449 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/98a8e2ffe507c08f7c3bbebe8cd35ec6.jpg 45051fd2cfd119362c73cf7cf541ee8d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Believing and Belonging on Campus Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Interfaith Photovoice Description An account of the resource During the 2024 Winter semester at GVSU, the Kaufman Interfaith Institute and Interfaith Photovoice hosted nine students from different religious, spiritual, and secular backgrounds for a semester-long cohort centered on storytelling. By using predominantly mobile-phone photography, these students explored what it meant to believe and belong on campus and in the greater West Michigan community. This project was designed to help capture their experiences and stories, to enable them to find their voice through photography. The cohort culminated in an exhibition displayed on multiple GVSU campuses and curated by the students around three self-selected themes: Religious & Spiritual Practices, Barriers to Belonging, and Creating Welcoming Spaces. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource College students Belonging Hinduism Islam Judaism Students, Foreign LGBTQ+ people Orthodox Eastern Church Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2024-Kaufman-Exhibit-9 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lex Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Title A name given to the resource Religious & Spiritual Practices 9 Description An account of the resource Growing up, I didn't have a lot of exposure to LGBT books, fiction or non-fiction. Every reference was treated with a great deal of sterility and distance if not complete dismissal. So to find out we had an entire little library on campus dedicated to queer literature was beyond wonderful. Everything I had wished I was able to read growing up was right here in one place. To have something like this on campus is such a joy because it means our stories get to be celebrated just like everyone else's. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute (exhibitor) Subject The topic of the resource LGBTQ+ people College students Belonging Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Kaufman Interfaith Institute Relation A related resource Believing and Belonging on Campus: An Interfaith Photovoice Project (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9d6191c0577aa2a524a77bd6276dcbd1.pdf 8f083f87440300c39b3c8ff2cf88cc15 PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW15495 Title A name given to the resource Joseph E. Bradford from Horatio T. Libby Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869-12-04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Libby, Horatio T. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Patent Office Engines Patents Machinists Portland (Me.) New York (N.Y.) Description An account of the resource Request from Horatio T. Libby, an engine machinist, that Joseph E. Bradford investigate a patent held by Henry Bailey. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9aa2d6441443b4c771e133be82fbf84c.pdf 439e624e384f0d104825ff4bdc473c0d PDF Text Text Speaking Out Western Michigan’s Civil Rights Histories Grand Valley State University Special Collections Interviewee: Jeff Lichon Interviewers: Grace Faoro, Cody Holtrop, Eli Rytlewski and Michael Vallentine Supervising Faculty: Melanie Shell-Weiss Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/3/2012 Biography and Description Jeff Lichon was born and raised in West Michigan. He discusses his struggles with disability after being in a car accident at age 15. Transcript FAORO: All right to get started. Jeff how old is you and where are you from originally? LICHON: I am 33 years old and I am originally from Saginaw. FAORO: Okay so from around here. LICHON: Yes, I’m a local. FAORO: Now, what was it like growing up in Saginaw, and this area? LICHON: I personally, Michigan I think is the greatest place in the world. I love it. We got the if this is about diversity Michigan is a perfect example of that only in a different way, I think its we have the change of the seasons and we’ve got fresh water that you don’t have to worry about getting eaten by sharks. But honestly it was, its home. I mean I’m comfortable here and I think I’ll always come back here or relocate back here. if I move away or anything like that for a period of time or whatever. There is a lot out there to see but in the big little world, this is still home and I grew up with mom dad and an older sister. she did the normal sibling rivalry and everything and I always tried being the peacemaker and stuff in the family. FAORO: Was she much older than you? LICHON: Two and half years. FAORO: Okay so you guys were pretty close in age. LICHON: Yeah and we are very close still. She’s lives in Grand Rapids as a matter of fact, and has been there for close to 10 years. So yeah. FAORO: Have you ever lived anywhere else but this area or have you always lived kind of stuck around? Page 1 �LICHON: I’ve lived in right out of my undergrad I lived in the Metro Detroit area for a total of 5 years. Two different companies and then eventually I started at Dow in the rotational program and my second rotation was in Washington D.C and I spend 6 months out there. FAORO: Now what is a rotational program just out of curiosity? I don’t really know. LICHON: It’s a where I started at Dow, its kind of an entry level position I’m Public affairs its called Public Affairs Developmental Program and Mike’s dad hired me into Dow actually. So but at any rate you do typically you do three 4-6 month rotations. And each one is kind of you typically you stick with the one project area like my first one I worked on sustainability communications and when I was out in D.C I handled the Government Affairs Communication in PR and what not so and then I ended up actually coming out of rotation because a position became available and it was a good fit. FAORO: Now where did you go to school and what did you study? LICHON: My undergrad was at Central Michigan University and I double majored in logistics and marketing and a Journalism minor. I did two years at Delta College too actually. I got my associates in