butterfly is the symbol of Easter par excellence, the transformation. Well, this paragraph talks about imaginal cells. Let us compare our situation with a metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly. When the caterpillar weaves its cocoon, imaginal disks begin to appear. These disks embody the blueprint of the butterfly yet to come. All of the disks are a natural part of the caterpillar's evolution. Its immune system recognizes them as foreign and tries to destroy them. But, as the disks arrive faster and begin to link up, the caterpillar's immune system breaks down and its body begins to disintegrate. And when the disks mature and become imaginal cells, they form themselves into a new pattern, thus transforming the disintegrating body of the caterpillar into the butterfly. The breakdown of the caterpillar's old system is essential for the breakthrough of the new butterfly. Yet, in reality, the caterpillar neither dies nor disintegrates, for from the beginning its hidden purpose was to transform and be reborn as a butterfly. What a magnificent analogy. What a beautiful picture. Imaginal cells. Someone named them imaginal cells. I'd love to know the zoologist who did that. I'd love to know why he/she called them imaginal cells. Those are cells that, coming out of the egg, the caterpillar carries with it, and they lie dormant in the caterpillar for a period of time until they begin to make their move and then eventually, in the transformation, they become the imaginal cells. Are they not the cells, perhaps, that imagined the butterfly? And imagining the butterfly, eventually the butterfly becomes the reality of the caterpillar. Imagination, you know, is one of the great human faculties, and we have denigrated it by saying, "Oh, it’s only your imagination." Nonsense. Those who study the human person say the imagination may be that very place where the Spirit of God has the opportunity of imprinting the human mind. The imagination can take human language and create a whole new reality, because when we tell our stories, we create a new reality. Reality is language embodied, and the imagination is that faculty by which we can dream of something that has never been. And what if all of the anguish and all of the travail of the present - what if Hindu and Muslim at each other's throat, what if the Arab world in all of its anger and its terror against us, what if Palestinian and Israeli, what if all of the shaking of the foundations in this present day is the travail and the birth pangs of a whole new world of which we have not yet dreamed? What if Easter is that indomitable © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine: The Real Miracle of Easter Richard A. Rhem Page 5 human hope, because of that creative spirit within us that keeps pushing us to imagine another way of being, a different reality, a transformed world? What if Easter is about the dawning awareness of that which has never been, except in the intention of God? What if Easter is about something we've not yet dreamed of and even now is underway? Just imagine! That's the miracle of Easter. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Easter Sunday Scripture Text I Corinthians 15:50, John 20:17, 29 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20020331 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-03-31 Title A name given to the resource Just Imagine - The Real Miracle of Easter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on March 31, 2002 entitled "Just Imagine - The Real Miracle of Easter", on the occasion of Easter Sunday, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: I Corinthians 15:50, John 20:17, 29. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Easter Inclusivism Transformation https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a89ff2c209d2011a4c5679933926b06b.pdf 17e2b648758d4265f285a6af72917c99 PDF Text Text Just Imagine… Micah 6:8; Luke 10:25-37; John Lennon: “Imagine” Richard A. Rhem Lakeshore Interfaith Community, Mother’s Trust Ganges, Michigan July 12, 2009 Having recently celebrated once again our nation’s independence, I have been reflecting on that founding vision in light of this present moment of our history. Let me state my intention up front: Being in awe of the miracle of the founding of these United States and of the vision upon which the nation was founded in the late 18th century, I will suggest that we need an equally radical and visionary declaration for the Age of Global Community into which we have entered. Let’s begin by remembering the miracle of our founding and of the vision that came to expression in our founding documents. Specifically, let me remind you of the creation of our Constitution which is so much under discussion today because of the peril into which it has been placed in this era of American imperial designs. In May 1787, 55 delegates from twelve of the thirteen states gathered in Philadelphia for a Constitutional Convention. The heady days of 1776 and newly won independence had finally been ratified in the Peace of Paris in 1783, but that newly won independence was by now severely strained. The new nation was a confederacy of sovereign states – thirteen sovereign states –not altogether unlike the present European Confederation bound together for purposes of trade. A confederacy is a weak instrument and the respective state legislatures wanted it to stay that way. States rights were the first concern, especially among the more numerous small states that feared being swallowed up by the larger states of Virginia, Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. Each state was jealous of their own sovereignty, and without a common enemy to fight, Americans seemed incapable of preserving their union. “Lycurgus,” a pseudonomous writer in the New Haven Gazette, complained that the union under the Articles of Confederation “is not a union of sentiment – it is not a union of interest; – it is not a union to be seen – or felt – or in any manner perceived.” Antifederalists believed that the preservation of republican liberties won by the Revolution depended on maintaining the sovereignty and independence of the States. John Francis Mercer spoke for the Antifederalists when he declared that he was “persuaded © Grand Valley State University   �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 2   that the People of so large a continent, so different in interests, so distinct in habits,” could not be adequately represented in a single legislature. Patrick Henry, the great orator of the Revolution, would have nothing to do with a central government; Virginia was doing just fine. There were other voices, however, representing a larger vision. George Washington came out of retirement to participate in the Convention, becoming its chairman. James Madison clearly articulated the urgency and critical importance of a strong federal government, warning that, without it, the 13 states simply would not survive. Indeed, in Europe there was little confidence that the fledgling nation would survive and Britain, France and Spain were simply waiting in the wings to move in. The initial years of independence were a sorry tale of weakness and incapacity to govern. Only that authority freely given by the States to the Confederate government could be exercised. There was no power to enact legislation or impose taxes. In the summer of 1786 farmers in western Massachusetts determined to shut down the courts that were threatening foreclosure on their lands due to unpaid taxes. Shays’ rebellion, as it was called, shocked the nation. The impossibility of governing under the present structure was recognized and a Constitutional Convention was called for May of 1787. One month before the Convention, Madison said the hurdles confronting any reform (of the Articles of Confederation) were so great that they “would inspire despair in any case where the alternative was less formidable.” The Convention was called for May 14; it actually began May 25 and serious discussion got underway on May 29. With only one recess, the Convention met for six days a week from 4 to 8 hours a day until September 17, when the document was signed. It was a steamy, hot, humid summer in Philadelphia. One breath followed another with difficulty. Windows had to be kept closed because of the swarms of stinging flies. Madison arrived eleven days early, drafting the Virginia Plan which became the Convention agenda. The smaller states were threatened and unyielding. On June 14, William Paterson of New Jersey submitted the New Jersey Plan as an alternative move to the Virginia Plan, more to the liking of the smaller states. The Convention deadlocked. A committee was appointed to work out a compromise which was offered on July 5, debated until July 14 and finally affirmed on July 16. The compromise was approved by a five to four vote. From then on it was a matter of working out the details. By September 17, our Constitution was signed, ready to be ratified by the respective states. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 3   Madison was disappointed. He felt that he had lost on critical issues. It fell to Ben Franklin, 81, the wise, elder statesman, to present the document for signing. He said, When you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those men, all their prejudice, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an assembly, can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies, who are waiting with confidence to hear that our councils are confounded like those of the Builders of Babel… Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best. Franklin had himself made compromise. He asked that “every member of the Convention who may still have objections to it, would with me, on this occasion doubt a little of his own infallibility.” The Constitution of the United States is an amazing document that has served us well and has become a model for nations around the globe. Someone has said it is our most important export. What this document, hammered out in the oppressive heat of a Philadelphia summer, has created and enabled is the highest achievement of human government. Reviewing that history, I was surprised at how tenuous was the establishing of this nation. It was a struggle – a hard-fought battle. Not everyone wanted to be free of the British Crown and, of those who did, there were many who had no vision for the great nation that emerged. We were almost not birthed. That we were was quite miraculous; that there were such leaders of the caliber of Jefferson, Madison, Adams, Franklin and others was quite amazing; and, their vision of the principles upon which our nation is founded, which came to expression in our founding documents, is really amazing. Admittedly we have fallen short of the vision and the visionaries themselves had blind spots. Nonetheless, in Franklin’s words to the Constitutional Convention regarding the Document to be voted on – I consent…to this Constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best. I suspect we would all agree that his estimate was right. This nation was born at the dawn of the modern period. The periodization of history is somewhat arbitrary, I suppose, but most scholars would agree that the 18th century was the blossoming of modernity – the Age of Enlightenment – the Age of Reason. It saw © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 4   the ascendancy of the human spirit – that was the historical context in which our nation was born. The human spirit began to come to flower in the fifteenth century, and in the Italian Renaissance there was a great expression of art, of sculpture, and of architecture. After that long period of medievalism when the Church was so dominant and so oppressive, where there was linkage between throne and altar, finally, in the fifteenth century, there was a breaking out, a blossoming of the human spirit. I think the sixteenth century of which we are the children – children of the Reformation and the counter-reformation – was perhaps a detour. For a time the authoritarian structures of society once again asserted themselves. But inevitably the human person was going to break out. Our nation was born in that context of history when all forms of authoritarianism were overthrown. There was the assertion of the human spirit. There was the conviction that there was dignity in every human person and that freedom and liberty were the Godgiven and God-intended virtues with which the human being and society were to live. So our nation was born at a point of newness. In the midst of history there is development. There is newness. Sometimes we get so depressed by the present. It seems as though things don’t go anywhere and we get all enmeshed, and in a situation of no movement, of gridlock. We throw up our hands and we wonder if there’s any hope, and if anyone can make any difference, if anyone can change things, if anyone can get things moving again. What I want to say to you is “Yes. Yes. Yes, in the long run there is movement. There is development.” This nation was born at a point of newness. There was a new understanding of human government. There was a new understanding of the human person. There was an appreciation for the necessity of liberty and freedom in which human beings could realize their potential. There was a recognition that the finest form of human government was the government that governed least, that was a “government of the people, by the people, and for the people” in that definition that Lincoln gave to this form of government 100 years later in the crisis of the Civil War. Lincoln really redefined the revolution when he said that this nation was “dedicated to the proposition that all people were created equal,” and that the test of the Civil War was a test of whether or not this experiment indeed could come to fruition and realization of that high ideal for which it was initiated in the first place. The twentieth century saw our nation engaged in great global conflict in which our philosophy of government, our conception of freedom, of democratic institutions, of the rule of law, have been severely challenged. World War I, World War II and, following victory in the Second World War, the decades of the Cold War’s ideological struggle in which the world was brought to the brink of disaster – each side keeping its hand off the trigger, because of the realization that in nuclear conflict there can be no winners. Mutually Assured Destruction, © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 5   aptly named by the acronym MAD, kept the world “safe” during the decades of Cold War standoff. And then 1989 – do you remember the fall of the Berlin Wall – people dancing, singing, weeping, embracing. Do you remember the euphoria? In the summer 1989 issue of The National Interest an essay appeared that created a great deal of discussion. It was written by a State Department planner, Francis Fukayama, who boldly entitled his essay “The End of History.” Fukuyama saw in the reform policies of Gorbachev not just the end of the Cold War or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such – that is, the end-point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. He argued that Karl Marx saw history as having an “end,” meaning its fulfillment in an ideal political system. Marx saw the conflicts and contradictions of all previous societies being resolved in a utopian classless society. According to Fukuyama, Marx borrowed the idea from the German philosopher Hegel who argued that history would culminate at a moment “in which a final rational form of society and state became victorious”. According to the report of Fukayama’s essay in Time (9/4/89), For Hegel, history “ended,” in this sense, with Napoleon’s triumph over the Prussian forces at Jena in 1806. That battle, to Hegel, marked the vindication by arms of the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution. A French-Russian philosopher, Alexander Kojeve, believes Hegel was right because at Jena the “vanguard” of humanity implemented the French Revolution’s goals. The motto of the French Revolution, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” has been seriously challenged in this century but Fukuyama argued the ferment occurring within the Eastern bloc points to the triumph of these ideals. You can imagine that Fukuyama’s contention met with serious criticism at the time. In a series of responses printed in the same issue of The National Interest there were challenges raised to his thesis. One respondent, Gertrude Himmelfarb, pointed to a different reading of Hegel. In another reading of Hegel, however, all of history is a constant – and constantly unfulfilled – attempt to realize and actualize those principles. The dialectic does not consist, as Mr. Fukuyama says, in “a beginning, a middle, and an end,” but in “a thesis, an antithesis, and a synthesis,” in which the synthesis of the preceding stage is the thesis of the present, thus setting in motion an endless dialectical cycle – and thus preserving the drama of history. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 6   Hegel was an Idealist, not a utopian. It was Marx, having defined history as the history of class struggle and socialism as the abolition of classes, who had to contemplate a final, classless state of history – although even he was enough of a Hegelian to be uncomfortable with that end, avoiding any discussion of it except for a few hilarious sentences in The German Ideology (very early Marx) about the completely fulfilled, de-alienated man who would hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, and “criticize” (philosophize) in the evening. As it happened, history did not come to an end either with the French Revolution or, as Marxists once believed, with the Russian Revolution. A good deal of history transpired between and since those revolutions – not only the humdrum “panorama” of ordinary history (as Hegel called it) but momentous, world-historical events. Even the most ardent Hegelian would be hard put to dismiss communism or nazism as minor set-backs in the relentless march of history; he might even be moved to see in them dimensions of human consciousness, potentialities for evil, which bode ill for the progress of Spirit or Reason. At the very least, he might be inclined to put off the end of history to infinity, making it an Absolute by which to judge the present, a star by which to steer our course, but with no expectation of reaching that final destination. I entirely agree with Mr. Fukuyama’s opening sentence, that “something very fundamental has happened in world history.” My only problem is with the rest of the paper, in which liberal democracy is universalized and eternalized, bringing history to an end. Would that it were so. I myself have been too traumatized by communism and nazism to have any confidence in the eternal realities of history – except the reality of contingency and change, of the imponderable and the unanticipated ªand, as often as not, the undesired and undesirable. The twenty years since 1989 have proved Himmelfarb far closer to reality than Fukuyama, and that not because the values and virtues of western liberal democracy are less than they are heralded to be but rather because even the best political and economic framework and principles can be wrenched and wrecked by human hubris, greed and ruthlessness. Witness the present economic chaos in which we find ourselves, broken government bought and paid for by special interests, a designation pointing to the fact that the common good, the public wellbeing, is not the goal. In the July, 2009, issue of Vanity Fair, there appears an article entitled “Wall Street’s Toxic Message” under which appear the following in bold print: When the current crisis is over, the reputation of American-style capitalism will have taken a beating – not least because of the gap between what Washington practices and what it preaches. Disillusioned developing © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 7   nations may well turn their backs on the free market, warns Nobel laureate Joseph E. Stiglitz, posing new threats to global stability and U.S. security. Interestingly, Stiglitz refers to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, obviously agreeing with Fukuyama that that was a pivotal moment in our times. The fall of the Berlin Wall, in 1989, marked the end of Communism as a viable idea. Yes, the problems with Communism had been manifest for decades. But after 1989 it was hard for anyone to say a word in its defense. For a while, it seemed that the defeat of Communism meant the sure victory of capitalism, particularly in its American form. Francis Fukuyama went as far as to proclaim “the end of history,” defining democratic market capitalism as the final stage of social development, and declaring that all humanity was now heading in this direction. In truth, historians will mark the 20 years since 1989 as the short period of American triumphalism. With the collapse of great banks and financial houses, and the ensuing economic turmoil and chaotic attempts at rescue, that period is over. So, too, is the debate over “market fundamentalism,” the notion that unfettered markets, all by themselves, can ensure economic prosperity and growth. Today only the deluded would argue that markets are selfcorrecting or that we can rely on the self-interested behavior of market participants to guarantee that everything works honestly and properly. The consequence of the implosion of free market capitalism and the economic meltdown in the global community may lead developing nations to turn away from market capitalism which he contends is the only system that can bring them prosperity and free them from poverty. He writes, But my concern here is more with the realm of ideas. I worry that, as they see more clearly the flaws in America’s economic and social system, many in the developing world will draw the wrong conclusions. A few countries – and maybe America itself – will learn the right lessons. They will realize that what is required for success is a regime where the roles of market and government are in balance, and where a strong state administers effective regulations. They will realize that the power of special interests must be curbed. But, for many other countries, the consequences will be messier, and profoundly tragic. The former Communist countries generally turned, after the dismal failure of their postwar system, to market capitalism, replacing Karl Marx with Milton Friedman as their god. The new religion has not served them well. Many countries may conclude not simply that unfettered capitalism, American-style, has failed but that the very concept of a market economy has failed, and is indeed unworkable under any circumstances. Old-style Communism won’t be back, but a variety of forms © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 8   of excessive market intervention will return. And these will fail. The poor suffered under market fundamentalism – we had trickle-up economics, not trickle-down economics. But the poor will suffer again under these new regimes, which will not deliver growth. Without growth there cannot be sustainable poverty reduction. There has been no successful economy that has not relied heavily on markets. Poverty feeds disaffection. The inevitable downturns, hard to manage in any case, but especially so by governments brought to power on the basis of rage against American-style capitalism, will lead to more poverty. The consequences for global stability and American security are obvious. Stiglitz sees our present failure as putting the democracy birthed here in a bad light. Faith in democracy is another victim. In the developing world, people look at Washington and see a system of government that allowed Wall Street to write self-serving rules which put at risk the entire global economy – and then, when the day of reckoning came, turned to Wall Street to manage the recovery. They see continued re-distributions of wealth to the top of the pyramid, transparently at the expense of ordinary citizens. They see, in short, a fundamental problem of political accountability in the American system of democracy. After they have seen all this, it is but a short stop to conclude that something is fatally wrong, and inevitably so, with democracy itself. (p. 85) Finally he returns to Fukuyama, pointing to where he was wrong but also where he was right. The American economy will eventually recover, and so, too, up to a point, will our standing abroad. America was for a long time the most admired country in the world, and we are still the richest. Like it or not, our actions are subject to minute examination. Our successes are emulated. But our failures are looked upon with scorn. Which brings me back to Francis Fukuyama. He was wrong to think that the forces of liberal democracy and the market economy would inevitably triumph, and that there could be no turning back. But he was not wrong to believe that democracy and market forces are essential to a just and prosperous world. The economic crisis, created largely by America’s behavior, has done more damage to these fundamental values than any totalitarian regime ever could have. Perhaps it is true that the world is heading toward the end of history, but it is now sailing against the wind, on a course we set ourselves. (p. 85) I wrestle with a subject like this, way beyond my pay scale, which is to say my level of competence, because finally as a follower of Jesus it is my passion to see a movement toward a more compassionate world. We began with the marvelous vision with which this nation was founded. We rightly stand in awe of humane © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page 9   values which came to expression in our founding documents. Every Fourth of July we celebrate the Declaration of our Independence. But history moves on. John Donne wrote “No man is an island entire of itself,” but today we must recognize no nation is an island entire of itself. If anyone doubted the intimate inter-connection of all the peoples of the earth, the present economic disaster should remove all doubt. Pope Benedict XVI issued his third encyclical since assuming the throne of St. Peter. The encyclical dealt with global economic order, urging world leaders to work for the common good. In an article in the New York Times (July 8, 2009), it was reported that he addressed the current situation: VATICAN CITY – Pope Benedict XVI on Tuesday called for a radical rethinking of the global economy, criticizing a growing divide between rich and poor and urging the establishment of a “true world political authority” to oversee the economy and work for the “common good.” He criticized the current economic system, “where the pernicious effects of sin are evident,” and urged financiers in particular to “rediscover the genuinely ethical foundation of their activity.” He also called for “greater social responsibility” on the part of business. “Once profit becomes the exclusive goal, if it is produced by improper means and without the common good as its ultimate end, it risks destroying wealth and creating poverty,” Benedict wrote in his new encyclical, which the Vatican released on Tuesday. More than two years in the making, “Caritas in Veritate,” or “Charity in Truth,” is Benedict’s third encyclical since he became pope in 2005. Filled with terms like “globalization,” “market economy,” “outsourcing,” “labor unions” and “alternative energy,” it is not surprising that the Italian media reported that the Vatican was having difficulty translating the 144-page document into Latin. This is an important call to recognize and face up to the imperative necessity of the global community beginning to act according to the reality into which history has evolved. Many will write off the Pope’s call as just another religious idealist peddling pipe dreams. Such an international authority will be struggled against no more fiercely anywhere than in our own nation. Why yield any element of sovereignty when you are number one – even if crippled and losing ground. But the time is coming when a radical new envisioning of our global community will occur if the human story is to continue. But why should we wait until there is no option because of disaster? Why should we wait for the environment to collapse, endless war, and greedy, ruthless © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page10   operatives to amass fortunes while of the 80% of the world’s population that live in Asia, Latin America and Africa, 1.4 billion subsist on less than $1.25 a day? It is not that no voices have been raised over the centuries, voices of prophets, poets and dreamers. The biblical tradition is replete with calls for justice and compassion. From the Hebrew prophet Micah, for example, He has told you, O Mortal, what is good; And what does the Lord require of you But to do justice, and love kindness, And to walk humbly with your God? (Micah 6:8) And Jesus, the great storyteller, answered a lawyer’s test question: “What must I do to inherit eternal life?” by asking him, “What is written in the Law? What do you read there?” The lawyer responded with the summary of the Law and the prophets – You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. Jesus affirmed the answer and said, “Do this, and you will live.” But that didn’t satisfy the lawyer whose motive in asking the question is suspect and he asked further, “And who is my neighbor?” And that question of course led to one of Jesus’ most memorable parables, the story of the good Samaritan, (Luke 10:25-37). A man journeying from Jerusalem to Jericho is ambushed, robbed, beaten and left half dead. A priest saw him and passed by on the other side. A Levite did the same. Then a Samaritan came by, saw the wounded one, had compassion on him, gave him first aid and then brought him to an inn where he took care of him. Leaving the next day, he told the Innkeeper to look after him and upon his return he would cover the cost. Now in response to the lawyer’s question “Who is my neighbor?”, Jesus asks the lawyer, “Which of the three was neighbor to the victim?” The answer, of course, was obvious: “The one who showed him kindness.” Jesus replied, “Go and do likewise.” The story gets its punch, of course, because while religious leaders might be expected to show compassion they fail to act. The one who shows mercy is a Samaritan, one despised by the Jews, reflecting an ancient feud. Showing mercy knows no bounds. So it is on planet Earth. A striking image of our real planetary situation was expressed by the famed astronomer, Carl Sagan – no professor of belief in God. © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page11   “We succeeded in taking that picture (from deep space), and, if you look at it, you see a dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever lived, lived out their lives. The aggregate of all our joys and sufferings, thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilizations, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every hopeful child, every mother and father, every inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species, lived there on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam. The earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that in glory and in triumph they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of the dot on scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner of the dot. How frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds. Our posturings, our imagined selfimportance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity – in all this vastness – there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves. It is up to us. It’s been said that astronomy is a humbling, and I might add, a character-building experience. To my mind, there is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly and compassionately with one another and to preserve and cherish that pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known.” Carl Sagan Can you hear that and not be moved? Is it not compassion we need and would the deep wellspring of compassion that lies within the human breast be tapped if we had such a vision, such a grasp of the reality of our human situation? If only we could imagine…. In case you missed the news, Michael Jackson is dead. I acknowledge some lack in myself but I could never get into him or his music. But I know it has to do with some deficiency; I never got into the Beatles either. In both cases it was I against the universe I guess. Certainly there is musical genius that I have missed. I confess this because a few Christmases past we received a Christmas card with a poem by John Lennon entitled “Imagine” as well as a variation on the theme that transposed the poem from an amazing expression of human imagination to an expression of Christmas hope. The original is: © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page12   Imagine By John Lennon Imagine there’s no heaven It’s easy if you try No hell below us Above us only sky Imagine all the people Living for today…. Imagine there’s no countries It isn’t hard to do Nothing to kill or die for No religion too Imagine all the people Living life in peace… Imagine no possessions I wonder if you can No need for greed or hunger A brotherhood of man Imagine all the people Sharing all the world… You may say I’m a dreamer But I’m not the only one I hope someday you’ll join us And the world will be as one. The Christmas card version from our friends Peter and Helen Hart was entitled “Imagine Reversed…” Imagine there’s a heaven It’s easy if you try When love is all around us And beauty fills the sky Imagine all the people Living for today…. Imagine all the countries It isn’t hard to do The rule of law to guide us And religion too Imagine all the people Living life in peace… © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page13   Imagine our possessions I wonder if you can As gifts for need and hunger According to God’s plan Imagine all the people Sharing all the world… Our hope is not just dreaming For once was born a Son Who lived so we might follow Him And the world will be as one. Obviously for Christmas, for a Christian, Lennon’s expression is inadequate. It was a telling critique of religion, I must say, suggesting religion is one of the divisive elements in the human world, indeed a source of violence which cannot be denied. But it need not be and the positive potential of religion is picked up nicely in the “Imagine Reversed”. If you look closely at “Imagine Reversed,” the last two lines of all four stanzas are the same with the exception of the fourth stanza where the next to the last line is changed from “I hope some day you’ll join us” to “Who lived so we might follow Him.” Rather than an invitation to join the dreamer the reverse version points to a concrete human example, obviously the one whose birth Christmas celebrates. A not insignificant change from an open invitation to join in a human hope to a human life as model that incarnated the dreamer’s vision. Even so, Lennon’s original is a marvelous portrayal of an alternative world envisioned by a dreamer. Dreamers and poets are critically important to inspire us to imagine, to imagine a better way of being, to imagine a better world, an alternative world reflective of the God of love and compassion – not just for our nation, not for one continent, not for one race but for all humankind. Just imagine, All people living for today Living life in peace Sharing all the world And the world will be as one. I am quite aware that that sounds like fantasy talk – wholly unrealistic in the present world situation. Where would you begin to point out the flash points of present – the Middle East – Iran? Iraq? The Israeli-Palestinian ongoing crises? Afghanistan with escalating military engagement? The straining of relationships with Russia? Honduras? North Korea? The volatility of Pakistan? Spin the globe and peril seems ubiquitous. One might be tempted to throw up one’s hands and say hope of any amelioration of the world’s peril, the struggle for power and © Grand Valley State University �Just Imagine… Richard A. Rhem Page14   preeminence, the exploitation of the weaker by the stronger has always been the story and will be until the End – an end some religious traditions might see as the final intervention of God in Judgment and Redemption. Or might it be an End that is of human making – a nuclear Holocaust or an environmental disaster? And in the meantime conflict, violence, war and human suffering and tragedy. Gathered here as an assembly of good people, the fortunate ones, civil, decent and essentially well-meaning, it must feel like I am overdrawing the threat and painting the picture far too somberly. After all there have been wars and rumors of wars forever. There have been good times and bad times. Isn’t it better to try just to do one’s best and get along as best one can? Is our time really different? Has everything changed? Albert Einstein in the wake of the first atomic bomb dropped on Japan – He whose genius was critical in creating the atomic weapon – said “Everything has changed except our thinking.” And the world Einstein knew has changed dramatically in the meantime. He also said, “Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal.” In The Abolition of Man (1944), C.S. Lewis wrote: Human nature will be the last part of Nature to surrender to Man. The battle will then be won. We shall … be henceforth free to make our species whatever we wish to be. The battle will indeed be won. But who, precisely, will have won? For the power of Man to make himself what he pleases means, as we have seen, the power of some men to make other men what they please. The only hope for a human future as well as a humane future is to imagine an alternative universe in which a global community learns compassion. As Jesus taught us to pray Thy Kingdom come; Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven. That will be the case when we learn that our neighbor is anyone who crosses our path in need and we allow compassion to flow like a mighty stream. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Lakeshore Interfaith Gathering Scripture Text Micah 6:8, Luke 10:25-37, Imagine by John Lennon Location The location of the interview Lakeshore Interfaith Center, Ganges Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20090712 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-07-12 Title A name given to the resource Just Imagine... Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on July 12, 2009 entitled "Just Imagine...", on the occasion of Lakeshore Interfaith Gathering, at Lakeshore Interfaith Center, Ganges. Scripture references: Micah 6:8, Luke 10:25-37, Imagine by John Lennon. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Inclusivism Nonviolence https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b50e89fbad365f420780ae1171a1f76e.mp4 4c19a8aeda905f3a5272f3a8da7eb676 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/27348c0d596f127975c2696c05d274dd.pdf 6ed0f7d88d24c972683dfac4892a8f50 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project World War II Alfred Justice Interview Total Time: 59:39 Background  (00:14) Born in September 1920 in Raven, Virginia  Stayed here until he entered the service  (00:34) Family worked in the coal fields  (00:54) Had one brother and three sisters  (1:14) Mr. Justice’s father had a job on and off during the Depression era o Worked as an electrician  (2:00) Didn’t graduate from high school right away  (2:21) Joined the army in September of 1939 o Joined because as a young man, it was hard to find places to go, things to do, no chance of employment o Went to the service for survival Training  (3:11) Ft. Knox, Kentucky, for basic training  (3:30) The guy who trained them was very tough o Always told the recruits that the tough men died during the war o Was a courier o Drill instructor wouldn’t allow any of the recruits to have beer with him o “When you get to be soldiers, we’ll drink plenty of beer, but not until then.”  (4:30) At first, Mr. Justice loved his new life in the army  (5:17) They did drill training, calisthenics o No forced marches  (5:37) Basic training lasted two months  (5:49) Assigned to a gun squad – stayed at Ft. Knox  (7:26) Stayed at Ft. Knox after Pearl Harbor for a time  (7:31) Eventually went to Ft. Custer (before Pearl Harbor) at Battle Creek, Michigan o First troops to enter Ft. Custer to stay since WWI  (7:58) Ft. Custer was full of tents when they got there  (8:40) In the summer of 1941, he switched to tank destroyers  (9:15) When they got here, they were creating a cadre for the battalion �               (9:30) Remembers the first job he had was being picked for a school assignment to teach tactics for tankers at Ft. Hood, Texas (10:19) Stayed in Texas for a couple of years, and then went to Ft. Jackson, South Carolina (10:41) Mr. Justice was in Battle Creek when Pearl Harbor happened o Recalls drinking beer with his friends around this time (11:52) After Pearl Harbor, Mr. Justice said he took his job in the army more seriously (12:11) In Texas, Mr. Justice trained other men to fight in tanks o At this point, he didn’t have any background experience in this area (12:32) Remembers going to the classroom one morning o Three Marine officers in his class that weren’t supposed to be there o They clashed instantly, but somehow they learned to live with each other o They ended up being friends – said if he ever wanted to join the Marines, they would do anything they possibly could to welcome him with a rank (15:05) At the time, Mr. Justice recalls that the big weapon was a 76 mm gun o Eventually went to 90 mm and a 3 inch o After the war, they still had 3 inch o These guns were mounted on turrets o One could fire these from inside the tank (16:45) At Ft. Hood, they went out on a lot of maneuvers o Went to firing range o “Out in the boondocks constantly” (17:29) Stayed in Ft. Hood until they were deployed (17:49) In South Carolina and Texas, he worked in a training unit (18:07) Mr. Justice was a staff sergeant (20:00) They were out in the country o At this point, they just opened up the reservation and most things were still being built (20:29) In South Carolina, Mr. Justice said it was a nice facility, much different than in Texas (21:20) Mr. Justice said he never believed that he wanted to be sent “into action,” but once it got to that point, he expected and accepted it (21:42) Was surprised that it took so long to be sent overseas Overseas  (22:00) Sailed out from New York City  (23:15) Was told that he would ride the Queen Mary �                  (24:05) Said that the only good thing about the ship was that an orchestra was aboard (24:33) The ship sailed alone because of its speed o But they still used the zig zag maneuver (25:00) Going over, the weather was great, but not so much going back (25:12) Took almost a week going over the Atlantic, but about three weeks going back home on a Liberty Ship (25:39) Landed near Glasgow, Scotland (25:50) Moved to England for awhile (27:24) Landed in France o They went over on a Landing Ship Tank (LST) o Fired up tanks, went ashore o Mr. Justice was a platoon sergeant o In charge of four tanks o Drove from France to Belgium in tanks (28:45) No fighting while he drove over, doesn’t even remember hearing a rifle shot (29:38) At this point, the weather started getting cold and snowy (30:10) Saw civilians; intermingled (30:34) Mr. Justice says that he was surprised that the German population accepted them; sincerity (31:07) Mr. Justice said the first time they went into action was probably an outside incident (31:58) Mr. Justice said he always thought the Germans weren’t good marksmen o Thought the reason for this was that Hitler didn’t have the source or money to buy practice ammunition o Germans missed when they fired at them (32:59) Mr. Justice said they fired at mostly single personnel (33:09) When they encountered tanks, guns were not effective o They knew not to engage in fighting when German tanks were involved (35:06) After the Battle of the Bulge, Mr. Justice said the Germans were confused; “all but done” o Believes at this point the enemy didn’t have a will to fight o This is when they were fighting in open country (35:49) Remembers seeing civilians as they moved across Germany (36:22) Mr. Justice noticed that German women took up with American men o A German doctor he talked to said it would be the same if German men came to America if it was under the same position o The doctor commented on how strong the American troops were �             (38:23) Mr. Justice said there were some American troops who weren’t behaving very well o One guy went into a house and raped a teenager o This man was court martialed and sent back to Kansas (Ft. Leavenworth) o Not aware of stealing and looting, though (39:18) Slept in houses if they were available (40:20) Mr. Justice was around Darmstadt when the war ended (41:26) At this time, Mr. Justice was in charge of around 60 men o Was an officer at this point (42:00) Shortly before the Battle of the Bulge, Mr. Justice was promoted o The man he replaced was hurt (42:34) After being promoted, he continued the same job he had with the same men (43:05) Saw concentration camps in Germany o One day they happened to come upon it o The gates were opened o Mr. Justice’s unit helped clean up o Remembers seeing hundreds of bodies stacked on top of farm equipment being hauled away o Saw displaced persons; they were scared and hungry  Wandered around  Talked to them as best as they could with language barrier  Most of the ones he contacted were Polish  They wanted to go back to Poland (46:17) Remembers seeing villages o One time he was assigned to a hospital o Remembers having to double check when somebody was dead o These were soldiers in the hospitals o Gangrene, etc. o Here, Mr. Justice said he learned what misery meant o None of these guys had aspirin or anything (48:56) Mr. Justice had more than enough points to get out of the service (49:23) After Japan surrendered, Mr. Justice was still in Germany (49:35) Mr. Justice doesn’t remember others leaving in his unit before him o Quite a few left with him (50:12) Before the Germans surrendered, he was able to go to the French Riviera o He had a stomach disorder, so he was sent here to convalesce o Was here for about a month (51:02) Earlier, he stayed in London �o A month in England before Germany Going Home  (51:48) Sailed out of England on the Liberty Ship o Sea Hawk o Took at least three weeks to get back to the US o The seas were very rough – everyone got sick o They thought they were going to sink  (53:28) Went to Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia o Mr. Justice was put in charge of the troop train coming back to Indianapolis  (53:50) Discharged at Camp Atterbury, Indiana  (54:08) Went home to Niles, Michigan o Met wife at Camp Custer o Was married in 1943  (55:11) Tried a job at Tyler Refrigeration, and eventually worked at a railroad company, which he stayed at the rest of his working life o Was a trainman o Also worked as a switchman o Fireman on an engine  (58:31) Mr. Justice believes he was very different when he came back from the army � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JusticeA1139V Title A name given to the resource Justice, Alfred (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justice, Alfred Description An account of the resource Alfred Justice was born in southwestern Virginia. He joined the army in September of 1939 mostly because it was impossible to find a job as a young man during that time. Mr. Justice received his training at Ft. Knox, and was stationed at Fort Custer at the time of Pearl Harbor. For the first three years of the war, he trained other soldiers in tanks and tank destroyers at Fort Custer, Fort Hood and Fort Jackson before finally sailing to England with a tank battalion. Landing in France late in 1944, his battalion participated in the Battle of the Bulge, where he received a battlefield commission, and went on into Germany, where he saw concentration camps and displaced persons, and remained for several months after the end of the war. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-07-07 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5b188eb57f756fbb67528a907f4469b9.jpg 03f0857e414022bd906f276dcded2bb7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1742 Title A name given to the resource K-1 class submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K-1 class Russian SS (submarine), April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Warships--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c720ebcb480057556b5ecd3bfb676487.jpg 7e0006bb73d40158b42d3b8f5de84024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1743 Title A name given to the resource K-1 class submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K-1 class Russian SS (submarine), April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945 Slides Warships--Recognition Russia Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8c49148ca98c890108cc5f4d5586064e.jpg 0646aaf695c6d0a5ed6cff3bf038cfe8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X476 Title A name given to the resource K-135 (Boeing 707) jet tanker Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K-135 (Boeing 707) US jet tanker, March 1, 1955. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b0eb22b3bd7154defc4ded4c432087d1.jpg 0ee9266abc0a2d444f808db97cbd3ed6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X748 Title A name given to the resource K-3, conventional attack submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K-3, US conventional attack submarine, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e3bd2a23a3ccca8f291f914800618dd.jpg 3200f52bfb01cb2d6fa31ecc02446a3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X804 Title A name given to the resource K-3, conventional attack submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K-3, conventional attack submarine, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/12fea01888a69e4c9b6fdd14debd0b63.jpg 2bb81fdd6d81cd82e58a9b2ee29cf6b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X698 Title A name given to the resource K3 hunter-killer submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K3, US hunter-killer submarine, April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cfe18ed6c36a914d864ccf92f807888a.jpg 09d9e205b4a2e40d4542b811ed9c8161 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X700 Title A name given to the resource K3 hunter-killer submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K3, US hunter-killer submarine, April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d053f510119bf479bcf8937a630848fb.jpg bfe958c9753cfd423f403d2e33f21f9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X699 Title A name given to the resource K3 hunter-killer sumbarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource K3, US hunter-killer submarine, April 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-04-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c2c0af2a1c11063ed344b4255a34963e.pdf 0b82b6a3a6e5bc67320cc4eb5e509b40 PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Grand Valley State University Special Collections Interviewee: Kadi DeHaan Interviewers: Kelly Petrauskas, Andrew Felice, Fred Helms and Zachary Felice Supervising Faculty: Melanie Shell-Weiss Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/14/2012 Biography and Description Kadi DeHaan was in a car accident when she was in high school. She lost feelings and use of her legs. She has been in rehabilitationand is learning muscle memory. She is in great progress toward her goal of walking again. She discusses her accident and how it has changed her life. Transcript PETRAUSKAS: Could you please give us some basic information about yourself? DEHAAN: Yes. first of all today is March 14th it’s a Wednesday evening at about 7PM. My name is Kadi DeHaan and I’m 23 years old. My birthday is April 22, 1988. I come from a family of four, and I have two older half sisters as well, and one younger sister and I have my parents still. we are in Byron Center Michigan. I was born in Grand Rapids and I grew up in Byron Center my whole life yeah. PETRAUSKAS: Airight, could you tell us a little bit about your childhood? DEHAAN: Yup. When I was a child I remember me and my sister were really close. We were really good friends. we always, my morn always tell us stories “You always had your sister sit there and you’d have her play teacher and have her listen” and I remember we’d always go to my grandpa’s. He had a pool, we went swimming there a lot. We’d have friends over there. in Kindergarten I had a best friend his name was Jeremy. I came home and said “Mom I met a cute boy on the bus today” and she thought that was pretty funny. I didn’t tell her what I learned, I just said I met a cute boy. And, him along with like four other friends lived right behind us. since I was little we went camping every summer, started out at the Yogi Bear camp grounds in Grand Haven and Silver Lake. LAJDZIAK: How old is your sister, is your sister pretty close to your age? DEHAAN: My younger sister is two years younger than me. We hang out a lot, yup. She’s my best friend. My two older half sisters are 35 and 31. They’re both married and have kids, but we still see one of them pretty often. LAJDZIAK: Alright, they still live in Michigan? DEHAAN: Yeah, one lives in Holland and one lives in Hudsonville. Page 1 �LAJDZIAK: How old’s your grandpa’s who you said you used to go swim at? DEHAAN: he passed away about ten years ago. LAJDZIAK: And he used to live...? DEHAAN: He used to live on 64th street which was right across the street from us. LAJDZIAK: Oh airight, so this isn’t your first place? DEHAAN: No, this isn’t my first house. We actually lived next door for 9 years and we’ve lived here for three. LAJDZIAK: Oh, alright. DEHAAN: But otherwise we grew up on 64th street and like Byron Avenue. LAJDZIAK: Airight. DEHAAN: Hrnhmm. LAJDZIAK: Want to go on to more of uh, middle school and..? DEHAAN: Yup, in middle school I pretty much had the same friends. I started playing volleyball which I really enjoyed. I was the setter. And I was just learning as I was starting but it was a lot of fun to me. still went camping in middle school I guess I’ve done that since I was a baby. I remember in middle school and the beginning of high school me and my friend Jill used to go roller skating every week at the Byron hot spot or fun spot or whatever it was called.other than that yeah we went roller skating. Oh, I remember we’d go to the mall like every Friday night too. We’d play at that Kahunaville. They had games there and stuff. LAJDZIAK: In Grand Rapids? DEHAAN: In, at Rivertown yeah, in Grandville, yeah. Actually I did that with my friend Kara. She started to become...her and Jill were my two best friends in Middle school. And then as I went on to highschool I still had the same friends then I started dating Mike Reading. Uh, we dated for about a year about a half, still played volleyball in high school. I went to the school dances. I enjoyed doing that. Really just to hang out with my friends, we’d do normal...hang out at each others houses whatever PETRAUSKAS: So how long have you played volleyball, when did you first start playing volleyball and when, how long and how late did you play volleyball. DEHAAN: I played volleyball from 7th grade until 10th grade. PETRAUSKAS: And was that the only sport you played throughout that period of time? DEHAAN: Yes. That was the only sport that I played. yeah. PETRAUSKAS: Did you play any recreational, like at home, with your friends at the beach? Page 2 �DEHAAN: I played at the beach and with my friends. Rollerblading was my favorite thing to do, I loved to rollerblade. PETRAUSKAS: Would you go certain places for rollerblading, would you go down any certain trails? DEHAAN: We’d go down the Kent trail and then I’d also go in Grand Haven just all over town. PETRAUSKAS: And so tell us about like your freshman and sophomore year in high school. Just kid of basically like you said you went to a bunch of dances and stuff, like how many dances did you guys have each year? DEHAAN: Ok. like each year we had homecoming, sweatheart dance and then prom was junior and senior year. I went to most of them ‘cause I was dating this guy and we had to go together. yeah. LAJDZIAK: You dated him through sophomore year then, 10th grade? DEHAAN: Yes. Actually up to 11th grade. LAJDZIAK: Up to 11th grade...and was he the one you were chasing. DEHAAN: Yes. LAJDZIAK: Airight. PETRAUSKAS: Hahaha. LAJDZIAK: I guess I shouldn’t move into that then haha. I was just wondering. PETRAUSKAS: So, you said you were dating for about three years or so? DEHAAN: We dated for like a year and a half. Like the last six months of the relationship wasn’t great so, like we were gonna break up soon anyways. LAJDZIAK: That was around junior year? DEHAAN: Yeah. LAJDZIAK: Junior year.. PETRAUSKAS: So what kind of music did you listen to back in the day? DEHAAN: Oh, I thought I was ganster back in the day so I listened to rap music, drover my car really fast, windows down. Yes, I thought I was pretty cool. PETRAUSKAS: And what kind of car did you drive? DEHAAN: I had a ‘97 Pontiac Bonneville. My mother gave it to me. PETRAUSKAS: That was very nice of her. DEHAAN: She got a new one. That was her old car. Page 3 �LAJDZIAK: Cool. DEHAAN: Mhmm. FELICE: So when you were driving really fast with the windows down and the music up were you being safe? DEHAAN: I would get on the highway, I was just telling my teacher this the other day, I would get on the highway and I would go like a hundred. So stupid. I think of it now like I was crazy. LAJDZIAK: Yeah.. DEHAAN: Mhmm. PETRAUSKAS: And had you ever been pulled over? DEHAAN: No. PETRAUSKAS: No? DEHAAN: Nope. LAJDZIAK: No tickets? DEHAAN: No tickets. PETRAUSKAS: That’s good for you. LAJDZIAK: Did you get your permit when you were 16...14 and 9 months? DEHAAN: Oh I got it probably the day I could get it, yeah ‘cause when I was..before I could drive I would mow the lawn and I would drive my moms car up and down our little cul de-sac here like, for hours. So I was very excited to get my license. LAJDZIAK: Yeah, kind of living out here, with all the space you could get on different things whether it’s a lawn mower or a four wheeler or.. DEHAAN: Yeah. We had a four wheeler too. (Whispering): So should I say that one day I was hanging out with my boyfriend and we got in an argument and tell that whole story? LAJDZIAK: Yeah, yeah. PETRAUSKAS: Ok, so tell us a little bit more about your junior year. What happened after you sophomore year? DEHAAN: Ok, my junior year I was just having so much fun in high school, I loved it. I hung out with my friends a lot. I wasn’t home much, I was always with my friends. a couple months into the school year on October 8, 2004, I was hanging out with my boyfriend at the time and we had gotten into an argument and he left his house and I followed, I was gonna go home. I was driving behind him, trying to catch up with him, and the road, the roads were not great. It was dark out, it was raining. I was driving, I Page 4 �remember I was driving over. I came over the hill and I saw the red light and thought “oh ,it’ll turn green soon, I can just go and speed around all these people and I can catch up to him. Well I thought wrong and I hydroplaned and went into oncoming traffic where a car hit me and I flew out of the windshield and my car blew up after that, which I didn’t have my seatbelt on which I was lucky for then So the ambulance came, I don’t remember much after this but I guess I was giving them everybody’s phone numbers like my moms, my boyfriends and I was like “you have to call them! Blah blah blah.” And so they brought me to the hospital and they got a hold of my parents...and they, my parents came down and when my parents got there, they wouldn’t tell them what happened to me. They said they had to go in this back room with somebody and my mom, she just knew I was dead. She, she just knew it because they always, they tell what’s wrong with whoever’s at the hospital unless like something really really bad has happened. So when the doctor finally came out and told my parents what happened, I broke my neck and I have a C5-C6 spinal cord injury which means, I couldn’t move my legs, my hands were affected uh, but I still had feeling. But I couldn’t move any thing. (Whispering): So do you want me to just go on, keep going into the care. PETRAUSKAS: So like how long...you had said you passed out blacked out after you came out of the car. was there a certain time you remember regaining, like, thought and knowing where you were? DEHAAN: Yeah, it was a couple days later. The first memory I have of being in the hospital is uh, one of the nurses washing my hair. LAJDZIAK: So you were in the hospital for a couple...? DEHAAN: I was in intensive care for three weeks and at first I couldn’t even breathe on my own. They had like a ventilator down my throat helping me breathe and they didn’t even know if I would get off that. LAJDZIAK: Wow. DEHAAN: Mhmrn. PETRAUSKAS: And have you talked to your parents about that first day and how they felt when they first received that call or anything along those lines? DEHAAN: Yes, I actually just talked about it to my mom yesterday actually and she said she was just numb. She doesn’t remember like the first two weeks, she wouldn’t come home from the hospital and finally when she did for a little bit to sleep she got a call from her friend and her friend was like “are you sitting down? Are you sitting down?” She’s like “what are you talking about?” And she’s like “I heard it on the news, Kadi died.” And my mom’s like “what?! I was just up there, no she didn’t.” And so my mom freaked out, hung up and called my dad and was like “is she ok?! Is she ok?!” And he’s like “Yes she’s fine, the news had it wrong. She’s perfectly fine, I’m sitting here right with her right now.” And my mom’s like “you’re lying to me, just because I’m not there!”and he’s like “no I’m not, she’s really ok.” So just, she doesn’t remember.. she didn’t even remember how to get home. She couldn’t’ even think. LAJDZIAK: How well, like other family like your sister that you’re close tO... Page 5 �DEHAAN: My sister was a mess too and I guess the first time I got to talk to her I said “Ally it’s ok, the doctor said I just might have to be in a wheelchair a little while.” And she just started bawling, but I just... LAJDZIAK: So they came to the hospital too? DEHAAN: Yeah, they were there that night, yeah. And I still had a sense of humor, I was, I told my mom I was like, before I was going in the surgery I was like “mom, will you check my nose for any boogers? Like there might be a cute doctor in there or something,” LAJDZIAK: How about like grandparents, family friends, long time family friends. How did they react? DEHAAN: Everyone was just shocked and my grandparents were up there I remember, well I don’t remember, I remember because I was told. A lot of my friends and people I hardly knew in high school tried coming to visit me, but they wouldn’t allow visitors while I was in intensive care. LAJDZIAK: And then when you got out of intensive care you came back here? Were you in the hospital for a while longer? DEHAAN: I went to Marry Free Bed for three months where, like when I went there I was still on the feeding tube, I kinda slowly got better. Like when I was in intensive care they finally, I like lean myself off the ventilator so I could breathe on my own. Otherwise I would have still been there I think. so they let me go to Marry Free Bed with just a feeding tube where that’s pretty much where I was going to live in my wheelchair. PETRAUSKAS: In intensive care I know you have a little bit of, you kind of found some humor in certain things like what exactly went through you head? What were you thinking when you kind of figured out what happened, and what you were doing now, where you were at? What were you thinking about the future? Anything along those lines. DEHAAN: I don’t think I did think about the future. I think I just thought of the moment and was just going to get through it. I didn’t think bad thoughts, like every time somebody was like “oh no!” I was like “it’ll be ok.” Like I was doing the best out of everybody so.. PETRAUSKAS: So you basically just tried to remain positive and use that to your advantage? DEHAAN: Yeah, exactly. LAJDZIAK: So basically when you came, finally came back home what...how did was, did that feel I guess? I mean obviously it had to be different but maybe you were like in bed like stuck for a while and couldn’t really move at all? DEHAAN: when I was at Marry Free Bed for a while I didn’t want to move because it was scary, like being in a wheelchair and I like couldn’t, like, do anything I thought I was going to fall out like, I had straps all over me and my mom was like “you can’t take those off it’ll look silly” and I was like “no!” Also, I forgot I had a halo for three months as well because I broke my neck and it was screwed into my skull in four Page 6 �places to hold my neck still. So that means I couldn’t take a shower for three months, I had to take a bath in bed everyday. And it was just, not fun. PETRAUSKAS: Were they feeding you through the tubes and everything? DEHAAN: Finally I remember, my dad, he would because I had to eat so many calories a day before they took the feeding tube out, so he would like pretend that I ate because he didn’t want me to be on it anymore but like even they would have me eat like a Kit Kat or something because I wasn’t, I just didn’t have an appetite. I think I lost like twenty pounds and I was, I wasn’t big to begin with so, yeah. Okay then you said after, oh yeah so coming home from the hospital was scary, like, there wasn’t gonna be all that help there was just gonna be my parents and my sister helping me, and I really thought it was, it was really scary but got through it and I just, I knew that I was just gonna just get out of this wheel chair. I wasn’t gonna live like they told me I was gonna, I was gonna do everything I could to walk again. Which I really think helped my positive attitude and helped me going because it just, just did. I remember... LAJDZIAK: Did you come back to, is this the house you were living in? Next door? DEHAAN: No, this is not the house. Yes, next door is where we lived. When I got in my car accident my dad was in the process of building this house, so he pretty much just stopped building because he was gonna have to make changes, so. PETRAUSKAS: Then what changes, and like I know your parents had to deal with the situation kind of as it came, uh and so what renovations and what things can they do to make uh, more suitable for you or for the family? DEHAAN: Mhmm..They had to widen the doors, It’s a pretty open floor plan so they didn’t have to do a ton. And then they also put an elevator in our house and some of our floors were sunken like that. Like the whole living room was supposed to be sunken so they raised that up. But, Other than that they didn’t do... They basically just widening the door ways and the elevator. FELICE: How did your daily activities change during this period? DEHAAN: During this period I couldn’t do anything by myself. Like, make meals, I could hardly eat by myself because my hands were not great at all. like, showering I needed help with that. I needed help getting dressed. Like everything changed. I totally lost my independency and I was so independent before the car accident. So it was, it was totally different but I mean I had so much support that it helped me so much. Like,my mom was there with me all the time, my sister was there all the time, my dad helped me with everything. Most people, they’ll get like a care-giving or something but its nicer with just my family helping me. LAJDZIAK: How about like you said you had a couple best friends, like are they still around? DEHAAN: Yes. Right after my car accident my best friend Jill, she visited me a lot. Like, I was able to go out on outings while I was at Mary Free Bed so she’d come up and we’d goout to dinner. My mom would come with, obviously. But we’d go to dinner, we’d go to the mall or we’d go to a movie or something. Uh, she stuck by me like, so much. We hung out like every single day. my other best friends Page 7 �were Tiffany and Kara and they came and visited a couple times but just, that was about it. I mean we still stayed friends but we weren’t like best friends like we were. Everybody was just kinda like in shock and didn’t really know how to treat me after the accident FELICE: Did you grow closer to your friends and family after the accident? DEHAAN: My family for sure, definitely. After about a year of me and Jill hanging out we kinda just went our separate ways. Like she got a job after the accident. And she went to beauty school and I was in, I was going to Davenport. (whispering) I guess this was still in high school wasn’t it? So through high school we were still really good friends but after that... LAJDZIAK: And then were you able to finish out high school.. (inaudible) DEHAAN: Yeah, I got out of the hospital in about January I think. And then I went back to school in February. Which my sister helped me a ton, like going to classes ‘cause I didn’t have like a wheelchair I could push, they just gave me one like that I was sent home with. So I needed a lot of help after the accident. LAJDZIAK: And your sister was a freshman? DEHAAN: Yeah she was fourteen. PETRAUSKAS: So she was taking care of you most of the time and was there by your side? DEHAAN: Yeah. She had to grow up fast. PETRAUSKAS: And then kind of back to more of your friends again. DEHAAN: Mhmm? PETRAUSKAS: That boyfriend you said to have been chasing that night. How did your relationship end up with him? DEHAAN: He came up to the hospital the night of and kept saying “it’s all my fault it’s all my fault” ‘cause he knew that he saw the car accident and he kept driving. So that’s why he thought it was all his fault. LAJDZIAK: But he didn’t know you were chasing him? Or just... DEHAAN: He knew it was me, he didn’t stop to help. LAJDZIAK: Really? DEHAAN: Yes. So he came up a couple more times. I still wanted to be with him but just, it was so smart that I am not with him any more. So smart. LAJDZIAK: ‘Cause it was kinda already... DEHAAN: It was kinda already going down hill anyways, so.. LAJDZIAK: And then you don’t keep in touch with him at all or anything? Page 8 �DEHAAN: No, no. Nope. LAJDZIAK: And then after...most, majority of people after high school kinda just moved on and... DEHAAN: Yeah, I kinda talked to one friends from high school but that’s about it. Made new friends in college and... LAJDZIAK: And how about them, are they coming over all the time? And do things with them? DEHAAN: Yep. Going over their house, coming over. They got to meet me after the car accident so it was nothing to them of the wheelchair. That was just how they knew me. they’re helpful. They help me in wherever I go. I have one friend John who will carry me anywhere. And then his fiancé Tara is one of my good friends. Stephanie I hang out with a lot. We go downtown, go shopping, watch our nightly shows together LAJDZIAK: Do you feel like your friends in high school treated you differently than your friends in college just because they knew you before the accident, during the accident? DEHAAN: I wouldn’t say so much treating me differently I would say we just grew apart and, yeah, it was bound to happen I think. Whether, if the car accident happened or not. LAJDZIAK: Yeah, once you leave high school you... DEHAAN: Yeah. PETRAUSKAS: And I know you kinda explained uh, that you were over here a lot and you went over there a lot. I know you guys made modifications here to suit your daily life, how difficult was it to go hang out at other places like their homes, that may not be as nearly accessible to your... DEHAAN: Well really when I get asked to a friends house I’m like, well can I get in? But if it was with John I didn’t really worry because he just carried me everywhere, then I just had to worry about if I could fit in the bathroom which is normally I can’t fit in the bathroom anywhere. So I didn’t really worry about it a lot but it was always in the back of my mind. “Is this gonna be ok? Am I gonna be able to get in the house?” so a iot of times I had friends over here but if they have people over there, I go over to their houses and it didn’t matter, he’ll carry me anywhere. So.. PETRAUSKAS: How about when you go out in public, like to stores or restaurants. How, how different is that? DEHAAN: I get stared at a lot. I get rude comments, I get really nice comments. the staring is everywhere I go. Like every time I go out I get starred at. So I’m just used to it now. My sister, she’s with me she will stand up for me. But half the time nobody sees anyone staring at me just ‘cause its be like seven years. But at first it was hard to deal with. Like I’m like “Why is everyone staring at me?” And my mom would always tell me “oh it’s just because you’re so pretty” and I’m like “yeah right mom.” Haha yeah... KADI’S DAD: Can I interject? LAJDZIAK: Yeah. Page 9 �KADI’S DAD: When we go on vacation, planned vacation, we go to Mexico or we go to Jamaica. We do have to take into account that we have to find the handicap accessible place down there so, we do look for things like that. LAJDZIAK: Would you say that in other countries its not as like access...as like...I feel like in the US I feel like most places are kinda required to have that be accessible and then when you go down to Mexico is that very different? KADI’S DAD: Well like I said, we had to look at several different resorts to find the one that was capable of handling her so. PETRAUSKAS: How about transportation like on the flights and stuff. I can only imagine how difficult that is. KADI’S DAD: I carry her on and off the busses down there, stuff like that. DEHAAN: They do have people to assist at airports to carry me on and off, but if my family’s with they’ll just carry me instead. that brings up another thing I’ve been to Russia 10 times for steam cells, that is a whole trip in itself, for not being accessible, where we go I mean its for people who cant walk and are in wheel chairs so the place is accessible. But its just a culture shock and people who are in accidents there and are in wheel chairs there they go to live in an institution because they don’t have houses there its all apartments so they don’t have elevators they just go upstairs so everybody who is in an accident is just taking away from their family and they live in an institution. Where they pretty much just don’t do anything. So yea but I been to Russia for stem cells they are embryonic..not embryonic they are my own stem cells they come from my bone maro.m we kinda check into this like a year after... 2 years after my accident. You want me to keep going on that. LAJDZIAK: Yeah DEHAAN: Two years after my accident it was my first trip there it was in june of 2006 my mom did a ton of research and I actually knew somebody who went there and was getting good results from this.. so I was like well heck yea lets give it a try, and since my injury was incomplete that means there is like a chance for me to recover. So that’s a good spinal cord injury if you could say there is a good one. That’s what it is incomplete. So yea the first time I went there they did a.. I got shots for 4 days which made the stem cells from my bone maro flow into my blood and then they did a blood transfusion to get then stem cells out. And then they put them into like 20 vials so that each time I went back I would get like 2 injections. after the first visit I was able to sweat again which sounds funny because you don’t think that because you have a spinal cord injury you cant sweat but yess, and the sun worshoper that I am it was nice to get back into the sun and not almost pass out. So after the first 3 timess.. LAJDZIAK: So you go back there every...? DEHAAN: I went every 3 months in the beginning, so it was almost like we got home and we went back again. I was also doing therapy here, in the United states. Detriot so almost 2 aand a half hours away from my house, so intense therapy 4 days a week, 3 hours a day. then they finally got one closer to my house in grand rapids. So I was doing that at the same time while getting these injections because if you Page 10 �don’t do therapy and get these injections it doesn’t help you. You have to be doing tharepy while getting them. LAJDZIAK: So I just promotes healing.. DEHAAN: It like.., how do I word this..it reconnects the nerves in the spinal cord so that the connection can go through again. LAJDZIAK: Yeah right. DEHAAN: What happened to my spinal cord it was like brusied not like cevered or anything. So I don’t know. FELICE: So does like the therapy like try to stimulate the nerves and try to get them to work DEHAAN: At therapy yes.. before when I wasn’t able to walk. like do anything with my legs. They would like walk them for me. and I would just do like core strengthening, hand therapy, all sorts of things to try to walk again. LAJDZIAK: So the stem cell what is it called PETRAUSKAS: Stem cells LAJDZIAK: So the stem cell in Russia helped your hands too DEHAAN: Yeah it held everything. LAJDZIAK: Alright DEHAAN: Yea the stem cells after about 3 trips going there. I was at therapy one day and they were walking my legs on the paralla bar like they always did and all of a suddenly I lifted up my right leg. They were like woah, do it again, so I did it again. So like my physical therapist was like try it with the other one. So I lifted up my left like and everybody was like holy crap.. am I aloud to say crap? LAJDZIAK: Yeah DEHAAN: They were just like shocked and it was like not controlled at all. But it was like I was still lifting up my leg. And moving it forward. So the walking definitely came from the stem cells. LAJDZIAK: Quickly DEHAAN: Yeah and obviously I had to go to therapy on top of the stem cells. Or the stem cell wouldn’t know what to do, so I continued that for probably like a year. With being able to lift my legs and little bit but still needing assistance. And then after so long I was able to control my legs on my own. Like I still couldn’t move them when I was sitting in my chair but when I would stand up. I was able to walk LAJDZIAK: Are you still going to Russia for stem cells? DEHAAN: I haven’t been to Russia in 2 years. Page 11 �LAJDZIAK: Instead of going to Russia your just continuing therapy DEHAAN: Yeah I’m continuing to do therapy, probably after the walking was going really good like no assistance just like walking canes. But no body had to stand behind me or anything thing. I got phenomena and it set me back a year which is crazy I never know phenomena could effect my walking but it did. And then after a year of being set back I was able to do it again I had to slowly, re learn pretty much.. my walking again. And then when I got doing really good again I hurt my back and have a herniated disk at L5 Si. I got hurt at therapy. I aslo have really bad spasms, like muscle spasms in my legs like my leg will kick straight and you cant hardly bend it those got worse when the herniated disk happened. Because my reaction to pain is more spasms, if that makes sense. LAJDZIAK: Where you at know like being able to walk... and ? DEHAAN: Ok the herniated disk happened two years ago I couldn’t do anything. For at least a year. Couldn’t even stand my left leg it was just stay straight up in the air. Like it wouldn’t stay down. I couldn’t drive...m last year... im trying to think., my years get so mixed up.. for probably a year now I have been back to being able to walk again. On Monday I walked 2 laps around the track, without stopping which is huge for me. Today I walked 1 and a half laps. Which is.. one lap is 542 feet. When I first started walking I would go 20 feet and have to sit down and then I would go more like a 100 feet and have to sit down. And then like 200 feet. LAJDZIAK: Do you get tired or is it like painful? DEHAAN: Its not painful at all. Tired I get fatigued.. more like my walking gets sloppy and ill sit down and rest and my walking will get better when I stand back up. LAJDZIAK: So you don’t use like anything to help you walk? DEHAAN: I use walking canes and my trainer does stand behind me just incase. LAJDZIAK: And you said you had a fractured disk like a L5 51 DEHAAN: I hurt it at therapy.. I don’t know how that happened.. I think I was walking at therapy and I went to fall and my trainer grabbed me by this belt I have so I was like hanging there by this belt and my back like twisted wrong.. and my parents both have back problems too so it hereditary. LAJDZIAK: But you don’t experience any pain like right now? Kadi right now no.. I did have pain I was like sweating all the time and just deprived me from walking. LAJDZIAK: how did you get phenomena if you don’t mind me asking. DEHAAN: I got sick and my lungs weren’t good I guess. LAJDZIAK: I have had phenomena too so I was just wondering. FELICE: It seems like your life has had a lot of turmoil have you offered you story to other people as like insperiation. Page 12 �DEHAAN: I feel like my story does inspire people even like where I work out these people see me for 6 years and they’ll come up to me and say like heyy your doing really good, and they notice me up there walking and when I’m not up there walking. So they say I do inspire a lot of people. Actually yesterday I went to talk a drivers training class. Talk to them about, driving in conditions either you emotions are different or the weather is effected. PETRAUSKAS: Explain a little bit about how driving ahs changed since the accident. So your able to do the old way what kind of new stuff did you have to learn to drive again. DEHAAN: I had to take drivers training all over again. I started driving like this huge bus van. Like it was ginormous and I took it in Detroit, where I was doing therapy. He said I would probably need like 20 or 30 hours of driving. I did like 10 and he said I was good because I caught onto it real fast. I have to drive with hand controls so I haveone hand on the steering wheel and one hand on my left hand does the gas and break you pull for the gas and push for the break. so that was a learning a whole new way of driving but it didn’t seem abnormal. PETRAUSKAS: And your able to drive by yourself? DEHAAN: Yeah I’m able to drive by myself. I have a van that has a ramp on it so I just hit the button door opens and the ramp comes down. LAJDZIAK: So you go right out the back then DEHAAN: No it’s the side. LAJDZIAK: So the whole driver side? DEHAAN: It’s the passenger side; you like wanna see it don’t you. LAJDZIAK: Yeah I wanna see what it looks like.. ohh the white one DEHAAN: Yea so the door opens and the ramp like its folded up and it flips down. LAJDZIAK: But you can drive right? DEHAAN: Yeah I drive from my chair. LAJDZIAK: Ohh alright so there is like no driver seat. DEHAAN: Yeah no driver seat. FELICE: How does your chair like lock in? DEHAAN: There’s a bolt that it locks in. PETRAUSKAS: And so your still able to cruse down the road with your windows down? DEHAAN: Yes haha but I don’t go as fast LAJDZIAK: How bout the rap music Page 13 �DEHAAN: Noo no rap music country all the way. LAJDZIAK: Thats what we had to listen to on the way over. PETRAUSKAS: Excuse me LAJDZIAK: Do they make a lot of cars like that? DEHAAN: They do make trucks I know. I didn’t want one of those because I hate the snow and you have to like transfer when you get in, and I like to be in and out. I know they make trucks, vans, and some people don’t have anything they just lift themselves in and they have hand controls. LAJDZIAK: Is that like a private company that did it or did Honda do it? DEHAAN: It’s a Toyota so. the Toyota van goes to its called clock conversions. They are on 68th street luckly they’re close., and they modify everything PETRAUSKAS: My question is how financially difficult this has been to get everything to par with where your at in life. DEHAAN: Yea that’s a good question. Since I was in an auto accident my insurance they pay for like everything that I would need which I am so fortunate for like there are so many expenses. They bought my van 70 thousand dollars. Like I would not be driving if I had to pay 70 thousand dollars there’s no way. luckily my parents were able to pay for every trip to Russia, which is also not cheap. So fortunately auto insurance pays for everything I need so that my parents are able to afford things like going to Russia. LAJDZIAK: When you like did the company like clock conversion did they recommend a certain car for you to get? DEHAAN: My first one was a dodge caravan and then the contract that was up and had to get me a new one. PETRAUSKAS: So of course, I think you already touched on it that you enjoy driving. DEHAAN: Yeah PETRAUSKAS: Do you like to drive? DEHAAN: mhmm, yup LAJDZIAK: And then...How about seatbelts? Do you feel like your keen on them or not? DEHAAN: Now I always wear my seat belt. LAJDZIAK: Do you tell other people to put on their seatbelts before you start the car? DEHAAN: Yes, I do. And my passenger seat has the beeper, so it doesn’t stop beeping until you put the seatbelt on so. Page 14 �FELICE: Do you think in the future you want to more stuff like talk to drivers ed classes about driver’s safety and stuff. DEHAAN: Yeah, I totally would. Yeah, I think that would be really good. Maybe that will teach them to slow down, and not think they are so cool, drive fast. PETRAUSKAS: When you driving, just knowing what has happened in the past. Do you ever think of that when you’re driving? Or do you think of anything bad possibly happening again? Or anything like that? DEHAAN: Sometimes I think of something bad happening again. Like if people try to get in my lane. I’m just like woo, what are you doing? It freaks me out. l would say my driving in the rain still does scare me still. l can’t see when its dark out and it’s raining. Everything just like blurs together. so that defiantly still scares me. But otherwise driving on nice days... LAJDZIAK: Do you try to avoid driving on days where... DEHAAN: I wouldn’t say I avoid, I’m just extra cautious. FELICE: Have you driven by the spot of the accident? DEHAAN: Yeah, and actually for a while there was a burn mark for years. They cover it up, finally they repaved a year ago...last summer maybe. Yeah. It didn’t bother me to drive over that spot. PETRAUSKAS: How often do you actually do it? Do you maybe make time out of your day and just go, every once and a while, and visit that spot? DEHAAN: No, I would say I visit that spot. But its right in town, it’s on my way in to Byron Center. So if I’m going into town, I’m going to pass it. Half the time I don’t think twice what happened there. LAJDZIAK: I got questions but he’s distracting me. how about the car? Did they junk the car or? DEHAAN: Yeah yup LAJDZIAK: How did you get hit during the accident? Was it a head on collision or? DEHAAN: I don’t know. I think it was from the back the way the picture looks. But I don’t remember. l think probably from the back which made me go through the windshield, and go forward. The side? FELICE: It looks like the explosion was from the gas tank. LAJDZIAK: What about the other driver of the car that hit you? DEHAAN: The other...it was a couple who are like my parents age, because my mom went to high school with them. They were completely fine. Except for the next day she had stomach pain. So she went to the hospital and they actually found cancer. So it was actually a good thing for them because otherwise she may not have thought anything was wrong. LAJDZIAK: Did they visit you at the hospital or anything? Page 15 �DEHAAN: You know what? I’m not sure if they did. I know they talked to my mom and they felt really bad and she was like it’s not your fault, it’s hers. So...l didn’t get ticketed for it or anything. PETRAUSKAS: have you met these people and have communicated with them since the accident? DEHAAN: No, Nope. I know of who they are because I graduate with their daughter. But I didn’t talk to them after or anything. LAJDZIAK: I would be like asking them, what did I look like? DEHAAN: No. I guess after the car accident, my face was just a mess. LAJDZIAK: Really? DEHAAN: Yeah. It was all bruised. This side of my face was all bruised. And I have a scare here from something. Maybe glass. I don’t know. This is my only other scare on my elbow. So it was almost like I flew out of my car, because I flew 40 feet. LAJDZIAK: And then on to the cement? DEHAAN: Yeah. But it was like I cover my face like this or something. I don’t know. Another weird thing about my car accident was my purse was in the front seat and my back pack was in the back seat, and the both ended up in the hospital room. Nobody knows how they got there. Nobody knows how they got out of the car. Yeah, that was kind of weird. LAJDZIAK: what about any eye witnesses or anything like that? Kind of embellish on what they saw. DEHAAN: I don’t remember eye witnesses of the car accident. I remember like my...l don’t know what he’s called at the high school...just superintendent maybe or something. He came out and he actually grabbed me off the road and pulled me into the grass. but...I know I told my mom this yesterday, you should have took a picture of my face. She’s like, Kadi I couldn’t even think. I was like, well I wanted to see what it looked like. LAJDZIAK: He kind of mentioned it, the news really blew up over this situation DEHAAN: Yeah LAJDZIAK: How did that affect you? DEHAAN: I dint know for a long time that I had died. My parents didn’t tell me. My sister didn’t tell me. One of my friends was like hey, I thought you died. I was like what? My sister was like shhh. So she didn’t want me to know. But...l think the news over reacts about a lot of things, and messes a lot of things up. So I don’t listen to them a lot. LAJDZIAK: Did they like interview you or anything like that? DEHAAN: After words...news 8 was the one the messed up and said I died. So when I started walking, I remember, the paper, the Grand Rapids press did articles about me. The news did one because for my Page 16 �21 5t birthday I walked into the bar. That was with help obviously. But...yeah that was big. So was on the news then. It actually made national news. LAJDZIAK: really? DEHAAN: yeah. Mhmm. LAJDZIAK: they really didn’t, I guess, approach your family or anything like that? DEHAAN: No. like they usually do? No. FELICE: Do you feel like your life has less privacy after the accident because of this? DEHAAN: yeah. Yeah. Especially seeing doctors. My modesty, I don’t have any anymore. LAJDZIAK: So when you see doctors? DEHAAN: Yeah, I did at first. I don’t now. But so that is nice after I could stop seeing doctors. It was like every week, I had to go to the doctor. It was so old. I just wanted to live my life and be normal. LAJDZIAK: how? l can’t think what I was going to say now. PETRAUSKAS: How about...l don’t know if we talked about this yet. your education. You dealt with the accident and you got yourself through high school. Where did you decide to go to college? What did you decide to go into? DEHAAN: I think before the accident I wanted to go to western with all my friends or something. Then after the accident I was like well I need to stay somewhere close to home because I can’t go far away. I can’t move out. So then I decided davenport. I got a full ride scholarship there, all because I wrote a letter. So that was exciting. where was I going with this? What did you ask? PETRAUSKAS: What did you decide to go into when you got to davenport? DEHAAN: Oh ok. I wanted to go into accounting. Then I took accounting 1 and it was a little harder than I thought, but I was still going to go into it. So then I tried to take accounting 2. I took it four times to pass. So I was like, after the second time of not passing, I was like I’m switching my major ASAP. So I went into sports marketing. Got a degree in that. LAJDZIAK: And then, you are now with a realtor. Did you try to look at any jobs when you graduated? DEHAAN: When I graduated I wasn’t really in to looking for a job then, because I was focused on my physical therapy. last fall I was like, ok, I have had my degree for a year; I need to do something with it or I’m never going to get anywhere. So I got an internship with a property management company. That lasted 3 months. I was doing their marketing for them. I made there brochure, I made flyers, all that sort of thing. Then he like said, “Hey, yeah, you’re probably going to get a job here.” So I was excited. He said probably just in a few months is when we will financially be able to give you a job. Well he just hired 4 more interns. So he did it that way, the free way. And I was actually on craigslist one day, just searching. I never still looked hard for a job because I needed who would be flexible with my schedule, to be able Page 17 �to do physical therapy still. So one day I was just looking on craigslist and found this part time job, make good money, doing marketing for a real estate company. So it was kind of similar to what I did for my internship, but still different. So I interviewed, and he gave me the job on the spot. And they too had to make modifications for me. Actually when I got the interview, I drove by the place and there was two big steps to get in. So I was bummed. Because now I’m not going to be able to get in, and I really wanted this job. So that is something too. If I get an interview, I have to be careful, like I have check out the place pretty much before I go. To see if someone needs to come with me or if I’m going to be able to go by myself. So I just called him and was like hey here is my story. I’m in a wheel chair, do you have a back door or anything? Can we meet somewhere different from the office? He’s like yeah, no problem. And most people would probably hang up or just say oh well I found someone else. Or forget it. Yeah. LAJDZIAK: SO you feel like, do people at your internship and your job now do you feel they treat you... DEHAAN: Oh they treat me totally fine. It just depends on the person. LAJDZIAK: Oh really. DEHAAN: Yeah, here is another story. I am looking for a new trainer to come to my house to work out. And I put an ad on craigslist. They will write me for it. I will write them my background and tell them my story, and hey, this is what I’m looking to do. And they won’t write back. So... PETRAUSKAS: How about like once you’re graduated and you were actually looking for a marketing job, did you get interview for multiple companies or anything like that? Have you ever been judged differently in an interview or anything along those lines? DEHAAN: Actually the two interviews I had, work out great. So I guess when I got judged was before an interview when they would email me back and I would tell them my situation. So I learned to just not tell people my situation before I go into an interview. And then it was totally fine. LAJDZIAK: Why do you think they would, where not replying? DEHAAN: People just don’t know how to approach somebody who’s different then you I’d guess I’d say. FELICE: When you’re out in public do you think people have prejudice against you? Judging you before they even get to know you. DEHAAN: Yes. Oh I totally...yeah. I totally get that a lot. A lot of people just don’t get to know me because they see the wheelchair. People don’t know how to act, and most of the time it comes off as rudeness to me. FELICE: What do you think they are thinking about you? DEHAAN: Well I just think that they, maybe, I don’t know what they think about me. I just... LAJDZIAK: Do you think majority of people like you said you have heard comments and people star, other than the staring and stuff like that, do you think the majority of people are just not use to the situation? Page 18 �DEHAAN: Yeah, I think so. I just think they are not use to it. And some people are, I don’t know, they like the way their friends look. They like convenience. Friends who aren’t in a wheelchair can get up and go wherever, whenever they want. I mean I can too but it takes me a little longer. And I have to think of things before I do them so... LAJDZIAK: In your job now, they don’t...medical expenses...I guess that doesn’t have anything to do with a job. DEHAAN: No. PETRAUSKAS: Or any type of benefits or anything along those lines? DEHAAN: Like what do you mean? PETRAUSKAS: Does your job offer any type of benefits? DEHAAN: No, because it is part time. So then I’m still covered under my...l will always be under my auto insurance and they will always have to pay until I am completely better. Yeah. LAJDZIAK: I have to have insurance. DEHAAN: it’s sad because if someone dives into a pooi, they don’t have auto insurance and nothing is paid for. PETRAUSKAS: So luckily this happened in a vehicle. DEHAAN: Yeah PETRAUSKAS: in that case, you were covered. DEHAAN: Yeah. Even those people in swimming accidents, go get in the car after you were in that accident because everything will be paid for. Like hospital bills, everything. My bill for intensive care was 300,000 dollars. LAJDZIAK: What’s your insurance? Do you know what auto insurance you have? DEHAAN: Grange PETRAUSKAS: Now that we are getting personal, how has this affected your personal life? DEHAAN: I guess I don’t let it. PETRAUSKAS: I know you said you friends and stuff, you kind of went your separate ways after a certain time periods or when you got to the college level, how has it affected you dealing with people every day, maybe finding, you talked about cute doctors and stuff, so how has it affected your dating life or just meeting the other sex basically? DEHAAN: It really just depends on the person like right after my car accident I met this guy; he saw a picture of me on my friend’s refrigerator. He was like she is really cute I want to date her, and they knew Page 19 �what just happened to me. They were like, we better tell him before they meet or whatever. So they told him and he was like I don’t care. We dated for like two years, it was great. some people we will date for a little bit and be like this is a little difficult, I’m not use to this. Like if they have to carry me somewhere or something. It just out of there way or something to do it. I just depends on the person. But dating for me hasn’t been more difficult. I hear people say it is, I try not to let it affect me. Go about living my life. PETRAUSKAS: So basically tell us basically where you are at now? I know your days are complex with working a new job, going through all you rehabilitation and stuff like that. How is your day structured? How do you find time for hobbies and friends? DEHAAN: My weeks are pretty much the same. Monday is the same. Tuesday is pretty much the same. Mondays I get a massage in the morning, have therapy in the afternoon. Tuesday I will be working all day. Wednesday I go to therapy, then from therapy to work until 5. Thursday is the same as that. Finally I will have my Fridays off again so... PETRAUSKAS: And with therapy, how much do you go to therapy per week or per month? DEHAAN: Yeah, I go to therapy, right now I’m going 3 days a week for 3 hours a day. It also takes a half hour to get there and back. So if I go in the afternoon it takes up my whole day pretty much. And when I am at home, I spend my nights relaxing, hanging out withfriends, or doing those type of things. In my free time and on my weekends I spend a lot of my free time doing therapy. I have a standing chair I’m constantly in because I don’t like sitting in this chair all the time, so I will stand at the counter there and sit on my lap top or watch tv or whatever. I have a bike downstairs that I ride every now and then. A lot of my time is doing therapy and relaxing and hanging out with my friends. FELICE: What are you looking to do with your future? DEHAAN: That’s a dumb question, I don’t know. My future...l’d like to travel all over, get married someday, and have kids. LAJDZIAK: So you enjoy going to Russia and like... DEHAAN: Yeah, I enjoy going there sometimes. LAJDZIAK: Did you feel that Russia was way different then here? DEHAAN: The first trip there I screamed bloody murder to come home. I was not going to stay there. No way. No way. Nobody spoke English, I was sick because they gave me a spinal tap, I couldn’t get out of bed for four days, I was so sick. I just wanted to come home. It was just crazy. LAJDZIAK: Was the food different there? DEHAAN: It was disgusting. And they yell at you if you don’t eat it so we would flushed it down the toilet. Page 20 �LAJDZIAK: I had class with him. We were talking about different free states and stuff. They were saying that Russia like not free also. Did you notice that among the people? DEHAAN: People are like strait faced, they do not smile. You could tell we were American because we smiled. They don’t like Americans. There was a McDonalds there, if was so nice for us because we would go there like every other day, because that was good to us and there food was so gross. We would pack a full suitcase full of food to eat because we didn’t eat any of theirs. LAJDZIAK: How about the people at the... DEHAAN: The clinic where we were so nice. Like you have to get to know them. After a couple times of me going there, the nurse would run up to me and give me a kiss on the cheek. They were excited to see you again. They really are caring people. LAJDZIAK: Does people from all over go there too? DEHAAN: Yeah. A lot of Greeks go there because their government pays for them to go there actually. PETRAUSKAS: So I know you were talking about what you enjoy eating. How has your diet changed and what kind of stuff do you have to do to regulate your diet? DEHAAN: If I were to gain a lot of weight, this would be a lot harder. Transferring and stuff, I probably wouldn’t be able to do it. lucky enough I can eat almost anything I want and not gain weight. Now, I don’t eat fast food or anything, I try to stay healthy. PETRAUSKAS: What kind of health foods do you eat? DEHAAN: Chicken. PETRAUSKAS: Would chicken be your favorite? DEHAAN: Probably one of my favorites yeah. I eat chicken every day, Pasta. Good protein foods. FELICE: Do you cook? DEHAAN: No. I microwave cook, that’s about it. PETRAUSKAS: So you’re an awesome cook then? DEHAAN: Yes. My mom is an awesome cook. Luckily I still live at home. LAJDZIAK: I miss home I’ll tell you that. Home cooked meals are nice. PETRAUSKAS: So I guess to try to wrap this up, maybe words of kind of wisdom or just basically kind of wrap it up give a sentence, a little blurb, what things you would like maybe changed to make things easier in your life, like stuff that is more handicap accessible or advice for someone in your situations to help better themselves and to take them to the next level to keep them... Page 21 �LAJDZIAK: Well inform people how you would like to be treated or how to approach you and things like that. DEHAAN: ok. That’s a lot, I’ll try to remember everything you said. thing that I would like changed is when going places, if they had a button to push and the door would open. Me and doors are not friends. I cannot open them half the time. So that is not fun. That’s my biggest thing. I’m always nervous to go places by myself like a restaurant or something. If I meeting someone, I will usually wait for them to get the door for me because I can’t get doors. So that would be wonderful if places had a button to push to make the door open everywhere. The way I want to be treated is just like everyone else. Don’t look at the wheelchair, like obviously you’re going to see the wheel chair, try to go past it. Get to know me for me, because I am still a normal person. I like to have fun and I’m outgoing. Yeah. My advice would be, try to stay positive. That is what has got me through everything. I never went through depression like most people do with a tragic injury or something. And what remind me to keep going every day is just somebody has it worse than me. I got to therapy with people who can’t move their arms and can only move their neck. One guy can’t even talk because his injury is so bad. People have it worse then you. For sure. PETRAUSKAS: Airight. We would like to thank you for giving us the chance to interview you. DEHAAN: You’re welcome. PETRAUSKAS: it was a pleasure for sure. LAJDZIAK: It was really nice meeting you. DEHAAN: Yeah, thanks. LAJDZIAK: I’m interested in that car. DEHAAN: We can go look at it if you want. END OF INTERVIEW Page 22 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6a50ff8394af844c4ef4d83ff361c096.mp3 89ec3be9c33451f0047aa8260bc12152 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_DeHaan_Kadi Title A name given to the resource Kadi DeHaan audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DeHaan, Kadi Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Petrauskas, Kelly Lajdziak, Andrew Helms, Fred Felice, Zachary Description An account of the resource Kadi DeHaan was in a car accident when she was in high school. She lost feelings and use of her legs. She has been in rehabilitationand is learning muscle memory. She is in great progress toward her goal of walking again. She discusses her accident and how it has changed her life. Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-14 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/212fdf7e551c605cde5338e086c4d56e.jpg 1ecf9ea11ab52d9181a77464d4a8b356 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX1727 Title A name given to the resource Kaibokan No. 1 class patrol frigate Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Kaibokan No. 1 class, Japanese PF (patrol frigate), May 15, 1945. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945 Japan Military education Warships--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-05-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/deecd2f7217f7680ddcc8196e8f68ee3.jpg 5185099ace5a67548937823c300fb6ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_I127-0002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-08-03 Title A name given to the resource Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin, Germany Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a street view of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin, Germany. In the photograph, the church is seen rising between buildings in the background of the photograph. The church is known as the symbolic center of West Berlin, as it was bombed in World War II and its remains were integrated into the new Memorial Church in 1961. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Berlin (Germany) Churches--Berlin--Germany Streets--Germany--Berlin Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/948877c8bd3a1d4881c6064da76d5dec.mp4 df5b1e07636e5a7890057fc4b413fa9d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1a61e3f2bc57756564f12aca21223ef2.pdf 3397f8172cb9aa37f9462b64e46d9c1d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Adolph Kalafut (01:04:23) (00:20) Background Information • Adolph was born in Chicago, IL on September 3, 1924 • His father was a immigrant from Poland who owned a bar that operated during the prohibition • His father also spent four years in the US Army • His parents wanted to have a good education and they paid for him to go to a military academy, which he really enjoyed • Adolph spent four years at the academy, which was similar to West Point • He joined the Marine Corps two months after graduating from the academy • Adolph had already been training in marching, organization, tactics, etc… • There was a gunnery at the school and their teachers were personnel from the Navy and Army • Adolph knew that he would be one step ahead of everyone else when he joined the Marine Corps (8:00) The Beginning of the War • Adolph had been at the Academy and noticed that things were getting harder • The seniors were all enlisting even before graduating • He had been interested in the Marine Corps; both of his brothers had joined the Army and neither of them liked it • Adolph enlisted in the Marine Corps on September 15, 1943 • He trained at the San Diego Marine Corps base for 10 weeks • Adolph had been well prepared and found training to be very ease, but he was not going to mention his earlier training because he did not want to put himself above everyone else • The only thing different from the academy was the type of guns that they trained with • He got in trouble for not shaving properly and had to shave his entire body as punishment (13:50) Camp Pendleton, CA • Adolph had been reassigned where he went through further training and awaited further instructions • They were training with light ammunition weapons, grenades, and maneuvers • Adolph was sent to parachute training school for five months • They ran five miles a day and went through paratrooper training • The Paratrooper program was soon dismantled and his unit became part of the newly formed the 5th Marine Division. (20:20) Hawaii �• • • • • Adolph received 30 days leave before being sent to Hawaii in 1944 He met his brother in California while on liberty Adolph then took a transport ship to Honolulu where he trained on a base before leaving for Iwo Jima He had never before heard about Iwo Jima and many men knew nothing about it They were told they had to secure an island 600 miles off the coast of Japan to help out the Air Force (28:20) Iwo Jima • Adolph worked with the 5th Marine Division and their main objective was to secure the high ground to their left • The 26th, 27th, and 28th Marines were all in the area securing other parts • The Japanese were to their right and water was behind them • The island was four miles wide, and landing was very difficult and confusing • They did not expect the Japanese to fight back • The island was obstructed with dead bodies everywhere and the smell was horrible (35:15) Landing • Adolph was in a landing craft near the beach; there was only one area where they could successfully land and the Japanese were expecting them • He then ran quickly to find a fox hole and take cover • Adolph was on the island for 6 days when the US flag was raised • He said it was a very emotional moment and a beautiful sight • Adolph lost a lot of good friends at Iwo Jima; he said that it was the most difficult time in his life (43:30) Wounded • Adolph had been on his way back to the landing area on the island when he was hit by 3 pieces of shrapnel and a received bullet wounds • Two men picked him up and helped to set him out of the way of more danger • He was then brought to the beach and put aboard a hospital ship • They operated on him and left the shrapnel because its removal would create even more damage • Adolph spent 6 days on the hospital ship and then 2 weeks in a hospital in Guam • Adolph was transferred to a hospital in Honolulu for 3 weeks, spent 10 days in a naval hospital, and then a hospital in Chicago for 9 more months • Adolph was again operated on many years later to finally remove the shrapnel (49:30) Life After the Marines • Adolph had spent so much time recovering in the veterans hospital that he eventually began working there • He went to college for 4.5 years and all expenses were paid • He then began working with mental patients at the Los Angles VA hospital for 13 years �• • Adolph was transferred to Battle Creek, MI where he became a program coordinator for the drug and alcohol unit His best experience was working in Battle Creek and he spent 15 years there �Iwo Jima Prior to February 19th, '45, D Dayan Two, it is unlikely that one in ten million Americans had ever heard of Iwo, let alone have any idea where it was! It is one of the three Volcano Islands, some 600 miles south of Japan. Iwo is but 2~ miles wide at its widest. It is about five miles long. Less than 8 square miles and with but one building above ground. Yet, it was "home" to over 22,000 Japanese soldiers and Korean slave-laborers who built the islands fortifications. All Iwo's forces lived, "below the deck," in an extensive network of rooms and connecting tunnels that provided quarters for all 22,OOO! We had "guesstimated" an enemy force of, "12,OOO!" The enemy had suffered no real damage from 90 days of pre-invasion bombing! The first wave landed shortly after 9am, Feb., 19th, 1945. In just 37 days we lost 6,824 plus another 19, 000 wounded. Was Iwo a futile battle? No! The 6,824 dead helped save the lives of 27,000+ airmen, Iwo was a Jap fighter base. The fighters attacked our bombers going to and returning from Japan. The bombers left from Saipan and Tinian, located some 600+ miles south of Iwo. Now, Iwo was a safe haven for all the crippled planes from mid-March until the war's end, Aug.15. The island "secured, the survivors began leaving Iwo, March 27th. I was one. But, I was no hero, just a grateful survivor who had landed not long after the famous flag-raising atop Suribachi on Feb. 23rd. As the troopship pulled away from Iwo, I stood on the fantail looking aft. Iwo looked like a drab high-top shoe, the high point being Mt. Suribachi. Pre-invasion bombing had never touched Suribachi's hidden weapons that wreaked havoc on the Marines, crowded on the beaches, until: "At last, a battleship at near point-blank range takes out the guns in Suribachi's caves." More than 21, 000 Japanese were killed on Iwo. A few surrendered along with the Korean slave-laborers. During the battle, official signs had been posted "We need a few of the enemy to interrogate." The general response was, "OK, But do you mind if they're dead?" "Gunny, Manilla John" Basilone joined the Corps in peacetime. He had served in the Philippines---hence the nickname, "Manilla John." On Guadalcanal in '42, and with his squad largely decimated, Basilone, with a 50 Cal. machine gun, wiped-out more than 100 of the enemy during a Bonzai attack. In the White House, FDR presented Basilone with the Medal of Honor. Then he was assigned to a civilian team for a War Bond drive. Recently mar:.ied (and to a Marine) the Medal of Honor winner could have sat out the war stateside! Basilone was sandwiched between Hollywood stars in an open convertible starting the War Bond drive. He did not last long. He went to hi~ superiors and asked/demanded, "to be returned to a combat unit." He ~oined the 5th Marine Divis10n on the island of Hawaii. Untested by batLle, the 5th was prepar~.ng for Iwo. On D Day, not long after H H~'lr, John Basilone was killed by shrapnel. On his arm was tatooed the three words that had governed his life as a Marine, "Death Before Dishonor." To ·John Basilone, for a Marine to be selling war bonds during war was unacceptable. IT was dishonorable. He had told his superiors, "I did not join the Corps to sell war bonds! I joined to defend and fight for my country. II John Basilone lives forever as an heroic role model for all Marines. Roger E. Greeley NOTE: $2 per copy. FIFTY PERCENT of the receipts will be donated to the National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, VA. �AND STILL THEY CAME Dedicated to all who served on Iwo Bnd es@cially in memory of, "Manilla" John Basilone. Iwo Jima: desolate, discarded, shoe of ash and rock carved and dug in to by the yellow hand. Fortified, impregnable but barren, bleak no sign of life was in our sight, just black volcanic ash. Below their deck the mind and tool worked fast to stem the human tide. Yes. they too knew how much there was to gai.n. And still they came! 0900, long snap and Suribachi shook but deep within the guns were crouched to greet the first ashore. The beach was wide, soft and shifting, a checker board with every square assigned to weapons far removed. Their heavy guns and giant mortars tore up the crowded strand where eager youth was savaged. Their helmets, guns and parts of men as only war can maim, jarred the grime and smoke filled air. At last, a battleship, at near point-blank range, takes out the guns in Suribachi's caves. And still they came! The night was light, star shells and flares, the rocket's trail. There was no rest anywhere. The raw wind and stinging rain pounded the shadowy rock and everywhere the agony of death. Far too many die and do not live to see us set the Rising Sun. And still they came! The tanks with tongues of flame grumble up a slope. A Corpsman kneels to bind a wound and becomes himself a casualty. The, "Meat Grinder," exacts an awesome, bloody, toll, a dead Marine for near every yard and wounded for each foot. But the enemy is losing now, his fighting's almost done. Our casualties are mounting but the battle's nearly wont The sky was blue and cloudless. The wind was soft and warm. Nearby, "Old Glory," standing guard was waving her, "Good-bye." I looked upon the crosses so white, so quiet here and thought of all the homes and hearts that never would be full for what was buried here. But now the road is shorter. True, not free of rocks, just about the same. Besides, look up ahead of you fairly singing in the wind, "Old Glory" seems to speak and say ..•..•........... nyou bet, and still they came!W * * *we did our time in Hell. Sixty years have passed * since The Marines on Iwo Jima served their country well. "Where uncommon valor was a common virtue, "Adm.Nimitz said After viewing all the crosses that marked the 1000s dead. Our tradition is a long one. It's marched on many feet. But, no Marine has ever heard a bugler blow, -Retreat!" The Corps has many heroes; they will not stand alone As others learn the legacies of men like Basilone. It wasn't for the money or the medals heroes wear It was discipline and duty that kept men fighting there. In 37 days, we lost siz thousana eight-hundred, twenty-four But 27,000 airmen lived; was this not worth fighting for? Grateful, for this haven and when learning of our losses The flyboys thanked us warmly and saluted all the crosses. But, what we honor most from Iwo's battle-cry Is that men kept going forward knowing they might die. To our Esprit de Corps, we must never, ever say, "Good-bye II For everything worth doing embraces----------Semper Fi!tI ff1J01 ::. f..et:,L '­ USHCR, 414 674, 1942-1946 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KalafutA Title A name given to the resource Kalafut, Adolph (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalafut, Adolph Description An account of the resource Adolph Kalafut was born in Chicago, Illinois on September 3, 1924. His father had been a Polish immigrant that owned and operated a bar during Prohibition. His parents wanted him to have an excellent education and paid for him to go to school at a military academy that was similar to West Point. Adolph enlisted in the Marines on September 15, 1943. Training was very easy for him and he was well prepared. Adolph was sent to Iwo Jima after training and it was a very difficult experience for him. He was wounded while in Iwo Jima and it took him about a year to recover. Adolph later worked in a VA hospital in Los Angeles and in Battle Creek, Michigan. Accounts of Iwo Jima from a Marine are appended to interview outline. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-08-05 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3405728d9212c96db197a4df9f61836b.jpg a9a323144478bf0101f7c69ec55ecc22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Brigham-D_0150 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brigham, D. Title A name given to the resource Kalamazoo River lighthouse pier Description An account of the resource Color photograph of a man standing in front of a red lighthouse on a pier on the Kalamazoo River. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Piers Lighthouses Kalamazoo River (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by D. Brigham as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5a7edf27c5eb33803de09390e75f8c48.pdf f068ad2869739b8b66c6d16810448054 PDF Text Text ala azoo MAY 25-627, 1e73 CAMP ROTA--KIWl\N Texas Drive KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN all EVERYONE WELCOME ] SYLVESTER Y/ARRIOR and the PONCA SINGERS ·OPEN DRUM. VISITING DRUMS WELCOME. REGISTRATION $1.00, INCLUDES 2 DINNERS. ADDITIONAL MEALS FOR SALE ON POWWOW GROUNDS. SATURDAY AND SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING INSTRUCTION SESSION FOR NEW DANCERS. EXCELLENT CAMPING AREAS. LARGE DINING HALL. SHOWERS. or MOTELS NEAR BY. TRACERS $10.00 SET UP FEE FOR ELECTRICITY, TABLES, AND CENTRAL CAMPSITE. KALAMAZOO VALLEY POWWOW COMMITiEE For More Infonnation Contact: 9519 CORDUROY STREET PORTAGE, MICHIGAN 49081 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_kalamazoo-valley-pow-wow_1973-05 Title A name given to the resource Kalamazoo Valley Powwow, May 1973 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-05 Description An account of the resource Kalamazoo Valley Powwow flyer, Kalamazoo MI, May 25-27, 1973, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo Valley PowWow Committee Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e4cac5d721ed28eb60e519124a32b5a9.jpg 56b291c83c071b94e240d030e704aab5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6782fe34dae53126044a7830c29128b4.jpg 70bed6e375b56f17327987a42d3bd3a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0522 Title A name given to the resource Kalendergeschichten Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1952 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Kalendergeschichten, by Karl Heinrich Waggerl, published by Insel-Verlag, 1952. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 522 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.522 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7d7517aa4d849d72b6c2d013daa38625.pdf c0fd57f907898e3f08efc0fa676620f2 PDF Text Text �, ,J KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN Prepared By Kalkaska County Planning Commission With the Assistance of Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP David R. Tyler, AICP Robin L. Reed Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Road Lansing Ml 48917 517/886-0555 517/886-0564 FAX December 1995 �Kalkaska County Ralph Peck, Zoning Administrator Planning/Zoning Commission Donald Cotton Robert Guyot Ill Robert Ingersoll Virginia Lee Robert Mickevicius Cheryl Orton-Burleson Kimberly L. Stewart Ron Strong Charles Weaver Zoning Board of Appeals Howard Dakin Winfield Hansen Robert Mickevicius Cindy Rabish Roger Wendel Shirley Krumlauf, Alternate Ron Strong, Alternate �Table of Contents Chapter One - The Planning Process ................................................................. 1-1 Purpose of the Plan ........................................................................................... 1-1 How to Use the Plan ......................................................................................... 1-2 How the Plan was Generated ........................................................................... 1-4 Location and Jurisdictional Issues .................................................................... 1-4 Chapter Two - Demographic and Economic Profile .......................................... 2-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2-1 Population Profile .............................................................................................. 2-2 Population Migration ......................................................................................... 2-2 Population Density ............................................................................................ 2-2 Households and Size of Households ................................................................ 2-5 Housing and Non-Residential Building Activity ............................................... 2-11 Population by Age ........................................................................................... 2-11 Education ........................................................................................................ 2-14 Economic Profile ............................................................................................. 2-15 Tourism ........................................................................................................... 2-15 Labor Force ..................................................................................................... 2-15 Income ............................................................................................................ 2-18 State Equalized Value ..................................................................................... 2-18 Chapter Three - Physical Environment/Land Use ............................................. 3-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3-1 Natural Features ............................................................................................... 3-1 Topography .................................................................................................. 3-1 Soils ............................................................................................................. 3-1 Lakes and Streams ...................................................................................... 3-2 Wetlands and Drainage Ways ..................................................................... 3-2 Vegetative Cover ......................................................................................... 3-6 Land Cover and Use ......................................................................................... 3-6 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Urban Land Areas ...................................................................................... 3-12 Residential ................................................................................................. 3-12 Commercial. ............................................................................................... 3-14 Industrial .................................................................................................... 3-14 Institutional ................................................................................................. 3-16 Recreational. .............................................................................................. 3-16 Land Subdivision ....................................................................................... 3-16 Transportation ................................................................................................. 3-17 Existing Conditions .................................................................................... 3-17 Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 3-21 Sewage and Water Systems ...................................................................... 3-21 Water ......................................................................................................... 3-23 Chapter Four - Assets, Constraints, Opportunities and Issues ....................... 4-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4-1 Assets, Constraints And Opportunities .............................................................. 4-1 Natural Resources ....................................................................................... 4-1 Economic Development ............................................................................... 4-5 Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 4-6 Transportation .............................................................................................. 4-7 Land Use Needs .......................................................................................... 4-8 Issues .............................................................................................................. 4-12 Natural Resources ..................................................................................... 4-12 Economic Development ............................................................................. 4-12 Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 4-12 Transportation ............................................................................................ 4-13 Land Use ................................................................................................... 4-13 Chapter Five - Goals and Objectives .................................................................. 5-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5-1 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 5-1 Goal ............................................................................................................. 5-1 Objective ...................................................................................................... 5-1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Policy ........................................................................................................... 5-1 Kalkaska County Goals & Objectives ..................................................................... 5-2 Community Character Goal ............................................................................... 5-2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-2 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-2 Residential Development Goal .......................................................................... 5-3 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-3 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-3 Natural Resources & the Environment Goal ..................................................... 5-4 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-4 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-4 Industrial and Commercial Goal ........................................................................ 5-5 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-5 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-5 Public Facilities and Services Goal ................................................................... 5-6 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-6 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-6 Transportation Goal .......................................................................................... 5-7 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-7 " Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-7 Recreation Goal ................................................................................................ 5-8 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-8 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-8 Intergovernmental Cooperation Goal ................................................................ 5-8 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-8 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-8 Chapter Six - Future Land Use Plan ...................... ;............................................ 6-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6-1 Basis for Future Land Use Plan ........................................................................ 6-1 Future Land Use Map ....................................................................................... 6-1 Agriculture and Forest Land Uses ..................................................................... 6-1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Residential ........................................................................................................ 6-2 Commercial Land Use ....................................................................................... 6-7 Industrial Land Use ........................................................................................... 6-8 Recreational Use ............................................................................................... 6-9 Transportation ................................................................................................. 6-10 Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 6-13 Policies ............................................................................................................ 6-14 Chapter Seven - Plan Implementation ................................................................ 7-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 7-1 Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................ 7-1 Planning Coordination ....................................................................................... 7-4 Issues of Greater Than Local Concern ............................................................. 7-5 Relationship to Zoning ...................................................................................... 7-5 Relationship to Subdivision Regulations ........................................................... 7-6 Relationship to Capital Improvements .............................................................. 7-6 Other Implementation Tools and Programs ...................................................... 7-7 Community Development Block Grant Program ............................................... 7-7 Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) Programs .............. 7-7 Land and Water Conservation Fund ................................................................. 7-7 Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund ........................................................... 7-7 The Recreation Bond ........................................................................................ 7-8 Recreation Improvement Fund .......................................................................... 7-8 Local Facility Development Grants ................................................................... 7-8 Land Acquisition Grants .................................................................................... 7-8 Waterways Fund ............................................................................................... 7-8 Road Funds ....................................................................................................... 7-9 ISTEA Funds ..................................................................................................... 7-9 Public Works Financing ..................................................................................... 7-9 Updating the Master Plan .................................................................... ...... .. ...... 7-9 Follow-up Studies and Activities ........................................................................ 7-9 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Figures Figure Page 2-1 Population in Kalkaska County, 1900-1990 ...................................................... 2-1 2-2 Population of Kalkaska County By Age Group, 1990 ...................................... 2-12 2-3 Kalkaska County School Enrollments for the 1990 School Year. .................... 2-14 3-1 Kalkaska Land Use/Cover Classification ........................................................... 3-9 6-1 Land Division - Lot Size .................................................................................... 6-4 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Maps Map Page 1-1 Kalkaska County Communities .......................................................................... 1-5 2-1 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1970-1980 ....................................... 2-4 2-2 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1980-1990 ....................................... 2-4 2-3 Michigan's Net Migration, 1970-1980 ................................................................ 2-4 2-4 Michigan's Net Migration, 1980-1990 ................................................................ 2-4 2-5 Total Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 ................. 2-6 2-6 Percent Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 ............. 2-7 2-7 Total Change in Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 .... 2-8 2-8 Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 .............................. 2-9 3-1 Kalkaska County General Soils Map ................................................................. 3-3 3-2 Kalkaska County Rivers and Streams ............................................................... 3-4 3-3 Kalkaska County Wetlands ................................................................................ 3-5 3-4 Kalkaska County Forest Land ........................................................................... 3-7 3-5 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover ..................................................................... 3-8 3-6 Kalkaska County Public, Quasi Public and Private Recreation Lands ............ 3-11 3-7 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover (Urban) ..................................................... 3-13 3-8 Village of Kalkaska Land Use/Cover ............................................................... 3-15 3-9 Land Divisions and Ownership in Coldsprings and Excelsior Townships from Plat Maps, 1981 and 1993 ...................................................................... 3-17 3-10 Kalkaska County Existing Transportation Network .......................................... 3-18 3-11 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Sanitary Sewer System, 1990 ............................................................................................. 3-22 3-12 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Septic System, 1990 ......... 3-22 3-13 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Municipal Water System, 1990 ............................................................................................. 3-25 3-14 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Water Well, 1990 ............... 3-25 4-1 Michigan Sites of Environmental Contamination, 1993 ..................................... 4-4 4-2 Future Change in Number of Second Homes in Michigan 1990-2020 ............ 4-10 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �6-1 Kalkaska County Future Land Use ................................................... ................ 6-3 6-2 Village of Kalkaska Future Land Use .................. ................. ............................. 6-6 6-3 Kalkaska County, Existing & Proposed Transportation Network ..................... 6-12 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Tables Table 2-1 Top 10 Michigan Counties with Highest Percent Change in Population Page 1970-1980 .................................................................................................... 2-3 2-2 Top 10 Michigan Counties with Highest Percent Change in Population 1980-1990.................................................................................................... 2-3 2-3 Kalkaska County Population and Population Density Change, 1970-1990 ....... 2-5 2-4 Number of Second Homes in the Northwest Region, 1960-2010 ................... 2-10 2-5 Michigan Counties with the Highest Increase in Households 1980-1990 ....... 2-1 O 2-6 Kalkaska County Building Permit Activity, 1983-1994* ................................... 2-11 2-7 Kalkaska County Shifts in Key Age Groups, 1980-1990 ................................. 2-12 2-8 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents Under 18 Years of Age, 1970-1990* .................................................................... 2-13 2-9 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents 19-64 Years of Age, 1970-1990* ......................................................................... 2-13 2-10 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents Over 65 Years of Age, 1970-1990* .................................................................... 2-13 2-11 Oil and Gas Production in Kalkaska County, 1981-89 .................................... 2-16 2-12 Kalkaska County Employment, by Sector and by Share of State and Regional Employment, 1991 ...................................................................... 2-16 2-13 Employment and Employment Change, Michigan's Northwest Region 1986 and 1991 ........................................................................................... 2-17 2-14 Percentage Change in Employment, by Sector and County, Northwestern Region, 1986-91 ........................................................................................ 2-17 2-15 Per Capita Incomes for Michigan's Northwest Region, 1980, 1984, and 1989 .................................................................................................... 2-18 2-16 State Equalized Valuation, Kalkaska County by Township, 1991, and Percentage Change, 1984-91 .................................................................... 2-20 3-1 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover Classification ............................................ 3-10 3-2 Land Use/Cover Acreage for Kalkaska County Communities, 1978 ............... 3-12 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �3-3 Distribution of Businesses by Sector, Kalkaska County, 1989 ........................ 3-14 3-4 State Truckline Vehicle Miles of Travel (Millions) ............................................ 3-19 3-5 Current and Projected Average Daily Traffic ................................................... 3-20 3-6 Number of Public Sewer and Private Septic Systems* in Kalkaska County 1980-1990.................................................................................................. 3-23 3-7 Number of Public Water Systems and Drilled or Dug Wells in Kalkaska County, 1980-1990 .................................................................................... 3-24 4-1 Public Land Acreage as a Percent of Total Land Acreage in Michigan's Lower Peninsula Counties, 1990 ... :............................................................. 4-2 4-2 Total Population of Kalkaska County, 1990 and 2020 ...................................... 4-5 4-3 Kalkaska County Population and Land Use Projections for the Year 2020 ...... 4-9 4-4 Kalkaska County Employment and Non-Residential Land Use Projections, 2020 ....................................................................................... 4-11 4-5 State and Federal Public Lands in Kalkaska County, 1990 ............................ 4-11 6-1 Kalkaska County Road Commission 20 Year Plan/Needs .............................. 6-11 7-1 Principal Responsibilities of County, Village, and Township Planning Commissions Related to Planning & Development Regulation ................... 7-2 7-2 Principal Responsibilities of Village Councils/Township Board of Trustees/ County Board of Commissioners Related to Planning & Development Regulation .................................................................................................... 7-3 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Chapter 1 THE PLANNING PROCESS Purpose of the Plan This Master Plan is intended to guide policy and decision making for future land use, infrastructure and public service decisions within Kalkaska County. The Plan identifies key planning issues, goals, objectives and policies which are instrumental to its implementation. Background information, analysis and recommendations provide a context for informed decisions. Proposed future land uses and policies presented in this Plan were developed based on a combination of the natural capability of the land to sustain certain types of development; the important natural functions of unique land and water resources in the area; the future need for residential, commercial and industrial land uses; the existing land use distribution, including the State Forest areas; the relationship of undeveloped lands to existing community character; and the desires of local residents and public officials as expressed through surveys, interviews, and a Countywide visioning session . This Master Plan is adopted pursuant to the authority of the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945. This Act provides for the preparation of a basic plan to promote the community health, safety and welfare through provisions for the use of land and resources and the assurance of adequate public facilities and services. The Kalkaska County Master Plan is prepared as a foundation for, and depends primarily on, the County's Zoning Ordinance, subdivision regulations and capital improvement program for its implementation. It is hoped that cooperation with local planning commissions within the County will result in compatible local land use plans so that a coordinated approach will be achieved. Although this Plan states specific land use development policy and proposes specific land use arrangements, it has no regulatory power. There is growing recognition among local jurisdictions that an independent approach to physical planning, which focuses exclusively inward, is inadequate to address many of the emerging trends and issues which cross jurisdictional boundaries. Issues like air or water quality, infrastructure, transportation, environmental conservation and land development impacts are becoming difficult, if not impossible, to address on an individual jurisdiction basis. At the same time, each political jurisdiction recognizes its obligation to maintain, if not improve, the quality of life for its seasonal and year round citizens. As a result, a sustainable future depends on partnerships founded upon pursuit of mutual goals. This plan is based on a philosophy that each jurisdiction in Kalkaska County is better able to address its unique economic, social and physical development problems and opportunities if a common framework can be established for making individual decisions. Coordination and cooperation between local units of government can maximize the benefits on future land use and infrastructure decisions. The result will be KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-1 �a new direction for land use planning which will enhance the quality of life for all residents of Kalkaska County. This Plan is intended as support for the achievement of the following public objectives, among others: • To protect and promote the public health, safety and general welfare; • To protect and preserve the natural resources, unique character and environmental quality of the County; • To maintain and enhance employment opportunities and tax base of the County • To promote an orderly development process which is coordinated with the County's ability to provide services and which permits public officials and citizens an opportunity to monitor change and review proposed development in a reasonable manner; and • To conserve and protect property values by avoiding incompatible uses; • To provide information from which to gain a better understanding of the County, its interdependencies and interrelationships, and upon which to base future land use and public investment decisions. How to Use the Plan The Master Plan is organized into seven chapters, beginning with this introduction. The second chapter is a demographic and economic profile of trends and conditions influencing the County. The unique character and natural features of Kalkaska County are described in Chapter Three, as well as existing lands uses. Chapter Four looks at existing and proposed public services, facilities and transportation systems in the County which will influence future land use and infrastructure decisions. Chapter Five defines goals, objectives and policies and Chapter Six looks at future land use and policy statements. Strategies for implementation are presented in Chapter Seven, including special tools and financing techniques. This Master Plan will assist elected and appointed officials when making choices between competing interests by serving as a guide for decision making. The recommendations of this Plan can be a reference tool for local jurisdictions when performing the duties and responsibilities set forth by State law, primarily relating to physical development. It is anticipated that this Plan will be consulted in the following situations: KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-2 �• Reviewing, coordinating or preparing specialized plans which address a particular subject (like housing) or geographic area (like a neighborhood) within the County; • Administration of land regulations, including zoning and subdivision control ordinances. Applications for rezoning, variances, or special use permits should be evaluated not only in terms of specific zoning ordinance standards, but also in terms of how well the proposed action would help attain the goals and objectives of this Plan, fulfill its policies and be consistent with the Future Land Use Map; • Preparation and review of capital improvement programs and the public works projects of other local agencies, to encourage consistency with the Plan; • Promotion of the public interest in and understanding of the planning process and Plan implementation; • Consulting with public officials, utility companies, civic, educational, professional and other organizations concerning implementation of the Plan. (see sidebar containing a comprehensive list of when to use this Plan.) When to Use this Plan A list of the principal issues for which guidance from this Plan is likely to be sought are presented below. • as the basis for more detailed township and village plans and development ordinances • as a frame of reference for private investment in the County • as a guide to village, township and county public facility and infrastructure decisions • as a guide to the Kalkaska County Planning Commission in fulfilling its responsibility to review proposed public facility expenditures for consistency with the Comprehensive Plan • as a guide to the County Planning Commission fulfilling their statutory responsibility to review township plans and zoning amendments • as a guide to preparing measures to protect sensitive environmental areas • as a guide in protecting air and water quality • as a guide to improved long term resource management decisions, especially with regard to renewable resources, and critical plant and animal habitats • as a base reference for joint or separate village, township, county grant activities • as an organization plan for county program expenditures • to stimulate and facilitate intergovernmental cooperation (e.g., among not only the County and local units of government, but also: private and semi-private organizations, area schools, the DNR, the Soil Conservation Service, adjoining counties of Governments, etc.) • to define issues of greater than local concern and establish appropriate mechanisms to deal with those issues, including but not limited to: • solid waste and recycling facilities • utility and sewage disposal sites • large scale development • fire/emergency services • affordable housing. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-3 �How the Plan was Generated In May, 1994, the Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. was selected to assist the County Planning Commission in the development of the Master Plan to satisfy both short and long range planning issues in the County. This is the first Master Plan for Kalkaska County. The County Planning Commission had worked for several years on background analysis and goals development before retaining consulting services. The planning process included the identification of critical trends and conditions facing Kalkaska County and its residents. Information was generated based on working sessions with County officials, residents and other local participants. A "visioning" town meeting provided all interested residents an opportunity to comment on their aspirations and desires for the future of the County. Data was collected and key natural resource and land use information was mapped. Phase two consisted of examining key information and findings from the data collected with input from the County Planning Commission. A Future Land Use Map was prepared. The results were combined into a Master Plan which incorporates data, analysis and goals and objectives for the future of Kalkaska County. Strategic policies are also presented as refinements to the goals and objectives and will serve as a foundation for future implementation of the Kalkaska Master Plan. Refinements to the draft Plan were made following a public hearing on July 26, 1995. Location and Jurisdictional Issues Named in 1843, the County was originally called Wabassee, which honored a Potawatomi chief. Located in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan, Kalkaska County is situated within some of the State's most natural settings, drawing many seasonal visitors to the area. Traverse City is located only 20 miles west of Kalkaska County and the City of Detroit is 230 miles southeast, or little more than a four hour drive. Surrounding counties include: Grand Traverse County to the west, Crawford County to the east, Antrim County directly north and Missaukee to the south. Major transportation routes through Kalkaska County include US-131, traversing the northwest section of the County; M-66, running north and south; and M-72 running east and west. Kalkaska County contains thirteen jurisdictions, one village and twelve townships. Of special significance is the Village of Kalkaska, serving as the commerce center for the County (see Map 1-1 for the lnterjurisdictional Context).There is a broad array of issues that extend beyond the boundaries of any one jurisdiction and decisions made by one jurisdiction are often affected by the decisions made by other jurisdictions. For instance, air and water conditions in Kalkaska Township, will impact the quality of life and natural environment in Rapid River Township. Conversely, a large-scale industrial development in Orange Township could have large impacts on Kalkaska and other nearby townships. Intergovernmental communication and coordination are essential when planning for the future of a county. Effective integration of the policies of this Plan KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-4 �with existing regulatory and planning documents in the County will require an ongoing commitment to intergovernmental cooperation. Zoning issues are also important when thinking in terms of intergovernmental cooperation. It is important to keep all local governments informed of proposed changes to this Plan or of its regulatory instruments and encourage their input prior to changes. Currently only two townships (Garfield and Blue Lake) and the Village of Kalkaska have master plans. Four townships (Garfield, Blue Lake, Clearwater, and Boardman) and the Village of Kalkaska have adopted zoning ordinances. County zoning applies in the rest of the Townships. Map 1-1 KALKASKA COUNTY COMMUNITIES CLEARWATER TOWNSHIP VILLAGE OF KALKASKA RAPID RIVER TOWNSHIP 0 I COLD SPRINGS TOWNSHIP EXCELSIOR TOWNSHIP KALKASKA TOWNSHIP BOARDMAN TOWNSHIP SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP BLUE LAKE TOWNSHIP BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TOWNSHIP GARFIELD TOWNSHIP KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-5 �Chapter 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PROFILE Introduction The history of Kalkaska County is directly linked to the natural resources found in the region. During the nineteenth century, when Michigan was experiencing its lumbering boom, Kalkaska County attracted individuals who harvested pine and hardwoods. After clear-cutting nearly the entire County, cutover lands were converted into farms, and potatoes and apples became important to the County's economic base. Historical population in the County is illustrated in Figure 2-1. During 1900, and as the lumbering boom began fading and moving further north, the County population was at its record high with more than 20,000 people. That number declined steadily until 1940. Population in Kalkaska County began an upward trend beginning in 1970 and has continued to increase every decade since. It is expected to continue increasing into the future. The County's growing population base attests to the growth of northern migration patterns, especially in and around areas with significant natural resources. Local government, manufacturing , the oil and gas industry, and retail trade and tourism are the major employment sectors in the County. With more than 275 miles of streams and rivers and 85 inland lakes, seasonal tourism and recreational activities provide jobs and contribute to the overall economic well being of the County. Figure 2-1 POPULATION IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1900-1990 14,000 12,000 10,000 C 0 8,000 C. 0 C. 6,000 .:: ca :i 4,000 2,000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-1 1970 1980 1990 �A review of historic and existing conditions in Kalkaska County provides an opportunity to look at factors which have influenced, and will continue to influence, the patterns of land use and development. Examples include recent population growth patterns, land development trends, public land holdings, and natural features - all of which contribute to the basic fabric of the County and serve as the base conditions for creating a common framework on which to build a Future Land Use Plan. Population Profile The number of new residents in Kalkaska County has increased significantly since 1970. The largest increase in population happened between 1970 and 1980 when the number of County residents more than doubled from 5,272 to 10,952. While much of the population increase can be attributed to the boom in the gas and oil industry, other likely reasons may be due to an increase in the number of seasonal residents or second home buyers. This 20 year population increase is reflective of the growth which is occurring in much of the northern lower peninsula. Table 2-1 illustrates Michigan's top ten counties showing the highest percent change in population between 1970 and 1980. From 1970 to 1980, Kalkaska County had the highest percent change in population in Michigan. Adding 5,680 new residents, Kalkaska County increased population by more than 107 percent. With the exception of Livingston County located near the metropolitan area of Detroit, all counties listed in Table 2-1 are located in the northern lower peninsula. Between 1980 and 1990 Kalkaska County population increases were still rising as 2,545 more people moved into the County for a 23.2 percent increase. (See Table 2-2.) Regionally, Table 2-2 illustrates the state-wide population change. The largest percent increases in the number of residents occurred in the northern lower peninsula between 1980 and 1990, growing by nearly 30% in some areas. Maps 2-1 and 2-2 illustrates on a state-wide basis where the percent change in population is occurring. Both maps reveal that population increases are taking place at higher percentage rates in northern counties rather than in more urbanized areas of the southern half of the State. Population Migration Population growth is the result of natural increases (more births than deaths) and new residents moving into the area (migration). Migration Maps 2-3 and 2-4 illustrate where people moved to and where people moved out of between 1970 and 1990. Both maps reflect recent patterns of growth in Michigan's county population numbers, confirming the emerging population shift to northern areas. Population Density A review of population densities in Kalkaska County by minor civil division (MCD) shows where county population is concentrated and where it is growing. Table 2-3 breaks down population and population densities by MCD. Kalkaska Township experienced a 373.8 percent increase in total population between 1970 and 1990. It also saw the highest percent change in population density between that time. Average density went from 6.9 persons per square mile in 1970 to 32.9 persons per square mile in 1990, an increase of 376.8 percent. All local jurisdictions in Kalkaska County had an increase in KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-2 �Table 2-1 TOP 10 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION, 1970-1980 Countv Kalkaska Livinqston Roscommon Gladwin Crawford Oscoda Otsego Montmorency Clare Missaukee Population 1970 5,272 58,967 9,892 13,471 6,482 4,726 10,422 5,247 16,695 7,126 Population 1980 10,952 100,289 16,374 19,957 9,465 6,858 14,993 7,492 23,822 10,009 Total Change 5,680 41,322 6,482 6,486 2,983 2,132 4,571 2,245 7,127 2,883 Percent Change 107.7% 70.1% 65.5% 48.1% 46.0% 45.1% 43.9% 42.8% 42.7% 40.5% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-2 TOP 10 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION, 1980-1990 County Crawford Kalkaska Missaukee Roscommon Otsego Ottawa Montmorency Chippewa Leelanau Grand Traverse Population 1980 9,465 10,952 10,009 16,374 14,993 157,174 7,492 29,029 14,007 54,899 Population 1990 12,260 13,497 12,147 19,776 17,957 187,768 8,936 34,604 16,527 64,273 Total Change 2,795 2,545 2,138 3,402 2,964 30,594 1,444 5,575 2,520 9,374 Percent Change 29.5% 23.2% 21.4% 20.8% 19.8% 19.5% 19.3% 19.2% 18.0% 17.1% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census population and densities over this time frame. These growth increases are found fairly evenly distributed throughout the County. Total and percent change in population levels and density by jurisdiction are found on Maps 2-5 to 2-8. Blue Lake, Bear Lake, Oliver and Garfield Townships each contain a large portion of State Forest land and as a result, population density changes do not appear as high as other townships. In actuality they may be greater because the population can only live on private lands which are limited. Population and density numbers for year-round residents reflect only a part of Kalkaska County's total growth. Containing some of Michigan's most prime recreational areas, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-3 �ra· Map 2-1 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1970-1980 Map 2-2 Percent Change in Michigan's Population.,1980-1990 Percent change Percent change - 66to108 -2□ to30 - 301048 lj'B101019 ~1to29 ~1to9 12'.ZJ -1 to-7 12'.Zl -1 to-7 D-1010-13 0 . a t o -1 3 Soun:e: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Map 2-3 Map 2-4 Michigan's Net Migration, 1980-1990 Michigan's Net Migration, 1970-1980 Total change Total change - 11,4001046,100 - 4,472 to 12,275 - 2,901 to 11,399 - 1,084to3,674 liffll! Oto2,900 ~ 7to975 ~ -1 to-9,700 l2ZJ -79 to -9,743 [2Z;J -10,200 to -359,000 D -10.32ato-3so.110 D -457,ooo Soun:e: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-4 �Table 2-3 KALKASKA COUNTY POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY CHANGE, 1970-1990 Place Name Village of Kalkaska CLEARWATER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD OLIVER BOARDMAN EXCELSIOR BLUE LAKE COLD SPRINGS KALKASKA BEAR LAKE GARFIELD County Total: 1990 Total Percent Percent 1970 Total Change Change Change Population Population Change 1990 1970 Density Density 1970-1990 1970-1990 Population Population 1970-1990 1970-1990 32.3 867.6 1,148.2 280.6 32.3 1,952 477 1,475 34.6 121 .8 1,959 1,075 121.6 28.4 63.0 884 25.9 885 627 243.0 7.5 18.4 245.3 258 497 199.6 8.0 24.7 16.7 208.8 746 249 211 .1 7.1 21 .2 198.6 280 871 591 '14.1 155 114.0 3.8 8.1 4.3 136 291 113.2 766 247.1 8.6 30.0 310 1,076 21.4 248.8 482 207.8 6.5 20.1 232 714 13.6 209.2 378 140 58.8 6.9 10.9 238 4.0 58.0 1,073 752 234.3 9.3 31.2 21.9 321 235.5 2,317 1,828 373.8 6.9 32.9 489 26.0 376.8 453 243.5 186 639 2.6 8.9 6.3 242.3 596 382 178.5 214 2.2 3.4 1.0 45.5 13,497 8,225 156.0 9.2 23.5 5,272 14.3 156.2 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Kalkaska County accommodates seasonal residences, campgrounds, hotel and motels and other attractions. The growth in seasonal homes, by decade, in the northwest region of Michigan are illustrated in Table 2-4. The entire region has had large increases in the number of people buying and owning second homes and Kalkaska County is no exception. In 1960, the County had 2, 152 second homes and by the year 2010, that number is expected to more than double. Currently, the U.S. Bureau of Census reports that Kalkaska County has 3,466 second homes dotted throughout the County. Thirty eight percent of the total housing stock in Kalkaska County is considered seasonal, or in second home ownership compared to six percent on a state-wide basis. Households and Size of Households The number of households have continued to increase state-wide while the size of households (including in Kalkaska County) have decreased. Table 2-5 shows the Michigan counties with the highest increase in the number of households between 1980 and 1990. Kalkaska County ranked 4th in the State with a 30 percent increase over the last decade. In 1980, Kalkaska County had 3,795 households, compared to 4,934 households in 1990. Household size throughout the State has decreased since 1960. This reflects national trends of: couples deciding to have fewer children, a higher number of divorced people, more single person householders and a higher median age resulting in less females of child-bearing ages (18-44 years old). Kalkaska County in 1980 had 2.87 persons per household and experienced a decrease to 2.71 persons per household in 1990. The State of Michigan's average size of a household in 1990 was 2.66 persons. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-5 �Map 2-5 / Total Change in Population* for Michigan Communities · 1970-1990 Total change - 14,000 to 57,000 - 2,000 to 13,999 - Oto 1,999 D D -1 to-39,ooo -40,000 or less * The change in population totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-6 �Map 2-6 ~ Percent Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Percent change - 150to417 - 50to 149 - I D 15to49 I Oto 14 -1 to-92 * The change in population totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-7 �Map 2-7 / rotal Change in Population Density* . for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Total change - 200ormore - 10to200 - Oto9 -1 to -739 I''" l I I -740 or less * The total change in population density totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files . Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-8 �Map 2-8 d7 Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Kalkaska County Persons per square mile - 700ormore - 126to700 - I 51 to 125 L/:J 21 to 50 D 20orless * The population density totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-9 �Table 2-4 NUMBER OF SECOND HOMES IN THE NORTHWEST REGION, 1960-2010 1980 County 1960 3,122 4,231 Antrim 2,412 3,093 Benzie 3,296 2,332 Charlevoix 3,466 2,731 Emmet 2,990 3,177 Grand Traverse 3,332 2,152 Kalkaska 3,475 2,660 Leelanau 2,258 3,035 Manistee 2,421 955 Missaukee 1,057 1,861 Wexford *Projected by Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 1990 4,695 3,145 3,873 4,382 3,296 3,466 4,172 3,196 2,413 2,166 2000* 5,589 3,616 4,708 5,177 3,273 4,297 4,948 3,768 3,388 2,804 2010* 6,376 3,983 5,479 6,003 3,333 4,954 5,704 4,237 4,117 3,358 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-5 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH THE HIGHEST INCREASE IN HOUSEHOLDS 1980-1990 Percent Rank Chanae County 1 34.0% Crawford 2 32.5% Otseoo 3 30.6% Roscommon 4 30.0% Kalkaska 5 28.1% Missaukee 6 27.9% Montmorency 7 25.5% Oscoda 8 25.0% Grand Traverse 9 24.9% Leelanau 10 24.2% Ottawa 11 24.1% Livinoston 12 22.0% Antrim 13 21.0% Ooemaw 14 19.1% Benzie 15 17.4% Emmet 16 16.8% Charlevoix 17 16.8% Kent 18 16.7% Gladwin 19 16.4% Allegan 20 16.3% Lapeer 1980 3,315 4,921 6,519 3,795 3,427 2,814 2,517 19,167 5,023 50,449 31,344 5,723 5,940 4,008 8,107 7,056 155,598 7,159 27,232 21,202 1990 4,441 6,522 8,516 4,934 4,389 3,600 3,160 23,965 6,274 62,664 38,887 6,980 7,190 4,772 9,516 8,243 181,740 8,357 31,709 24,659 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Housing KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-10 Total Chanae 1,126 1,601 1,997 1,139 962 786 643 4,798 1,251 12,215 7,543 1,257 1,250 764 1,409 1,187 26,142 1,198 4,477 3,457 �Housing and Non-Residential Building Activity Single family housing, which is the largest consumer of land in most Michigan communities, represented 72 percent of all housing units in Kalkaska County. In 1990, there were 9,151 total housing units, 22 percent of which were in mobile homes. Eighty percent of all housing units in the County were owned by their occupants, compared to a State average of 71 percent. Sixty percent of the County's housing stock has been built since 1970 and the median value of housing is $44,500. Over the last 11 years, Kalkaska County has issued permits for 968 single family homes, 64 multi-family homes, 77 industrial facilities, 7 churches, 54 stores, 22 offices and 60 miscellaneous buildings and infrastructure (see Table 2-6). Table 2-6 KALKASKA COUNTY BUILDING PERMIT ACTIVITY, 1983-1994* MultiTotal for Single Year Year Familv Family** Industrial Church Store Office Other*** 4 62 0 8 2 2 0 78 1983 24 10 0 7 2 1 65 109 1984 64 0 8 0 2 1 3 78 1985 11 7 81 0 0 2 4 105 1986 1 81 8 0 5 2 1 1987 98 1 4 69 8 8 1 7 1988 98 70 0 4 1 2 3 22 102 1989 1 6 1 76 8 0 4 1990 96 1 5 2 83 8 9 5 113 1991 12 0 2 2 126 8 6 156 1992 94 0 4 1 4 0 0 103 1993 97 0 2 0 8 2 7 116 1994 7 54 22 64 77 60 968 1,252 Total: *Through 10/94 **Number of units ***Includes public works, schools, hospitals, and motels Source: Kalkaska County Planning and Zoning Department Population by Age Kalkaska County residents in 1990 had a median age of 33 years, slightly higher than the State average of 32.6 and 3.8 percent higher than the County's median age in 1980. The higher average accounts for the large number of persons 65 and over, comprising 13 percent of the County's total population (see Figure 2-2). The largest segment of population by age are residents 25-44 years old (30 percent), followed by age groups 5-24 years (29.5 percent), 45-64 (19.5 percent), over 65 (13 percent) and under 5 (8 percent) . Table 2-7 compares County age groups between 1980 and 1990. Of particular note, is the percent of persons 18 years and under living with two parents. Michigan's statewide average is only 70.5 percent and in Kalkaska County it is 75.7 percent. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-11 �Figure 2-2 POPULATION OF KALKASKA COUNTY BY AGE GROUP, 1990 Under 5 Years 8% Over 65 Years 5-24 Years 29% 45-64 Years 20% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 25-44 Years 30% Table 2-7 KALKASKA COUNTY SHIFTS IN KEY AGE GROUPS, 1980-1990 AJ:ie Grouo/CateQorv Under 5 Years 5-24 Years 25-44 Years 45-64 Years Over 65 Years Median Aae Total Pooulation Percent 1980 of Total 1,006 9.2 3,731 34.1 2,893 26.4 2,046 18.7 1,276 11.7 29.2 10,952 1990 1,034 3,992 4,036 2,638 1,797 32.6 13,497 Percent of Total 7.7 29.6 29.9 19.5 13.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census As trends indicate, the age of residents is increasing faster among older age groups rather than the younger groups. Table 2-8, however, indicates that on a state-wide basis, Kalkaska County ranked number one for the percent change in number of residents under 18 years of age between 1970 and 1990. This trend generally indicates the attraction of younger families and residents to an area. A comparison of state-wide trends for the highest percent change in residents 19 to 64 years of age also shows Kalkaska ranked number one, with a 202 percent increase (see Table 2-9). Residents over 65 (or retirees) in Kalkaska County numbered 1,797 in 1990, up 133 percent from 1970 figures. Compared to overall state trends, Kalkaska County ranked 5th between 1970 and 1990 (see Table 2-10). KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-12 �Table 2-8 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Percent Total Chanae Chanae 1990 1970 Countv Rank 103.8 2,014 3,954 1,940 Kalkaska 1 35.6 945 3,603 2,658 Missaukee 2 28.6 712 3,201 2,489 Crawford 3 27.7 3,779 17,412 13,633 Grand Traverse 4 23.4 970 5,118 4,148 Otseao 5 19.8 312 1,886 1,574 Oscoda 6 17.8 326 2,155 1,829 Lake 7 17.8 872 5,762 4,890 Gladwin 8 17.4 8,164 55,078 46,914 Ottawa 9 17.4 311 2,100 1,789 10 Montmorency *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-9 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS 19-64 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Percent Total Chanae Chanae 1990 1970 Countv Rank 5,184 202.3 7,746 2,562 Kalkaska 1 3,952 120.5 7,232 3,280 Crawford 2 116.2 5,724 4,926 10,650 Roscommon 3 96.9 5,122 5,284 10,406 4 Otseao 3,183 89.7 6,732 3,549 Missaukee 5 1,991 84.8 4,340 2,349 Oscoda 6 17,699 83.2 38,971 21,272 Grand Traverse 7 2,163 82.3 4,792 2,629 Montmorency 8 80.1 5,478 6,843 12,321 Gladwin 9 4,474 75.9 5,892 10,366 10 Oaemaw *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-10 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS OVER 65 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Total Percent Countv 1970 Change Cham:ie 1990 Roscommon 1,147 4,953 3,806 1 331.8 Crawford 707 1,827 1,120 2 158.4 Montmorency 3 829 2,044 1,215 146.6 2,433 1,443 4 Otseao 990 145.8 1,797 Kalkaska 770 1,027 5 133.4 Gladwin 1,738 3,813 2,075 6 119.4 3,444 4,096 Midland 7,540 7 118.9 Oscoda 1,616 803 813 101.2 8 1,216 1,227 Alcona 2,443 9 100.9 2,204 10 Clare 4,403 2,199 99.8 *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. source: u.s. Bureau of the Census Rank KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-13 �Education The average educational attainment for County residents is lower than State averages. As an average in Michigan, 76.8 percent of a county's residents have at least a high school diploma. In 1990, 69.6 percent of the County population were high school graduates. The statewide average of persons 18 to 24 years of age enrolled in college is 37.1 percent. In Kalkaska County, only 14.8 percent of this age group is enrolled in college. Kalkaska County also has a lower percent of residents with a bachelor degree or higher (7.1 percent) compared to the statewide average of 17.4 percent. In 1990, the County had 3,516 persons three years and older enrolled in school. A break down by type of school is illustrated in Figure 2-3. In 1990 there where 274 students enrolled in public pre-primary schools, 2,683 in public elementary or high schools and 389 students attending college. 11.9 percent of the 16 to 19 age group were not enrolled in school in 1990, compared with the statewide average of 10 percent. There are two K-12 school districts and one K-3 school district in Kalkaska County: Kalkaska (K-12), Crawford (K-8) and Forest Area (K-12) public schools. In 1993, the Kalkaska School District, like many across the State, faced serious financial difficulty because of voter reluctance to continue approving property tax increases. Property taxes historically served as the funding mechanism for local schools. Recent legislation, to implement Proposal A, has reformed past educational funding practices, thus eliminating property taxes as the primary basis for financing public education. This recent change has helped stabilize school funding difficulties within the district. Figure 2-3 KALKASKA COUNTY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS FOR THE 1990 SCHOOL YEAR 3,000 2,683 .."' 2,500 C GI E 0 ...C -... 2,000 w 0 1,500 GI .0 E :, z .. 1,000 -· iii 0 I500 274 0 Public PrePrimary Elementary or High School Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-14 Public College �Economic Profile Oil and gas production within the County has been on a slow decline since the early 1970's. While the County's economy is dependent on oil and gas production, the economic base in Kalkaska County is becoming diversified. Local government, manufacturing and tourism are important industries to the County. Between 1986 and 1991, Kalkaska County generated 2.5 percent of the region's new jobs. Unemployment in Kalkaska County however, is among the highest in the region. The jobless rate was 13.5 percent in 1991 compared to the State average of 9.1 percent. By October 1995, unemployment had fallen to 5.0 percent compared to 3.9 percent for the State as a whole. Tourism Kalkaska County's location in the northwestern section of Michigan's lower peninsula with its vast natural resources provides the County with great opportunities for economic tourist activity. As of 1990, there were more than 55 miles of state-funded snowmobile trails, nine campgrounds, 285 campsites, 152 facilities renting canoes, 26 public access sites, 140 miles of off-road-vehicle trails and 37 miles of hiking trails. During 1980 their were 258 people employed in the tourism related sector and in 1987, that number dropped to 187 persons. Labor Force Although still heavily dependent on oil and gas production, combined production in that industry has declined 62 percent from 1981 to 1989. (See Table 2-11.) While the number of wells has stayed relatively constant from year to year, the amount extracted has declined considerably. Table 2-12 outlines Kalkaska County's employment by sector and share of regional and State employment for 1991. Overall, the County only accounts for 0.13 percent of Michigan's total employment, and 4.9 percent within the northwest region. There are 230 private firms in the County, and of those, nine have more than 50 employees. Of the people living in Kalkaska County, the largest number were employed in State (50) and local (709) units of government, followed by manufacturing (722) and retail trade (697). Tables 2-13 and 2-14 list employment changes by sector and by county for the northwest region between 1986 and 1991. Employment changes in Kalkaska County lag behind all but one county in the region. As a percentage of regional growth, Kalkaska County represented 2.5 percent with a total change in employment of 300 jobs. Percent changes by sector shows the County having a 79 percent increase in wholesale trade, 60 percent in construction and 50 percent in transportation, communications and utilities. The unemployment rate during 1986 and 1991 for Kalkaska County was the highest in the region at 13.2 percent, 6 percent higher than the regional average. By October 1995, the unemployment rate in Kalkaska County was at the regional average of 5.0 percent, but the year-to-date average of 8.9 percent was still two percentage points higher. Table 2-12 lists the distribution of businesses by sector for the County in 1989. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-15 �Table 2-11 OIi and Gas Production In Kalkaska County, 1981-89 Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Number of Wells 201 189 214 221 215 211 209 199 219 Crude 011 (000 barrels) Natural Gas 3,539 3,358 3,253 3,323 3,011 2,529 2,035 1,751 1,416 30.9 26.5 22.2 20.8 20.4 18.2 15.5 13.2 (Bcft 11.6 SOURCE: Michigan Department of Natural Resources. •Billions of cubic feet. Table 2-12 Kalkaska County Employment, by Sector and by Share of State and Regional Employment, 1991 Percentage of Kalkaska Percentage of State Regional Sector Employment Employment Employment Mining 684 7.22% 52.4% Oil and gas 659 18.80 56.6 Construction 200 0.16 4.5 Manufacturing 722 0.08 4.3 Transportation equipment 272 0.10 17.5 Transportation, Communication, & Utilities 300 0.20 8.9 Wholesale Trade 134 0.07 4.7 Retail Trade 697 0.10 3.2 Finance, insurance, & Real Estate 50 0.03 1.5 Services 363 0.04 1.5 Government 784 0.13 5.0 State 50 0.03 2.2 Local 709 0.16 5.3 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 5, 125 0.13% 4.9% SOURCE: Calculated by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., based on data supplied by the Michigan Employment Security Commission. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-16 �~~~,. =-,.,. ....... .,. -·, -,. Table 2-13 Employment and Employment Change, Michigan's Northwest Region, 1986 and 1991 Change In Total As a Percentage Employment of Regional Unemployment Rates 1986 1991 1986-91 Growth 1986 1991 Antrim 6,050 6,538 488 4.1% 13.9% 15.4% Benzie 4,275 4,534 259 2.2 17.1 16.4 Charlevoix 8,400 9,578 1,178 9.9 11 .7 11 .1 Emmet 10,800 13,606 2,806 23.7 12.9 11 .3 Grand Traverse/Leelanau 37,050 41,538 4,488 37.8 9.0 8.4 Kalkaska 4,825 5,125 300 2.5 11.9 13.5 Manistee 7,175 7,700 525 4.4 18.3 13.3 Missaukee-Wexford 14,850 16,672 1,822 15.4 13.8 12.6 TOTALS/AVERAGE 93,425 105,291 11,866 100.0% 13.6% 12.8% SOURCE: Calculations by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., based on data supplied by lhe Michigan Employment Security Commission. Total Employment .--~ ~ Percentage Change 10.5% -4.1 -5.0 -12.1 -6.5 13.2 -27.1 -8.9 -5.7% rn " )> 0 0 C ,z ~ ~ Table 2-14 l\l Percentage Change In Employment, by Sector and County, No.rthwestern Region, 1986-91 s: )> rn -4 m lJ .--)>""O z Sector Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation, Communication, & Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate Services · Government State Local TOTAL EMPLOYMENT Unemployment Rate Kalkaska -2.2% 60.0 44.4 50.0 79.2 46.7 0.0 45.0 20.7 0.0 23.4 6.2% 13.2% Antrim X X -6.8% -50.0 33.3 30.4 0.0 28.3 11.6 0.0 10.1 8.1% 10.5% Benzie - 20.3% -23.4 0.0 -80.0 44.6 75.0 33.5 18.1 -25.0 27.7 6.1% -4.1% Charlevolx - 34.8% 12.4 14.0 54.2 41 .9 17.2 20.6 7.9 12.5 5.5 14.0% -5.0% Emmet - X 34.0% 73.8 -25.7 67.4 21.4 26.8 19.8 920.0 20.7 26.0% -12.1% Traverse/ Leelanau -15.8% 63.6 -13.8 -5.8 15.1 23.2 34.0 33.3 10.6 -41 .8 20.8 12.1% -6.5% X: Suppressed data included in totals. - : Less than minimum employment level needed for recording. NA: Not available due to less lhan minimum employment in 1986. SOURCE: Calculations by Public Sector Consullants, Inc., based on data supplied by the Michigan Employment Security Commission. Manistee NA 35.2% -0.8 15.6 9.8 39.7 12.5 0.0 -2.6 20.8 -6.8 7.3% -27.1% Missaukee/ Regional Wexford Total NA 2.5% -9.4% 17.4 -5.4 -1.6 17.3 11 .2 7.5 5.6 49.9 36.6 0.8 23.7 26.9 28.7 12.3 21 .2 18.8 60.3 22.7 15.6 12.3% 12.7% -8.9% 7.2% ,.. �Income Kalkaska County has one of the lowest per capita income rates in Michigan. In terms of income and earnings, the per capita personal incomes of four out of ten counties in the Northwest Region are in the lower 50 percent of the statewide county ranking. Kalkaska County had the lowest per capita personal income in the northwest region at $11,161 and ranked 82nd out of 83 counties statewide (see Table 2-15). The statewide per capita personal income in 1991 was $18,642, an increase of 1.9 percent from 1990; and the national per capita personal income in 1991 was $19,091, a increase of 2.5 percent from 1990 figures. Kalkaska County had a per capita personal income in 1981 of $7,407, considerably less than the State average of $10,902. In 1991, the State per capita personal income rose by 71 percent to $18,642 and Kalkaska increase by 50 percent to $11,161. In fiscal year 1988-89, the County received $1,532 per resident in State funds and paid only $865 per capita in State taxes; these figures were 9.5 percent above and 32.5 percent below the State average, respectively. Table 2-15 Per Capita Incomes for Michigan's Northwest Region, 1980, 1984, and 1989 County Antrim Benzie Charlevoix Emmet Grand Traverse Kalkaska Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Wexford Region State 1980 $8,311 7,717 8,179 9,048 9,140 6,715 9,138 7,905 6,541 7,082 1984 $10,125 10,299 10,383 12,497 12,037 8,497 12,278 10,182 8,275 9,240 1989 $13,911 13,236 14,204 16,717 15,514 10,615 16,732 13,227 11,075 12,329 $8,260 $10,166 $10,803 $13,027 $14,273 $17,535 Percentage Change, 1984-89 Percentage Change, 1980-89 Total Personal Income, 1989 (millions) 37.4% 28.5 36.8 42.5 28.9 24.9 36.3 29.9 33.8 33.4 67.4% 71.5 73.7 84.8 69.7 58.1 83.1 67.3 69.3 74.1 249 155 309 419 1,008 137 265 296 131 338 32.1% 34.6% 72.8% 72.5% $3,307 $162,610 SOURCE: Calculated by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., from data provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. State Equalized Value An important indicator of the strength or weakness of local economies is change in property tax values. From 1978 to 1983, property tax values grew at an annual rate of 11.9 percent in Kalkaska County, compared to the statewide rate of 8.7 percent. Since that time, the property tax rate has slowed considerably. As shown in Table 2-16, state equalized valuation (SEV) rose only 17. 7 percent (2.5 percent annual rate) from 1984 to 1991, compared with 50.9 percent (7.3 percent annual rate) statewide. This is strong KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-18 �evidence that Kalkaska County's economy is not growing as fast as other parts of the State, despite recent population gains. Residential property values rose 29.8 percent, a little less than half the growth statewide. Combined commercial, industrial and personal property values increased only 12.3 percent (57.3 percent for the State). Agricultural property values fell 14 percent between 1984 and 1991. Only three of the County's twelve townships experienced a substantial rise in total property values from 1984 to 1991: Bear Lake (43.2 percent), Clearwater (45.2 percent) and Garfield (43 percent). The first two also recorded the largest increases in residential property values (47 percent and 53.3 percent, respectfully). Commercial, industrial and personal property values grew 64.6 percent in Bear Lake, 331.8 percent in Garfield and 173.2 in Orange Township. Agricultural property values fell in every township except Boardman and Springfield Townships. In Kalkaska Township, which has the largest share of total value at 23 percent, property values increased only 15 percent. Kalkaska County has both weaknesses and strengths when evaluating the economic climate. Strengths in the County include the amount of low cost land available for development and proximity to the growing Traverse City area. Transportation is of good quality, with access to major highways, rail service and pipelines. Recreation and tourism can benefit from easy access of transportation routes particularly in light of the County's approximately 155,000 acres of State and Federal forest land. While it is good to note the positive aspects of an economic base, it should also be noted where weak spots can be identified. As an example, tourism in Kalkaska County could become a more prominent industry providing a stronger economic base for it's residents. Presently there are few lodging facilities, limited public access opportunities to area lakes and a need for more public recreation facilities. A new industrial park is under development and will seek State certification. It will accommodate new business now that the existing certified industrial park is full. It represents a substantial investment in continued job growth. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-19 �Table 2-16 State Equalized Valuation, Kalkaska County, by Township, 1991, and Percentage Change, 1984-91 (dollars In thousands) "r" " l> l> CJ) l> 0 0 C: ,z I\) ~~ ~ l> -I m Township Bear lake Blue lake Boardman Clearwater Coldsprings Excelsior Garfield Kalkaska Oliver Orange Rapid River Springfield Commercial, Industrial, and Personal 3,503 1,763 9,423 13,768 7,664 64.6% -2.9 1.3 .19.3 7.0 -1.9 331.8 16.5 40.755 15.7 1,626 6.2 30.3 21.3 25.3 177 1.9 173.2 4.9 . -48.9 Residential $19,255 16,183 · 6,618 29,582 22,063 7,536 10,052 1984-91 47.0% 27.2 16.0 53.3 25.4 31.9 23.8 $3,818 18,423 29,251 2,192 6,160 · 7,175 7,355 /4 Change 0 Agrlcultural and Other $955 604 2,578 2,086 808 2,182 3,100 %Change 2,006 14,240 981 1984-91 2,608 3,356 893 5,430. %Change 1984-91 -31.0% -6.4 8.9 -6.9 -3.8 -4.3 -33.5 -17.5 -6.4 -21.1 -68.3 28.1 0 /. Total $24,068 35,210 12,699 33,431 32,294 23,486 20,816 71,632 4,877 11,522 22,308 13,766 Change 1984-91 43.2% 8.9 10.1 45.2 13.0 6.6 43.0 15.0 ·1.0 18.6 0.0 14.4 CJ) :IJ ~II Total 8 Stale Percentage of total SEV County Stale $163,422 - 29.8% 56.3% $116,531 53.4% '60.0% NOTE: Assessments as of December 31 In 1983 and 1990. •May not total as some property ls not Included In township totals. bMay not total due to rounding. - 12.3% 57.3% 38.0% 35.4% $26,226 - -14.0% -15.0% 8.6% 4.5% $306,179 - 17.7% 50.9% 100.0o/eb 100.0% �Chapter 3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT/LAND USE Introduction A review of the physical environment in Kalkaska County provides the opportunity to look behind the scenes to review the conditions and factors which have influenced, and will continue to influence, the patterns of land use and development. Examples of these factors include previous development trends, public lands, development constraints and natural features. This chapter reviews the current state of the County's physical environment and the trends and issues which will influence its future status, in either a positive or negative fashion. Four individual elements are previewed, natural features, land cover/land use, transportation and infrastructure. These topic areas represent the basic fabric of existing development patterns and serve as the base for creating a common framework on which to build a Future Land Use Plan for Kalkaska County. Natural Features The natural features of Kalkaska County contribute to its economic health, sustaining and supporting the quality of life of those who live in the Village of Kalkaska and the rural townships. Natural features are generally described as hills and valleys, wetlands, soils, lakes, rivers, woods, floodplains, and vegetation. Both the year round and seasonal residents of Kalkaska depend on the land and its resources, either directly, as in land development, or indirectly as in recreational opportunities. Natural features offer aesthetic beauty, environmental protection, recreation, and functional land development options which can continue to reward present and future generations of residents for years to come. Efforts to conserve and protect will help ensure these valuable resources will be present for future generations to enjoy. A description of the individual elements of the County's natural features follows: Topography Located over a geological formation known as the Salina-Niagaran Reef, Kalkaska County sits 7,000 feet above one of the most successful oil producing basins in the state. Kalkaska County is generally classified as hill-land, plains and upland plains. Level to gently rolling hills and slopes cover the mid-section of the County. Hills and ridges run through the east half and northwest section with elevations from 1,000 to 1,400 feet above sea level. A plateau divides the watershed in Kalkaska County from the Manistee River on the southeast and that of the Boardman and Rapid Rivers on the northwest. Soils To determine the nature and extent of future land uses in Kalkaska County, soil limitations become an important factor. As an essential segment of an area's natural KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-1 �resources, soi: types determine the drainage conditions, erosion hazards, building suitability, plant fertility and the effectiveness of septic tank sewage disposal. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is currently in the process of preparing a detailed soil survey for Kalkaska County, but it is not expected to be available until mid to late 1996. Consequently, only generalized soil data is available at this time. Several State agencies developed a forest soil report for Kalkaska County in 1982. Its purpose was to identify prime forest land based on soil types. The classifications were based on the productive potential of major tree species naturally occurring on a soil grouping. This soil analysis indicates 301,000 acres, or 82 percent of the County's soils, are sandy soils of various types, ranging from well drained (19. 7 percent) and excessively drained sandy soils (14.4 percent) to somewhat excessively drained (12.4 percent). Other soil types found in the County include well drained loamy soil (2 percent), poorly drained mineral soils (3 percent) and organic soils (13 percent). See Map 3-1. The characteristics of many of the County's soil types (excessively drained, etc.) give rise to a concern about the location and type of individual septic systems constructed within the County. The potential for surface and groundwater contamination exists in those areas which are excessively drained or contain a high water table (organic soils). Lakes and Streams Kalkaska County is a prime recreational area within the State, as reflected in its over 273 miles of rivers and streams and more than 86 lakes. See Map 3-2. Totaling over 6000 acres, or 2 percent of the County, several of the State's most recognizable rivers flow through its borders, including the Mainstee, Boardman and Rapid Rivers. Foremost among the lakes are Log, Bear, Starvation, Big Blue, Twin, Big Guernsey, Oxbow and Selkirk. Highly popular with permanent and seasonal residents alike, much of the County's residential activity has occurred along their edges and borders. There are two special management areas in the County which consist of primarily undisturbed marshy areas used extensively by nesting waterfowl. Sands Lake Quiet Area is 2,775 acres and primarily located in Grand Traverse County with scattered pothole lakes and marshes. Little more than 20 percent is located on the western edge of Kalkaska County. Skegemog Lake Wildlife Area encompasses 3,120 acres of land and 2,200 acres are State-owned. It is a major molting and nesting area for mute swan populations. Wetlands and Drainage Ways Scattered throughout Kalkaska County are wetland areas which are important to the biological diversity of plant and animal species living there. There are nearly 7,000 acres of wetlands in the County providing a distinctive network of natural areas, most often following along rivers and streams (see Map 3-3). The largest portion of wetlands are considered shrub, comprising more than 5,000 acres, followed by emergent wetlands, 1007 acres, flats with 711 acres and aquatic beds of 110 acres. Wetlands are natural lowland areas where excess runoff from rainfalls, rivers and other natural cycles, accumulate and provide habitat for many plants and animals, as well as for a KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-2 �J J Kalkaska County General Soils Map ~~ Sand Hill Soils !:[~f.3 Hilly Upland Soils !;=:::::~=:! Organic Soils ~ Moderate Level Upland Soils D So...,.,: Kalkaska Soil Con$tlflla/lon Sand Plain Soils District Soils Map KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-3 �Map 3-2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A N ... !SO' 0 0 !BARKER CREEK . Io ! I··,.-I I I~,-::, • N , I ,. 1 • . . . . . . &..a -at~·. I • T ZT H 0 KERNS CORNER S, • w a: w > < Q a: a: I- 0 u. < a: KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-4 �Map 3-3 I I I I I I ,, • • ~ ~ ~. KALKASKA COUNTY Wetlands - Water - Lowland Hardwood Forested - Lowland Conifer Non-Forested Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 Source: M.D.N.R., MiRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-5 �wide-ranging migratory bird population. The largest wetland areas in the County are found in Garfield Township, within the State forest system. Vegetative Cover Forest land in Kalkaska County is bountiful. Map 3-4 illustrates the dominance of the hardwoods and vast pine forests in Kalkaska County. Originally, the County was covered with heavy timber, primarily maple. Logging in the late nineteenth century cleared most of the timberland, leaving infertile soils and the landscape bare from clearcutting. Today, Kalkaska has 130,367 acres of upland hardwood, 60,603 acres of pine, 53,754 acres of birch and aspen, 18,052 acres of lowland hardwoods, 10,224 acres of lowland conifers, and more than 6,885 acres of Christmas tree plantations. Much of the forest covered land is protected by the State as part of the State Forest system. Seventy-seven percent of the County is classified as woodland areas of regional and local importance by the State Department of Natural Resources. In 1982, the State prepared a Forest Soils Report for Kalkaska County as part of their prime forestlands identification project. A primary objective of that effort was to identify, with the aid of local professionals, prime forestlands within the County. Once identified, recommendations were made to encourage the long term retention of designated forest areas. The significant amount of State land within the County, approximately 154,000 acres, together with the desire to balance timber production and local economic development with recreation and wildlife values, served as a key impetus for this effort. Land Cover and Use The Michigan Department of Natural Resources Land and Water Management Division developed a comprehensive data base of state-wide land cover and use in 1978 called the Michigan Resource Information System (MIRIS). The data provides land cover and use information down to the local jurisdiction level. In this Master Plan, the variables from this data base have been organized as follows: forest land, wetlands, water, barren lands, urban, agriculture and open space. Map 3-5 illustrates the land use and land cover in the County. Kalkaska County is 77 percent (282,608 acres) forest land as reflected in Figure 3-1. Of that, the largest portion - 130,367 acres - is comprised of upland hardwoods, followed by pine forest with 60,603 acres and aspen and birch of which totals 53,755 acres. (See Table 3-1 for a complete listing of Kalkaska County's land uses.) The second largest land use in the County is agriculture, representing 1O percent (36,303 acres) of the total land area. Cropland makes up the biggest portion of agricultural land with 36,082 acres. Open space accounts for seven percent (25,714 acres) of the land area, urban uses 2.4 percent (7,639 acres), wetlands 2 percent (6,932 acres), water 1.8 percent (5,848 acres) and barren lands with less than 1 percent (82 acres). Most of the County's forested land is in ownership of the Michigan State Forest system which totals approximately 154,765 acres. Located primarily in the east and southeastern portion of the County, the State Forest land offers an abundance of lakes, campgrounds and KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-6 �KALKASKA COUNTY Forest Land Coniferous Pine - Deciduous - Other Upland Conifer Christmas Tree Plantation Northern Hardwood Central Hardwood Aspen-White Birch Association Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Soun»: M.D.N.R., MIRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-7 �Map 3-5 KALKASKA COUNTY Land Use/Cover - m - Urban i_J Forest Commercial - Industrial Water & Wetlands Non-Forested & Barren Agricultural Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Source: M.D.N.R., MIRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-8 �Figure 3-1 KALKASKA LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION Water 1.60% Wetlands 1.90% Barren 0.02% Forest 77.40% Urban 2.09% Agriculture 9.94% Open (Non-forested) 7.04% Source: Michigan Resource Information System, Land and Water Management Division, Department of Natural Resources, 1978 other recreational facilities. Map 3-6 identifies public, quasi-public and private recreational land in the County. As mentioned previously, land use and cover information is also available at the township level. Table 3-2 provides a break-down of land cover variables and the number of acres within each Township. The Village of Kalkaska, located in Kalkaska Township, comprises the largest concentration of urban land with 2,814 acres, or six percent of the Township's land area. Orange Township has more agriculture land than any other township with 6,224 acres, or 28 percent of the Township land area. Bear Lake Township, located on the eastern side of the County and within the State Forest system, has more forest cover than any other township, with nearly 42,000 acres, or 91 percent of Bear Lake's total land cover. Clearwater Township, contains the most water cover in the County, with more than 1,600 acres of inland lakes and streams, totaling seven percent of the land area. Garfield Township has the most wetland coverage in the County with 1,057 total acres, or two percent of the Township's land cover. Barren lands, which consist most of beaches, riverbanks, sand dunes and exposed rock, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-9 �Table 3-1 KALKASKA COUNTY LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION LAND USE Urban Single Family/Duplex Mobile Home Park Central Business District Shoooing Center, Mall Strip Commercial Institutional Industrial Industrial Park Air Transportation Open Pit Extractive Wells Outdoor Recreation Cemeteries Agriculture Cropland Orchard, Ornamental Permanent Pasture Other Open (Non-forested) Herbaceous Shrub Forest Upland Hardwood (North Zone) Upland Hardwood (Central Zone) Aspen, Birch Lowland Hardwood Pine Other Upland Conifers Lowland Conifers Christmas Tree Plantation Water River Lake Wetlands Shrub Aquatic Bed Emerqent Flats Barren Sand Dune Total Area in Acres TOTAL PERCENT 5,019.71 59.46 69.40 11.96 131.55 692.18 368.90 31.47 130.75 245.30 682.40 165.27 30.71 1.37% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.04% 0.19% 0.10% 0.00% 0.04% 0.07% 0.19% 0.05% 0.00% 36,082.11 5.13 125.25 90.93 9.88% 0.00% 0.03% 0.02% 4,057.80 21,656.77 1.11% 5.93% 130,367.28 35.70% 2,698.91 53,754.82 18,052.82 60,603.26 0.74% 14.72% 4.94% 6,885.24 16.60% 0.00% 2.80% 1.89% 762.19 5,086.08 0.21% 1.39% 5,095.55 109.86 1,006.84 719.91 1.40% 0.04% 0.28% 0.20% 21.04 10,224.44 81.78 0.02% 365,127.07 100.00% Source: Michigan Resource Information System, Land and Water Management Division, Department of Natural Resources, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-10 �Map 3-6 KALKASKA COUNTY IPubJic, Quasi Public and Private Recreation Lands - Quasi Public Public - Private - Other MILITARY USE RESTRICTIONS Management Area Management Area Management Area Management Area 1: 2: 3: 4: No Tracked Vehicles No Tracked Vehicles No Tracked Vehicles No Off-Road Vehicles Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Management Area Boundaries ISoufC'6: M.D.N.R., MiRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-11 �Table 3-2 LAND USE/COVER ACREAGE FOR KALKASKA COUNTY COMMUNITIES, 1978 Township Bear Lake Blue Lake Boardman Clearwater Cold Springs Excelsior Garfield Kalkaska Oliver Orange Rapid River Sorinofield Total: Urban 1,133.91 765.94 391.61 665.26 448.00 337.64 334.37 2,814.00 67.32 157.80 301.00 121.27 7,538.12 Aariculture 17.62 367.13 3,929.42 2,447.69 862.36 4,649.05 3,806.63 4,170.43 2,130.61 6,223.54 3,175.38 4,523.58 36,303.44 Open Forest 1,346.40 41,864.89 1,415.60 19,282.13 1,821.12 16,552.93 2,466.04 14,012.94 1,455.97 18,975.87 1,329.29 15,794.45 4,329.98 40,139.23 3,685.57 34,058.29 1,120.95 18,649.75 1,524.48 13,655.06 3,132.90 15,843.51 2,086.28 15,343.08 25,714.58 264,172.13 Water 846.53 808.77 43.25 1,604.08 1,078.11 352.91 263.94 259.72 84.39 168.42 66.32 271.81 5,848.25 Wetlands 1,001.73 531.90 375.95 426.12 314.15 711.35 1,057.27 510.53 1,027.68 536.31 29.15 410.01 6,932.15 Barren 0.00 0.00 65.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.22 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 81.77 Source: Michigan Resource Information System account for less than one percent in the County and is primarily located in Boardman Township. Urban Land Areas Based upon the land use/cover survey described previously, approximately two percent of the County consisted of urban land uses in 1978. See Map 3-7. Urban lands are generally representative of the built environment, including residential, commercial, industrial, transportation and active recreation. This study recognizes that 1978 information does not provide a complete picture of the developed areas found within the County. Because it is the most detailed information available, and because the development patterns it describes are generally representative of existing conditions, it has been used as a basis for generalized land use descriptions. Of the urban lands within the County, residential uses, primarily single family dwellings, represented 66 percent of the total. Commercial and institutional land uses were spread across 900 acres, 12 percent of the total, industrial uses 400 acres or 5 percent of the total. Transportation and recreational uses made up the remaining 17 percent of urban uses. A brief overview of the primary land use categories is provided below: Residential Residential development in the eastern part of the County has been limited due to the large amount of State-owned lands. Most residential development has taken place in the plateau area between the Manistee and Boardman rivers, as well as in and around the Village of Kalkaska. This development consists primarily of single family homes. Residential development trends indicate that much of the new construction is on land adjoining State Forest property and/or water areas. The number of second homes in Kalkaska County reached 3,466 in 1990, reflective of the County's popularity as a recreational area. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-12 �Map 3-7 KALKASKA COUNTY LAND USE/COVER (URBAN) KALKASKA COUNTY Land Use/Cover l!!IIURBAN ...,_ .. ' . . . l P1ail! I lftl! CID, a. .......,. n . ----···•·•·•·· -- ,999 ..,. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-13 �Commercial Commercial land uses in the County are found primarily within or adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska and neighboring Boardman Township along US-131 and M-72. See Map 38. Commercial development along the major thoroughfares has been primarily in the form of strip development. Kalkaska Village business owners, (with help _ from a grant from the State Government) will begin enhancing commercial business district in downtown Kalkaska with the objective of improving its function and appearance to local residents and travelers passing through the area. Between 1983 and 1994, 54 new commercial businesses in the County applied for construction permits. Downtown renovations and proposed new highway construction through Kalkaska County will likely influence future commercial activity. Industrial Industrial areas in the County are found primarily in Kalkaska Township, along US-131. Over the past decade there have been 77 building permits issued for industrial development. Industrial development generally includes firms involved in production, processing, assembly or manufacturing of goods or materials. Table 3-3 provides a listing of businesses by type of activity as of 1989. The oil and gas industry is considered an industrial land use and has been a large local employer, attracting a number of residents to the area. Numerous wells have been drilled throughout the County as the Northern Niagaran Reef runs beneath the landscape. Most of the wells were drilled in the late 1960's and 1970's. The number of wells averages one per square mile. This compares to one well per two square miles in Crawford County and one well per four square miles in Wexford County. Table 3-3 DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESSES BY SECTOR, KALKASKA COUNTY, 1989 Agricultural production and services Oil and gas exploration Construction Manufacturing Industrial machinery and equipment Transportation equipment Other durables Transportation, Communication and Utilities Trucking and warehousing Communication Utilities Other Wholesale trade Retail trade Automobile dealers and service stations Eating and drinking places Other Insurance and real estate Services Hotels and other lodging places Business services Repair services H~~ Other Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission. Number of Firms 5 20 39 16 4 3 9 18 6 2 2 8 17 41 8 18 15 10 61 4 13 11 8 25 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-14 �Map 3-8 Village of Kalkaska Land Use/Cover lllll Urban D lfflffll Commercial ~ Water & Wetlands - Industrial IZ22J Agricultural ~ Forested Non-Forested & Barren l"lannl"CI & Zonln; Ctnttr, fflt. Ml~h26 1996 Sou,o& o\l DfYf-,, _ M ,R1S ,r;;e KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-15 �Institutional Institutional land uses represent State, County, Township and Village facilities, including but not limited to a Township or Village hall, hospitals, schools and highway maintenance facilities. Each Township has its own hall and eight of the twelve Townships have a fire barn and volunteer firemen. Garfield Township has its own parttime police protection in addition to the County Sheriff Department. Kalkaska Village is home to County government activities and the three County public school districts include one high school, one middle school and three elementary schools. A 24-hour health center with a emergency room is located in the Village of Kalkaska and community buildings used for public activities are located within individual Townships. Recreational Kalkaska County offers prime recreational areas with 273 miles of streams and 86 lakes. There are thousands of acres of public land open to hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, canoeing, hiking and many other recreational activities. There are approximately 151,486 acres of State Forest land, 15,984 acres of military land and 315 acres owned by the Federal government. Extensive State Forest land is leased by the military for maneuvers (see Map 3-6). The County is located in close proximity to many ski lodges and golf facilities which makes this area of the State attractive to many full-time residents as well as seasonal residents and visitors. In 1985, the County Parks and Recreational Board prepared a detailed Master Recreation Plan which documented the recreational needs and opportunities within the County. It also set forth a series of recommendations aimed at satisfying these needs into the future while preserving the unique recreational amenities available within the County. There is an inventory of recreational facilities contained in that Plan. It is the intent of this Plan to support and adopt the recommendations of the Recreation Plan. Land Subdivision The subdivision of large parcels into 10 acre or smaller lots is widespread in Michigan's lower peninsula. Over time it results in significant landscape change as new homes are built. Because lot lines are not visible on the ground, land fragmentation goes largely unnoticed by the public. Land division patterns largely dictate the opportunities and constraints for accommodating new land uses and preserving those that are existing. Land division trends have been expressed in different ways across the County. There are many areas in the County where land fragmentation patterns are dominated by parcels as small as 1O acres or less, not including the smaller lots associated with platted subdivisions. Because of the large amount of State-owned land in Kalkaska County, the density of people on the remaining land is greatly affected by land subdivision. This pattern of land division is evident in sections 32 and 33 of Coldsprings Township and sections 4 and 5 of Excelsior Township. (See Map 3-9). Land fragmentation can significantly impact natural resource systems. Woodlands and wetlands function best when they exist according to surrounding natural conditions. Fragmenting followed by road or home construction often diminishes the benefits natural systems are capable of providing, including wildlife habitats, flood control and water purification. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-16 �Map 3-9 LAND DIVISIONS AND OWNERSHIP IN COLDSPRINGS AND EXCELSIOR TOWNSHIPS FROM PLAT MAPS, 1981 AND 1993 Coldsprings Township T28N- R6W ~ "-', ' •,,. AIITHUR •1111111:N 000 Coldsprings Township DUAN£ Mc:CULLEN llt08[lll!T M"-L(llt O,,Nl[L z C> ~ DAVIS 120 ~ MANIICOWSKI , I -··-··MYERS .SNOWOAYRD Excelsior Township T27N- R6W 1981 Excelsior Township 1993 Source: Land Atlas and Plat Book, Kalkaska County, Rockford Map Publishers The popularity of Kalkaska County as a recreational area, as reflected in the growing number of seasonal homes, serves to reinforce the concerns related to land fragmentation. Both the natural systems and the capability of existing physical systems (roads, infrastructure) to accommodate this form of development is an issue which must be addressed in the future. Transportation In its broadest sense, a transportation system includes all forms of mobility. Vehicular mobility, however, has been the predominant method of movement for residents, businesses and visitors within Kalkaska County. The County's transportation network, like others throughout the State, has been shaped by the fundamental necessities of today, including employment, recreation, schools, and shopping. Unlike many communities, however, the role of the resorVtourism industry in the County, and its impact upon the transportation system, has required special attention in order to maintain an efficient and safe system for everyone. Existing Conditions The Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT) has classified roads within the County using the National Functional Classification System. The primary purpose of this classification is to create uniform criteria which organizes roads by function, rightof-way and design. See Map 3-10. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-17 �Map 3-10 .....r. ···r" ........ ' .......... I I I lt--T"""--+---r--•,...L.. , ..... 11•11••·-··-··-··-··-· . i i i i Kalkaska County Existing Tr-onspor-totion Networ-k I- Pr1nc1pol Arterial , _,,_,.. MoJor Collect.or - - • Minor Ar-tenol Local Roods ; -·-·· Township Lines i ~lirflUJ:J & l(Jllrq Ceiter, In:. '"• I•• a .5 1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-18 �.. -II -I I -JI ' '-~ Two highways within the County are classified as principal non-freeway highways, US131 and M-72. US -131 is a major State trunkline linking the Village of Kalkaska with the City of Petoskey on the north and the City of Cadillac on its south. This highway is undivided, 22 foot wide with 9 foot shoulders. Average daily traffic along the County's segment of this highway approximates 12,000 vehicles per day. M-72 is the County's primary east/west travel corridor, connecting to 1-75 on the e;ast and Traverse City on its west. Classified as a principal arterial, M-72 is also a two lane undivided highway with a 24 foot pavement surface and three foot paved shoulders. Daily traffic averages 5,500 vehicles east of the Village of Kalkaska and 7,400 vehicles to its west. Every other year, the Michigan Department of Transportation inventories the condition and operation of the entire State trunkline system. Within the County, this also includes M-66, connecting Kalkaska with Lake City to its south. Roads are evaluated by a point system for a series of categories and then given a score or rating. In both the rating of road surface conditions and safety, sections of US-131 between Kalkaska and Mancelona were identified as critical concerns in 1993. This is in part due to the growing travel demands within Kalkaska and surrounding counties. Table 3-4 compares the growth in vehicle miles of travel (VMT) between northwest Michigan counties, the region and the State of Michigan. The greatest percent change annually for all State trunklines within the region between 1970 and 1990 was found within Kalkaska County, followed by Charlevoix and Antrim Counties. Table 3-4 STATE TRUCKLINE VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (MILLIONS) 1970 1980 1990 % Annual Growth Antrim 48.6 77.6 124.6 4.8 Charlevoix 46.7 85.4 133.5 5.4 Cheboygan 133.9 182.6 236.9 2.9 Crawford 94.0 124.2 191.8 3.6 Emmet 75.0 113.1 191.1 4.8 Kalkaska 40.1 73.2 121.9 5.7 Otsego 80.3 100.5 135.3 2.7 959.9 1,346.0 1,898.1 3.5 25,682.4 31,149.5 43,780.3 2.7 District 3 State of Michigan . Source: Michigan Department of Transportation KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-19 �Table 3-5 CURRENT AND PROJECTED AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC us -131 Kalkaska to Mancelona Mancelona to Alba Alba to M-32 M-32 to Boyne Falls M-72 West of Kalkaska Kalkaska to Graylinq 1993 2020 7,100 5,800 3,200 4,000 15,800 15,200 8,200 10,900 8,000 4,600 24,000 13,700 Source: Michigan Department of Transportation As part of their trunkline assessment program, MOOT has also compared 1993 traffic volumes for trunklines with projected volumes for the year 2020. See Table 3-5. US-131 and M-72 highways will experience dramatic increases in volume of vehicles according to these projections. Both US-131 and M-72 are experiencing operational problems under current conditions, particularly during peak summer tourism months. In some instances, it can be attributed to the lack of a passing lane, but in others, it is more appropriately related to surface condition and road configuration. Continuous improvements have been made to enhance traffic flow. In contrast to State highways, local roads within the County serve as major and minor collectors for area residents. Consisting of both paved and unpaved roads, paved roads are generally found leading from lakes or along rivers to the Village of Kalkaska or the State trunkline system. Of all County roads however, totaling 851 miles, only 29 percent were paved. This placed Kalkaska 14th out of 83 counties in the highest percentage of unpaved roadways. The difficulties of meeting current road needs and demands, in light of ongoing population growth, is not exclusive to Kalkaska County, but is being experienced by road commissions throughout the State. Based upon a survey of County Road Commissions conducted by the American Public Works Association in 1993, approximately 50 miles of road within the County needed resurfacing, while 150 miles, or approximately 20 percent, require reconstruction. Similarly, a review of County bridges, of which there were 11 in 1994, indicated that 5, or 45 percent need repair. Although this figure appears high, 40 percent of all counties indicated serious deficiencies on 50 percent or more of their bridges. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-20 �J J J •-i II "-' ' ' ' ' As the capital outlay and maintenance costs continue to rise, and the revenue resources for improvements diminish, it becomes important to maximize efficiencies when planning for the future. Diminishing levels of service, increased travel times and higher maintenance costs will certainly influence the ability to maintain quality-of-life objectives, both in the near and long term future. Infrastructure The provision of infrastructure to people and property directly impacts public health, safety, and welfare and, as a result, the quality of life across the County. Decisions on whether and if so where to place/offer new infrastructure is one where this Plan can have a very significant impact. This is true for decisions at both the local level as well as on the county level. Where public sewer lines, water mains, as well as schools, and government buildings are placed will have a lot to do with the nature and type of future growth that occurs. It thus becomes vital that the planning and implementation of future infrastructure be done within a generally accepted framework based on intergovernmental coordination and open communication. Sewage and Water Systems The Village of Kalkaska is the only local unit of government with a public wastewater treatment facility. The sewage system is owned and operated by the Village and consists of a network collection of mains and a series of oxidation ponds. Originally constructed in 1968, up-grades are currently underway. Between 1980 and 1990, the total change in the number of public sewer systems throughout the County was an additional 257 units. The Village of Kalkaska had a total increase of 157 units and accounted for the largest local government increase in the County. The remaining new hook-ups were part of rural localized systems of very small size. Map 3-11 shows the entire State of Michigan by county and the percent of households connected to sanitary sewer systems. Kalkaska County has 942, or 10 percent of it's 9,151 households connected to some form of sanitary sewers. This number is typical of rural counties without large urban areas. As Map 3-11 indicates, sanitary sewer systems are located in the urban areas of the southern half of the State. While the Village of Kalkaska hasn't identified a maximum capacity of gallons a day within their system, the average daily demand is 350,000 gallons per day and current peak demand is 650,000 gallons per day. With increases in the County population, trends indicate that more and more sewer hook-ups in the Village will undoubtedly create the need for future expansion. In 1994, the number of sewer hook-ups increased to a total of 811, up from 1990 (720) by 91 units. Residents in Kalkaska County without pubic sewer systems are required to develop and maintain private septic systems. Table 3-6 illustrates the number of private septic systems by local unit of government in 1990. Clearwater Township had the most units in the County totaling 1,148. Springfield Township added 47 new sewer connections however, these are primarily community hook-ups where several housing units will share the same drain field. These are often referred to as, "common septic systems or KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-21 �Percent of households -81to98 R sota76 ~ 40to59 l2ZI 20 to 38 D3ta19 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics Map 3-12 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A SEPTIC SYSTEM, 1990 .;,:;-_ / . ;( /': :,:,/) ½~,% ,, t✓ Percent of households -81to93 m s1 to79 ~ 41to59 i2ZJ 23 to 39 r-.11018 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-22 �Table 3-6 NUMBER OF PUBLIC SEWER AND PRIVATE SEPTIC SYSTEMS* IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1980-1990 ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ -'-. f TownshipNillaae BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE Public Sewers 1980 BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD Village of Kalkaska KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD 3 0 0 30 4 10 4 563 582 0 3 0 2 Public Sewers 1990 16 2 0 16 5 3 12 720 839 0 0 0 49 Private Septic Total Change Systems, 1990 13 2 0 -14 1 -7 8 157 257 0 -3 0 47 988 632 493 1,148 1,016 442 646 72 1,029 234 479 402 484 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. •Private Septic Systems includes common hook-ups to a single septic system, or more than one housing unit sharing one private septic system. package treatment plant" units. (Numbers on Table 3-6 under Private Septic Systems, include "Common Septic System hook-ups.) Map 3-12 looks at the number of households by county using a septic system. With only 10 percent of the County's households connected to sanitary sewers, the remainder are using a septic system (usually located in more rural areas). There were 7,993 households connected to septic systems in 1990, typical of the northern lower peninsula, as most residents depend primarily on private septic systems. Water Public water supply and distribution is also contained within the Village of Kalkaska. Original construction was undertaken in the early 1940's. Table 3-7 identifies public and private systems by local unit of government in the County. The Village of Kalkaska had an increase of 179 new connections between 1980 and 1990. That number increased again during 1994, as 57 new connections were made, bringing the total on public water systems to 771. Map 3-13 illustrates the percent of Michigan households connected to a municipal water system. Just like the Michigan sanitary sewer system map, households connected to municipal water systems are primarily located in southern lower Michigan. Kalkaska County had nine percent of its occupied housing units connected to a municipal water system. Over the last two years, the Village has undertaken an ongoing program to upgrade water and sewer infrastructure. More than $400,000 has been spent on water and sewer upgrades. The Village does not operate a stormwater management system. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-23 �Table 3-7 NUMBER OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND DRILLED OR DUG WELLS IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1980-1990 TownshipNillaQe BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD Village of Kalkaska KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD Public Public Water Drilled or Water Systems Systems Total Dug Water 1980 1990 ChanQe Wells, 1990 -3 1,023 3 0 0 0 0 641 493 0 0 0 18 -7 1,159 25 -2 1,078 4 2 10 -7 459 3 4 10 6 658 714 179 535 78 266 1,049 560 826 0 0 0 231 -3 3 483 0 0 0 0 405 -2 2 0 547 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Outside of the Village of Kalkaska, the jurisdiction with the largest number of private wells was Clearwater Township, 1,159 in 1990. Map 3-14 shows the percent of Michigan households connected to a water well in 1990. The number of households connected to water wells in Kalkaska County is similar to other rural counties in northern lower Michigan. Nearly 90 percent of the County was connected to private water wells in 1990. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-24 �Map 3-13 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEM, 1990 - ~~ ·' _// , ', ' <,1 /' , r~0- .,,fu ''? Percent of households -80to100 m soto74 ~ 35to49 122'.: 20 to 33 Q3to19 Source: U. S, Bureau of the Census, Derailed Housing Characteristics Map 3-14 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A WATER WELL, 1990 Percent of households -80to95 - 61 to79 ~ 40to58 iZ2) 24 to 38 Doto 19 Source U.S, Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-25 �• • • ' ' '~ ' ' ' ' ,' ,. ~ Chapter 4 ASSETS, CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES Introduction During the course of generating this Master Plan, a series of surveys, workshops and town meetings were conducted with the objective of discovering community perspectives regarding the current and future state of the County. Assets, constraints and opportunities were identified with the intent of creating a framework upon which to build county-wide goals and objectives. The material which follows focuses on the key thoughts, ideas and concerns relating to assets, constraints, and opportunities raised by participants in the process or discovered during the course of this effort. In many instances, the input received was a reflection of current trends and conditions presented in Chapter Three. ASSETS, CONSTRAINTS and OPPORTUNITIES Natural Resources Population growth has, to a large extent, occurred as a result of the abundance of and quality of natural resources within the County. The lakes, rivers and public lands offer a wide range of recreational opportunities for the visitor and permanent resident alike. The pattern of scattered large lots (many about 10 acres, except around lakes where they are much smaller in size) across the County is a direct reflection of the recreational opportunities it offers. It is estimated that over 6,000 parcels have been created but are yet to be built upon within the County. With over 154,000 acres of public land, twelfth highest of all Counties in the lower peninsula, Kalkaska is truly a year round tourist and resort center. See Table 4-1. Hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, swimming and boating are all available recreation opportunities within the County. Because these natural resources are the County's greatest asset, they are vitally important to the current and future residents of the County. The quality and quantity of these natural resources are a fundamental component of the County's character. They influence the economy, community character and the quality-of-life for area residents. Future development will likely place increasing pressures on the integrity of the natural resources, both in terms of use as well as function. It is critical therefore, to recognize the need for balancing environmental integrity with economic development. Maintaining environmental quality while improving the local economy need not be conflicting objectives. In this Plan they are in fact, assumed to be mutually supportive. A healthy economy is dependent upon a healthy environment. Surface and groundwater quality are two dominant areas of concern as future growth and development occurs within the County. The area's sandy soils make contamination KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-1 �Table 4-1 PUBLIC LAND ACREAGE AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL LAND ACREAGE IN NORTHWESTERN LOWER PENINSULA COUNTIES, 1990 Public Land Acreage County Total Land Acreage Public Land Acreage as a Percent of Total Land Acreage Antrim 44,453.3 304,640.0 14.59 Benzie 72,561.0 205,440.0 35.32 Charlevoix 58,069.9 266,880.0 21.76 Emmet 75,900.4 298,880.0 25.39 Grand Traverse 67,699.2 297,600.0 22.75 Kalkaska 154,545.5 359,040.0 43.04 Leelanau 29,325.1 224,000.0 13.09 Manistee 172,920.0 348,800.0 49.58 Missaukee 100,988.1 364,160.0 27.73 Wexford 219,542.9 362,240.0 60.61 Total 996,005.4 3,031,680.0 32.85 Source: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-2 �' ' ' 'J ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,. , an ever present issue because of the ease of contamination from leaks or spills of hazardous substances or from the proliferation of septic systems in some of the most sensitive areas. Similarly, the potential for misuse of pesticides and fertilizers creates further challenges in maintaining the long term quality of inland lakes and rivers. Most counties throughout the State, including Kalkaska, find themselves with some contaminated land within their borders (see Map 4-1). This contaminated land is generally a result of past business practices or operations which released hazardous substances onto, or into the ground resulting in groundwater, surface water or soil contamination. As of November 1993, 46 environmentally contaminated sites were identified pursuant to the State Department of Natural Resources Michigan Environmental Response Act (Act 307). This Act was created to identify and clean up sites of environmental contamination. Oil and gas drilling, together with related industry activity, accounted for 19 of the 46 sites identified. Seven more were related to leaking underground storage tanks (L.U.S.T.). Although the County has less than two percent of the contaminated sites in the State, the sandy soils allow rapid leaching of contaminants, which adds to the concern. Because many of these properties are located in and around the Village of Kalkaska, these sites could potentially discourage new businesses from locating within the area. Strong measures to ensure the use of best management practices designed to prevent contamination of soils, groundwater or surface water are needed to protect these resources from future contamination and to ensure a healthy environment for future business expansion. The significance of quality groundwater to health and economic development was aptly demonstrated when the Village of Kalkaska's water supply was threatened by a large underground plume of subsurface contamination in the recent past. A new well was drilled for safety purposes by the Village after contamination of a monitoring well was found. The plume, however, has not reached the original well. New pressures are also being placed on the forest areas of the County, which dramatically shape the areas rural character, serve as habitat to its wildlife and support its natural ecosystems. These pressures include land division and housing construction. There are few local programs which effectively preserve the functional and aesthetic value of this resource. The abundance of clean water and woodlands, is nearly matched by the sensitive environmental resources in the County. Floodplains, wetlands, inland lake shorelines and river edges are important elements of the County's natural environment. The vulnerability of these systems to development has been well documented in the region and a conscious effort will be required to ensure their preservation in the future. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-3 �Map 4-1 Michigan Sites of Environmental Contamination, 1993 Total number of 307 and LUST* sites - 891 to 1,350 - 271 to 890 - 91 to270 31 to9o D D 0to30 *LUST = Leaking underground storage sites Source: P.A. 307 Michigan Environmental Response Act (1988 and 1994) KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-4 �Economic Development Fundamental to this Plan is the recognition that a strong economy is important to the future of Kalkaska County. Economic development is a key ingredient to maintaining and improving the area's quality-of-life and achieving a sustainable future. An additional 7809 people are expected by the year 2020. See Table 4-2. This growth is expected to result in 3009 additional dwellings. In addition, seasonal dwellings are expected to grow by 1971, for a total of 5437 seasonal homes. Concurrent with this growth in residential homes will be a corresponding growth in economic activity. The type, form and nature of this activity however, will be dependent upon a variety of factors, including the ability to attract supporting business and industry as well as improving the tourism economy. Table 4-2 TOTAL POPULATION OF KALKASKA COUNTY, 1990 AND 2020 Community 'II - ~ ! II BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA VILLAGE OF KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL 1990 639 378 1,076 1,959 1,073 714 596 2,317 1,952 291 885 746 871 13,497 2020 1,267 617 1,608 3,270 1,478 1,125 1,297 3,628 2,869 445 1,174 1,251 1,277 21,306 Total Chanae 628 239 532 1,311 405 411 701 1,311 917 154 289 505 406 7,809 ~ ' '· In 1991, an assessment of the economic climate of Kalkaska County was undertaken with the objective of analyzing forces affecting the economy, changes over time and opportunities for the future. This assessment was based upon historical data and observations, as well as interviews with County residents, business leaders and public officials. A number of locational advantages were identified which have contributed, and will continue to contribute, to Kalkaska's economy into the future. Proximity to Traverse City (within 20 miles) was identified as a major asset. Firms locating in the County can have the benefit of low taxes, little congestion and proximity to the attractions of Traverse City. Major highways, rail service, pipelines and the nearby Cherry Capitol Airport were also identified as important assets which shape the areas economy. (Refer to the KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-5 �Master Plan for Economic Development, November 1991, Public Sector Consultants, Inc.) Complimenting locational advantages are a number of economic factors, including a low tax rate compared to surrounding counties, a competitive and capable labor force, low wage rates compared to other Michigan counties and low cost land. Locational and economic factors are advantages, but not assurances however, that the County will have a strong and viable economy in the future. The timing and future location of US 131 and of other improved infrastructure however, will greatly affect the economic future of the County. While improving the infrastructure basis for new business, and pursuing new business development is important, the County must also strive to maintain its existing employment base. Ongoing population growth and subsequent commercial development will provide the opportunity to strengthen the local economy, as will continuing investment in infrastructure and enhancement of recreational opportunities. The recent announcement that the Village of Kalkaska was revitalizing its downtown through physical improvement and upgrades is a key step in this process. Another positive step includes development of a second certified industrial park within the County, joining 56 counties within the State who have already registered their parks with the Michigan Jobs Commission. Infrastructure Infrastructure services (particularly sewer and water systems), play an important role in determining the nature, and type of future growth that can be accommodated within a community. Depending on an individual's perspective, the provision of public services could be either a positive or negative factor, in establishing the overall character of a community and its ability to guide growth into one area and away from others. Consequently, decisions on where to place/offer public facilities is an important feature of any long range plan. Within Kalkaska County, nearly all of the residents outside the Village of Kalkaska rely on individual well and septic systems. Within the limits of soil capability, individual systems offer complete flexibility in locational choices for new housing. At the same time, use of private systems imposes special conditions which must be adhered to if the quality of the physical environment is to be preserved into the future. Past problems are widely known, both within the County and throughout northern lower Michigan. For example high density development around lakes and streams using 30 year old septic systems on small lots have often been a source of ground and surface water pollution. Similarly, properties previously used as cottages are now being converted to year round residences with corresponding increases in the usage of many older septic systems. In many cases there is not much separation distance between the well and septic system. The impact of private septic systems on water quality within the County is an ongoing concern and consequently, careful monitoring will be required if similar KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-6 �problems are to be avoided in the future. Likewise, future development around inland lakes and streams should be at a lower density to prevent contamination and overuse of these resources. With over 6,000 lots already existing, and undeveloped within the County, the significance of assuring that future development occurs on an adequate size lot, with appropriate soil conditions is an important issue to be considered. ' ~ ~ II ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ,. As important in the planning process is the Village of Kalkaska's public sewer and water system. Because it is the only public system available in the County, it will play a key role in accommodating the more intense land development that occurs within the County. While the Village system appears to have sufficient capacity to meet foreseeable demand, the form, location and type of development it serves is an issue which needs to be addressed. Because much of the vacant land suitable for higher density development is outside the Village limits, intergovernmental cooperation and coordination on future land use is an issue which requires attention if quality and planned growth is to occur. Transportation The ability to get from one location to another safely and efficiently is a common concern in the daily lives of nearly everyone. Whether it be for work, school, recreation or shopping, a comprehensive transportation network for vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists has become a fundamental necessity of today's society. Kalkaska County's transportation system has been, and will continue to be an important influence on the quality-of-life for residents, visitors and businesses who use it. This transportation network directly impacts the efficiency of emergency vehicles, the safety of motorists, personal leisure time and the appropriateness of proposed future land use patterns. As a result, it plays a critical role in the County's future and must be planned in coordination with other key components of this Plan. With over 920 miles of roads and highways, a fundamental challenge in the future will be maintaining this extensive system as well as expanding the network to improve traffic flow, safety and efficiency. Of this total, 71 miles are classified as principal arterials, 200 miles as collectors and 650 miles as rural local roads. As mentioned in Chapter Three, the Michigan State Department of Transportation indicated in a 1994 study that the County's principal arterial, US 131, contained serious deficiencies based upon traffic volumes and current highway density. Because similar deficiencies are evident within adjacent counties, MOOT has determined that a new freeway system is the most appropriate means of correcting these deficiencies. The current plan is for this freeway to generally follow, although be separated from, the existing US 131 highway. While alternative designs have placed this freeway both on the east and west sides of the current highway, final determinations regarding a specific location are yet to be made. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-7 �This new freeway system is expected to be a significant asset for the County, both by reducing congestion on existing roads, as well as improving overall accessibility for the traveler and business community alike. At the same time, it will also have a major impact on land uses within the County. The western most option requires the utilization of State Forest property while the eastern most option has greater impacts on existing development patterns and through traffic using existing US 131 as it flows through the center of the Village of Kalkaska as the principal connector with M-72. Based upon input from local leaders and citizens, it appears the western alignment has captured the greatest amount of local support. It appears a western route will fragment existing farms less, create less dead-end roads (with less detriment to school bus routes and emergency vehicle access), and provide better access for new business development. Further evaluation will be required however, before a definitive position can be taken. If a western alignment is selected, the alignment closest to the Village would offer the greatest economic benefits. Consideration should also be given to severing any small acreage State Forest land east of a new western alignment to the Village of Kalkaska for use to accommodate planned growth. The proposed freeway, its design, placement and function, will play an important role in the County's future. At the same time, local roads within the County deserve special attention as well, particularly as it relates to adjacent large lot development. Because over 68 percent of the County roads are identified as local roads, and only 30 percent of local roads are paved, it becomes a significant maintenance and improvement issue as individual properties continue to increase in out-County areas. Under current conditions, none of these local roads qualify for Federal funding when improvements are required, suggesting County taxpayers will ultimately shoulder the responsibility. By keeping rural residential density low along these roads, the need to upgrade them will be greatly diminished. Land Use Needs Land use change is inevitable within Kalkaska County. New homes, businesses, recreational activities and tourist attractions are likely and desirable, particularly in light of the proposed freeway. The issue becomes, where, when and what type of land use change will occur? Also, are the basic public services available to adequately meet the needs of new development? Fundamental to achieving the desired balance between economic development and the physical environment are responses to the above questions. As mentioned in Chapter Three, one of the most significant economic development activities within the County has been and continues to be new housing construction. With population projected to increase by approximately 7,000 people by the year 2020, over 3,000 new housing units will be constructed, consuming between 5,000 and 10,200 acres of land for residential purposes at current large lot, low density trends. See Table 4-3. Concurrent with the expansion of permanent housing, will be construction of 1,971 new seasonal housing units, based upon a continuation of past trends. See Map 4-2. Approximately KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-8 �....... ~··· ~ r- ~ en ~ ~ r- ~ en ~ 0 0 C ~z cb ~ 3: l> ~ m ::0 "'CJ !;: z 0 Land Acreage for Single-Family Resldentlal Land Use 2020 Change New SinglePersons Per New Family Housing Housing Housing Unit Units Units 274 208 2.29 97 2.10 114 190 133 2.80 2.55 514 39 1 122 2.42 167 2.64 111 156 227 2.41 291 2.70 486 330 2.62 350 238 54 39 2.85 2.94 67 98 2.92 173 88 2.85 142 101 High Density Land** 525 Medium Density Land** 807 374 515 1,512 473 428 878 1,278 60 153 259 341 391 Low Density Land** 1,088 505 694 2,040 638 577 1,184 1,724 60 206 349 460 528 0 New Multi- Land Acreage Family for Multi-Family Housing Residential Units Land Use 66 11 17 3 57 10 123 21 45 8 45 8 64 11 155 26 112 19 15 2 31 5 85 14 41 7 Population 1990-2020 Community 628 1,267 BEAR LAKE 244 239 617 BLUE LAKE 335 532 1,608 BOARDMAN 985 1,311 3,270 CLEARWATER 405 308 1,478 COLD SPRINGS 279 411 1,125 EXCELSIOR 701 572 1,297 GARFIELD 1,311 832 3,628 KALKASKA 917 60 2,869 Villac:ie of Kalkaska• 445 154 99 OLIVER 168 1,174 289 ORANGE 505 222 1,251 RAPID RIVER 406 255 1,277 SPRINGFIELD 3,009 2,152 7,468 10,052 21,306 7,809 2.62 4,883 857 TOTAL •village of Kalkaska assumes urban density of 4 dwellings per acre. ••High density= 2.52 acres per housing unit, medium density= 3.87 acres per housing unit, low density= 5.22 acres per housing unit; multi-family residential = 6 dwelling units per acre. Source: County population projections by Michigan Department of Management and Budget (preliminary estimate November, 1994); township projections by Planning & Zoning Center, Inc., based on demographic trends. 143 C z ~ "'CJ "Tl 0 O"'CJ :::0 C :i!m !;:-t -4 DJ -< o!:!: m Z CD l> l> f" :::0 z w NC r~ l> 0 z C C en m "'CJ :::0 0 c.. m 0 :::! 0 z en �Map 4-2 FUTURE CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF SECOND HOMES IN MICHIGAN 1990-2020 Percent change -6to8 4to5 -2to3 D Oto1 D -1 to-o3 . ,- , . So,rce: U.S. &nau ofthlJ census 25 percent of this growth is expected to occur within the Village of Kalkaska and Kalkaska Township, with the remainder distributed throughout the County. Depending upon the form and location of this development it could significantly impact the character of the County and the quality of life it offers. Land use impacts can be felt visually, economically and environmentally. As a result, careful consideration must be given to recognizing the potential impacts of development and negative changes which may result if allowed to evolve by chance. Based upon past trends and projected population growth, employment is expected to increase from 5,440 people in 1992 to 8,486 in 2020. This 3,046 employee increase distributed to each jurisdiction within the County on Table 4-4 based on current trends. As is evident, the land area required to accommodate this level of activity is nominal, approximately 203 acres at an average 15 employees/acre. This figure can easily double, or triple, depending upon development patterns, sensitivity to the environment, intensity of use, the compact nature of development or the advent of a single large new employer. Based upon past trends, and community desires as reflected in input received, the intent is to build upon and strengthen existing business and industrial activity found in and around the Village of Kalkaska, where the infrastructure system has sufficient capacity and the ability to service the demands placed on adjacent properties. As previously mentioned, public land within Kalkaska County is perceived as both an advantage (i.e., natural setting/environment, lakes, rivers and streams, recreational opportunities) and a disadvantage (i.e., a reduced amount of private land, no tax opportunity). KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-10 �Table 4-4 KALKASKA COUNTY EMPLOYMENT AND NON-RESIDENTIAL LAND USE PROJECTIONS, 2020 Population Community BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA Village of Kalkaska OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL 1990 639 378 1,076 1,959 1,073 714 596 2,317 1,952 291 885 746 871 13,497 Total % of 1990 Employment County Population Employment Employment Increase Acreage Population 2020 1992 2020 1992-2020 Required 5% 1,267 256 339 5.53 83 17 3% 169 617 152 1.13 8% 435 1,608 594 159 10.60 15% 3,270 789 1,273 484 32.30 8% 1,478 430 466 2.40 36 5% 1,125 288 424 136 9.00 4% 1,297 239 339 100 6.67 17% 3,628 1,871 930 941 62.70 15% 2,869 789 1,697 908 60.50 2% 445 120 127 7 0.50 7% 1,174 359 424 65 4.30 6% 1,251 299 339 40 2.67 7% 1,277 354 424 70 4.67 100% 21,306 5,440 8,486 3,046 Source: Employment projections assume employment growth at an average rate of 2 percent per year from 1992-2020. Land area projections based on average of 15 employees per acre. Table 4-5 STATE AND FEDERAL PUBLIC LANDS IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1990 Community BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA VillaQe of Kalkaska OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL Acres 23,980.1 16,139.9 6,826.7 3,049.9 4,356.9 6,560.9 44,657.1 23,249.2 0.0 13,531.6 366.3 8,954.2 2,872.8 154,545.6 Source: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-11 203 �In planning for future development of the County, the location and type of public lands will have a direct influence on the range of options available, as they have in the past. Many of the townships within the County have a majority of their land areas committed to public use. See Table 4-5. Based upon the 1994 Resources Management Plan prepared by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, between 1994 and 2005 MDNR hopes to acquire an additional 14,500 acres of public land in the County. The majority of this acquisition is for purposes of consolidating existing holdings and/or improving the recreational opportunities available within the County. These acquisitions reinforce the need to achieve wise use of remaining private land holdings in order to maintain growth and development opportunities into the future. There may be a valuable opportunity to trade some public land for private land as this consolidation occurs. Lands targeted for such consideration are identified in Chapter 6. ISSUES The review of existing conditions in Chapter Three and the identification of key assets, constraints and opportunities in this chapter give rise to numerous issues which need to be addressed as part of this planning effort. The material which follows provides a summary of primary issues as a basis for understanding current, and likely future conditions, within Kalkaska County if current trends continue. Natural Resources • Balancing long-term economic improvement with environmental protection through local government policies and programs. • Protection of air quality and water quality. • Protection of environmentally sensitive areas, including wetlands, shorelands, and wildlife habitats. Economic Development • Maintain and strengthen the existing job base. • Promote new business development. • Create more year-round jobs. • Strengthen downtown Kalkaska. • Expand tourism/resort activity. • Sustainable economic development to provide jobs for present and future residents. Infrastructure • Upgrade old on-site sewage disposal systems and wells (plugging all unneeded ones). • Expanding public sewer and water around the Village of Kalkaska to provide services to new compact development. • Establish public service districts to guide future growth. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-12 �Transportation • Secure land necessary for future roads. • Protect scenic/aesthetic quality of key State and County roads. • Improve the safety of the movement of people and goods along key corridors. • Create a long term road development and transportation plan . . • Enlarge the "Class A" (all-weather) road network • Identification of proposed network. • Secure funding for all-weather road network. Land Use • Expand recreational facilities. • Create a stru_cture for intergovernmental resolution of issues of greater than local concern. • Imitate watershed management for water quality protection. • Implement a groundwater protection strategy. • Ensure habitat preservation for sustainable fish and wildlife populations. • Protection of natural resources necessary to sustain resource based industries such as agriculture and forestry. • Establish buffers between residential and commercial/industrial land uses. • Provide for open space/cluster development to protect sensitive environments. • Establish a variety of residential development patterns with different densities and housing types to provide a wide choice of housing options. • Discourage the creation and/or expansion of strip commercial development and spot zoning. • Address the impacts of land fragmentation, uncoordinated subdivision and site condominium development. • Identify the type, amount and location of commercial and industrial development. • Improve lack of public access to area lakes. • Cleanup contaminated soils and groundwater. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-13 �Chapter 5 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Introduction During planning and futuring sessions for Kalkaska County, residents and officials were asked to identify characteristics they would like their community to have 20 - 25 years from the present. Citizens consistently portrayed a common vision for the County's future which retains its existing rural character, preserves its natural features and strengthens the Village of Kalkaska as the County's business center. Following is a synopsis of the most-·consistent and common suggestions offered: 1. An active, vibrant and bustling downtown Kalkaska which builds on its heritage, is authentically restored, serves as a source of community pride and satisfies the commercial and business needs of the visitor and resident alike. 2. A natural environment which has been respected, integrated into the rural setting and generally preserved. 3. A strong, healthy economy which is built upon a diversified employment base consisting of manufacturing, retail, service, mining and governmental employment. 4. A diversified range of services and activities supporting and enhancing the quality of life in the County; including; a convention center, upgraded medical facilities, restaurants, business parks, expanded festivals, senior center and improved fairgrounds. 5. Intergovernmental cooperation and coordination, increased citizen involvement and positive resident attitudes are prevalent throughout the County. Drawing upon the above ideas, together with survey data, assessment of conditions and multiple reviews, a set of goals, objectives and policies were prepared to serve as a basis for guiding the direction of this Plan as well as future land use decision making. Definitions Goal: Goals are broad-based statements of intent and establish the direction for the Master Plan. Goals could generally be thought of as the desired "ends" of successful implementation of the Kalkaska County Master Plan. Objective: Objectives are the stated "means" of achieving each goal, or the tasks to be carried out in the process of realizing goals. Policy: Policies serve as a guide to decision-making which ultimately affects the outcome of various objectives. Decisions affected by policies ideally contribute to KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-1 �successful implementation of Master Plan goals and objectives. Many of the policies in this Plan will require regulatory or program changes in order to be implemented. KALKASKA COUNTY GOALS & OBJECTIVES Community Character Goal: Preserve and enhance the rural character of the County. Objectives: • Retain the natural character of existing transportation corridors and the scenic views from these corridors by encourage maintenance of trees and woodlots. • Improve the visual appearance of primary travel corridor intersections within the County. • Identify and preserve the historic features of the County. • Emphasize and maintain the unique character of the villages within the County. • Encourage preservation of open space as development occurs. • Establish uniform sign guidelines and standards to protect the scenic character of the County. • Identify and encourage acquisition of special environments of significant public value. • Encourage development which is consistent with and responsive to the areas natural land forms. • Encourage new development which is compatible with the rural night sky conditions. • Preserve the natural character of the shorelines of lakes, rivers and streams. • Promote the special features within the County including forests, parks, trails, lakes, rivers and other physical amenities. • Encourage new land use and density/intensity of development which compliments and is consistent with the established character of the County, villages, and townships. • Encourage low density or clustered development within the County's rural areas. • Encourage development of scenic walking and/or riding trails throughout the County. • The County and local governments should work together to protect open space, especially scenic vistas and corridors, from loss through land fragmentation and/or uncoordinated development. Policies: • New residential, commercial and industrial development in the County can be accommodated provided it is: 1) in locations with services adequate to meets its needs, 2) respectful of environmental resources, 3) consistent with the KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-2 �• character of development in the area, 4) consistent with approved land use plans, policies, and County and local regulations, 5) consistent with the policies of this Plan, 6) in locations that encourage compact residential development near areas of employment, shopping and services, and 7) built with consideration of adequate buffering and transition features between conflicting land uses. Development guidelines in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook should be used to guide future land use decisions by the County and local governments in the County. Residential Development Goal: Provide for a broad range o.f housing opportunities which respond to the varying economic, family and lifestyle needs of residents and tourists while maintaining consistency with the character of existing residential areas. Objectives: • Encourage redevelopment and expansion of existing neighborhoods, reinforcing and strengthening the small town character of existing neighborhoods and villages in the County. • Encourage compact new residential development to locate in areas where roads and infrastructure are available or are planned to accommodate such density. • Encourage new residential development which respects the natural conditions and characteristics existing in the County. • Encourage new residential development which create a sense of place and achieve harmony with existing development. • Create neighborhoods which are pedestrian oriented and interconnected with the larger community by bicycle, as well as by auto. • Encourage the construction of gas and oil wells in a manner which is sensitive to the natural environment and the quiet use and enjoyment of existing or planned residences in the area. • Discourage fragmentation of open space and the natural environment through coordination of County and local planning and zoning efforts. Policies: • New compact residential development served by public sewer and water should be located in and adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska. Existing small settlements around or near lakes should not accommodate new development at densities similar to historic patterns, unless there is public sewer and water available. • Cluster development will be encouraged in rural areas though use of incentives as an alternative to relying exclusively on traditional large lot development. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-3 �• • • • Residential development patterns throughout the County should reflect economical and efficient use of land and be especially mindful of the value of protecting renewable resource lands such as agricultural and prime forest lands from premature conversion or land fragmentation. Kalkaska County should contain an adequate distribution and mix of housing to enable each County resident to secure safe, adequate housing at an affordable price in location with adequate public services. Local master land use plans and development regulations should include buffer standards between residential land uses and agricultural, commercial or industrial land uses to minimize the nuisance impacts of one use upon the other. The County and local governments should adopt, implement and maintain, common zoning, site condominium, subdivision and lot split regulations to prevent premature conversion of large parcels and to ensure adequate access to all properties. Natural Resources & the Environment Goal: Preserve and protect environmentally sensitive areas and conserve the natural resources of the County. Objectives: • Define and identify sensitive environmental areas such as woodlands, wetlands and other land not suitable for intensive development because of natural limitations. • Develop guidelines and criteria which encourages land development consistent with air, water, land and sensitive environment protection objectives. • Encourage new development activity which harmonizes with the natural characteristics of the land. • Protect and enhance the natural aesthetic values and recreational potential of all waterfront areas for the enjoyment of citizens and visitors. • Encourage non-profit conservancy organizations or public agencies to acquire special environments of significant public value. • Renewable resource lands like agricultural and forest lands should be protected from incompatible land uses which could otherwise contribute to their premature conversion. Policies: • County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to protect and enhance environmentally sensitive areas. • County and local policies and programs should be drafted and implemented which seek to ensure environmental protection while strongly encouraging appropriate local economic development. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-4 �• • • • County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to monitor and protect air, groundwater, and surface waters. Agricultural and forest lands that are suitable for sustained management should be protectively zoned from encroachment by incompatible land uses. Residential areas around inland lakes should not be expanded without adequate public infrastructure (especially sewer and water) and only when measures are adequate to prevent overuse of the lake surface. Common regulations should be implemented to protect lakes and other sensitive environments that are in more than one jurisdiction. Industrial and Commercial Goal: Encourage the development of nonresidential land uses in appropriate locations which serve the needs of visitors and tourists, create jobs and increases the overall economic vitality of the County. Objectives: • Create a vibrant and bustling Village of Kalkaska which is functional, people oriented and the center of activity within the County. • Concentrate new commercial development in a manner which strengthens and reinforces the vitality of existing commercial development in the Village center. • Encourage tourism activities which enhance business consistent with the character of the County. • Support existing industry by encouraging redevelopment and expansion. • Encourage industrial development in planned locations with adequate public facilities which will increase the range of employment opportunities available to County residents. • Encourage job opportunities which offer year round employment at a level sufficient to support a family. • Provide programs which improve the skills and educational levels of low income, unemployed individuals to enable them to achieve permanent employment while satisfying the needs of industrial and other business employers. • Create flexible development opportunities within the County which can satisfy industrial and commercial needs. Policies: • Promote business activity which strengthens existing business centers and industrial parks and provides more diversified year round employment. • When pursuing efforts to attract new jobs, the County, local jurisdictions and economic development groups should seek out and solicit businesses which are environmentally responsible. • Work to promote desirable forms of tourism in the County, including those which occur during off seasons. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-5 �• Strip commercial and industrial development should be discouraged through plans and regulations that promote compact and cluster development patterns. Approval of isolated commercial or industrial developments is inconsistent with this Plan. An exception is oil and gas related processing facilities which must be located to efficiently service existing or planned wells in an area. However, such sites are often, by their nature, of a relatively short useful life, and hence, should not be used to justify other permanent industrial or commercial development nearby. Public Facilities and Services Goal: Provide a range of public facilities and services consistent with the rural character of the County, which meets present and future needs of existing communities and supports the public health, safety and welfare of residents and visitors. Objectives: • Encourage and support police, fire and emergency services consistent with public need and the ability to finance improvements in the most cost effective manner. • Insure the safe, effective and efficient disposal of solid waste and hazardous substances. • Prepare an intergovernmental plan for the carefully timed provision of sewer and water service around the Village of Kalkaska and perhaps other select areas of the County consistent with the goals and objectives of this Plan. • Encourage the consolidation of police, fire and emergency services when efficiencies can be increased, public expenditures reduced and services can be enhanced. • Identify locations within the County where limitations are present for construction of on-site septic systems and restrict residential density in those areas. • Develop regulations which ensure adherence to safe and effective methods for disposing of on-site sanitary waste and ensure groundwater protection. Policies: • Promote expansion of sewer and water into an area only when consistent with the planned intensity of land use for that area and scheduled as to affordability. • The County's solid waste management program should maintain consistency with the requirements of Act 641 and move to a regional plan for waste disposal. • The County and other local governments should adopt site plan review regulations to protect groundwater and septic system inspection programs (as in Benzie County) to protect the quality of inland lakes and streams. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-6 �,. • • Expansion of public facilities (especially sewer and water) should be timed to guide future development into particular areas consistent with the demand for additional service. A County-wide capital improvement plan should be annually prepared and updated listing proposed public improvements by location, cost and means of financing for the next six years. Proposed public facilities should be consistent with this Master Plan. Transportation Goal: Maintain a safe, effective and efficient road network and improve roads to promote growth in a way that is consistent with land use goals and objectives. Objectives: • Maintain an up-to-date County-wide capital improvement budget and program to ensure that transportation maintenance and improvement needs can be satisfied over the long run . Improve County roads based on current use and projected future use levels. • Coordinate planning efforts with the Michigan Department of Transportation as accessibility is improved both to and within the County along existing and proposed highway corridors. • Encourage a wide variety of transportation means, such as biking, walking and snowmobiling, to meet the diverse needs of present and future County residents . • Encourage new land use development in areas which have adequate road capacity to meet the demands of that new development. • Minimize traffic congestion and hazards by coordinating land use development and highway improvements. • Develop an access management program to control access along existing US 131 and M-72 and around interchange areas on new US 131 . Policies: • Agree on the design elements that are desired to be part of any road improvements or new construction (i.e., road design, views from the road , accessibility, physical barriers, safety issues, maintenance of tree canopy, etc.) • The Kalkaska County Road Commission should develop and implement a long term road development and multimodal transportation plan consistent with this Master Plan. • The Kalkaska County Road Commission , with the assistance of the County Board of Commissioners and all other local governments, should seek alternative funding sources to create a network of "Class A " (all-weather) roads throughout Kalkaska County in planned locations. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-7 �• County and local zoning and subdivision regulations should include access management and private road standards to ensure safe and convenient turning movements and access by emergency vehicles. Recreation Goal: Enhance the well being of area residents and tourists by providing a well balanced system of private and public park and recreational facilities and activities located to serve present and future local needs and the area economy. Objectives: • Coordinate efforts with local jurisdictions and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to update and implement the recommendations of the County Recreation Plan. • Identify and explore new opportunities for recreational projects with local jurisdictions as a means of better serving residents and enhancing tourism. • Improve youth recreational opportunities throughout the County, including indoor and outdoor sports activities. Policies: • Develop a funding program for the purchase of recreational lands in planned areas where a need has been determined or where a special opportunity exists. • Develop a funding program for enhancing recreational programs and facilities throughout the County. Intergovernmental Cooperation Goal: Encourage cooperation and coordination between the County and local jurisdictions on subjects of mutual interest and mutual benefit in an effort to improve the well being and quality of life for present and future County residents. Objectives: • Prepare a set of common policies which are adopted by all jurisdictions which support and promote the goals, objectives and concepts of this Plan. • Develop a joint strategy to promote and actively market the economic and recreational benefits of the County. • Provide assistance to local units of government in the County relating to realization of their individual goals and objectives that are not inconsistent with this Plan. Policies: • The County Planning Commission will take the lead in helping to annually set a common agenda among all County and local public agencies for coordinating planned public improvements. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-8 �• • • Local governments will work with the County Planning Commission to develop a mechanism to cooperatively resolve issues of greater than local concern. The County and local governments will cooperatively develop and implement programs and standards to assure adequate levels of public services and consistent land use regulations with assistance from the County Planning Commission. The County will continue to take the lead in coordinating economic development activities within the County. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-9 �Chapter 6 FUTURE LAND USE PLAN Introduction The future land use plan for Kalkaska County is a physical representation of the goals, objectives and policies identified in Chapter Five. The principal components of this Plan include; 1) the planned arrangement for future land use throughout the County; 2) the manner in which public infrastructure is to be provided in support of the future land use arrangement and 3) the future transportation system which is required to serve the future land use. Together, these components represent an integrated and coordinated community development strategy that is based on achieving the future vision of the County as reflected in the goals and objectives. Basis For Future Land Use Plan The Future Land Use Plan establishes the planned land use arrangement for approximately 20 years. It was established based upon an analysis of physical characteristics, community attitudes, the existing road network, infrastructure, soil conditions, characteristics of sensitive environmental areas and other associated factors. This Plan sets forth a future land use pattern that is not much different from the current pattern. The Plan promotes preservation of the existing character of the County, including its existing farmland, woodlands, wetlands, and other water resources and open spaces. The primary difference between the planned and current land use pattern is founded upon an increased concern for the natural environment as new development occurs, improved compatibility between land uses, accommodating increased urbanization where public services are already available, improving economic opportunity through a broader range of commercial and industrial land uses, and planning for the construction of a new freeway with corresponding interchanges in locations which improve rather than reduce quality of life. Future Land Use Map Following is a review of the principal categories of future land use and their respective relationships as proposed in this Plan. These land uses are illustrated on the Future Land Use Map (Map 6-1) and described in the accompanying text. Agriculture and Forest Land Uses Agricultural resources are found distributed throughout the central portions of the County. Concentrations of contiguous agricultural lands do exist but more generally, farmland tends to be found as large scattered parcels crossing several jurisdictions. Approximately 36,200 acres of open cropland or pasture, with 6,900 acres of Christmas tree plantations, constituted 12 percent of the County's land area in 1978. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-1 �This Plan recognizes that farming plays an important role in the history and present life of the County. It also recognizes that farming, as an industry, is a difficult challenge in an area with generally lower quality agricultural soils (than other farming areas of the State) scattered farms, and a proliferation of large lot land divisions. It is the intent of this Plan to encourage the continuation of all current farming activities as long as it is economically viable to do so. All existing farming operations should be recognized as legitimate land uses provided that they are operated consistent with State Department of Agriculture requirements as "generally acceptable agricultural land management practices." This means that existing agricultural land uses in areas depicted on Map 6-1 as agriculture/forest would be treated as permitted uses by right in the County or local zoning ordinances. Policy: Existing private land used for agricultural or silvaculture purposes should continue to be recognized as permitted uses in the County and local Zoning Ordinances. New lands could be converted into agricultural production . Where farmers petition for more protection from non-farm encroachment, a separate Agricultural District could be created. This policy recognizes that by not expressly restricting land fragmentation of existing private agricultural and forest lands, and by permitting residential use of lands throughout most of the County, that existing agricultural and private forest lands will, over time, likely be converted to residential uses. However, such conversion is not encouraged to occur any faster than current rates and should not be more dense than current low density kinds. Residential development density in the agriculture/forest land use category should not exceed an average one dwelling unit per forty acres (when all dwellings are averaged over the entire area in this category) . Individual parcels could range from five to forty acres in size with slightly more than ten acres being the common norm at the time the Plan was adopted. No parcels smaller than five acres should be permitted to be established, unless rural clustering via special PUD zoning was followed. Rural clustering permits smaller lots surrounded by open space to be created (see Figure 6- 1). Residential Residential development will continue to be the predominant developed land use throughout the County. Permitted density will vary, however, based upon the availability of public sewer and water, the natural limitations and suitability of soils, the historic development pattern, the compatibility with adjacent land uses, and the availability of adequate support services; including convenient and safe access, healthy water and septic disposal and sufficient police and fire protection. Low density development on either large lots, or clustered around common open space is encouraged throughout the vast majority of the County, due primarily to the lack of public sewer and water, the generally poor soils for septics and to protect the rural character of the County. Three districts in which residential use is the primary category KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-2 �Map 6-1 KALKASKA COUNTY --- Future Land Use Village Residential - Waterfront Residential D Forest/Agriculture = Principal Arterial ....,.. Major Collector · Local Roads Commercial Industrial Forest/Recreation Minor Arterial - ~ Proposed Freeway ....,.... Alternative ~ Lakes and Rivers •• Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 N A KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-3 �Figure 6-1 LAND DIVISION Common Approach Lot Size EXISTING SITE CONCERN Unregulated lot splits results in sprawl, loss of renewable resource lands, and loss of rural character. Maximum unregulated land division under the Subdivision Control Act occurs along road frontage. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Source: Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook, 1992, pages 78-79. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-4 us er sma er o s on bulldable ponlon of large parcels - retaining large unbuilt ponlons as open space and as farm or forestland. If accomplished via open space zoning or rural clustering provisions, a farmer can capture the development value of the land wltho ut losing much of the agrlcultural land value. �are planned. These include Village residential, waterfront residential, and forest recreational. The village residential area, depicted on the Future Land Use Map for urbanized Kalkaska (Map 6-2) is classified based primarily on the availability of public sewer and water. Properties of one acre or less in size fall into this classification. The Village of Kalkaska and surrounding lands plus the small settlements like Rapid City and South Boardman, comprise the only current or proposed village residential districts. This classification is made in consideration of the adequacy of roads, stormwater, public sewer and water and police/fire services to serve the density of development in these areas. The intent is to insure that all future village residential development occurs within an environment that is self-sustaining over time. The present character of the waterfront residential land surrounding the County's inland lakes and streams is generally a mix of residential and open space. The Plan encourages a continuation of these uses, but in a manner which more effectively recognizes the sensitive environmental qualities embodied in these resources. Very limited new residential development and redevelopment is provided for except at · densities compatible with the surrounding land and water resources. This density should be maintained at a minimum of one dwelling unit per one half acre. Exceptions for existing non-conforming lots of record should be provided for to reflect current conditions. All wetlands and sensitive natural areas adjacent to inland lakes and streams should be maintained to the extent possible, as part of the natural lake ecosystem. Because inland lakes are both natural resources and sensitive areas, adjacent land development poses particular challenges for land management. To a large extent, these lakes have served as magnets as a result of their aesthetic, environmental and recreational values. These highly attractive resources are sensitive to degradation through shoreline erosion, septic field leaching and sediment discharge. As residential development and redevelopment occurs, both land side and water side issues must be addressed. Reduced development densities are recommended along the lake shore areas as redevelopment occurs to better assure adequate on-site sewage disposal and limit disturbance of important aesthetic and ecological elements. Keyhole or funnel development should be prohibited and uniform lakefront regulations should be established, especially around those lakes in more than one jurisdiction. Forest/recreational residential districts principally include public, quasi-public and the limited private recreational land holdings surrounded by these public and quasi-public lands within the County, as well as miscellaneous non-public properties which fall within or adjacent to these land holdings. The absence of public infrastructure, limited physical accessibility and general lack of improved roadways reinforces the inability of these areas to service any more than the lowest of residential densities, which should generally be at one dwelling unit per 40 acres, except where already established at a lower density, but never below one dwelling unit per 10 acres. When these conditions are combined with the environmentally sensitive nature of most public land holdings, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-5 �Map 6-2 I ' I A ... - I • I ____..,._,,,,__i---__,~.. . ... I I • I • ~• - - " •·· I I I I .. . . • • • . - I ~ I I ■i VILLAGE OF KALKASKA Future Land Use Village Residential - Commercial - Waterfront Residential - Industrial D Forest/Agriculture - - Principal Arterial Major Collector Local Roads = ■ • _ ~ Forest/Recreation Minor Arterial Proposed Freeway Alternative Lakes and Rivers Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 N A KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-6 �together with the desire of the State to continue to purchase many of the small discontinuous parcels, only limited residential development is anticipated in this area. Policy: Although not designated as a special area on the Future Land Use Map, it is clearly the intent within all residential areas of the County to encourage carefully designed cluster/open space developments. The objective of this philosophy is to support the use of design tools and technologies which preserve the open spaces and natural features of the County's physical environment over time. Careful design can ensure that the open space, rural character of the County is retained in contrast to homes uniformly lining roads throughout the rural countryside. Policy: Residential development should be limited in number of dwelling units and density where the following circumstances ·exist: 1) there are few if any public facilities; 2) roads are unpaved; 3) no plans exist for new roads or public sewer and water, and 4) soils do not permit more intensive land uses. Private, on-site package sewer or water systems serving multiple residences are not considered a viable alternative unless thirty or more dwelling units are served , and all permits from the DNR and MDPH, and the County Health Department are secured. Policy: New development and redevelopment along the County's inland lakes should only be permitted according to development standards which address, at a minimum, consideration of a potable water supply, safe disposal of septage, water and land carrying capacities, water quality protection, preservation of open space, minimal additional intrusion upon the natural environment, and the provision of adequate public access where no or inadequate public access currently exists and a suitable site can be found which minimizes negative impacts on adjoining lands. Commercial Land Use The Village of Kalkaska and its central business district is the principal shopping area within the County. This Future Land Use Plan recognizes downtown Kalkaska's historic role as the business center of the County and supports improving its stability, attractiveness and function . A variety of commercial properties are also found immediately outside the Village of Kalkaska, ranging from neighborhood convenience shopping to restaurants and general business activities. Located along both US 131 and M-72, much of this mixed commercial development has occurred in the form of strip development. This Plan recognizes that while the central business district should be the center for retail, service and institutional activity, many of today's commercial activities, either by virtue of size or market, are not appropriate for certain auto oriented development. Consequently a secondary area of concentrated commercial activity is recommended: 1) south of the Boardman River and north of M-72, along US 131; 2) along M-72 west of US 131 . A primary objective in creating these secondary areas is to encourage new activity in locations which can meet the needs of the traveling public without weakening the existing CBD of the Village. At the same time, new commercial activity should occur KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-7 �only in a planned manner where the character and form of commercial development is developed according to the following guidelines: • a limited number of common points of ingress/egress are utilized • visual character is maintained through retention of site features • buffering/screening is provided for adjacent non-commercial uses • commercial activity is clustered and limited to specific locations • sufficient capacity is evident on the adjacent street system and the impacts of new traffic flows are mitigated • the character and style of commercial activity is in keeping with that desired of the community • generous landscape treatments are utilized to filter views of parking lots, internal circulation and storage systems • criteria are established relative to an acceptable distance between points of ingress and egress as well as from roadway intersections. The long range intent through the application of the above guidelines, is to maximize business development opportunities and ensure that development minimizes conflicts, maximizes safety and contributes to the aesthetic as well as economic environment within the County. This Plan also recognizes that the proposed freeway includes two interchanges near the Village of Kalkaska. Should adequate infrastructure exist and demand for commercial development occur, this Plan recommends that a planned commercial district be established which has as its basis, the guidelines provided above with a special emphasis on controlled access. Policy: The economic viability of existing commercial areas, including downtown Kalkaska, and satellite "neighborhood commercial areas" in Rapid City and South Boardman, will be supported by encouraging compact development patterns that avoid the negative aspects of strip commercial development. Policy: Commercial development will be encouraged to follow a compact development pattern and locate where the following conditions exist: 1) there are adequate public services, 2) roads are paved and of all-weather construction, 3) access drives are designed and limited to prevent hazards and conflicts, and, 4) stormwater runoff is managed to protect water quality, limit erosion and control flooding. Industrial Land Use Industrial development within the County has generally occurred in areas with the following characteristics: good highway access (US 131), availability of public sewers and water, level topography, available support services, and expansion capability. Present industrial activity is found within the Village of Kalkaska, as well as north and south of the Village along US 131. These areas should continue to be the focus of industrial activity within the County. Each can satisfy the basic e::onditions set forth above. It is important to ensure however, that compatibility with neighboring land uses can be successfully achieved before expansion or new development occurs. Industrial KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-8 �development should not be expanded north or south of the current uses in section 33 of Rapid River Township and section 20 in Kalkaska Township. A special need appears to exist within the County for the creation of a third planned industrial park. An industrial park can offer assurances of clean land , a physically attractive environment, consistency between neighbors and a common set of regulatory standards. Sufficient land appear to exist north of the Village to satisfy this need . Similarly, land between the west Village limits and the proposed right of way for new US 131 may be well suited for industrial development. A third industrial park should not be initiated until the second park (under development in 1995) is nearly full of tenants. As reflected in the commercial land use plan description, any new industrial activity, whether within an industrial park or a freestanding site, should meet the same basic site development guidelines aimed at ensuring the character and style of industrial activity is in keeping with that desired by the County. Policy: All industrial development must be sited in an industrially zoned district unless permitted as a special use in another zone (i.e. that would be appropriate for certain oil and gas processing facilities that need to be located close to the wells they serve). New industrial uses must be designed and located so as to preserve open space and minimize intrusion upon the natural landscape or surroundings. Recreational Use Kalkaska County's Parks and Recreation Board prepared a comprehensive community Recreation Plan in January of 1985. The stated purpose of this document was to ensure that adequate, responsible attention be given to the recreational needs of persons residing, as well as choosing to vacation in the County. This was to be accomplished through improvements designed to address program deficiencies, including improved parks, activities for youths, adding courts (basketball, tennis, racquetball) and an indoor swimming pool. According to the Recreation Plan, during the course of undertaking these initiatives, special attention will be given to the fragility of the natural resources and efforts which must be made to protect these resources . Eight short term and ten long term park and recreation projects were identified in the Plan . The intent was that through realizations of these programs, the recreation agenda for the County could be satisfied. Because 10 years is a long time with a lot of change, and to bring all resources up to date, it is a recommendation of this Master Plan that following its adoption, an update and reaffirmed Recreation Plan be set in place. During the interim, this Plan adopts the recommendations of the existing Recreation Plan, and /or future updates, as part of this document, provided the County Planning Commission makes a finding future updates are compatible with this Master Plan. Policy: Kalkaska County encourages a variety of types of planned public and private recreational facilities in locations where new facilities are compatible with the natural site characteristics and is consistent with the approved County Recreation Plan. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-9 �Policy: Prior to renewal of existing agreements between the DNR and National Guard as to use of State Forest land in the southwest part of the County, such agreement should be reviewed by the County Planning Commission for consistency with this Plan and any related policies . Transportation As the intensity of land development increases, so does a community's need for a roadway network able to accommodate the increased traffic demand. Commercial land uses attract retail and service trade, industrial land uses serve as employment centers and require ease of material exports and imports, and new residential areas house more individuals and families with daily needs. These impacts are obvious. What is not so obvious is the enormous impact rural residential development has on rural roads. This is especially true with gravel roads and with paved roads that were never established over a proper base. Gravel roads and paved roads built to accommodate relatively low levels of use are common in Kalkaska County. The additional rural residential development anticipated in this Plan, despite its low density, will result in higher traffic levels and will eventually increase the impact on these roads, ultimately requiring some improvement. It must be recognized that an improved roadway network may well attract new or expanded intensive land uses which, in turn, place additional demand on the road network. Such change must be managed so that the rate of land use change does not overtax the ability of the County to make the necessary improvements. The transportation component of this Plan seeks to assure that land development does not occur in a manner which will sacrifice the public health, safety, and welfare due to inadequate roadway infrastructure nor prematurely encourage changes in land use. With over 65 percent of all County roads unpaved and designated as rural local roads, it is important to not only carefully monitor land divisions and development, but also to maintain a sound "collector" road system linked to the local road network. Following are representative examples of the Kalkaska County Road Commission's long range road improvement plan (see Table 6-1) . Based upon listed improvements, approximately $67 million will be required over the next 20 years, or slightly over $3 million annually. As a result it becomes all the more important to guide new development into areas of the County where the road conditions can accommodate the increase in demand (or improvements are anticipated and budgeted). In addition to the above improvements, the Michigan Department of Transportation anticipates constructing a major north/south freeway through the County with the objective of eliminating current and future deficiencies anticipated along US 131 north of the Village of Kalkaska. By the year 2020 average daily traffic is projected to double, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-10 �·······'1··· • TYPE OF ROAD IMPROVEMENT MILEAGE $ PER MILE . TOTAL$ Minor Arterial Re-Paving 10.0 70,000 700,000 Major Collector Reconstruction 96.6 150,000 14,490,000 " "en " )> r- Major Collector Re-Paving 51.0 70 000 I 3,570,000 Major Collector Gravel to Pave 16. 1 220.000 3,542,000 Minor Collector Dirt to Gravel 31. 6 100 000 3,160,000 "r- Minor Collector Reconstruction 4.3 150,000 645,000 z en Minor Collector Re-Paving 12.0 70,000 840,000 :IJ Local Access Dirt to Gravel 100.0 100,000 10 000 000 C o,C Local Access Gravel to Pave 36.6 220,000 8,052,000 ~ ~ Local Access Re-Paving 70.4 70,000 4,928,000 Local Access - UnimprovedNo Improvement 426.4 0 0 )> ~ " )> (') 0 ,z s: )> en -I m I )> z )> (') 0 C I I ~ 0 )> (') -I om s: 2: s: C1I _a, en .!a. ~ 0 z N 0 :IJ "ti r- )> 49,927,000 New Garage Local Bridges ( 1) (4) -< m )> 4,000,000 2,000,000 :IJ "ti Total Construction + 20% Engineering 55,927,000 11,185,400 - KALKASKA COUNTY TOTAL 67,112,400 All costs based on 1994 costs. r- )> z z m m C en �Map 6-3 ,) ( I I I -Hr-+--+~--~--+--.-~~~~--'--,--+-+--~..L.,...--...J~ ~----n I I I I .,-,,----+-,-,---~4--1--- - I I I I I I I I I I I I I ----~- - _____ L_ I ----------7 I I ·. I __j_ ____ _ ___________ \ Kalkaska Countld Existing & Proposed T ronsportotion Network -- Principal Arterial MaJOr Collector - -- Mdet Ill Town ship Lines .5 I 2 J . -··-· -- -N A Minor Arterial Local Roods Propo s ed Free wasl Al t e rnat1ve Pim~ & Z(Jll~ l:mlir,lrt. Morch 25, l 't"t5 S OI.T t: ■ : w.o.H . R• . t,t;lllS, 19 76 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-12 _ ]I �from 7,100 to 15,000 vehicles per day. Because MOOT is in the early stage of their planning process, a specific alignment is yet to be identified. Current alternatives run both east and west of the Village of Kalkaska. Based upon input received during this planning effort, a preference has emerged for the west side alignment. It is also the recommendation of this document and is reflected in Map 6-3. Because specific corridors (and consequently, alignments) have yet to be established, the potential impacts of the new freeway on the State Forest properties are unknown. It is felt however, that proximity to the Village could help minimize the effects of a new highway on the areas natural systems. If fragmentation of the State Forest holdings by the new road is substantial, serious consideration should be given to a land exchange or land transfer of these lands to Kalkaska in order to accommodate planned increases in compact development which requires public sewer or water. Infrastructure With the exception of the Village of Kalkaska and portions of Kalkaska and Springfield Townships, communities within the County rely upon on-site sewage disposal via septics and private wells where soils are suitable and groundwater resources are accessible and of adequate quality. Where area soils present significant limitations to on-site sewage disposal, septic systems may still be appropriate when specifically engineered to negate the site limitations or where development densities are minimized. Improperly operating septic systems can contaminate potable groundwater resources, inland lakes and streams, and pose public health threats to those using the contaminated surface. As land development densities increase, so does the need for public sewer and water. Industrial, commercial, and higher density residential land uses generally have greater sewage disposal and water (potable and otherwise) needs. Failure to provide adequate sewer and water facilities to these land uses can lead to severe health and environmental consequences. In contrast, the premature provision of these services can lead to land development before other necessary public services are available, and in locations where it may be inappropriate. In an effort to encourage compact development within the County, create a cohesive economic development environment, and satisfy infrastructure needs while minimizing risks, the Future Land Use Plan encourages the concentration of residential and nonresidential land uses within and adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska. Sufficient capacity is apparent within both the sewer and water systems of the Village to serve new development. The extent of this capability beyond the short term future (5 10 years) is unknown at this point however, and will vary depending on the assumptions used. Obviously, this issue requires further definition in order to adequately plan for the long term. The designation of residential, commercial and industrial uses adjacent to the Village assumes that an intergovernmental services agreement (PA 425) or an annexation KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-13 �agreement can be reached between the Township and Village to the mutual benefit of both in the long term, and that these areas will be served by public systems. This proposed development area around the Village is intended to function much like an urban services district. The intent is to pre-establish areas where sewer and water are, or can be, made available both in the short and long term and to limit expansion to those areas within the planning period of this Plan. The sewer and water component of this Plan provides policies and standards to guide the use and applicability of on-site sewage disposal and potable water sources and the provision of public sewer and water facilities to selected areas and land uses of the County in conformance with the Future Land Use Plan and in the interest of the community's health, safety, and public welfare. Policies: 1. All on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the requirements and standards of the Kalkaska County Public Health Department and Michigan Public Health Department as well as other applicable local, County, State or Federal agencies. 2. No land uses or land development projects will be permitted if any applicable regulations regarding on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities can not be met and public sewer and water services can not be made available. 3. Public sewer and water services shall be provided in areas planned for urban services, and shall not be extended beyond that area unless it is determined that such an extension is consistent with the Master Plan. 4. All land uses and land development projects within the planned urban services area must be serviced by public sewer and water infrastructure if the infrastructure is present. 5. The provision of public sewer and water shall be based upon conformance with level of service standards where adopted by those providing the service. 6. Annual capital improvement programs shall establish the location, cost and means of financing for sewer and water extensions within the defined urban services area. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-14 �Chapter 7 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Introduction As discussed early in this document, generation of a Master Plan is the important first step in the planning process. This chapter discusses the strategy for proceeding with step two of the process, plan implementation. ,. Achieving the goals, objectives and policies of this Plan, represented graphically in the preceding chapter, is dependent upon a multi-faceted implementation process. Effective coordination of local and county efforts is required; public, private and civic support is important and interaction between agencies responsible for various components of the Plan (public works, economic development, transportation) is a key element of the implementation formula. As important of a benchmark as this Plan is for the County, the ideas, concepts and initiatives it contains can only be carried from concept to reality through the active involvement and support of citizens, elected officials, local and county planners, private business and other administrative officials. Implementation success is also dependent on, and will involve, a variety of techniques and tools, including capital improvement plans, zoning and subdivision regulations. Successful implementation will be dependent on the ability to achieve coordination between agencies, as well as the coordinated use of the respective tools available to key public agencies. Roles and Responsibilities Two townships, Garfield and Blue Lake, and the Village of Kalkaska have Land Use/Master Plans in place today. These same communities, plus Clearwater and Boardman Townships, have adopted zoning ordinances. Zoning powers are granted by State enabling legislation to local jurisdictions. The County Planning Commission however, was given the authority to create, maintain and administer County zoning in eight local jurisdictions, through action of the County Board of Commissioners. The specific planning and zoning responsibilities of Village, Township and County Planning Commissions within Kalkaska County are listed and compared in Table 7-1. While each Planning Commission is organized under a different set of public acts, the principal responsibilities of each are very similar. Planning and zoning responsibilities within Kalkaska County are not limited to Planning Commissions exclusively. The Village Council of Kalkaska, the respective Township Boards of Trustees and the County Board of Commissioners each have defined roles in the planning and zoning process. Table 7-2 provides a comparison of the specific responsibilities of each governmental unit. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-1 �TABLE 7-1 PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF COUNTY, VILLAGE, AND TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSIONS RELATED TO PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT REGULATION VILLAGES & TOWNSHIPS COUNTY Planning commissions in villages and townships, while organized under different public acts, have similar principal responsibilities, including: The principal duties of the County Planning Commission are similar to those of city, village and township planning commissions. They are spelled out in the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945 and include: • The preparation and maintenance of a Comprehensive or Master Plan. • Review township zoning amendments . • Guiding public facility decisions . • Coordinating planning and growth management activities with other public and private agencies (especially as relates to issues of greater than local concern) • Seek grants and other financial assistance for planning or to implement public improvements or services. • Provide technical assistance . • Prepare and promote model ordinances . • Support the development and maintenance of a data center in the County Planning Department (including GIS). • Arrange and promote educational opportunities on planning and growth management for citizens and local officials. • Carry out specially delegated responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners. • Hold advertised public hearings on Zoning Amendments. • Review and act on site plans, special use permits, and Planned Unit Development (PUD) requests when so prescribed in the Zoning Ordinance. • Attend conference and planning commission training sessions to keep abreast of current planning/zoning practices. • • • Creating, adopting and maintaining a local master plan to guide future land use change; to serve as the legal basis for the local Z. 0 . Creating, maintaining and administering responsibilities under the local zoning ordinance adopted pursuant to the CityNillage Zoning Act, PA 207 of 1921 or the Township Rural Zoning Act, PA 184 of 1943. Advising the local governing body on proposed rezonings, text amendments, plats, capital improvements and related planning or zoning decisions. • Educating citizens on the values and benefits of planning. • Making recommendations on special projects or delegated responsibilities (e.g., zoning ordinance enforcement). Welcoming citizens and citizen comments on local planning and zoning issues and acting upon or referring those comments as appropriate. Responding to recommendations of the County Planning Commission and/or County Planning Department on planning and zoning issues. Working with property owners in order to try and achieve good development (or redevelopment) . Leaming about and staying up-to-date on the responsibilities of the Planning Commission and on various tools available to implement local plans. • • • • KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-2 �TABLE 7-2 PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF VILLAGE COUNCILS/TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES/COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS RELATED TO PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT REGULATION COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS VILLAGE COUNCILS/TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES The specific planning and zoning responsibilities of the local City or Village Council and Township Board of Trustees include: • Appointment of qualified persons to serve as members of the Planning Commission and Zoning Board of Appeals. The role and responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners include: • • • • • • • Adoption of ordinances recommended by the Planning Commission for implementation of the comprehensive or master plan, including but not limited to a zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. Providing an adequate budget for the Planning Commission to carry out its responsibilities including keeping the master plan and zoning ordinance current, and to receive proper training on their roles, responsibilities and new tools and techniques for improving the community. Providing adequate staff and financial resources (including setting fee levels) for enforcement of adopted regulations. Conducting required public hearings prior to acting on zoning, subdivision or infrastructure development matters. Receiving and acting on citizen input and complaints related to planning and zoning issues and referring appropriate matters to the Planning Commission for action. Initiating amendments to ordinances as necessary and soliciting advice from the Planning Commission before taking final action . • • • • • • • Appointing qualified and interested persons to serve as members of the County Planning Commission and Zoning Board of Appeals. Maintaining a qualified professional planning director and planning staff or professional planning consultants. Providing adequate financial support to the County Planning Commission and County Planning Department (if there is one). Making decisions on County initiated or financed facilities and infrastructure and supporting the annual preparation of a capital improvements program. Helping local government efforts to implement projects consistent with the Comprehensive Plan. Taking action on recommended amendments to the text and map of the County Zoning Ordinance. Taking action on mixed use Planned Unit Development (PUD) projects where County Zoning is in effect. Adopting other development regulations as circumstances may permit, including for example: subdivision, lot split, condominium and private road regulations. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-3 �The roles and responsibilities of each jurisdiction will remain as described above with the adoption of this Master Plan by Kalkaska County. This Plan is intended to complement local, village or township planning activities where individual plans are already in place. Where individual plans are not in place, this document is intended to fill that void until or unless local land use plans are adopted. In addition, this Master Plan will serve as a planning guide for development of updated local land use plans with respect to development patterns, intensity, infrastructure and transportation. Also, because a number of planning issues require intergovernmental cooperation and coordination, this Plan can offer a broader and more comprehensive perspective than can be generated independently. Last, a number of public and private agencies, including the Michigan Department of Transportation, are responsible for addressing region-wide issues (like the proposed US 131 freeway). This document serves as guidance to decision makers considering area-wide initiatives in the future. Planning Coordination There is growing recognition among local jurisdictions that an independent approach to physical planning, which focuses exclusively inward, is inadequate in its ability to address many of the emerging trends and issues which cross jurisdictional boundaries. Issues like air or water quality, infrastructure, transportation, environmental protection and cumulative land development impacts are becoming difficult, if not impossible to address on an individual jurisdiction basis. At the same time, each political jurisdiction recognizes its obligation to maintain if not improve the quality of life for its seasonal and_year round citizens. As a result, a sustainable future depends on partnerships founded upon pursuit of mutual goals. This Plan is based upon the concept that each jurisdiction is better able to address its unique economic, social and physical development problems and opportunities if a common framework can be established for making individual decisions. This kind of interdependence can maximize benefits for all through the coordination and cooperation of local governmental units on future land use and infrastructure decisions. The result will be a new direction for land use planning which will enhance the quality of life for all residents of Kalkaska County. With the adoption of this Master Plan by the County Planning Commission, all local jurisdictions will be in a position of: 1. knowing the future plans of the County 2. knowing the future path the County will take to pursue these plans, 3. knowing the priorities being pursued both on County-wide level and, 4. knowing the basis behind planning and physical development decisions. With this knowledge in hand, individual jurisdictions can address local issues on a more informed basis and can prepare for external influences which may affect those decisions. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-4 �This Plan is intended to guide policy and decision making for future land, infrastructure and transportation decisions throughout Kalkaska County. This document should not pre-empt local governmental planning efforts, but serve as a framework for more specific definition of land use concepts at the local level. Issues of Greater Than Local Concern There are a broad array of land use issues in which there are significant public interests that extend beyond the boundaries of an individual jurisdiction. Public interests that are broader than simply local interest include, but are not limited to the following: • air quality protection • watershed management for water quality protection • groundwater protection • protection of sensitive environments (wetlands, floodplains) • protection of natural resources necessary to sustain resource based industries such as agriculture and forestry • sustainable economic development to provide jobs for present and future residents • use of public access sites • establishment of new public parks and access sites on waterfronts and existing public parks (national, state and local) • safe, efficient and environmentally sound roads and highways • public sewer and water services that extend beyond a single jurisdiction boundary • land use along municipal borders • quality community image which reflects the characteristics desired by residents • large scale development impacts beyond local boundaries (e.g., large resorts, industrial facilities or large shopping facilities, airports) • LULU's (locally unwanted land uses that meet a regional need, such as junk yards, landfills, communication towers, etc.) Intergovernmental cooperation and coordination are key to successfully dealing with issues of greater than local concern. Another key is successful implementation of the respective roles and responsibilities of the various bodies responsible for local planning and development decisions. Relationship to Zoning Many of the recommendations set forth in this Master Plan relate to zoning issues within the County. As an example, the creation of incentives to encourage cluster housing developments in the County is likely to occur within the context of the Zoning Ordinance. Upon the adoption of this Plan, the County is in a position to review existing ordinances and amend these documents, where appropriate, to reflect the contents of the Plan. The County's authority for administering a zoning ordinance currently extends to eight townships. In the remaining townships, including Garfield, Blue Lake, Clearwater and Boardman, zoning ordinances are administered independently. By KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-5 �virtue of PA 183 of 1943, however, the County does have the responsibility for offering recommendations on individual rezoning or text amendments to these Township's with their own zoning ordinances as well. Thus, the County has the opportunity to demonstrate the value of this Plan's proposals by effectively implementing relevant changes to the County Zoning Ordinance. By providing technical assistance to the four Townships with their own zoning, and by review and comment on proposed Township zoning changes, the County can assist these communities in also achieving the objectives of this Plan. The County can only influence land use changes in the Village of Kalkaska by encouraging them to join as partners in pursuit of this common vision, or by offering technical assistance services. In any event, Kalkaska County will need to update its Zoning Ordinance to implement many of the land use recommendations of this Plan. This activity should be initiated soon after Plan adoption and following any subsequent Plan updates. Relationship to Subdivision Regulations The Subdivision Control Act of 1967, also known as PA 288, sets forth the authority of a community to establish design standards and requirements for the orderly layout and parcelization of property within its jurisdiction. Presently, no communities in Kalkaska County have adopted subdivision regulations pursuant to this Act. The consequence of this situation is that in Townships without regulation, subdivisions are being reviewed only from the perspective of satisfying County roadway standards, drain commissioner standards, Health Department Standards and State of Michigan standards. Subdivision orientation, parcel configuration and layout, the relationship between utilities, roads, lots and residences, the open spaces, the relationship to external activities, the entry/image and the retention of natural features are each features of subdivisions which cumulatively have a potentially significant impact upon community character. However, proposed subdivisions are not being reviewed with these considerations in mind. The authority to regulate these elements rests within each jurisdiction in the County. It is recommended, however, that a single set of regulations be prepared as a model to encourage individual adoption of local subdivision and related land division regulations. The need for the County to adopt subdivision and related land division regulations is of the highest priority to implement this Plan. Relationship to Capital Improvements A capital improvements program is an annual listing of proposed public facilities or major improvements to be constructed generally over a fixed time frame (5-6 years), along with their proposed location, method of financing, when they will be constructed within the time frame and who is responsible for them. Many individual agencies and departments within the County prepare physical improvement plans annually for budgetary purposes (such as the County Road Commission for roadway improvements and maintenance). As new growth and development occurs within the County and as resources for public dollars become more limited, it will become more critical that KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-6 �individual and County-wide CIP's be prepared, and that future plans are consistent with the parameters established in this Master Plan. The County Planning Commission should exercise its legal authority to review all proposed public works facilities, whether or not included in a capital improvements program, once the Master Plan is adopted. Other Implementation Tools and Programs A variety of programs are available for use in implementing this Plan. The focus is principally on grants from State and Federal sources; while these sources are limited and often targeted to narrow programs or problems, they are briefly listed for their educational value. Community Development Block Grant Program The Community Development Block Grant program was authorized under Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. The Act had the effect of combining several Federal categorical grants such as Urban Renewal and Model Cities into one. Grants under the program must principally benefit low and moderate income families. Limited funds are available to rural communities through the Michigan Department of Commerce. Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) Programs To help preserve Michigan's older existing housing, Public Act 130 was passed in 1977 to allow MSHDA to begin a home improvement loan program that offers reduced interest rates to eligible low and moderate income families. MSHDA has created the Home Improvement, Neighborhood Improvement and Community Home Improvement Programs (HIP/NIP/CHIP). To get a loan, residents should apply to one of the banks, savings and loans, or credit unions that take part in HIP/NIP/CHIP. Elderly housing programs are also available. Contact MSHDA at the Michigan Department of Commerce. Land and Water Conservation Fund The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) grant program was authorized by Public Law 88-578, effective January 1, 1965. The purpose of the program is to provide Federal funds for acquisition and development of facilities for outdoor recreation. The LWCF Program is administered jointly by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. To be eligible for support, a Park and Recreation Plan must be submitted to and approved by the DNR every five years. Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund The Kammer Recreational Land Trust Fund Act of 1976 (Public Act 204) was passed by the Michigan Legislature and signed by the Governor on July 23, 1976. This Act created the Michigan Land Trust Fund. The program provides funds for public acquisition of recreational lands through the sale of oil, gas, and mineral leases and royalties from oil, gas, and mineral extractions on State lands. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-7 �On November 6, 1984, Michigan residents cast their vote in favor of Proposal 8. This constitutional amendment created the Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund (MN RTF), Public Act 101 of 1985, which officially replaced the Michigan Land Trust Fund on October 1, 1985. MNRTF assists State and local governments (including school districts) in acquiring land or rights to land for recreational uses, protecting land because of its environmental importance or scenic beauty, and developing public recreational facilities. The Recreation Bond The Recreation Bond calls for money to be spent on DNR and local recreation facilities in four categories: • Recreation infrastructure • Waterfront recreation • Community recreation • Tourism-enhancing recreation. Communities with proposals for projects in which the community is below standards identified by DNR will get funding priority over similar projects proposed in non-deficient communities. The minimum number or size of selected recreation facilities to be considered toward bond funding is established by specific DNR criteria. Recreation Improvement Fund The Recreation Improvement Fund was created from State fuel tax revenue. About $750,000 per year is being targeted for development of non-motorized trails (hiking, bicycle, cross-country, and nature trails). Contact the Recreation Division of the DNR for information. Local Facility Development Grants These grants come from a number of funding sources and are available for planning, design, or development of local recreational facilities. They are administered by the DNR. Land Acquisition Grants Land acquisition grants are available for projects aimed at open space preservation; park creation or expansion; acquisition of environmental resources such as sand dunes, woodlots, or wetland areas; waterfront access sites; and many other land acquisition projects intended for (passive or active) recreational purposes. They are administered by the DNR. Waterways Fund The Waterways Division of the Department of Natural Resources offers grants for the purpose of developing public boating facilities. The emphasis is on creating boat access sites and supporting facilities. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-8 �Road Funds In 1992, PA 149 was passed to provide a continued source of revenue for cities, villages and county road commissions. PA 149 replaces Act 231, 233 and 237 by changing the State's matching fund from 25 percent to 20 percent. The Act will be in effect for five years, when it will be reviewed for continuation by the Legislature. Detailed information on PA 149 can be obtained from MDOT's Transportation Economic Development Office at 517/335-1069. ISTEA Funds The lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 created a new era of Federal transportation policy, and, as a result, a new opportunity for funding local transportation improvements. Authorized with a 20 percent local match .requirement, funds may be sought for construction activities on any Federal aid road, any bridges or other transportation related projects, including but not limited to transit, carpool, parking, bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Public Works Financing In addition to using general fund moneys, it is often necessary for a community to bond to raise sufficient funds for implementing substantial public improvements. Bonding offers a method of financing for improvements such as water and sewer lines, street construction, sidewalks, and public parking facilities. Special assessments for benefiting property owners is another common funding mechanism. Updating the Master Plan While this is the first Master Plan in Kalkaska County, it should not be the last. The general rule of thumb is that the Plan should be thoroughly reviewed and updated at least once each five (5) years, OR when a substantial change occurs. In this case, the Plan should be thoroughly reviewed, and revised if necessary, once MOOT decides on the route location for U.S. 131. A substantial review may also be necessary if the Village of Kalkaska, or one of the Townships were to adopt a Land Use Plan or major zoning change inconsistent with this Master Plan. Follow-up Studies and Activities Listed below are a series of follow-up studies and activities the County Planning Commission should undertake once the Master Plan has been adopted. These activities are listed into two categories: immediate priorities, and priorities within five (5) years. Immediate Priorities • Distribute copies of Master Plan to all local governments and county agencies. • Initiate review of the County Zoning Ordinance to identify changes necessary to be consistent with the Master Plan. Secure monies and hire a consultant to perform this work and to prepare amendments for adoption. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-9 �• • Prepare a composite zoning map showing the zoning of all land in the County pursuant to each of the zoning ordinances in effect in the County, Prepare and adopt County-wide subdivision and land division regulations; and/or prepare a model ordinance local governments could all adopt. Priorities Within 5 Years • Prepare a digital parcel map of all parcels within the County in conjunction with the County Equalization Department. • Prepare an updated digital land cover/use map of the County. • Update this Master Plan once the final alignment of new U.S. 131 has been established. • Prepare a detailed land use plan and zoning regulations for lands around the intersections of new U.S. 131, once they have been formally identified. • Identify specific state-owned parcels for consideration for land exchange or acquisition (particularly near the Village of Kalkaska) that would either form a logical extension of existing Village boundaries in order to accommodate new commercial, industrial or residential development, or to form new State land boundaries without internal fragments. Special emphasis should focus on State land that may be bisected by new U.S. 131. • Establish a County Planning Department with a full time professional planning director by the year 2000. • Institute a full scale GIS system as a part of the new County Planning Department. • Initiate a County-wide capital improvement program with annual updates that is reviewed and approved by the Planning Commission as consistent with this Plan. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalkaska-County_Master-Plan_1995 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalkaska County Planning Commission, Kalkaska County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995-12 Title A name given to the resource Kalkaska County Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Kalkaska County Master Plan was prepared by the Kalkaska County Planning Commission with assistance from the Planning & Zoning Center in December 1995. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Kalkaska County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/73b67f2192746abf5e90f1b9e9fe4970.pdf be1e6bba3e8babbe01b6a0145ed2a2ef PDF Text Text KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER RECREATION PLAN Submitted to: Robert L. Couvreur Recreation Services Divisi State of Michigan Dept. of Natural Resour~eE August 1985 Approved: October 1985 MDNR �I LETTER OF TRANS~ITTAL FROM: Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Boa 1 Kalkaska, Michigan 49646 DATE: January 8, 198,5 TO: Kalkaska County Board of Commissioners The Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board hereby submits the attached "Community Recreation Plan" for review and consideration for adoption by the Kalkaska County Board of Conmissioners. Upon adoption the Plan will be filed with the Department of Natural Reosurc~s, the Northwest Michigan Regional Planning and Development Commission and the County Planning and Zoning Board. The Plan will be subject to future review and update as deemed necessary by the Kalkaska County Board of Commissioners. Chairman of the Board ~ /~- ~~,1 ~ (;Ji_~ �RESOLUTION Adoption of the Kalkaska County Recreation Plan WHEREAS, The Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board was organized as an advisory body to the Kalkaska County Board of CoITTTiissioners, and WHEREAS, The duties of this body shall be to develop a County Recreation Plan, and WHEREAS, With this authority the Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board has completed and submitted for review and adoption the Kalkaska County Recreation Plan, NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Kalkaska County Board of CoITTTiissioners go on record as adopting the above stated County Recreation Plan. Adopted:_~J=an=u=a=r~y........,8~t=h~.~1~2~8~S_____ Moved by: Michael Cox Supported by,: __E_l_"'_i_n_H_al_l_______ Attested by:~.1...:.:=.,,.,1--......:,w~~=--;,~'...!--- ' "------ STATE Of ~ll CH J GAN) ) COl!NTY OF KALKASKA) Patr Clerk I, Patricia Rodgers, Clerk of the 46th Circuit Court of the Count y of Kalkaska and County Clerk of the County of Kalka~ka, do hereby CERTIFY that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of the origi thereof on file in my office. Signed ·and sealed at Kalkaska, Michigan this �INDEX Page Introduction and Purpose ••••••••••••••••.••••••.•••.••••• 1 Comm u nity Description .•••••••.••••••••••••••.••••..•••••• 3 Characteristics : Population •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Age ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Transportation •••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• 7 Water Resources•••·•••·•·•·••·•·•····•····•·••·• 8 Forest Resources·••··••·•·••••··••·•·••••··••••· 9 Recreation Inventory •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 13 Administrative Structure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 Recreation Deficiencies •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 34 Short Range Goals & Objectives ••••••·····•••••••··•••i··•39 Long Range Goals & Objectives ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 Action and Financial Program ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58 �l KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION PLAN INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE �r-- ... 2 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION PLAN INTRODUCTION ANO PURPOSE The County of Kalkaska is situated in the northwest portion of Michigan's lower peninsula, an area noted for it's recreational opportunities both public and private. The majority of Kalkaska's land holdings, at present, reside in the public domain. This factor, and the realization that this county's population has more than doubled, places a high priority on the importance of recreation and the quality and quantity of re·c reation presently being provided to the residents. The cause for the population increase has been the discovery of oil and natural gas in Kalkaska County. Following this discovery, came energy exploration and development, providing a substantially stable economic base for which the county has nurtured and enjoyed. The purpose of this plan, therefore, is to ensure that ade~uate, responsible attention is given to the recreational needs of persons who have chosen to reside here, as well as those choosing to vacation here. This is to be accomplished through both facility design, construction and maintenance, and planned recreational offerings. Special attention must also be placed on the fragility of the natural resources and efforts which must be made to protect these resources. This plan addresses the particular needs of Kalkaska County and the measures which must be undertaken to alleviate the deficiencies and to expand the leisure offerings. The basis for the recormiendations made herein result from a survey conducted by the Kalkaska County Economic Development Corporation during the summer of 1983. 324 Kalkaska residents were randomly selected for participation in a telephone survey, in which they were asked 13 questions concerning recreation deficiencies and highlights. These results, and responses from the local governmental units within the county, form the basis of the recormiendations for improvements. �., 3 ,.. •. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION -- �4 _... ( COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION In the 1970 1 s, Kalkaska County was named Hichigans fastest growing county in population, income, employment, and new business. evident when census data is compared. This statement becomes In 1970, Kalkaska County had a population base of 5,372 while a short ten years later the county's population more than doubled to 10,952. That is a 104% positive change in Kalkaska county's population growth. What brought about this rapid transformation in an otherwise rural, Northern Michigan community? The oil and gas industry. It is not an accident that the oil and gas industry decided to build in Kalkaska. The Niagaren reef is 100 miles long in the north and spans more than a dozen fine_ Northern Michigan communities. The strategic location of Kalkaska with reference to rail transportation', highways, and the Traverse City Airport were important economic factors, along with the proximity of the routes of the oil and gas pipelines. Along with being one of Michigan's largest oil and gas centers, Kalkaska county is also a prime recreation location. It is crossed by 273 miles of fishing streams, dotted with 86 lakes, houses over 75,000 acres of public land, and is within one hour of 21 downhill and cross country ski resorts which makes this area attractive not only to full-time residents, but also to seasonal residents and transients. 7 �i1 5 I POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION GROWTH * Percent of Change LOCATION 1970 1980 Kalkaska County 5,372 10,952 104.0 Bear Lake Township 186 433 132.8 Blue Lake Township 238 300 26.1 Boardman Township 310 903 191. 3 Clearwater Township 884 1,531 73.2 Coldsprings Township 321 942 193.5 Excelsior Township 232 580 150.0 Garfield Township 214 366 71.0 Kalkaska Township 1,964 3,544 80.4 136 241 77. 2 1,475 1,654 12.1 Oliver Township Village of Kalkaska POPULATION PROJECTIONS ** Location Kalkaska Countv * Source ** Source 1990 1995 2000 15,300 17,900 20,600 - 1980 Census of Population - 1979 Michigan Statistical Abstract �6 AGE DISTRIBUTION 1980 0-4 Years 5-14 Years 15-24 Years 25-44 Years 1,466 2,919 2,644 4,427 65+ Years 45-64 Years 3,108 . . - ~- . KALKASKA COUNTY 2,019 - · - 46 81 80 138 190 100 Bear Lake 19 29 313 128 140 115 Blue Lake 153 24 7 269 340 221 115 Boardman 238 393 348 623 412 296 Clearwater 98 235 197 306 3 71 210 Cold Springs - ·- - , 77 1 1~ 3 155 282 172 88 Excelsior 33 117 48 133 118 95 Garfield 48 3 1,008 920 1,528 826 595 Kalkaska 39 69 67 82 65 33 Oliver 106 233 190 336 224 86 Oran12:e 84 163 152 249 134 73 Rapid River 90 201 180 282 235 127 Springfield Source: 1980 Census of Population - - �12 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION MASTER PLAN DATA SHEET Tota 1 1and area: Total water area: Total forested area: State forest land: Military 1and: Federal land: Average annua 1 preci pita ti on: Average annual snowfa 11: Average temperature: Source: 365,066 acres 7,356 acres 82% of total land area, 299,400 acres 151,486 acres 15,984 acres 315 acres 30 inches 110-120 inches 43.1 degrees 1978 Kalkaska County Recreation Master Plan .. �7 RAILROAD PASSENGER AND FREIGHT ROUTING Mainline Local Line - - - - - * Kol kosko I I I I \ '' ' '_, \ I \ J / \ ... �N 8 _,. WATER SURFACE --- LAKE c::::::::, RIVER STREAM - --- - - --- -- MARSH - --- - - - 2 0 3 4 5 -r------ CLEARWATER =l__--/ 1--'""'l C? _J o 0 -- "\.. - -- - - -- =----=- _j;;::= I () (? (J I -- ----- 0 (- -=--=--= - - 0 SOURCES: USGS QUADRANGLE MAPS COUNTY ROAD MAP f GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC . ENGINEERING l<ALKASKA I CADILLAC SURVEYING I GAYLORD 6 �N GENERAL LAND USE MAP STATE FORESTS Bf{,;%~$) I UTILITIES : I ii ! □ HIGH DENSITY ! :- ·.-:-:::::::1 GROUP ~' ~ :~j HOLDINGS DRI VATE 0 2 3 4 5 I LANDS f I .:.. .......,...;.+1,1= --+- _K_A__._,_~.:....;. \-:.;;.J _ _ _ _ ..,.,. .... ::c :rSI II'"\• i-. :-. . d' I BOARDMAN ----- GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC. SOURCES: COUNTY ROAD COUNTY PLAT ENGINEERING MAPS BOOK SURVEYING KALKASKA, CAOILL AC, GAY LORD E, �N GENERAL SOILS MAP I. ORGANIC 2. SAND PLA I_N 3. SAND HILL 4 . HILLY C=:J SOI LS c=J SOI LS SOI LS I==~:·-~::::;•:•I ['::.-':_.·:,:) UPLAND f. v\'j SOILS UPLAND 5. MOD . LEVEL SOILS 0 3 2 4 ~ 6 .. .............. ,.9.;•;J ·••,•:-•: : ... :{:·;~!~~~-~: ./tf.liiill. .. c P• SOURCES: KALKASKA DISTRICT .,;};r:i,,,.·......, ,1:. i~r•4,;·•r:~.~:.:::::;::::::: 1:-,\9\~~•u:,:.•::•:•~•::;:••=~• .. ·:::;;::-:;:.:: r•, .•,. • ::,:::::;:•~ GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC . SOIL CONSERVATION GENERAL SOILS II.AP ENGi NEE RING-SURVEYING KALKASKA, CA 01 LL.AC, GAYLORD �11 , (/) ~ z :i w ll .._::: .., ~ !I' z a: z (/) < z> CD 0 6 CI) w z < < c., 2 ...J 0 I I- u (/) ~ 0 (l_ w 0 ., N J: I- 0 > C u.J -=> u.J C 0 .0 0 u.J c.:, ....J 5 u C ~ C 0 ~ LU C, E E a z w z z < a:: < c., < z . c JC C C ... C, .; .,:;:. (/) C. C, ~ ~DD -.•• a: C ~ & .2 z ,.~ ~ II �13 RECREATION INVENTORY �...: ....... -·-I O(P,lATM[NT 0, NATURAi. KALKASKA ll[SCUICII COUNTY " I + + ---·---···-----···· -------....... -... -... -~ --·-·---·-· "" • __ i =• ,,!, - · -, _ - , ___ . ____.. . . -·-·--·· ·-··--·- __ =·--=-·------~- -- - ··· --·---.. ---·---1·-., .-.,.----..-----·__.·----,._-_,._,, , • ---.. ---~••c..•""'" A ~ . ,_,_,.. _,. __ -•--•- •---- -·-- ®+·---· I ,.., .. - - • ••••- •U- •• - -•--.u -U• • fU--.. ...• --·--------,t::::; . ---~·---· ------·.. --·--- --- + j_ �14 PRIVATE RECREATION AREAS Map Reference #1 - KOA Campgrounds located on M-72 East has approximately 75 campsites, shower facilities, toilet facilities, a store and is open during the summer months and has exoerienced a great deal of activity. Map Reference #2 - Boardman River Campground, 30 sites. Map Reference #3 - Northwoods Christian Retreat, supported by the Church of Christ with a surrrner camp and camping facilities available. Map Reference #4 - Au Sable Trails owned by Taylor University and located at Twin Lakes as a surrrner campsite. Map Reference #5 - Camp Tenuga, a Jewish surrrner youth camp located at Manistee Lake. Map Reference #6 - Camp Tapiko, a Boy Scout Camp, located on Grass Lake in Excelsior Township. Map Reference #7 - Lake Valley Camp, located on the sou~h edge of Grass Lake in Excelsior Township. Map Reference #8 - The Calvary Baptist Church in the Village of Kalkaska has a gymnasium for their own use but is available on a rental basis to other organized groups. Map Reference #9 - Sky Valley Ranch, located to the east of the Village of Kalkaska, in Excelsior Township, a 420 acre natural area with a restaurant and trail rides on a fee basis. Map Reference #10 - Rapid River Campground, located to the North of the Village of Kalkaska, in Rapid River Township. Hap Reference #11 - Flowing Wells Trout farm, located north of the Manistee River in Excelsior Township, has 10-15 rental units and trout ponds. Map Reference #12 - Camp Gan Israel is a camp located in Bear Lake Township on Upper Black Lake. �INVENTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS OF KALKASKA COUNTY Guernsey Lake Recreation Area on the west side of Kalkaska Township which emcompasses, in part, t he Sand Lakes Quiet Area as well as the Guernsey Lake swirrrning and fishing facility. There is a transient campsite with 36 sites, pit toilets, boat launch, and water is available. Smithville canoe launch and camping site on M-66 south of Kalkaska on the Manistee River. This site is quite remote and has 19 sites available for transient campers with access to the Manistee River. CC Bridge, on the Hanistee River, located almost to the border of Crawford County is a state campsite featuring 4 canoe camping areas, 36 regular sites, and 2 canoe launches into the Manistee River. Pickeral Lake, in Coldsprings Township, has 12 sites, available water, pit toilets, a boat launching area and a cycle trail. Little Blue Lake near US-131 and Log Lake is a designated state forest campground which attracts transient campers and is close to the Village of Kalkaska. The Sands Lake Quiet Area, as it is referred to in #1, contains 2,700 acres, partly in Kalkaska County and partly in Grand Traverse County, where vehicular traffic is limited, backpacking and hiking, cross country skiing and access to a number of lakes and streams is available. Rapid River Trail Camps, situated on a cross state riding and hiking trail, open area camping with no designated sites. At the south end of Round Lake, the Skegemog Lake natural area is presently being developed. Cross state hiking trail and ~oresback riding. .. �18 INVENTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS OF KALKASKA COUNTY STATE CYCLE TRAILS o Kalkaska Cycle Trail - O.R.V. stickers required, road licensing not required. Trail length - 89 miles. o Leetsville Cycle Trail - O.R.V. stickers required, road licensing not required. Trail length - 26 miles. o CCC Cycle Trail - State wide trail. and road licensing required. O.R.V. stickers STATE SNOWMOBILE TRAILS o Blue Bear - 40 mile groomed and marked trail. o Miss-Kal - 70 mile groomed and marked trail that covers two counties. 0 Boardman Valley - 25 mile groomed and marked· trail. �,. TRANSPORTATION ALL ,;.· (A "':' '1(R BITU'-' N OUS, G~AYEL, R Ot.JS SYSTEM ~r LOCAL PR l ~Aqy LO C t . L - - - - - - - - :::R I MAR'!' 0 2 3 4 !> F;A I LROAJ I I +---- F .: ~-~ f--t-- - ,r - I _ ,_ I •I I I ' GIf SOURCES: COUNTY ROAD COUNTY PLAT MAP BOOK GRAN G ER EN G IN E E R·l N G, INC ENGIN£ER!NG-SURVEYl~G KALKASKA, CADILLAC, 8AYLORO 6 �,, ·"' 6 21 28 ANlST 33 ,._ . , ''L4K£ SA/\,·OS 11'··· ' · ~/tP, F-3RK ' 1 c:i 4 " ct ~~ 3 Lost L 1=----, ~ ;! / ct 16 , I},;:_( -,,.,, "I (:) 22 21 . I, === =~;-=;. ~-:· KALKASKA STATE KALKASKA SCALE IN 0 FOREST COUNTY MILES 2 40-59 �---,- -------7' ~ OC• ~ JENNI Ir \', ~1 11l•II• \ I .. D' I d -;.""· ' . ,, . 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FOLLOW ORANGE ,0, TRIANGLES , ALONG TRAIL·' / /. . . - · . -- -- - · K -.U ti. ,u,t -.r n 0# Un:. Al l"f1DOk.tS . C.UT°"'-UNl(. •SUYICU /(u1•w• IIAT,8't0. . •• l . �KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION ACTIVITY INVENTORY w w :::> ----LLJ t!) t!) Z:, c:( c( ,-., LLJ __J V) >- __J __J w ::,.,:: LOCATION u 0 :c w L.) ,-., :1earwater Twp. c( a:: w co I- LLJ L.) L.) ::,.,:: 0 c:( V) (/) co 0 X ...... z ILLJ _.J co c:(· t- :::> w w >- a:: V) ...... LLJ z z w t- LLJ c:( co _J t- a:: ...... c:( c:( X LLJ t-"- V) co _J >- z :c I- :::> a:: __J _J c:( co LLJ LLJ co V) c:( c:( co co X )range Twp. 0 Kalkaska Twp. 0 X X X X X X Rapid City School Cherry St reel: E1ernen ta ry Schoo 1 X X ...... a I- ...... z: I- :::> ::E c:( L.) Community Ed. X KEY: X X I- >-W L.) L.>W co 0 I.L ...... c:( V) a:: >- w It-W z: I.L :::> c:( :c (/) t!) z: :c ...... It!) t- ...... I.L w~ '.3:_J ~ a:: t!) t!) t- ...... __J __J z ,-., ~~ 0 z: ...... ~ V) 0 zw t- (/) ----- t!) X co - LLJ I- ~ ~ L.) ...... (/) t- a:: :::> :E c:( X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X = L.) >- X X X X F:XISTING _J :E :::> 00 X X ----w X X Forest Area School Kalkaska Middle School \ __J _J _J :c L.) l u X X PLANNED FOR THE FUTURE= 0 X X �24 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATIOtl FACILITY INVENTORY • w V) I- UI- z: -u.. ~ a:: V) _J z: _J _J ct'. 0 ...... v, - ct'. V) 3 0 I- :c ~ ~ - 0 0 NAME Log Lake Park . ......... . ......... c::c w 0 I- _J V) ::.::: V) • - u .__. LJ... V) ::><'. 1-Z a::- ct'. a::: LJ... I.J..J • uo -V) _J .__. c::: a:: V) => ::.::: I- z: c:t:z a:: FREEDOM PARK BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARWATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK ' SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ') ORANGE TOI-JNSHIP OLIVER TO\✓ t6H L IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHE RRY ST REET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. I j I I I I I I KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL I I '.'I �25 INDOOR CENTERS . u . I..... L...J 0::: __J __J < NM1E < c::: ::::, 0::: L...J I- L...J ::::, z c.:: __J u u a::: L...J V) V) 0.. 0.. :l: :::E: < u ::::, ::::, ..... . ..... ILL 0 ..... V) z: z: :::E- :: 0 c.:i- c.:i- 0::: ..... L...J V) --= 0 < I V) < z < z >-= . __JV) __J 0 < 0::: CO< 1-0 w ~ 1 >- (./) << co c::i 3200 2 BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS I DE CLEARWATER COMPLEX . WILLOW PARK SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TOlmSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL 1 9600 6 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELEMENTARY 1 2500 2 1 2400 2 BIRCH STREET ELEMENTARY 1 N/A KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL 1 N/A 1 N/A RAPID CITY SCHOOL FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELEMENTARY KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL I ~ VlU Log Lake Park FREEDOM PARK c:i V) I0::: ::::, 0 u __J __J < 3: �<..:: >- - Vl u __J < 0.. < u 0 0 0.. CJ z a:: w NAME Log Lake Park w...--.. CJ I - <w I- w Zl.J.... ~ L :;: : = z Vl- V) ~ •U LI- - '.L:u......--.. w l.J... w VlOC:X: a:: :::, V) l.J... __J-0::: 0 0::: __J < V) w wz ::,.::: < __J __J- Vl 0::: =:,c::: I- w 0 < 0:::N Z c:( I :::..:: z: < c:::i Vl . V) l.J... < 0 - - L L _,......_ - . z: I- --z: CJ w u <..'.} l.J... z: :c:- -z V) ...,.... u I Vl u :::, z z:::, Z<..'.} -l.J... I:c:- <Vl __J I- < __J :::..:: o:::z I< c:::i 0 I- < 0 <..'.} WW - __J a..- c:::i = e:::: < < 0.. 0 c:::i= 1 985.~ FREEDOM PARK < 0.... I- lm. 225ft 1 25 BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARWATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK ' SANDS PARK 1200 200 1 6 150 150 1 15 RUGG POND - BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOlmSHI P OLIVER TOI.JNSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH. SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. I BIRCH STREET ELE. KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. KALKASKA HIGH SCH. I �27 .,. V) l/") -< ......J a:: I- w - -< < I- I- ::><'. a:: co 0 a:: u c::( co l/") w 0 u Vl C: l/") X z N,\ME :::><'. I < a:: ......J ~ :;: ......J ......J l/") - ......J I Vl C :r: I- l/") l/") w l/") ......J < a:: I- > a:: 0 Ci.. Ci.. < u I- < a:: LL Ic.!J z: 0 z: c::( ::r:: :::><'. I Log Lake Park 1 FREEDOM PARK BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARv!ATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK , SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOlmSHIP OLIVER TOWNSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH. 1 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL NOTE: z: - - l/") c::: w ......J ALL TRAILS ARE TO NEAREST 1/10 MILE 1/10 V) ......J < UV) - ......J l/") - >-< ::: a:: Ci.. I- >< 3 w :::><'. co �28 -· -= D _J w ....... LI.. 0:: NAM E w u uO""-' v,- V) oz z:o o::::::: I- 0 V)- □ = 0 LL- z- ::t: Cl.. ,___. I << <::) o:::.::: u t.'.J _JW _;- _Jc::: _J < co < c:o Log Lake Park Cl.. v, = _J w ....... - _J o::::i -- V) ..._,. V) V)- WVl w _; Vl V) c::: _J _JQ _J _J c::· C'.l t-· C) Cl I.J. . < ::::io o= 0:: c:l< I- 0 wee :::.::: :::.::: t...: u... LI.. 0 _J VlU << cc c:l o= t.'.J- :::.::: u < 0:: I- V) I- c::: ::::, 0 u t.'.J - z: z: z: ::) c::: Vl z: zL.:J 1 FREEDOM PARK 1 1 BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M-72 ROADSIDE CLEARWATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK ' SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOHNSHIP OLIVER TO\-JNSH IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL 2 2 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. 2 1 KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL 1 1 1 4 ') '- 1 = I-..._,. 2 �29 . _ ......... ......... 0.. :=i -- -= 0 0:: c..:, ......... w = c.. :=i- Vl V) wz I- er: ,_ w 1-...... ::::E VlO V) ...... ::::E < u ~ ...... ::::E 0.... a:: ::::E o.. <l'. u Log Lake Park FREEDOM PARK Vl 0 V) , - 0....0 0.... 0:: <l'. < u ::::E::::E u 0::: WI- Vl.....,. 0 w >- WII- ...... Q.. Cl: o= o::c..:, -w > Vl.....,. wz I- 0::: ...... w V) NAME > -= ......... ::::E 0.. Cl: 1 0 _J c::) 0 :=i I- >0 :=i IVl w w 0::: 0:: :=i :=i I- < z 1 I- < z V) ......... - = V) 54 1 • c..::: w ......... = _J V) c:i 0 < I- u ...... z I- < w V) = .. :=i z _J _J 0 Lu c..:, V) er: >- u ...... < _J 0.. 0.. 75 1 16 1 :::c a z ct co 0 I- z w 0.. c..:, oz ...... 01- zz <l'. ::::> _JI X BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARHATER COMPLEX WI LLO!t-1 P.A.RK . SANDS PARK 5 I I i I RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TO\·JNSH IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH 1 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. 1 BIRCH STREET ELE. 1 1 KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. 1 1 KALKASKA HIGH SCH. NATURE STUDY BUILDING* -·· SQ. FT. �30 . 0 ""' < w a:: < LL 0 w N ...... ~ z: 0 I...... 0 z: u NAME Log Lake Park 40a 1 FREEDOM PARK 20a 1 BIRCH STREET PARK 3a 1 CEDAR STREET PARK 3a M- 72 ROADS IDE ½a CLEARWATER COMPLEX 20a WILLOW PARK n/a SANDS PARK 7a RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TQ\,JNSHI P OLIVER TOlvNSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL FI FE LAKE ELE. CHERRY STREET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. KALKASKA HIGH SCH. * CONDIT ION 1-GOOD 2-FAIR 3-POOR V1 RESTROOMS 0 1 z: V1 LL w 0::: I- LL < z w IV1 :,<'. er:::: z t.:i - w er:::: < 0... _J < er:::: w I- cc ::E I- z 0 z LL I- er:::: w -- 0 0 z: u 0 C: C: < c:i w w 0 V1 V1 w I z: z w 0 I- z 0 w u z: - I- V1 L.:..I u c:: 0 w 0 0 z: w CL 6 3 12 2 1 6 2 2 X 2 2 X z: w w C. w- LL v , WV1 z I- - V1 LL w 0 Vl w er:::: . z: 0 z: a:: w z: >w~ D C LL - c::w :,<'. I WW c::::o::::u Z: LL I o-u zc::- X X X X 3 X ' 1 20 ,., f... 3 i I I I �(1) Village of Kalkaska - Mill Pond Picnic Area This picnic area is used, for the most part, by the children from the residential property right across the street from the site as a play area and, on some occasions, by transient picnicers. The mill pond in the rear of this site has been considered for deepening and possibly stocking with trout to make a public recreation fishing site. �(2) The Kalkaska Village US-131 Picnic Area Located directly to the south of the Village downtown area, on the east side of this site is the railroad and on the west side is US-131. At the present time, this area is used as a storage for certain drainage structures which will be put in place during the summer of 1978. This park generally will attract transient picnicers during the summer months. �(3) View of the present men's softball facility, located at the corner of M-72 West and US-131, behind a restaurant. This is not a public facility, but rather the site has been donated by the restaurant owner for the use of the softball players for a period no longer than the season ending in 1978. In 1979, other facilities for softball play will have to be located. There are 20 teams, more or less, presently using thfs facility with 2 games played each evening, five nights a week, and some Saturday and Sunday use. Adequate parking is available at this unlighted site. �:,~~~1;~{~,~7~~~·~f:-~;-~~,· ..._.._ ... (3a) -_~:.~-..;:..,~:~.. This is another view of the softball facility located behind the restaurant on the corner of M-72 and US-131. The maintenance and care of this area is in the hands of the softball leagues. �. I , ' . . ' ! ' . I' . ! ,l '; , , f I /1/r: .. ·-~:~--.'-~tr ........ ··.~ . ' / / . _.._ _ ~-~ - ----------·- -·-- . ~ .. - ... -=--_- ... . ~:..:...-~ - . : .. --,. ~ '~ . ~~~~'3~~---- -.. -~~ ~· -- .•F~_,.,:-_ /,. ~ . . --· - -- .. .. .,. _: _~~.~~ ;2.~-:~~~: ·_ ~:-~~~~;_ ;~;---~-_;_ . (4) This is pavilion structure at the Log Lake Picnic Area site in Kalkaska Township. This site is a joint effort between the Township and the County Parks and Recreation Commission. There is a 40 acre facility which has available a beach area on Log Lake, a picnic area with two pavilions and picnic tables for events inside the pavilions on a scheduled basis. There is one softball diamon·d, transient camping facilities for approximately 60 campsites. There are toilet facilities, a changing area and, of course as mentioned, a swimming beach. This site has been a popular spot over the years for visitors to Kalkaska County bur, as in all recreation facilities, must be maintained with the utmost care to cleanliness and control of waste. The use of this area is growing in popularity druing the spring, summer and fall. �-. i~~-------•11Ss.iaa..a;.·tfrWll.:11'P?Mf~i.a.:'31¥!11:11~-----i...:ar________..,__._.-=:-=a-.,,,- - - - - (5) Another view of the picnic pavilions at Log Lake Park. �.. .:-::. ·. t1G~f} ~~--t'~~i.~~ (6) The changing areas available at Log Lake swimming beach. �:-, (7) A view of the Clearwater School tennis courts in Rapid City. This facility was recently completed adjacent to the school grounds and useage is substantially prescribed by the school's use rules. �-, .. .. (8) View of the softball diamond in Boardman Township; adjacent to this softball diamond is a picnic area and toilet facilities along with the concession stand. While Township funds have been committed to the construction and maintenance of this site, there is also a certain involvement in an association of non-governmental entities which provide some of the scheduling and maintain to some extent the concession activity at this softball and picnic area. This is the only lighted softball diamond in Kalkaska County and presently is used during the softball season by most of the women's leagues on a six or seven evening a week basis. �--, .. .. ~--~~- - ~1b~~~,, - ~~~0~},. -.·~- (9) ;;;;.;~~~~~~ The horse show rink at the County Fairgrounds and Recreation Area facilities . This rink was constructed by the Kalkaska Lions Club and is lighted and during the winter months is flooded and maintained by the Kalkaska Volunteer Fire Department as an ice skating rink. The access to the Corrnnunity Building,which is _close by, is open and available during the winter skating periods. During the summer months, various livestock activities are conducted on this site. �--, .. (10) Recently constructed Kalkaska Connnunity Building which was put in place in large part by funds provided through the Fair Board's activities and other interested parties, along with certain State funds. The Senior Citizens and many_ other ·groups use this building virtually on an around the clock basis. Its location, while off M-72 West, is maintained and open during the winter months. �: .. . (11) View from west to east of the drive into the 40 acre proposed softball and recreation facility presently under consideration by the Kalkaska County Parks and Recreation Commission in conjunction with Kalkaska Township This is the site of present concern in developing a first class general recreation area with three softball diamonds, a picnic area, tennis and concession areas. ; -Phase 1 of this project has been completed. �..... : (13) Spillway at the County's Rugg Pond site, which is an 80-90 acre open space recreation area to the north of Kalkaska along Valley Road. This area is substantially untouched at this point but a variety of hiking, fishing and other open space recreation activities are being considered for this area. �.i , ...,·,-:- · 1 ::. r· . , \i,...:: . ·>. .,,· /. _, ...J.I ,·.; .·: · -~ .. ,:: • ' I' .. ,.""' .. • I ' :. '• ~- -~~· (14) A view along the northern bank of Rugg Pond, indicating the walkway into a variety of very pleasant fishing sites. At the present, there is very little in the way of parking facilities or other facilities at this site, however, modest preparation of this site could provide outdoor recreation for many individuals. �-, .. ( 15) Looking back along the same walkway shown in (14), we have a view of the parking area and the general area at the Rugg Pond site. �.. ,;; . ... ~ "" -~· .- ~-i? ~- . :;:.-") ~~ ~~ ~.; . __ ,-:: .. _ :. -.... . .. - ..•- --:-~ . - _, -- - -~r-~ - :... ...:.,: __ . . - . . -.I! . _ : •'. -~- .. -·· - - - --- - - -·- - (16) · · -::' ♦- ~ The lighted tennis courts at the Kalkaska Elementary School in downtown Kalkaska. There are two lighted tennis courts in operation which were resurfaced in 1977. These courts are experiencing very heavy use and expanded tennis facilities appear to be warranted due to the popularity of tennis and the increased population in Kalkaska. �.. :\ .. (17) Another view of the tennis facilities at the Kalkaska Elementary School. There are no other public tennis facilities in the Village of Kalkaska. �,. . . .. ;;_~{:. -. -- ' ,. . - ---- .~~- --:'!"- ........ . , . ,-:;::..-: -. 1 . lliCf (18) Basketball area with backboards and poured slab surface located in South Boardman. At this time, it is unknown who provided the construction funds and continues to maintain this site. However, it is located in a residential area and within walking distance of most of the residents of the community of South Boardman. .. . . �.: . . ,. (19) Orange Township's East Lake picnic area and fishing site. Toilet facilities are available at this site as well as ample parking and fishing access to East Lake. As in most organized picnic and recreational areas, the maintenance problem to Orange Township has been significant in past years. �.. (20) Entrance to Orange Township's East Lake picnic area and fishing site off Spencer Road just east of Lodi. �31 .. . ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE �.. At time of Plan adoption 1985. .. . 32 KALKASKA COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS . Harry Hall, Chairman Margaret Burghardt Michael Cox Edward Phillip Goethals Robe rt Hardy Lloyd Hofstetter Lorraine Williams KALKASKA COUNTY PARKS & RECREATION COMMISSION Duane Mccullen, Chairman Bethe 1 Larabee Harry Hall Kenneth Burke Edward Phillip Goethals Irv Fry ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE The Kalkaska County Parks and Recreation Corrmission was adopted pursuant to Act 261 of the Public Acts of 1965; MCL 46.351, as amended, and has used a functional administrative method. �jj KALK.AS KA COUNTY . . PARKS AND RECREATION FUND ----..· -ADMINISTERED Parks and Recreation Commission AUTHORIZATION County Board of Commissioners under Act 261, Public Acts of 1965, as amended. BUDGET /FUNDING YEAR January 1, thru December 31 Section 46.35, Compiled Laws of 1979 as amended states: "The County Board of Commissioners ••• may create a county parks and recreation commission which shall be under the general control of the board~ •• • Further, Section 46.354, Compiled Laws of 1977 as amended states: •The County Board of Commissioners in its annual budget may provide for the expenses of a county parks and recreation commission, which shall be limited in its expenditures to amounts so appropriated unless a further appropriation is made by the County Board of Commissioners.• Beginning Fund Equity $ $ $ ACTUAL 1982 ESTIMATED 1983 ESTIMATED 1984 Revenue: Rent 1,935 Total Revenue 1,935 Other Financing Sources: Oeerating transfer - General Total Revenue and Other Financing Sources Totals Expenditures: Salary and wages Supplies Service charges (1,517) 26,850 25,000 23,473 26,850 25,000 25,408 $ 26,850 $ 25,000 $ 23,891 $ 14t000 2,200 10,650 $ 14,000 2,000 9,000 $ 14,100 1,897 7,894 Total Expenditures 26,850 25,000 23,891 Fund Equity Carry For~ard Totals $ 26,850 $ 25,000 $ 23,891 �34 .. RECREATION DEFICIENCIES �: .. \kaska County, the ~veyed 324 randomly 1983. ~ of the day do you or your family participate :ti vity? ( some answered more than one time) Sunday: Anytime: Doesn't Recreate: 16 22 74 4 44 46 7 in corrmunity service organizations or clubs y? 1 7 5 s: J: 63 150 6 5 4 ts, the results total 211 respono, some people le others responded not want to participate. ;: 24 ,: 162 1ore outside of Kalkaska County or in? ide: ide: /50: 124 46 24 ate: nse: 8 8 recreation opportunities within Kalkaska County adequate? 101 ir handicap ies) more than one) 20 etc.) 7 8 3 3 2 55 54 for increased parkland and recreation offerings in 113 45 9 43 current Rugg Pond Project? 110 46 what 37 17 �: 9. Which one of the following agencies provide the majority of your leisure time activities in the county? County In-county private sector School Church None of the above: School: Church: County: In-county private sector: Combination of above: 10. 43 28 60 30 28 21 Do you have children? Yes: 81 (most of these 11 children 11 are now adults) If yes, are the young children being provided adequate recreation opportunities? No: Sometimes: No response: Yes-by family: 11. 5 4 5 2 What is your favorite fonn of recreation? (Top five answers by score) 1. swi rrmi ng 2. fishing 3. bowling 4. boating 5. outdoor activities 12. What, in your opinion, is most needed for Kalkaska County, in tenns of parks and recreation? (some gave more than one) (listed in order of popularity) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. improved parks, swirrming access, and boat ramps youth activities health club (tennis, racquetball, basketball courts) indoor swirrming pool movie theatre roller skating rink pl aygounds ice skating rink lighted ball park cross-country ski trails downtown park hiking and biking trails drive-in theatre horseback riding facilities soccer field golf course water slide �.. 13. Does Kalkaska County have any special attractions? more than one response) (1 isted in order of popularity) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. (some gave beautiful scenery beautiful lakes and streams Trout Festival fishing Kalkaska County Fair hunting small, quiet, friendly community Rugg Pond snowmobiling swiITTTiing skiing Log Lake Senior Center good schools and churches boating and camping parks Manistee River Guernsey Lake Torch Lake Mi 11 Pond Freedom Park mushroom hunting Seven Bridges sled-dog races motorcycle trails near shopping facilities sof tba 11 28. CETA Hall 29. 30. circus Scenic Garden Through this telephone survey, input from the Parks and Recreation Commission, the local governmental units, and the general public, it becomes apparent that improved recreation facilities are needed in Kalkaska County. The most requested improvements for county recreation are:better park facilities, activities for the youth, indoor courts (tennis, raquetball, basketball) and an indoor swirm,ing pool. �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES �40 ·• -. SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES FOR AREA PARKS Map Refe r ence #1 Completion Date:1992 Cost: $ 75,000.00 Map Reference #2 Completion Date:1989 Cost: $100,000.00 Map Refernce #3 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 1,500,000.00 Map Reference #4 Completion Date: Phase 1:1989 Phase 2:1992 Cost: $ 250,000.00 Mill Pond - The Village of Kalkaska plans to improve the quality of the water in the Boardman River Pond which lies to the east of M-66. The pond has become shallow from silting, causing water temperature to rise. The Village proposes to dredge this pond to bring water depth back to former levels, and by doing so, increas e· the usefulness for fishing and other recreational uses. The water area is approximately 1,182 feet long by 220 feet wide, with maximum depth of 16 feet. Log Lake Park - A county owned park which is located in Kalkaska Township. The future plans for this park include: water hook-up for campsites, a dumping station, better bathroom facilities with showers, grills, better boat ramp~, additional playground equipment, improved ball diamonds and equipment, and a blacktopped road leading into the campsites. Fairgrounds - _Kalkaska County owned park. This facility currlntly has a community building, two pavillions, a skating rink, five ball diamonds, restrooms, and a concession stand. Future developments for the Fairground will include: tennis courts, bleachers, a drinking fountain installed in the cornmuni ty buildi"ng, and a blacktop driveway leading to this building. Rugg Pond Recreational Park - A county owned park which is located in Rapid River Township. The county currently owns 97. 7 acres (40 of which are being( have been) obtained through the Michigan Land Trust Fund) that will be developed into a "natural" park area. Plans include: picnic tables, grills, cross country and hiking trails with scenic markers, and a boat ramp. �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES CONTINUED: Map Reference #5 Completion Date:1990 Cost: $ 150,000.00 Map Reference #6 41 Sands Park - Coldsprings Township. This park has been currently undergoing a massive transfonnation. What was once an underdeveloped park is now being brought up to date with washrooms, a new changing station, pavillions, a designated swinming area, picnic tables and a paved boat ramp. In the future, playground equipment and other park related items will be installed. Clearwater Township Parks Completion Date:1981'" Cost: $ 50,000.00 B. Completion Date:1991 Cost: $ 75,000.00 Freedom Park, located north of Rapid City was dedicated as a Nature Study Park in 1980. This 20 acre park is divided by County Road 593, which crosses over Rapid River. To make this park more accessible to small children, a walkway underneath the bridge has been proposed. Clearwater Athletic Complex. The land for this 20 acre complex is leased from the Department of Natural Resources. It is hoped that this complex will someday house three ball diamondsone with the Peanut League in mind, a soccer field, jogging trails, horse shoe courts and a picnic area. c. Cedar Street Park. This segment of land was recently cleared with the help of the Michigan Youth Corp workers. It now needs to be developed into a park with a designated picnic area, a pump, parking space and various other improvements. Completion Date:1992 Cost: $ 50,000.00 D. Old M-72 Park. This 5 acre parcel was leased from the county to be utilized as a picnic and rest area, but was abandoned when M-72 was relocated. As the area is still accessible, the township is trying to reinstitute it as a park. E. 5 Public Access Streets Into Torch Lake. This 275 1 access is open for public use. The township has maintained it and would like to further develop it into a park area. Completion Date:1991 Cost: $ 7,500.00 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 100,000.00 �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES CONTINUED: .. Map Reference #7 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 50,000.00 Map Reference /18 Completion Date:1992 Cost: $60,000.00 Croy Lake Park - Rapid River Township. At one time this 80 acre site was a township owned park. Due to vandalism , this park is no longer maintained, but may be reopened in the future. Garfield Township Park - A tow1ship owned park, this park currently has 1 ball diamond, ~ playground, a concession stand, a pavillion, picnic tables, and barbecue pits. The future plans for this 25 acre parcel is to dedicate it as a community memorial park, with additional playground ~equipment, walking paths, bicycle paths, archery targets, park _benchs, basketball courts, and tennis courts. �,- :7r· _;; I •I i r· I ~ 9 11\l ·r L-----ff~;-Cfl\ t "E r.Qtf,{.1 . 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LONG RANGE GOALS There is a concerted effort on the part of various local governmental units to correct the recreational deficiencies in Kalkaska County. As previously stated, the top four deficiencies are: the need for improved park facilities, activities for the youth, courts (tennis, racquetball, basketball), and an indoor swiJTJTiing pool. The need for improved park facilities, youth activities, and courts are currently being addressed by the various governmental units in their short term objectives. The long range goals will include the continued construction and development of the Fairgrounds (the Civic Center area), whicp is located in the Village of Kalkaska. This area is the proposed site for an indoor swirrrning pool. If the need for additional space arises, the county plans to negotiate a land exchange with the State of Michigan for an 80 acre parcel located on M-72 and West Kalkaska Road, directly East of the Fairgrounds. �.. JU . ACTION AND FINANCIAL PROGRAM �.. ACTION AND FINANCIAL PROGRAM It would appear with some level of assurance that the continued effort of approximately $25-40,000 per year will find its way into designations of recreation activity in Kalkaska County. Local townships will also continue to provide monies to maintain and update recreational activities in their jurisdiction. For some of the larger projects, state and federal funding will be pursued to accelerate the completion of the project. �'?<S>~ ,, , ,,. ~ ..-:-. c...-: •• '. i~">· \ •· ' ----..,v. 1'1 .' "',_ _ I I /; .<7 -~ ~ . ~ A , --......... ,, //WI/ J,__ ' .,.. ?' '-- ~ / (I\_ I t:,-~Bl'lr<• ~,.~ ..!5'1.; . ~~ •.«:.,,~,, ,, ~ br(!If N I( "I!.,,,, ,..""'' ~~ -·J ~- - -~ 'fr~, •.I . :---.. --=::::::' -Bs-1.,,,·~ . __... FREEDOM PARK -<'- Ji .. . ,R (w,'fi:'1~ ~ , . ~~ ~ / --:-· ROI.!~/ RtP,;o,p , ' . / ,,.; '2-4.,,_ . €, '?', / ' , " ~f ~Jr\t~·'.5T'",; ,,~~- _8.,w•~ ":".'~ ~'.:,,!'.~.::·:.':':~- w;~;.w:_-l!-!llj\!1mfu111111 • . ·-- .,___;, - • :, < ·-- .:... .,< or I..J-..,:rLJ!if.. <-..D✓--,;,~r-,,o,,,. < f-<.:£-v . ~ < ~ .,, ..., ;> - 1 - -· { \ - . - . . \£x, :n:t'.Y:.: . ~'.....Du::!.LL _t~:,.,·c.., /)&Jrt-lrl-'r' ,...._______ - - -------------------- -- -- - <- ·- - - --. NDrt. ! Nor bll;.l\',JH 5cnLL, """ff 1-1,utp 5" ~1 B 'fl-Its :i/4& ·~. 1o Roc.M R1f-~nP F.'l(~t"OJ. iHTo W"TL•. 50"11. e>f w,-,,cn 1,..._ VIL ro if£ l'l• ,,., D So /rI>ot':,,,-,r ltTt,.,,o ~£Yo"'D 1./"'c •• PROPe>5LO E:LiM;,.._"IT't.. I) 8\.IS'j 'fhL Nl!e P f-liG.1-t':-ltH::J ONl SiDt=. of bTllt.R. ,._,.r,u_,.r \JOLV\JAy 1,.)&u.LO -r JIL t'A 'io a.~~ "16 G(.1' Flfo'i 10(. ro THL �. :• COOPERATIVE E.XTE:'-'SION SERV1CE MJCHIGA.'4 ST ATE UNIVERSITY and U.S. DEPARTME."'l'T OF AGRJCUL TURE COOPERATING DEPAlln4E.,, Of P'AJUC Al'iD ll£CJlEATION USOURCES EAST LANSL"'C • '.l(}QiJCAN • 4'124 :"IA TUR.Al. RESOURCES IIUILDL"G August 17, 1984 Mr. Harry Hall, Sr . Kalkaska Government Center 605 N. Birch P.O. 780 Kalkaska, MI 49646 Dear Mr. Hall: We are pleased to attach a copy of our report Task Force Review and Assessment of Kalkaska County Recreation and Tourist System. This report could not have been completed without the exceptional assistance of Donald Johnson, County Extension Director and Janet DeRosa, Economic Development Council. We hope you of Kalkaska County find this report useful. Louis F. Twardzik Professor and Extension Specialist '°-'~ ~1·Haskell Professor and Extension Specialist Enclosure c: Donald Johnson Janet DeRosa �.. .. Review and Assessment of Kalkaska County Park and Recreation Svstem Cooperative Extension Review Team* Department of Park and Recreation Resources Michigan State University Introduction The initial contact was made with Professor Louis r. Twardzik and Professor Theodore J. Haskell, park and recreation specialists, by Janet DeRosa, Economic Development Council, Kalkaska County. After receiving information on the Task Force Review Program, she contacted Don Johnson, County Extension Director, who forvarded a formal request to Department of Park and Recreation Resources specialists at MSU to schedule a review for Kalkaska County. The review took place on June 25 and 26, 1984. The Review Process The one-day review process developed by Extension Specialists in the Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, is based on the following four assumptions. 1) ~est review requests are prompted by problems which, over time have grown in importance and therefore require specialist assistance. 2) The one-day review is undertaken by specialists who also have teaching and administrative responsibilities at the university. Because of the complexities of their combined schedules, the intensive one-day review is easier to arrange in the specialists' schedules and assures faster response to county requests. *Louis F . Twardzik, Professor and Theodore J. Haskell, Professor, and Extension Specialists in Park and Recreation Resources. J �z 3) The review team varies in composition, number, and kind of specialists according to county need, but it always includes personnel "'1th professional experience in the problem areas. 4) A predetermined agenda enables the team to begin "'1th a review of local problems--socioeconomic, physiographic, historical, and other local infonn.ation--from county commissions, the county extension director, park and recreation commissioners and staff, and local officials. The specialists are available for meetings during lunch and dinner with public officials, representatives of the business community, and the public. If desired, an evening meeting is held. This is often open to the public; the review team asks for additional information and may respond to questions about its work in the county and about the review process, including the expected delivery of a 'W"t"itten report. Local Background Information The initial briefing session was held at the County Government Building in Kalkaska and was attended by Jeff Fitch, member of the Kalkaska Village Council; Louise A. Sprigg, representing IDC (Industrial Development Council); and Janet DeRosa and Kim Coon, from the Economic Development Council (EDC). Also pres_ent were Don Johnson, County Exten- sion Director, and Louis Twardzik and Theodore Haskell, extension specialists. The meeting opened with a briefing session conducted by Don Johnson covering background information on the county and stating the expectations of the review as county staff saw them: (1) how to maximize available recreation resources, (2) how to tap into the flow of tourists passing through Kalkaska County, and (3) how to improve the county image as a place for quality recreation experiences. The Park and Recreation function in Kalkaska County is organized under State Act 261 1 which provides for a Park and Recreation Commission of ten people. parks. The county provides services through a number of county Kalkaska County's population was made up largely of farmers ½>ublic Acts of 1965, MCI.A46,351-46.357 MSA5,570(101)-5,570(117). �through the 1920s and 1930s, but today there are only 91 farms . .. The county originally had a heavy forest cover which was logged off in the days of the great logging boom in Michigan. During the 1940s ser- iou.s efforts 'Were made to reforest many of these virtually barren areas that: had been cut over and then burned, sometimes several times. Some of the eastern to'Wtlships, north of M-72, never did return to a satisfactory level of forestation. Kalkaska had its big increase in population as a result of the discovery of oil in 1969. This has made Kalkaska something of an exception in northern Michigan counties, in that the population not only has held steady, but also in many cases has gro'Wtl. place in the outlying Xuch of this growth has taken to'Wtlships and in particular outside Kalkaska to'Wtl- ship but not in the village itself. of services and the cost of land. This may be related to the providing While most of the increase of population came as people headed north from the urban areas (Detroit) looking for work, they brought urban values and expectations 'ilith them. This has also meant some changes in the political background for the county, Kalkaska County is served by three school districts: a small portion of the Mancelona school di.strict along the northern edge of the county, Kalkaska school district L1 the northern half of the county, and the Forest area school district in the southern half of the county . ., The discussion of where the people of Kalkaska County are employed revealed that 55.6 percent work within Kalkaska County, 29 percent travel to Grand Traverse County, roughly 8 percent ·to Antrim and Mainistee, and a final 8 percent are distributed among other counties, Labor and proprietors earnings data for 1978 indicated that construction is the largest area of income: $7 million. The government �s 4 .. yroll;,and providing of services, each close to $5 million, and retail de, also close to SS million, make up the bulk of the county earnings, le agriculture is lowest with $773,000. This reflects the land-use tern for the county, an estimated three-fourths being forest. percent of the county land area is in agriculture. Only 2 The state of Michigan o'loltls about 43 percent of the land within county, and the Department of Natural Resources is the sixth largest payer. :e lp. lde ., When the state purchases land, it stays on the tax rolls, as, pared with land that has reverted to the state for nonpayment of taxes private landowners. A land-use map shows that the private holdings concentrated in the center of the county bordered on each side with a th to south strip of state land. There are two major lakes in the nty, Manistee Lake and, in the northern part, access to Torch Lake. Looking to the future, oil will remain important. Lrge ; . At present it resents about one-third of the employment and one-half of the payroll hin the county. Agriculture will remain much the same, providing cialized vegetables, particularly potatoes, and there is a processing nt. The county has the advantage of abundant, high quality water which for relatively cheap irrigation of specialized agricultural crops. example, strawberry nursery stock is presently shipped to Florida, lng' s e its early dormancy gives an advantage in early production to the ida growers. Strawberry acreage is rising from 33 acres to an ;hop ted 70 acres for 1984. Forestry will continue strong. This is timber ~ountry, although most the wood is shipped to Grayling and nearby areas for processing. 