Business. It took me while, starting out I didn’t know what I wanted to do . FAORO: That’s pretty common. LICHON: Well yeah like anybody, what do you want to do the rest of your life? well okay, that’s easy… not its not. FAORO: You’re 19 choose now. LICHON: Exactly, no pressure so I started out in psychology and when my dad asked me what I wanted to do with that, I said that was a good question. I think teaching would be natural for me and somewhere down the road maybe I could retire I’ll teach or something. I have actually been a substitute teacher, taught for a little while in local high schools in Saginaw. and So then between my first and second years at Delta I went from within a two week period I changed my mind starting with Psychology to Pre-Med to Pre-Law to Business. So I got my associates in Business at CMU and did the Marketing Logistics, I knew I wanted to do something to take advantage of my creative side and what not, so Marketing was kind of an -natural fit. I joined the co-ed Business Fraternity there so I wanted to do something social but also help be a good rese builder too. FAORO: Right connections and working. LICHON: Exactly. So everybody in the business Fraternity, not everybody, but several people were doing this double major logistics and marketing and I was like what the heck is logistics? So I looked into it and it seemed like a growing field a lot of opportunity and what not and its funny I get to maybe a little bit about what I’m doing with Dow actually. I kind of came full circle with the logistics thing, it actually helped me further down the road and I wouldn’t even know about it back then. so at any rate, I ended up, the 5 years I spend in Detroit were in international logistics operations and like the first company was CH Robinson. If I’m getting too much detail or something stop me. Page 2 �FAORO, VALLENTINE, and RYTLEWSKI: No! You’re good. LICHON: Okay, it was a little over two years with CH Robinson shipping Scott’s fertilizer via the ocean and airfreight around the world. by the container load, the big ocean containers in the large ocean vessels. and it was good experience but it was not I didn’t really see myself doing, and I didn’t feel it was a great use of my talent and all of that. so I left CH Robinson and got a job at Chrysler and was a contractor there with eagle global logistics. I was doing a similar thing only, Chrysler vehicles around air and ocean freight it was, it was, special operations. It wasn’t high vole, getting the production company. like thousands of cars around the world and stuff like that. But, there were cars used in commercials when the Jeep Commander came out with the little roller, frozen in a block of ice? That was actually filmed at the southern hemisphere proving ground in New Zealand; I shipped that vehicle there. FAORO: Wow LICHON: Yeah, so it was kind of cool. it was a step up from, it was kind of moving in the right direction. Its still not exactly what I wanted to do. I spent three years there. While I was there I got my MBA from Michigan State. I did the weekend MBA program and felt that that would help me, go that next level. FAORO: Get you where you wanted. LICHON: Exactly. And I would’ve come to find out that it did. I was able to; I interviewed with Dow and it. I was not only able to switch companies but to switch fields. because I wanted to get into circling back to my undergrad, the journalism minor that I got. I also, do some freelance outdoor travel and like disability writing and for various magazines. You just send inquiries in; my dad has also done on the side as a kind of hobby. And I always enjoy writing, and enjoy the outdoors, and traveling and what not, so it was a natural fit, and so I’m like I wanted that I could behind me to give me some more credibility for my writing. So I go the Journalism minor. I could come to find out that it helped me get into Dow. I didn’t have any communications experience per say, besides the minor, I have done some public speaking, to various groups nationally, local and what not, for my injury. so all of those things kind of came together and helped me, along with the MBA, to get into Dow, to change fields from logistics to communications, which are pretty, you can imagine, there are many difference between the two. FAORO: I’m really interested in the writing you do for the outdoors, and the public speaking you do. Can you elaborate on that a little? LICHON: Gosh when did that start? FAORO: Like how did you get into it, like the opportunities kind of thing? LICHON: I’ll start with the writing. That’s easier. As I mentioned my dad always did that on the side. we always used to go hunting together, pheasant hunting, duck hunting, go out on the Saginaw Bay and he did this boats and blinds column for Wild Flower Magazine. He did this for 15-17 years and wrote for other Magazines. So I said I wanted to do that. The contact, connections and I said hey I’m interested in writing, and I submitted an inquiry. My first article was in the Michigan Outdoors on how to preserve Page 3 �your game after you shoot a deer or a duck or something. If you want to get it mounted. So pretty basic, but helpful right. And I just started from there; it was easy for me because it’s like what do you like to do? And write about it. So so I just started from there. I did my own LLC access outdoors (Limited Liability Company). And what else? I have written for some national publications now. I’m still kind of in the name building thing because over the years I have had gaps where I haven’t consistently kept my name out there so I have written for regional reports for Great Lake Fishing and Hunting News, on the Saginaw Bay Region, I did that for about a year or so. what’s going on in fishing and hunting and stuff, and where the hot spots, things like that. It was interesting, and then I would find when I would go on a trip somewhere, it would line up different activities adventures and stuff like that because I’m an adventurous guy I like those things. Every year I would try to do an in state and out of state trip and do different things. I mentioned I’m going down to Florida tomorrow. I work on lining up a fishing trip for Goliath grouper. They can get up to 600 pounds. So something like that. I am also trying, disabled water skiing for my first time down there. A week from today I’ll be on some inland lake. Hopefully no alligators are out there and I’ll be water skiing. So that will be fun, I hope. Hopefully not to overly adventurous. FAORO: How do you do disabled water skiing? I just like… LICHON: I down hill ski too, so I’m guessing that the fall in the water isn’t as hard but. Your basically, I’ve seen different ones. I mean there are some that are narrower skis and they have a bucket seat on it and your legs are secured in, your feet are strapped in. VALLENTINE: Pulls you up? LICHON: It pulls you up. Yeah. VALLENTINE: So that’s essentially the same thing as snow skiing too, right? LICHON: Yeah. VALLENTINE: Cause I’ve seen that. LICHON: I love it. It’s a good time. So I’m trying to get back to what I was leading into here. Hum, so… so always try and do in state out of state trips. I find a couple things to do that are non-typical for someone with a disability and then write about it. And maybe open up people with other disability, whether it’s physical or mental, open up their perspectives and hopefully their options and actually get out and do the things they want to do. So, I went to the National Cherry Festival in Traverse City and Mackinaw Island. Okay, and you just write about different things and how easy it is to get around and things you can do. In Traverse City I went to, I went on the tall ship Manitou out in West Grand Traverse Bay and went Parasailing. So, I wrote about those and I tried getting up with the Blue Angels that year but it didn’t pan out. They take up members of the media every year, I can guarantee you, just about guarantee that I will have been the first person with a spinal cord injury to ride in a fighter jet. That would have been cool. That would’ve been good publicity for them, wouldn’t it? Page 4 �FAORO: Now when you write, do you find that like any people in the disabled community are like really inspired or have you heard from anyone about your writings or anything? LICHON: No. Well the thing is people, I mean sports and spokes and paraplegic news are sister publications from the paralyzed veterans of America and I’ve written for both of them. FAORO: Are you a Veteran? LICHON: No. I wish it was that honorable. No, car accident. And s I can talk about that too if you’d like? FAORO: Are you comfortable? LICHON: Yeah, absolutely. … losing track of what I was saying. RYTLEWSKI: You were talking about writing for the association… LICHON: Oh yeah. The PBA and stuff. So they’re a national publication so they have good reader ship and if it helps one person or 2 people, whatever, I think that’s making a difference there. But I always look to, for meaning in things I do. What’s going to make an impact on lives of people? Not just people with disabilities but anybody. FAORO: Open the eyes of people who aren’t disabled maybe… LICHON: Yea, yea. The perspective of people with disabilities now has changed a lot since, I mean there was a huge movement back in the 60s and 70s and following Vietnam. With people coming back with these injuries and from war and having these types of injuries. Whether its post-dramatic stress, spinal injuries, head injuries and stuff like that. There was a big movement because they were coming back and even though; the country was very anti-war and anti-veteran and treated everyone bad, it was probably that much worse for those who were coming back with these catastrophic injuries. These life changing things that could actually, probably do more good for society and helping facilitate better back in the normal word, sort of speak. But it didn’t. There were big fights through those years. early in the 90s we ended up getting the American Disabilities Act from President Bush. that has been a hug step and has really opened up opportunities and the ability of people with, probably in a lot more respect of physical disabilities than mental. To get out because more things are accessible. Well new buildings are instructed; they now have to incorporate burrier free design and things like that. All public buildings have to be accessible. Anytime an old building is modified in anyway it has to be retrofitted with accessible designs as well and things like that. So, coming back to the present I think that the awareness of people with a disability has increased significantly and just over the things that have been leading over the years but there is still a ways to go. I mean no one thinks of himself or herself of wanting to have a disability; I was thrown into it when I was fifteen. It was something that happened to me, I spent 15 years walking and all of a sudden… You are either born with one, you sustain one somewhere. As people age different things come up, whether it’s dementia or whatever. So, no one ever think of themselves as having a disability. There are a lot of challenges of raising the awareness and I think now with the war and Iraq, the technology we have today there is going to be more people surviving their injuries at war cause of technology and these soldiers are going to come back and they are going to Page 5 �want to work and live a normal life and so you are going to see a lot more people in society with different types of injuries and disabilities, mental or physical or whatever. So, that’s definitely going to, I mean that’s unfortunate that it happens, but it is what it is and I think it is definitely going to help increase that awareness level and you’ll see just more; I think what that ultimately leads to is people have a different perspective on life. They see things differently right? FAORO: Yeah. LICHON: So, case in point, myself. I played football, baseball, basketball, soccer, skied, track, everything. It was April 26 of 1994, which will be 18 years next month since my accident and I got home from baseball practice and instead of doing my homework, like I probably should have, I ended up walking over to my buddies house to play basketball with another buddy. It was a few blocks from my house and I got there and I remember playing horribly and I don’t know, it’s just something you remember. So, was playing horribly and I had just gotten the first Rage Against the Machine CD and I wanted to play it on my buddy’s stereo because he had these big speakers. These box speakers. I remember getting ready to leave and that was it. What happened beyond that was a kid in my class had just got his drivers license, we weren’t close friends but we were friends of friends. We didn’t hang out all the time. So, he had just gotten a new truck and my buddy and me were about to walk home. The kid said hop in the bed of the truck and ill give you a ride home. So, we’re 15 years old, so of course. We were invincible then. FAORO: Yea, free ride. LICHON: Yea why not. Might be cool, whatever. So, there were 3 guys in the cab so we hopped in the bed and when we took off, I laid down in the bed cause I didn’t want to get thrown out and so that’s what I was told. So, the driver was messing around, lost control and went up a curb. On the same street that the kid’s house was that we were playing basketball at. And he hit a tree going about 50 and the driver had a concussion, the kid in the middle seat had 15 stitches across his knees, the kid in the passenger seat had a few stitches across his lip. Had we hit on the passenger side instead of the driver side, the kid in the passenger seat would have been killed because the hood came up through the wind so far it would have sliced his head open. It was bad. When I first saw the truck post-injury it was surreal. I called it the eight wonder of the world cause I was amazed anyone survived it. So, my buddy was in the bed of the truck with me and ended up getting 2 stitches in his finger cause he was holding on when we hit. I had a broken back. Which your spine has your cervical, which is in your neck, Your thorax, which I think has 7 vertebrate there. So they measure it like C1,C2,C3. So you have 12 thoracic, which are all your, which is the bulk of your back, your spine. there are 12 of those. Then you got your lumbar, which is your lower back, your sacru, and your praxis. I broke 3 vertebrate, T5,T6,T7. Which is just chest level here. had I broke my spinal cord one or two higher I probably would have lost some function in my arms and hands and stuff. I am very fortunate for as severe as it was and that I didn’t get some sort of head injury from bouncing around the bed of the truck. excuse me. So I had a broken back, a bruised heart, collapsed lung, and 3 broken ribs. Short term memory loss for 2-3 days pretty mild fortunately. I guess it was good that I didn’t get a head injury, though I guess some of my friends would argue against that, sometimes I may have one. (Laughing) Joking, ok. so I spent 3 weeks in St. Marys Page 6 �Hospital in Saginaw. had surgery where they put titani rods in my back to stabilize the spine. they took a bone chip out of my hip and fused the 3 veribrate together. They pulled bone chips out of my spinal cord, which caused that and the swelling from the traa caused the injury. So basically your spinal cord is about the diameter of your pinky and if theres, think about the diameter of a internet cable or something like that, or wifi; how intricate is some of the cables if you just break one of those it breaks the signal so that’s how the nerves are going through, they are just so tight together and any type of damage or shifting of the spine, swelling, can cause permanent disability. And if ya just tweak it. I hope I am not making anyone quezy if you are gonna be eating after this or anything (Laughes) FAORO, VALLENTINE, and RYTLEWSKI: (laughing) No we are alright LICHON: I spend three weeks, they fused 3 vertibrate together and pulled bone chips out of the spine. After that I went to grand rapids and spent 2 months in rehab for at Mary Free Bed by the hospital there, right on Wealthy St. FAORO: Oh I have seen stuff for that. LICHON: Kinda near the gaslight district? Or something? VALLENTINE: Something like that LICHON:I don’t think it’s a redlight district (Laughes) LICHON: Anyways, well I spent 2 months there and I had to relearn pretty much everything we take for granted. I had to relearn how to reach down and tie my shoes, I could not reach my feet right after my injury to put on shoes and socks, to get dressed, I had to relearn all that. But like I said, I had to relearn to transfer from the wheelchair to a real chair or a vehicle. Initially I was using what was called a sliding board. It’s just a very thin, solid board, about this long. That you slide under one hip then ya put it into the vehicle or onto the chair or something like that. I never thought I was never going to not have to depend on that just because it was that difficult to do. I had to relearn getting around the house, taking a shower, , bladder/ bowel considerations come into play. I mean everything was different. and so. After my, after I spent two months there, I came home, started my junior year in high school, no sports. Looked into getting back into hunting and fishing, because those we like my nber one passions. worked with my family and friends into getting back into doing the things I used to do as much as possible. yeah it was hard, it was an adjustment. Especially, as you can imagine for a 15 year old, it’s such a critical time in your life, in high school, in your development. Emotionally and all that. But I had awesome friends and family who were very supportive. I got right back that fall into hunting. there were some things I was kinda resistant to like, like I didn’t wanna be identified by my injury, by the disability or anything like that. I still wanted to be jeff FAORO: Right LICHON: ? And i think that was one personal battle that anyone who goes through anything like that would have. That you ultimately find out that you are only fighting yourself (laughs) and everyone still Page 7 �sees you for who you are in the end. but still it’s such a significant change. Going back to now, the idea that people with disabilities have a different perspective on life, because of a significant life challenge. I think. (bing noise) (laughing) RYTLEWSKI: Is it dying on me? (laughing) LICHON: See everyone has a different outlook on life and everything because of the challenges that you have gone through. So, that all ties into your work ethic, ties into your outlook on life. My motto is you only live once doesn’t mean that you have to be wild and reckless, it just means life’s short. It’s very short, I can’t believe I am 33 now; it’s hard to believe that 18 years have gone by since my accident, since that accident. But it’s just been an incredible 18 years. The opportunities I have had with people I have met, who knows where I would be today? Maybe the injury, I believe things happen for a reason. Maybe had the injury not happened, something would have happened where I would have died? You never know right? So I take every moment, I try to live in the moment. Do what it, what I feel is going to be a positive impact to people and doing the things also that I wanna do. Where when I get 50 60 years old whatever, and i look back and say man I wish I did that. I think regrets are hard for anybody. But now I think I have that perspective where people think about that and go, they think that they don’t like regrets and they think that they don’t wanna miss out on a opportunity in life. So I am actually going one step further and actually trying to do those things that I wanna do. traveling, and whatever down the road, getting married, having a family. Whatever is important to you, its personal to everybody. What they wanna do in life and stuff. So, my ultimate goal is to achieve greatness. (laughing) FAORO: I like it (laughing) LICHON: Yeahh RYTLEWSKI: You’re on your way there LICHON: Yeah! A long way there, I don’t ever think I’ll reach like dali llama status or anything like that (laughing) LICHON: Which is fine FAORO: Hey, don’t knock yourself down, you never know (laughing) FAORO: Dalli llama might be right here in midland Page 8 �LICHON: Yeah right! (laughing) LICHON: I’d rather be in the mountains (laughing) LICHON: So do you have any questions? FAORO: Maybe wrapping it back to Dow and now, with your disability are you involved in Dow in any way? RYTLEWSKI: DEN right? It’s called den? LICHON: Yeah right, RYTLEWSKI: Talk about that a little bit, my dad told me about it LICHON: Yes, ok so when I started at Dow I was in the rotational program, I had god what was the, trying to think of the timeline of everything cause it happened so quickly. Your dad gave me a lot of opportunity real fast. (Laughing). And so, yeah, DEN is the Disability Employ Network and I am the global chair no pun intended (Laughing). All right. OK. And Rob, Mike’s dad of course who hired me in, got me involved with the network, when I started. within like 2 or 3 months I was co-chair with Brenda Keeler, who at the time was the chair. And so then, that was with the understanding that eventually I would become chair. I was like ok, a year down the road or something, I’m at a new job and a new company. Nope, 2 months later I’m the chair. That opened up a lot of doors for me, but through that I’ve gone and spoke to, the, what was it? Allegiance of State Employees with disabilities, which is State of Michigan employees, that have disabilities. I have gone to national conferences for students with disabilities, I have had speaking opportunities, I’ve gotten to travel around a little bit and meet a lot of people, it was an awesome networking opportunity just for me for a personal standpoint. that wasn’t the only thing like, I a lot of people think, its kinda like the jeep syndrome, you drive a jeep everyone thinks everyone who has a jeep waves to everybody who has a jeep. OK, you’re in a wheelchair people think so and so, you work at Dow, do so and so? Well, there’s like 2 or 3 thousand people I’ve met with. You never know it’s a small town. So, people think because you have some sort of disability people think everything about every disability. Which is, isn’t further from the couldn’t be further from the truth. I was able to meet a lot of different people who have different disabilities, who who’s children have disabilities, or who know someone with a disability. And I have been able to go and speak to people with new disabilities injuries and stuff like that. Spinal injuries around the area, stuff like that. So it was a huge learning for me to be involved with them. I mean it opened up my eyes a lot ? I was able to I’m kind of a focal point for corporate center accessibility. So anytime, our facilities, is looking to put in automatic doors, or whatever I work with them. in doing that. Well I have to take in consideration for other disabilities, people who are blind, people who are deaf, things like that. So, again its my scope was just spinal cord injury, physical disabilities, using a wheelchair right. So that kind of helped me open up my perspective more and see a broader, aspect of disabilities I guess scope. Page 9 �Excuse me, and it was also and this is one of my favorite parts because, I like to give back to, people or anyone or anything that gives me an opportunity, so the opportunities I’ve had a Dow and with Den and with my career, with my growth and the people I’ve been able to work with, and meet through the company and through Den, have been awesome. And I naturally want to give back. So, by being visible around the company and having trying to fill the high profile and whatnot, I think opens up other people’s eyes, right . And helps them to learn, and maybe and however way in everyone is personal but a source of inspiration for them in some way. and everything whether I’m going on a business trip seeing what I do on a daily basis to get around and do the things I do, I think people have a greater appreciation for what they have. I hope so, ? because it’s a workout everyday, both physical and mental. And yeah I’m in pretty good shape (laughing) upper body ? (Laughing) So, you’re transcribing this right? FAORO: Yeah (laughing) LICHON: And but I mean getting up in the morning, is a lot more work than falling out of bed I could actually hurt myself. Falling in bed for you is probably just because your really tired or something, (Laughing) I have to really, I have to take care of myself that much more, to be able to go on to the things I want to do in life. so its it takes longer in the morning to get ready, somewhat. And especially like, however busy the last day or several days were, my upper body, I mean my arms are my legs ? Arms are not built to do the work that legs are built to do. So, if I’m going the halls in Dow are ridiculous in length. they have even though its not 70’s shag carpet, they have a carpet down through the halls and stuff, and that adds to the drag, I mean just little things like that make it a little more difficult to get around. But, I’ve conditioned myself to do that, but still, over the course of a day a busy day, your doing meeting after meeting, and your not only exercising yourself mentally your taxing from that perspective. But, you’ve got the physical aspect in there too. how many times a day I think man, I’m exhausted mentally or something you just had a busy day of classes, or its hot. You get tired right? Your ready to cash out, so being physically and mentally exhausted, when you get up in the morning the last thing you want to do is get up. Even though my mind isn’t mentally exhausted, my arms might and my shoulders and stuff. So, I still have to take care of myself, I mean, if I sprain a wrist, or tear a rotator cuff or something like that. I mean that will have a massive effect on my ability to do things, ? Just I go to physical therapy still, 18 years later I’m going twice a week, as a maintenance program, because of my injury I get muscle spasms. If I have a stressful day my legs are going to be like super tight, I’m always trying to stretch them out and move them around, and stay active just to keep them limber, things like that. So, I’m going to physical therapy, weekly massage which I always feel kind of snooty saying that but it’s important because it helps the skin integrity because you can get skin break down with spinal cord injury because your sitting down all the time, ? That’s another consideration I’ve taken account, if I get a pressure sore, where your sit bones are, because I have muscle atrophy your not using your legs like you used to. I mean just think if you stopped working out, or having your hockey practice and things like that, your probably not going to be in serious shape, if you not using them. LICHON: So at any rate, there’s a lot of different considerations, that I have to take into account, and but, where I tie this all back to, or I always try to tie this my injury my disability back to is that, every Page 10 �single person people with disabilities don’t want to be seen as, as different as being identified by their disability. FAORO: Like you said you don’t want to be defined by it. LICHON: Right, right, yeah, and so how I tie it back I say that everybody is the same well (laugh) there not, ok. I mean you two are as different from each other as you two are everybody does things in their own way. so, no people don’t want to say ok, your disabled, they don’t want to hear that. Or that you have a disability or anything, so so, we want to identify that we have an injury. I don’t think of myself as having a disability, I do things differently because I have to, because I have what I call an injury, right. It’s classified as a disability right? so is I think addiction to coffee or something, I don’t know, some weird things like, in the American medical association. So, people may be born with, who end up being like multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy or things like that, that’s a genetic thing, and fortunately with spinal cord injury, its not debilitating like some of those conditions or what not. its with spinal cord injuries its like something you acquire throughout the course of you life, so I identify it as my injury, I know its classified as a disability, and I’m not saying that people can’t say it’s a disability or anything like that, because it doesn’t bother me right. And so, when people ask like “Well aren’t you mad?” or “Aren’t people with disabilities mad, angry at life and this and that?” I’m like “Alright buddy,” people think that, they think they were dealt an unfair hand in life. I say it was such a po, I mean, if I had the choice being on my feet or not, yeah I’d be walking, just the opportunities I’ve been given, and the people I’ve met that I’ve mentioned have been just so incredible over the past 18 years. How can you say its been disabled? So, when people say are you mad, or aren’t people with disabilities angry at life, if you were an angry person before an injury or disability than you will probably be the same after. You are who you are right? And, yeah I’ve had my challenges of trying to figure out, especially when all of my friends were going away to college I was going to Delta. I had a challenging time of trying to figure out like “Man this Is kind of scary now, its getting real,” Your so busy in high school and everything that its you don’t really pay attention, I mean you just always go, go, go. And then when things maybe start to slow down, and you have to kind of choose a direction, what’s that direction you want to choose? I didn’t like the alternatives not going forward, and people are like, “Have you ever thought, considered a thought of committing suicide?” No, frankly it scares me, so no, I’m like, “That’s not in me,” what I mean? and so, the people who think that or, or, think its OK to go go shoot up a school, you see it in many different aspects of life not just disabilities, people’s attitudes are, I know this might sound cliché, but peoples attitudes are the biggest disabilities ? What people choose to do with their life is their choice, people don’t take enough accountability for themselves, responsibility for themselves, and its your own fault if you don’t make of yourself what you want to do in life. With me, I have this opportunity in my injury to get out and make something of it, and to go, achieve greatness (laughing). I mean kind of tongue and cheek, but there is a lot of seriousness to that ? And so, again it goes back to when I, when I get old and grey, or older and grey, then I don’t want to look back and say “ man I wish I did that, or gosh I’m ticked I didn’t do that, or make something of myself,” because its fun being here (laughing) ? And having life we don’t know what comes after. But, your still why not have fun while you’re here and take the most to seize every opportunity that you can, and and when you get to the end of say, “alright I did my best.” Page 11 �FAORO: I have a question more about like, now I know you said about your physical rehabilitation and your very obviously comfortable, but was it always that way? Or was there like a mental rehabilitation you kind of had to go through first? Like to get comfortable and get acceptance? LICHON: Yeah, absolutely, the same magazines that I said I wrote for, “paraplegic news and spokes in sports” I didn’t want anything to do with them when I got home from rehab in Grand Rapids, I thought they were the same thing I didn’t want to identify with, and now I end up writing for them and I have subscriptions to them for years. FAORO: Do you think it had to do with maturity to? as you got older, or just kind of you were young and it was just kind of a different mindset then. LICHON: Sure, yeah absolutely, yeah your 15 years old how mature are you really? We think we are but its just like so and I’ve always, I guess been told that I have a higher maturity level which I guess is maybe contributed to handling it the way I did when I was at Mary Freebed in Grand Rapids I had to see a social worker like starting out for a few weeks once or a couple of times. And she said to me, “Don’t you think that your taking this a little too well?” And that was the last appointment I had with her, because it ticked me off that she would ask such a thing, I’m like, “How could you take this too well?” There’s a difference between being what’s the word? like between oblivious to something or ignorance is one thing, I mean you could, ignorance you could learn and correct that. but denial I think is another thing, and I wasn’t denying because in the story I tell people and I’ll get to my struggle here in a minute but the story I tell people that I’ve kind of kept as my attitude throughout is that the next morning following my accident I woke up, tubes coming out of me everywhere, monitors up keeping track of my heartbeat, my mom and my dad and a nurse. And I’ve just gotten contact lenses and was having a heck of a time getting used to them and putting them in and everything. So, I woke up and there were like a lot of friends out in the lobby and my sister was out there and stuff. But there was just the 4 of us in the room and I started looking around and I felt that I could see clearly and I’m like looking at the monitors and like “this is kind of weird ” I was conscious throughout the entire night but I don’t remember it, they did all sorts of tests throughout the night to figure out what happened and stuff. but, so I knew what had happened, I kind of knew, OK, this sucks or something pretty serious had happened. That’s about all I needed to know at that particular point. To figure out that some things are going to have to start to change. So I’m looking around and its clear and I’m like, I’m looking at everybody my mom and dad, I just woke up and there just like, “Oh hey Jeff,” and I’m like, “Hey, are my contacts still in?” And they all just looked at each other like I was nuts. Whats this kid worrying about his contacts for? (Laughing) FAORO: My contacts (Laughing) LICHON: Yeah, because that, at 15 those are some of the things your, your worried about I guess right? so I always say to people, “My first thought was OK, what’s next? Life goes on and what’s next, what do I have to do here? There’s still things that I have to worry about besides figuring out what the next step is.” I didn’t know what would come next, I didn’t know I would have to start learning again how to get into a car and get dressed, and shower and all that stuff, but I guess I was going to find out . But at any Page 12 �rate, I mentioned earlier that at out of high school some of my friends stuck around and also went to Delta or FSU and some of my friends went away, and then after like the first year some of my other friends went away and I started figuring out I was going to have to make some choices . Be a big boy, get grown up and determine what the next however many years of my life were going to be. Or even the next day sort of thing. So, started kind of freaking me out, I’m like, “I’m not quite feeling myself here,” it’s a little scary I mean that’s intimidating for anybody to figure out what they want do, let alone someone at 15, 16, 17 or 18 who just has an injury like I had or some sort of disclosure. So, at that point I’m like, “OK I think I need to start maybe talking to somebody, and sorting through these things,” so I started going to counseling for, I don’t know a year and a half maybe, it started out once or twice a week or so, and basically all that amounted to or people say, “ Oh your seeing a shrink,” Ok that’s there perspective or attitude. But the thing was I needed to figure things out, and what that allowed me to do was to unravel what I had wound myself up into, through my 15, 16 years of life, and actually disconnect myself from qualities that I felt were not gonna be beneficial to me not just from a personal perspective but from my injury perspective, what I mean? so, I mean there were a lot of things I found like the more negative I am the more tone I get in my legs the more stress I feel, and the more toll it takes and so the more I can figure out how to work around those moments or situations the better off I’m going to be in the long run. The more longevity I’ll be able to have because I think, a small part of me I think I have a self destructive personality in some (laughing), I like to have fun and party, get a little wild skiing or whatever stuff like that. Well but, at the same time your those things are going to be that much more detrimental to me if I were to get injured like I mentioned earlier, like if I injured my arms or my shoulder or whatever. And so, same thing mentally is that I had to kind of deconstruct myself a bit and not only did I relearn physical things like getting dressed and showering etc. but I also started to have to relearn myself, and why do I behave certain ways? maybe I’m upset or angry about my parents being divorced when I was in the 8th grade ? Well, OK, let go of that. Or maybe I’m angry because my friend didn’t let me sit shotgun (Laughing). Honestly, we store so much of that in our selves that we don’t even realize and I mean I literally no, I guess its not literally, but I pick myself apart to figure out what was going to be in my best interest to be as a person going forward, and so that was one of the most helpful and transformational periods in my life . I didn’t like start going to the top of the hill screaming hallelujah or anything like that or become like, I was born and raised Catholic and stuff I have very deep values and faith and what not and definitely there’s the aspect I feel that God helped me through a lot of the stuff but it wasn’t that fanatical. FAORO: You didn’t like see the light; you kind of had to way your way through it. LICHON: Yeah, I think we all have to help ourselves here and still like I mentioned have that accountability and responsibility for yourself, and I just wish that a lot more people could go through, go through that who maybe were heading or are heading in a direction that they may not want to see themselves going things like that, so yeah so it was definitely that was the most challenging mentally, but it was the best I think thing for me to go through because I was able to, it was like a rebirth in a lot of ways, and yeah so now as they say “the rest is history,” I mean I still now have, I mean I’m still the same person I was then, I just like I said I changed a lot of things about the way I act, react or how I Page 13 �respond to things or different situations and stuff like that. Which, I still get ticked off if I have a hard day at work (Laughing). FAORO: Yeah, like anyone. LICHON: Yeah my boss is so, getting on my case and stuff (Laughing). Sorry Eli (Laughing), no I challenge back (Laughing) but I choose my battles more now than I probably would have what I mean? So, yeah, I think a lot of where I am now is just kind of a testament to that period that I went through ? so, RYTLEWSKI: It really seems like with this injury it really hasn’t limited you at all, I mean not at all, I mean you still do things, your kind of like proving to people that look you has a disability. LICHON: I do things the way I have to do them, which are different from the way Mike does them, or you do them, or you do them, I mean I play hockey sled hockey. RYTLEWSKI: I want to play that sometime. LICHON: Dude, you have to come out its awesome, I’m trying to get a team together. RYTLEWSKI: I gotta do it sometime, you told me about it. LICHON: Yeah, they have a sled there so, I have my own hockey sled I have my own hand cycle, so I still go biking, I’m working on getting my own down hill sit ski for snow, and like I mentioned I’m going water skiing in a week, in a week from today because I want to get my own water ski, so I’ll have my own equipment so that when I go up with friends I don’t have to depend on an adaptive sports association, which is who I learned to ski with Michigan Adaptive Sports, I won’t have to depend on the weekends and the places that they go, I can go with friends now, skiing places, I can go water skiing when my friends get boats (Laughing). Or when I get one but things like that and I guess the hunting and fishing thing there’s still like my nber one passion there, and with hunting its water, and that’s kind of the hardest thing to do your going out in the marsh, your going out in a cut corn field, or your taking boats with lots of equipment, your setting decoys you’ve got your retriever with you, not your buddy your dog (Laughing) and things like that so I mean your pulling the canoe off your truck or off your trailer. I had a jet ski and I managed that completely by myself independently while I had it. loved it (Laughing) I miss it so much! I want it back (Laughing) and things like that so but I think when I get a house I’ll be able to get everything set up. Right now I have a condo, and its difficult like I want a dog so bad, we grew up with female black labs and that’s exactly what I’m going to get, but I’m not going to get it at a condo. Why did I get a condo? Well I came back from D.C. and I was starting a new position, I wanted I’ve been renting for ten and I wanted to not have to worry about exterior and keeping up with the lawn and stuff because I’m pretty meticulous like, I guess I’m anal about that stuff ? Its like, so I didn’t want to necessarily want to focus on that stuff, I had enough challenges but I want to get a house eventually. get my female black lab and then I’ll start acculating more stuff and all my hunting and fishing trust me I’ve thought through a lot of it already too. I need a pulley system to store boats up canoes and stuff like that up in the ceiling of the pull barn or in the garage, tie it to the wall and lower it down things like that. So, I’ve thought through a lot and now a lot more equipment is Page 14 �coming like I want to get an Argo, which is a six or eight wheel all-terrain but they are completely hand controlled. The thing is though the one I’m looking at is like $23,000 (Laughing) outfitted. RYTLEWSKI: Oh boy. LICHON: But, somewhere down the road but then like a lot more equipment like lawn mowers, riding lawn mowers are hand controlled now. I cut my dads grass with his Exmark, hop on that and go buzz around. It’s a feeling of freedom still being on a four-wheeler; I’ve had that since ‘97. I keep it up at my dads because he has a pull barn and lives out on the base so I can go out riding around there and stuff. But, I’ll have to figure all of that out myself eventually. (Ring) FAORO: Well we hit the hour mark at least. LICHON: So who do you have to turn this into now? RYTLEWSKI: Well we have to type it up and give it to our teacher. LICHON: Good luck with that, I was all over the place. FAORO: We do 20 minutes each, so we will break it up. RYTLEWSKI: We get to talk about you to the entire class. FAORO: Yeah LICHON: Sweet FAORO: Well we will be nice LICHON: Should I come in at the end with like a superman cape on or something (Laughing) Your gonna blow me up that big or something or Dahli Llama outfit or something (Laughing). RYTLEWSKI: You hungry? VALLENTINE: Some food LICHON: You want to eat, grab some grub, yeah I mean anymore questions or anything that comes up just I’ll give you my