'There iln- 2 County and Regional fact book, Regulation X, Section V. Table Pg. 45,1979. �b mingarea. It is an extremely attractive campground. The area is managed by district office, and money is collected in a large "fee pipe" arrangement, which seems extremely well designed to provide security for money collected in ~he absence of an employee. Lake Skegemog Wildlife Area. The Skegemog Lake Association, Clear- water To'lo7I1ship, and Kalkaska Soil Conservation District joined forces with local citizens to obtain designation as a wildlife area by the D~partment of Natural Resources. The Walter Hastings Audubon Club and the Nature Conservancy, a private nonprofit conservation organization, have also lent their assistance to ensure protection of the swamp lands. Skegemog Lake Wildlife Area is a unique northern wetland undergoing successive changes. An interpretive display at the scenic tturnout shovs the profile of the lake changing from one of upland trees to lowland evergreens, to swamp, a shrub border, floating bogs, the surface of the lake itself, and a floating bog beginning again on the far side of the area. While the combination of various organizations has accomplished much in preserving this unique area up to this point, a problem of sharing autonomy is developing as the project grows larger. Freedom Park. This township park developed just north of Rapid City is a long, narrow strip extending along the river. trail and a number of benches on the r:'.ver bank. It has a wood-chip Rapid River is well known as a trout stream. Rugg Pond. When the Department of Xatural Resources condemned the dam which creates Rugg Pond, Kalkaska County >1as told to "do something." The decision was made to save the dam rather than have a large open area. where there had once been an attractive water surface. It was also feared -· �7 .. .. that if the dam were removed the silt which accumulates in the bacbraters of such impoundments would then pass do'lor.lstream into the Rapid River Fishery and cause environmental damage. Accordingly, the county obtained a grant to repair Rugg Dam which involved removal of the old pen stock, construction of an additional spillway, and renovation of the existing spillway. They are also investigating a State Land Trust Fund grant to buy an additional 40 acres to be used for recreational purposes. We drove through the School Forest area near Kalkaska. J Long Lake Park. On the morning of June 26, the review team resumed its tour with members of the county staff and visited Long Lake. a major park on the old fairgrounds site. This is It is a licensed campground and provides a swimming beach, two pavilions, a ballfield, a b~ach house, and restrooms. The park is operated by a seasonal camp manager who collects rental fees for the two major pavilions as well as for the individual campsites. The caretaker's pay is based on a percentage of the fees. Long Lake Park is self-sufficient, and the funds collected there are put back into the park. Additional operating funds are allocated by the Kalkaska County Commissioners. The caretaker is hired by and responsible to the Kalkaska County Park and Recreation Commission. When this commission was first established, much of the oversight of Long Lake came from the County Extension Director's office, including taking reservations and responding to requests for information. Over time, as the commission began to develop its own capacity to handle these matters, the county extension director gave up those responsibilities. The bath house is within 40 feet of the beach. It is old, anaone wonders how often the septic tank is serviced in view of the close proi.mity �8 .. . .. to the lake. Directly behind the bath house and in view of visitors and campers is a pile of rusted 55 gallon drums cut in half. The area had a generally dilapidat~d appearance that indicates a lack of maintenance or supervision. Sands To,;.mship Park in Coldsprings Township. At Sands Township Park we met Warren S. and Tricia Willson, from the Soil Conservation Service. We also met Harvey Bozzi, a township trustee, and Clara Donahue, the tO'l,l'tlship clerk. J Sands Township Park has been developed as a Resource Conservation and Development Project (RC&D). It is nicely developed and the comparison between it and Long Lake Park is rather dramatic. Impressive care has gone into engineering and design to permit optimum recreational 'use. For ex- ample, drainage from the parking lot, which slopes to the center, is carried away from the picnic area into a special catch basin. This is typical of the engineering in Soil Conservation Service projects. The main problem here was the serious erosion of the shoreline into the lake, and in the process of correcting it this fine park was created. Theim- provements include using a combination of plastic netting, and straw mulch where there was a potential for erosion, hydromulching, plantings of grass to stabilize the shoreline, and the choice of grass species that do well in shade. J Another development detail that made this park successful was the use of a "cherry picker" to trim dead limbs and raise the forest canopy to provide the woodland picnic area. 3 Roads were Chewing fescue and red fescue applied with a hydromulch techI\ique and seeded at 50 lbs to the acre. �9 .. . provided to both the picnic area and a boat access point. also provided. Restrooms vere While this is a to\onlship park, it is almost seven acres in size and tends to function as a county park. The area is inspected twice a year by the Soil Conservation Service staff, and the toYnship maintains it on a contract basis. Excelsior Storage Facility. One reason for the long-range potential of the oil industry's contribution in Kalkaska County is the discovery and development of "underground silos." When the oil and natural gas "1'ere ,, J removed from areas in the Niagaran Trend, it was found that these empty spaces approximately 6,000 feet below the surface of Kalkaska County provide excellent storage for natural gas. The gas is pumped in during the summer and stored for use during high demand in the winter.' Village Park. Village Park, on the Mill Pond on the upper Boardman River, is an attractive small park avaiable for picnicking and day-use by groups. An appealing feature of the Mill Pond was a pair of SYans and their offspring. The High School Athletic facilities. Contiguous to the county fair- ground is a high school, a middle school, and an elementary school. The area includes tvo baseball diamonds and a football stadium as part of the athletic facilities available to the students and to members of the community. General Observations on Recreation Services Role of Park and Recreation Agencies: Public and Private. At one ex- creme of the "recreation yardstick" is the public role of providing recreation facilities and programs. 4 4 These are paid from general funds and are For a comprehensive review of park and recreation areas and facilities, see L.F. ~ardzik and R. Murray, Planning Community-Wide Recreation, Cooperative Extension Service Publication E-684, Michigan State University, �.v .. available at no charge to all residents and visitors. The middle position is held by revenue-producing special services. The client groups are mostly residents but often include regional visitors. They are 'Jilling to pay for special facilities (such as golf courses) which may not be needed by all residents and hence should not be subsidizt:d entirely by general funds, although taxpayers may receive certain indirect benefits. Often a combination is worked out by which the general fund is used to purchase land and occasionally to finance capital improvements, .• . but the costs of day-to-day operation and maintenance are covered by userfees paid by participants. At the other extreme of the yardstick is the role of recreation as an income-producing industry. The clientele is. mainly from outside the area, drawing from a statewide or even a multistate market. Recreation facil- ities of this sort, primarily because of their income-producing goal, are most often found in the private sector. Private capital is invested, jobs are created, and the activities usually generate substantial income throughout the area. Governments may OTJTI the land and lease the operation to a concessionaire or may operate some sites directly if no private interest is 'Jilling or able to provide the services. It is important to recognize this range of functions and for policy makers to have a firm understanding of the proper "mix" for their area. This 'Jill serve them well as they approach decisions about acquisitions, development, and operations. Looking into the 1980s there is a need to think through the implications of this "recreational yardstick" for Kalkaska County. A current trend in city park and recreation management may -well apply to the city's needs. This trend is termed "privatization, 11 �l .. ... whereby governments contract with private firms to provide recreation services. Xaster Plans. To achieve orderly development and redevelopment of recreational areas over the long run, it is important to prepare master plans for their design and for their operation and maintenance. The ul- timate goal for each functioning park should include these two major components. A master plan for the design and phased development of the area should meet the most immediate needs and be flexible enough to accomJ modate any which might develop. An operation and maintenance plan is necessary to ensure that the design is carried out and that users do not destroy through overuse the very qualities that originally made the recreation resource valuable. Site Design. For both newly acquired areas and established parks for which recreational uses have changed over the years, it is necessary for planners to take a three-part approach. (1) A survey assembles all the facts and data bearing on the development and eventual use of the park. (2) An analysis of the relationship among three aspects -- the site, the area, and the program -- is important to detennine the effect of each as the design is developed. (3) A synthesis combines the results of the first two steps into practical objectives which provide the basis for a designed solution to the problem. In the survey phase, program definition is essential. It establishes the goals to be accomplished and includes such tangibles as user capacities, physical and social benefits, and agency policies regarding financing, construction, and maintenance. There should be input from't:he community at large, organized client groups, and officials and professional �- . ., .. . .. staff. Program items are then grouped into logical associations and "translated into diagrams" showing relationships, traffic patterns, and possible conflicts. The basic use-pattern which emerges is then con- verted into a preliminary play by synthesizing the us~ elements with details of the physical site. Scale drawings are prepared to show the alternatives after conferences with the various user groups. The final plans are drawn to serve as a basis for presentations, construction drawings, specifications, and evaluations. J Maintenance Plan. The maintenance planning sequence is essential to assure that the area will continue to function at its original or designed· capacity. The planning process begins with identifying user needs, both in kind and anticipated intensity. Depending upon these needs, certain standards of maintenance are established. litter be picked up? For example, how often should How often should restrooms be cleaned? How often and at ~hat height should the grass be cut? When these standards are determined, they are then applied to specific geographical areas of the parks to create the maintenance plan. For example, the area around the office and entrance may be maintained at a different standard than thato! playground or picnic areas. Performance standards should be established for these tasks so that supervisors, employees, and city administrators and officials will know \.that level of accomplishment is considered "well done." 'When these various standards are applied to specific areas and are recorded in w-ritten and graphic form, the combination is referred to as a maintenance plan. This is implemented through schedules and work programs and 1.!iti- mately is converted into dollars to prepare a budget estimate, Good �13 . : •• supervision is essential if workers are to carry out their jobs according to the plan; it vill also reduce wasted time and materials and achieve a cost-effective operation. Physical plans for each of the parks should be prepared to show possible long-range development. While financial considerations may limit the improvements possible in a given year, all should be guided by a master plan so that no improvement is made at the expense of an earlier or later one. / Maintenance plans and standards should be prepared for each park so that maintenance functions can be effectively scheduled to operate at the lowest possible cost consistent with good service. It is often more effective in the long run to reduce costs than to be faced with the need to increase revenues. There are overhead charges involved in collecting, accounting .for, and properly recording such revenues. Time saved through efficient scheduling or the use of improved equipment to enhance worker productivity and avoid costly breakdowns and wasted time is reflected almost immediately in the current budget. Educational and Technical Assistance. While park and recreation specialists at Michigan State University can assist in the overall planning, design, and management process, decisions must reflect local attitudes and ability and wi.llingness to pay for developments and programs. The syste- matic approach suggested here is undoubtedly the most effective in providing maximum services to the people and the best possible protection for the resource, but it does require substantial investment of supervisory time. The professional park and recreation staff, educational information-from the Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, and technical �.. . assistance from among the private consulting firms which offer designs specific to a community could provide Kaluska County with such a coordinated system of operation and maintenance. GE:neral Observations about the Region Kalk.ask.a is located in the northwest corner of the lower peninsula. To the east is Crawford County, to the southeast Roscommon, to the south Missaukee, to the southwest Wexford, to the west Grand Traverse, and to the north Antrim. The main traffic flow into the northwest region from ., the southeastern Michigan population centers of Detroit, Flint, and Lansing comes north on U.S. 27 and on I-75. The pattern leaves this main • flow at Grayling and proceeds west through Kalkaska County via M-72, which continues west to Traverse City. Highway 131 runs north from Grand Rapids and Cadillac through Fife Lake to Kalkaska and continues north to Mancelona. In addition, highway 66 comes up from the south through Kalkaska and contineus on t o East Jordan and Charlevoix. There is also the usual variety of secondary roads operated by the county road commission. The travel pattern through the region has tended not to favor Kaluska as a destination area, and in the past much of the touriStll effort has been to service people who stop to buy groceries, gasoline, and sometimes restaurant meals. One concern expressed during the review was a way to tap these tourist flows and encourage people to stay at the motels and campgrounds in the county. The northwest region has a long history of recreational land use. After the logging boom of the late nineteenth century, there was some development of agriculture, but the burned-over forest soils did n~ lend �themselves to productive farming, and hunters and fishermen became more and more the primary users of the northern forests. The attractive Lake Michigan shoreline began luring "summer people'' Yho built vacation homes from Ludington to Traverse City, Charlevoix, Petoskey, and Harbor Springs. Sport fishery and sailing have lonE; made the area desirable, and recent years the resort season has expanded with the development of dovnhill skiing. Many of these resorts noY have developed a year -round convention market \which is valuable in leveling out the annual economy of the shore counties. Inland, in Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford, and parts of Antrim, the hunters and fisherme~ still predominate. Observations About the County In the 1970s Kalkaska County "1as named Michigan's fastest growing in population, income, employment, and new business. 5 In that decade the oil and gas industry transformed a northern Michigan community into the thriving population center it is today. the industry decided to build in Kalk.ask.a. It is not accidental that The Niagaran Reef is 100 miles long in the north and spans more than a dozen northern Michigan communities. The strategic location of Kalkaska Yith regard to rail transport- ation, highYays, and the Traverse City airport as well as proximity to the oil and gas pipelines is largely responsible for the continued growth. Kalk.ask.a is also a prime recreation location. Crossed by 273 miles of fishing streams, dotted with 86 lakes, and containing 75,000 acres of public land, it is within one hour of 20 doTJOhill and cross-country ski resorts. 5 This makes the area attractive not only to full-time residents, community Recreation Plan, Kalk.ask.a County, 1984, unpublished. �---------------------------------~16 . .. but also to seasonal residents and transients. 6 Often terined the gre~t "untouched" territory of Michigan, Kalkaska County is perhaps as near as any to the original state created by nature . All of the streams are well stocked with rainbow, German browns, and brook trout. Foremost among the lakes, many of which are also stocked ""'1th rainbow trout, are Log, Bear, Starvation, Big Blue, Twin, Big Guernsey, Oxbow, and Selkirk. The county is also popular for color tours in late September and early October, when the of colors. hardvoods turn into a riot 7 Hunting is best in the east and northwest, in the cutover brushy areas along the edge of openings and old orchards, in the conifer swamps, and in the planations in severe weather. There is also good snowshoe 'hare hunting, and some woodcock and ruffed grouse are found throughout the county along brushy streams and in young growth aspen. ~Community Recreation Plan, Kalkaska County Michigan County Map and Recreation Guide, Michigan United Conservation Clubs, 1977. �----------------------------117 Observations and Recommendations on Management and Administration Role of the Park and Recreation Commission. The park and recreation function for Kalk.ask.a C.ounty is organized under State Act 261. 8 This pro- vided for the creation of a Park and Recreation Commission to set pol.icy and oversee operations within a given county. The ten-member board in- eludes representatives from the County Road Commission, County Planning Commission, the Drain Commissioners, the County Board of Commissioners, and citizens appointed from the county as a whole. This ensures a combination of expertise and representation. Even though parks and other recreation facilities are provided by cities, to-wns, to-wnships, and school districts within the county, there is still a need for overall coordination under the provisions of Act 261. While it is easy for a county park commission to become heavily involved in the administration and operation of a single park, its primary responsibility still lies with recreation throughout the county. Often a park and recreation commission is appointed when the county board of commissioners recognizes the need, but frequently it is difficult for the commissioners to obtain information necessary for organizing and operating effectively. A number of counties have requested information regarding park rules and regulations. Accorcingly, we have included examples in the Appendix which may guide county park and recreation commissions in organizing their meetings and promulgating rules for the operation of parks. 8 Public Acts of 1965, MCLA46.351-46.357 MSA5.57O(1O1)-5.570(11]...). �18 There is an increasing awareness in Michigan that tourism can make a valuable contribution to the economy. Accordingly, county park and recrea- tion commissions must become sensitive to the mix of services provided by the county and other local units of government. While the first duty may be to provide services to county residents, consideration also should be given to the potential of visitors passing through. We recommend that the Park and Recreation Commission make an effort to establish and continue the liaison Yi.th representatives of the Chamber of Commerce and the various businesses that are recreation and tourism oriented, not only the direct providers of recreation services but also cotels, restaurants, and similar supporting services. ' In view of the increasing interest in and emphasis on tourism as part of the Michigan economy and its potential as part of the Kalkaska County economy, we recommerld that one or more representatives from the tourism industry in the county be included on the Park and Recreation Commission. Review of Kalkaska County Recreation Plan. The Department of Natural Resources, Recreation Services Division, has prepared a basic format for community recreation plans. This format is designed to guide people pre- paring such plans in an orderly step-by-step procedure that will enable them to prepare a plan that is responsive to community needs. The use of a stan- dard format for all recreation plans submitted to the Department of Natural Resources enables the plan to be quickly reviewed and compared. The draft of the Kalkaska Plan was reviewed at the request of Janet DeRosa, Community Economic Development Corporation. The review has been completed and found that while the plan is generally good and seems responsive to community needs, some of the elements were out of place in the format and certain �others needed more detail to strengthen them as a basis for submitting requests for funding. Recreation Plan Elements. 1) Plan review and adoption: This is well done and thoroughly documents the adoption of the plan by local authorities. 2) Administrative Structure: This was out of place in the original fonnat and should be moved up to number 2. In addition, a graphic flow chart with lines and boxes is recommended by the state guidelines. This flow chart should then be supplemented by a detailed statement of methods and procedures in more detail than the present "functional administrative methods". 3) - Community Description (including both cultural and physical items): Population data and use of maps is good. A map showing the road system as well as the railroads would be helpful. In addition, the maps found under "short-range soals and objectives", including the Kalkaska County zoning key and the NE, NW, SE, SW, county maps, would seem to be more logically included in this basic section. A single map sho'-!ing the location of the short-r3nge projects within the county included in that section. 4) Recreation Inventory. This inventory should include both indoor and outdoor facilities, public/quasi-public/private facilities and school facilities if such gymnasiums, swimming pools, etc. are available to the public: This section of the plan covers private recreation areas, but the transportation map included should have a title relating it to the private recreation areas printed directly on the :nap . The section also includes state and federal park and recreation facilities, charts showing available recreation activities both indoor and out. S) Recreational Deficiencies (what is needed): The community survey on recreational needs is good and is one of the methods recommended to determine deficiencies by the state guidelines. However, it is also beneficial to compare general standards relating facilities to population (i.e., softball diamond for each 3,000 population) with the existing inventory. Al:-so, comparison can be made with number of facilities operated by similar communities. Finally, additional needs can be determined by projecting population/income figures. �6) Long-Range Goals. Items here direct the agency's future development of recreation and facilities and programs for the next 10 years or longer. As such, they express broad guidelines and indicate creative foresight for future planning and action. This usually include identification of areas for future land acquisition and additional development based on the needs identified on the statement of deficiencies: The identification of the fairgrounds project vith a proposed indoor svimming pool is just such a long-range goal that vill be gradually achieved through a series of projects. Long-range goals are not limited to the county as a whole since individual communities and toYnships may also have formulated long-range statements of goals such as to develop a syste~ of planning, to develop a system of community input for more responsive recreation programming. 7) Short-term objectives. Short range objectives are ordinarily achievable vithin a four or five year period. be specific, measurable, and realistic. They should also In many recreation plans dollar estilllates have been prepared reflecting costs if the projects are to be implemented vithin the next fev years: Do the numbers and listing of the short-term objectives reflect priority? The map references are not clear. As I indicated above, it vould seem that many of these nicely detailed maps belong more effectively in the community in No. 3 community description section and a single map with large numbers would be used to key in the location of the short-tenn objectives and their associated projects. 8) Action and financial nrogram. Ordinarily this section includes a list of priorities and a funding schedule, year-by-year, for not more than a five year period: This section is weak and does not strongly reflect the ability of the county and local communities to supply local contributions as well as in kind support for the projects. A short sectJon indicating the past history of funding for perhaps a five year period, and then projecting for a similar five year period with proposed �.. dollar allocations vould strengthen this plan. This is particularly advantageious where a project might be tracked over a three year period, with land acquistion in the first year, grading walks and roads and plantings in the second year. and a building in the third year. The table of contents should be redone to reflect the recommended changes in format and finally add the page numbers which will make the plan easy to access by either Kalkaska County staff or other interested parties. Additional questions may occur and either the Recreation Services Division of DNR or our office would be glad to help you. �Alternative Funding. Many governmental units are faced with increased taxpayer resistance to higher taxes. Any policy-making board confronted with a request for new services considers three issues: What is to be done, what is the legal authority for doing it, and how will it be paid for. The stresses on the Michigan economy in recent years have forced many local governments into severe retrenchment and austerity. Under these conditions it might not seem feasible to consider further development of recreation facilities if they are to be funded entirely by revenue from property taxes or other general funds. available. However, there are various other revenue sources The Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, and the Recreation Services Division, Department of Natural Resources, State of Michigan, have information on alternative funding and how it may be developed in any community to fund park and recreation services. We recommend that the county Board of Commissioners and the Park and Recreation Commission give serious consideration to alternative funding to continue development and operation of the county park and recreation facilities. Sources include bond issues, usually used for large capital im- provements; gifts and bequests; concession operations paying to the county either a flat annual fee or a percentage of the gross receipts, whichever is larger; revenue sharing; federal block grants; state land trust monies; and the Lind and Water Conservation Fund. Applications for some of these will require an approved recreation plan for the county or appropriate local governmental unit plans which are helpful to a park and recreation commission in allocating resources as well as obtaining alternative funding. Many of these monies are matching funds and are therefore heavily dependent on support by the local community. �23 .. Lake Skegemog Natural Area. around the edge of the lake. This area is largely a floating bog It has great ecological significance, is almost surrounded by public land, and is worthy of preservation as a unique natural resource. We recommend that a sc :~entific study be made to determine the area's ecological nature, assess its unique quality, and make recommendations for its operation and development. Rugg Pond Development. With the decision to repair the dam and preserve the pond it becomes advantageous to tie in some public recreation land to the area. An application has been made to the State Land Trust Fund to assist in purchasing approxi!Ilately 40 acres of adjoining lands. This area has a potential for developoent as a campground and as a da~-use site. For the latter purpose there should be boat access points 'W'ith supporting facilities, picnic sites with restrooms and playground equipment, and enough landscaping to ensure that the area will provide an attractive and enjoyable recreation experience. Considering that there are relatively few campgrounds in the area (Log Lake County Park, Kalkaska Campground, and Fife Lake Campground), a rustic campsite might well be included in the master plan for the 40 acres adjoining Rugg Pond. Rental fees could help cover operating costs and as such would be an alternative funding source. Log Lake Park. With the increased pressures of tight budgets and stricter accountability has come the need for careful procedures in collecting and handling money from public operations. Visitors should be notified of fees and charges for recreational services, and uniform policies should I be followed by all employees in collecting the funds and properly re~ording all receipts and revenues. �We recommend that at Log Lake Park the fees for use of the pavilions, bathhouse, and public campground be prominently posted and printed in any promotional materials distributed to the public. These should be in accordance with the fees and charges approved by the Park and Recreation Commission. In addition, there should be uniform policies established for collecting money, issuing receipts to campers and pavilion users, and turning in the monies in accordance .nth the financial policies of the county. The quality of any recreational experience is determined in large measure by the user's perception of employee attitudes. are kno't.1n as "hospitality." Collectively these Favorable first impressions are necessary to ensure repeat visits, and it is on these that the success of most recreation enterprises depend. We further recommend that the Park and Recreation Commission consider obtaining help in developing this "hospitality" among the park and recreation employees and managers operating the county facilities. Another key factor in providing safe and enjoyable recreation is the maintenance of facilities. For this to be carried out in a systematic and effective manner, a maintenance plan is essential. Such a plan for Log Lake Campground, if prepared and acted upon, would eliminate the problems observed on our visit there. Street tree plan for the city of Kalk.ask.a. Street trees have been planted in many communities to enhance overall appearance, provide shade for residents, serve as wind breaks, and provide other environmental benefits. However, the full advantages are seldom realized if the matter is left to the whim of individual property owners. Some .nll plant no �trees, others will plant and maintain them well, still otners will let them become public hazards. Just as design plans and maintenance are essential for the effective operation of parks, so a street tree plan is essential if a community is to realize the maximum benefits of the trees planted on its public right-of-ways. We recOtIIl!lend that the city of Kalkaska, assisted by the County Extension Director, take steps to have a street tree inventory and master street tree plan completed for the city. This vill protect those using the streets .from undue hazards and vill enhance the living quality of the city over the long run. Tourism. While we recongnize that Kalkaska does not have the specta- cular scenery of Grand Traver:;e Bay or the large resort developments of the ski country to the north, we believe the county could take advantage of its position in the center of a ring of outstanding natural attractions for tourist. For example, the county could provide accommodations for travelers to the Traverse City and Torch Lake areas. Within 50 miles of Kalkaska are seven major resort areas, and strategy based on "being in the center of things" could contribute strongly to the tourism potential of Kalkaska County. For example, a fev miles vest of Kalkaska are the magnificant nev golf courses of the Grand Traverse Resort, vhere a wide variety of cultural and waterfront activities also are available. Grand Traverse Resort vill un- undoubtedly develope as a t'ecognized convention center, yet there may be people vho \JOuld prefer to bring their family to the relative quiet of Kalk.ask.a County and commute to the convention and other cultural features of the area. An overall marketing strategy could emphasize Kalkaska County �. ., -,. as a serene base and time-travel maps could show what was readily available but .nthout the stresses of staying in the busier areas. The Manistee and Boardman rivers offer a strong potential for canoists kayak, and small boat enthusiasts. Si:1ce most of the river flo.._, is through state land, it should be possible to s,~rve those people who are "responding to nature" and wish to be in tune with the natural woodlands and water of northern Michigan. We recommend that planning be initiated for a system of canoe trails and rest areas, coordinated with existing access points. Supplementary points should be added where needed. Apparently no guide services are offer~d within the county to assist visitors who w:~sh to enjoy a great fishing experience but, ~nlike local residents, have no chance to study the streams in detail. We recommend that, as part of overall tourism development, efforts be made through the Chamber of Co11IID.erce or touriS111 organization to develop a corps of qualified people who could be interested in guiding as a part-time occupation. Options in tourism organization The potential contribution to the county economy from tourism is so critical that the Board of County Commissioners should consider alternatives in the organized effort to promote tourism. One option is to assign this function to the Park and Recreation Commission. services from the Chamber of Commerce. Another is to request such A third and probably the most feasible lies in the comination of the tvo in order to ensure coordination efforts. We recommend that the Board of County Commissioners and county'staff give serious consideration to formulating a statement of goals for touriS1D �• I in Kalk.ask.a County and enlisting the aid of representatives from the private sector. From this initial goal setting session, assisted by the County Ex- tension Director and the Economic Development Council coordinator, can come a final decision on the optimum "mix" bet'W'een public and private sector responsibility. This may take the fonn of a special task force or advisory council on tourism for Kalkaska County. �~PENDIX �Rules and Regulations Rules and regulations outline the administrative procedures and relationships to be followed by recreation and park officials and staff. In other W'Ords, they spell out what things are to be done, when, how, and where . Every recreation and park system should adopt a sound set of rules and regulations to guide action in the conduct of its business. Rules and regulations that are generally found in recreation and park agencies cover topics such as affirmative action and hiring, emergency procedures, environmental controls, fiscal controls, gifts and donations, personnel conduct, purchasing, use of facilities and equipment, and the like. The personnel rules and regulations of the Department of Parks of the City of New York spell out its provisions in a booklet that covers the follm,dng. Article I. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 RULES OF CONDUCT FOR EMPLOYEES General Provisions Behavior and Conduct of Employee Injuries and Accidents Sustained by the Employees or the Public Violation of Park Rules and Regulations and .Vandalism on Park Property Uniforms Article II. Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section ~ Section 10 RULES GOVERNING VACATION, ABSENCES, LEAVES AND OVERTIME Notification of Inability to Report for Duty Leave of Absence Vacation Hours of Employment and Overtime Tardiness Article III. Section 11 Section 12 Section 13 Sect:~on 14 Section 15 Section 16 Section 17 Section 18 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR EMPLOYEE Transfers Probation Service Ratings Salary and Salary Increments Pay Check and Deductions Health Insurance Plan Veteran's Preference Grievance Procedure Lynn S. Rodney and Robert F. Toalson, Administration of Recreation, Parks and Leisure Services (New York; 19?1). John Wiley and Sons. �29 LANSING PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT POLICY ANO OPERATIONS MANUAL ISSUED 4/15/76 REPLACES PAGE 1 SECTION OF 2 COOE Park Board 1.2 SUBJECT PARK RULES 1. No person except employees in the course of their work shall cut or break, dig up, remove, mutilate, injure or carry away any tree, shrub, plant or flower (wild or cultivated) or any ctr.er personal or real property of whatsoever nature in, upon or belonging to any parks,. playgrounds or boulevards in the City of Lansing or under its control or in any street, avenue or highway, in or adjacent to or around the same. 2. No person shall use any obscene, profane or indecent language or make any loud outcry or in any way make a disturbance of the peace; or be guilty of any disorderly or indecent concuct; nor shall any person have in his or her possession, use, or be under the influence of intoxicating liquors. 3. No person, finn or organization shall be allowed to canvass or solicit subscriptions of money, peddle or sell materials, wares or foods within the limits of any park or playground without pennission from the Park Board. See Section 24.2 Lansing Ordir.anc~ Code. 4. No person shall attempt to preach aloud or make any speech or oration without a special permit from the Park. Board. 5. No person shall carry any rifle, gun or other firearm of any kind within the parks and playgrounds of the City of Lansing, nor shall any person fire, discharge or set off any rocket, crack.er, torpedo, squib or other fireworks or anything of an explosive nature without special permission from the Park Board. 6. No basin, pool. la~e or fountain shall be fouled by stone, wood, glass or any othir substance. 7. No fish, fowl. squirrel, bird or animill, either captive or at large, shall be killed, caught, molested or disturbed except as the Park Board may see fit to order the same to be done. 8. No dog or other domestic animal shall be allowed to run at large or on leash over the grounds or grass plots of any PO$TED park or boulevard, except by p~rmission of the Park Board. 9. No person except employees in the course of their work shall enter any building, place or enclosure upon which there is a sign "No Admittance" or "No TrespassingN or sign of similar intention. �LANSING PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT ·., POLICY ANO OPERATIONS MANUAL ISSUED 4/15/76 PAGE 2 SECTION REPLACES OF 2 COOE Park Board 1.2 SUBJECT PARK RULES 10. No person shall deface or injure any building. notice or placard within any park, boulevard or playground placeG there by the authority of the Park Board. 11. No person except employees under instruction shall build. kind1e or start any fires in any of the parks except where special provisions have been made for the use of picnic parties for cooking or heating food, coffee, etc. except by special pennissior. of the Park Director. 12. No person shall deposit or cause to be deposited, any rubbish or refuse in or upon any public park, playground or boulevard. Waste paper, sacks and other litter where used in the parks are to be deposited in waste baskets provided for that p~rpose. 13. No person shall enter park lands or buildings ~here special activities are in operation, without complying with the rEgulations for the use . of same and/or paying such fee as is required. 14. No person shall use park areas other than regularly established golf grounds for driving, chipping or putting of golf balls. 15. Unless otherwise provided parking is prohibitec in the Parks after 11:00 p.m. and lights must be left on parked cars after sundown. 16. Persons visiting the par~s after sunset will bE required to use the park benches provided for their use and shall not sit or lie upon any grass plot or so roove the park seats as to interfere or injure any flowers or shrubbery bed in such ~grass plot. 17. Power driven model airplanes shall not be floo,.-n in any area in any park unless that area sha11 be set apart and so designated by action of the Park Department. 18. No trucks, traction engine or trailers shall be allowed on the park highways except as necessary for park maintenar.ce. 19. No person other than employees in the course of their work shall ride or cause to be driven any rrotorized vehicle, automobtle, motor scooter, motorcycle, motorized cart or rootorized bicycle on any foot path. sidewalk or any area other than the designated roadway for use of such vehicles as provided. See Section 31 - 106.l Lansing Ordinance Code Authority: - �r f::,r byla".1s •.c~ rule:; :,f 1=:.-JceC:ure f~r a park and recreeti~n C:>mr.lissi:lrl. :~este, 1·:lrc BYLAUS llfD RUU:S OF PROCmJRE OF nu; CaJNTY PARKS AND RD:RE'ATI0H CO-11-CTSSlON I. P:r-ters ~f the C:mr-..issi~n C~unty hrks end Recreeti~n C~-=~issi~n shall The exercise ,uch y.,wers and perform such duties as are auth~rized and pr:,vide~ by the statutes a.od the laws of the State of Y..ichigan under >.ct No. 261 of the P-lbllc Acts of 1935, as aoended, and the -------- County ]:::iard of Commissioners Resolution --------, establishing said Co!Il.'nission. II. dated Officers of the Corrnission ' The C:xm:c.:ission shall elect a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and such other officers as the C:::moission shell deem necessary, who shell be elected by the C:rmissi~ners at their reguler e!lr.ual meeting held on the second Thursday in January ::if eed1 year. n-1e C:ru.nty Treasurer she..11 be the Tre~surer of the Co.r:r:ission. III. D..lties of the President (e) '!he President shall preside et all meetir.fs of the C~ission anQ shall have a vote up~n ell res~lutions es a Co=issioner. (b) He shell sii;n, vi th the Secretary, in tlJe naoe ::f the ----- Coc...,ty ~~ks end Recreation C:ir!lr.lission, all contracts end legal ~~CU.':'lents eutt~ri~ed by the C:n::i~sion_(c) He sh&ll V1=P:>int such c:,m::;ittees,as established by the C:::c;::issi:in e~d shall serve es an exoffici~ meober. 1 IV. D.lties :,f the Vice President ln the ever.t tile :,ffice :,f President shall bec:r.i;e vocant by de~th, re~i,;nsti:m or Jt.l1en1jsL, :ir in the t'Ver.t of tht: abse:ict :f the �JL . v. The Secretary ahall perfo::::in the u~ual duties of his :>N'ice, anci auch other duties u the C::xnciui~ may direct. '.Ibis, am~g :ithe.r things, ,peci!ically includes the f:ill:rwi..ng: (a) He ahall attend a.l.l ~eetin,;s of the C::xnmission and keep the minutes :if such meeti~s. He shall have cust:>dy :if the minute b:iok and :,f any c:irp:irate seal or the C::mrlssi:in. (b) Be shall be the cust:>dian :,f all rec:rrds., except the ~in.and.al rec::irds :,f the Treasurer, and shall keep, at the :,ffice :,f the C~ssi~, and open t:i l)Ublic examination at all reas:ina'ble times, ell records, maps, charts, plans and dxuments pertaining to the v:irk of the Cc:m:nissi:in. (c) He shall see that all -pr:iperty acquired is vested in the ~ e of the Cam:issi:in. He she..11 notify the Treasurer when any suc:.h property is disp:ised of for cash consideration :ir othel"'rlise. He she..11 m.eintain rec:irds :,f ell pr:,perties ecquired in the n::-J!le :,f the C,;:,unty of ------- for the Parks and Recreation C:lt?lmission. (d) He shall sign, vith the President or Vice President, in the name :,f the C~issi:in, all contracts and lesal ,bcUI:ients auth:irized by the C~issi::m, end '\-Then necessary shall affix the c:irp:irate seal theret:i. (e) The C~ssi:in may app:iint an Assistant Secretary \lh:> shall perf:irm such duties -pertaining to the office of the Secretary as the C::xnmission may euth::n-ize. VI. Duties of the Treasurer The Treasurer shall pe:-f::ir~. the 'l;::ual dutie~ :,f hi~ office, anc! sh!ll �pr:::,pu exercise er their re.sp:::,n.s ibll1 ties. (a) niu, respective atatut:::iry duties . and am~ :>the.r things, includes t.he t i l l ~ : He shall receive all m:>ney due the C:::c:c.iaai:>n tr::c ta.xes' :,r :>ther 1ourc1!S, and shall dep:>si t all auch money in auc.h bank ar ba.nk.s 1.nd 1.c 1uch aeparate acc:>unts, as the C:Q:iiui:::,n may request or appr::,ve. (b) He 1hall keep ~cc::iunting rec:>rds ah:,wing all financial transacti:>ns ~r the Canmissi:>n 1n acc:>rdance Vitb geDerally accepted g:ivernme.ntal pr:>cedure and standards. He sh.a.1.1 make a financial report at the annual meeti.tig of the C::xmtissi:>n and as requested by the Cx::.i,sion shall ~rmit wpecti:>n of all t'inancial records by any Cocmissi:>ner at any reas:>nable tu:e. (c) He 1hill issue ~cher check f:>r tht p&yment ~f obligati::>ns on receipt of pr:,perly authenticatee V:>uchers !'ran the Co~~-:,ll er. I:! there be n:::,t su.fticier.~ m:::iney appr~iated uid awilable, he shall n:::,t issue the v~ucher check until an e:ppr~riation is me.de by the Cc:n.=.!.tsi:::,n. ( d) :Ie shall issue reguli-.r pay checks t~ 1.ll empl:,yees ::in pay- ( e) The ----- C:r.J.nty C:mtr:::,ller s.!'-.i:!1 perform all the euties incident t:> the of~ice :::,f C:x.t~:ller, ~;;r the C:c::.is- t:> the duties, resp:>nsibilities and ~~~hority established by Jct 156 :::,f the Public Acts :::,f Michiet~, 1851, as amended, t~r a c~unty c~ntr:>ller. Vl~ • . • ,:eetings and Agende Meeti11t;s ~f the C:r.-..:nis~ion shall be held ~~~::.ly at the c::,u,nty �34 ... each m::>nth unlesa 0thervi1e atated and n~ a legal baliday, and, 11' a legal b::>lld.ay • then Cll the day t:>ll:,wing t-::r the tn.ll.sacti:,n c! such busineu as u.y be br:>ught before the meeting, :pr:rvid.ed, b:,vever, that the regular monthly meeting ot said C::mcission may be held at such :>ther lxe.ti:lll or place as may be detennined by maj:n-ity of the members :,f nid Ccmnisdon. The regul.ar monthly meeti:cg held 1n the month or January smll c:>nsti tute the :regular annual meeti.Dg or said C~s,1:ui. , The agenda :,f each regular meeting will be circulated by mail to be mailed t:, the membership n::>t l.Ater than tive days prior to said meeting. or VIII. nie age.ndA may be m~ified by a majority vote members present. Special Meetings Special meetings of the C:ximission may be called at any time by the President, er Secretary, er by a majority :>! the 1tembers the C:Gmission at such tillle ~ -:,f place as may be deened necessary. C:::tm?lissi:mer.s shall be notified 1n m-itiog by certified mail, return recei:pt requested, cf the time, place. and purp-;:,se of all special meetings of the C::m::nission, to be mailed at lee.st tive days prior thereto. Notices :,f special meetings ot the C::cmissi:,n shall s:pecify the business to be transacted at said s~cial meeting and no other business save that specified shall be officially c-=insidered at said special meeting. Any C:::mmissi::>ner shall, however, be deemed t'j have 1mived such notice by his attendance at any such meeting. The total number 'jf meetings f::>r which c:>mpensati:,n can be paid shall not exceed that provided f~r ~embers :,f the County :B:>erJ 'jf Commissioners. ------ �. . IX. 9ii :,rum .• A aaj::zrity or the per1:>n1 c:>nsttutizlg aaid C:muiu1on &hul c:mst1tute a qu:zrum tar tbe tn.nsactioo concurrence ,::,.t 'bU11nes1, and the ct the majority or the C:zm.i.111on ahall '.be auttic:ient t'or the passage :rt &nJ' resolutions, but n:, business a:ball be transacted unless there u in :,ffice at least a maj:xrity :>! the tull number ::,t C:xnm.iaaioners :t'i.:::ed by lav. x. :Rarlla.mentary Practice Order or meetillgs: (a) Call to Order (b) ~eading and Approval. (c) Payment (d) Opp:irtunity 't:rr PUbllc to Address the C::zn:tluion (e) Camunications (t) Di.rector' 1 Staf:t Bep:xrt and ~e~a::nend.ati:>ns or ~r Minutes Bills l. Bew Business 2. Old ~i.llesa 3. Other ~iness (g) Discussion by C::zmu.issi:,n Members (b) /.dj :>urnment '?he rules :)f Parliamentary Practice c::mprised in ~:>be.rt'i Rules or Order" shall govern in all cases 1n '1hich they are n:>t inc:msiittent vi.th the standing rules and :>rders :,f this C:,mmission a.od n:>t c:>ntrary t:> the res:>luti:>n establishing the C::mruission, :xr- a.ny existing 1aw XI. or the State :>f Michigan. .Amendments 'nlese Bylaws may be altered, •~ended, aaded t:> :>r repealed by a maj:>rity of the members~! the Cc:mmis~i~n at any regular meeting of said C::::rrJLissi~n, ~ at any pr,rcrly call~d tpecial meetinG, �,pr:widi.Di a.ey Df auch changes are n:>t 1nc:>ns1.atellt vi.th er •" c::u:1.tr1ven1DC the resolution e1ta'bl11hia& the C:irm!1110ll, er the lavs cf the State 0! Michigan. are mad.e ill said ~lA,.,s a c:,py Provided that before any c.baJliea or the prop:>sed changes sh.all be filed vith the Secretary at leaat te.n (10) days prior to the meeti..cg at which action thereon 11 to be taken, and the Secretary &hall •end • caw ot aaid pr~:,sed cbllllges by certified mail to each C:mmissioncr at least five (5) da.ys prior to said meeti.Dg t::>gether with vri tten notice ot the time and place or such meetings. Fl:n:ployees '.nle becutive Officer may in accord.a.nee with the authority delegated to him 'by the C:::a:mi.uion, employ or discha.rge a.oy ~ployee or make other special pr:ivisions thereto. XIII. Report The Ca::c.i ssioo ab.all, 0Jl :,r be!::2re the fust day or Much of eve:cy yee.r, su.bir.i t a vri tten report to the ~ d o! the County or --------or contain a statement of the doings or Commissioners Michige.n, 'Which rep:lrt shall the C:cclssi:m curir..g the precedilla calend~ yu.r. I, -------------, Secretary o! the -------- County Parks and Recreation C:zncission, do hereby certify that the ab:,ve is a true copy of the ~ylaus, made, appr:,ved, and effected _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,19_. Secretary County ~rr_s i Recreat i on Ca:r.lissi~n. �I I Dm • evie asken _,._. -- .._, architect: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalkaska-County_Master-Recreation-Plan_1985 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board, Kalkaska County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-10 Title A name given to the resource Kalkaska County Master Recreation Plan Description An account of the resource The Kalkaska County Master Recreation Plan was prepared by the Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board and approved by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in October 1985. Subject The topic of the resource Recreation--planning Master plan reports Kalkaska County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives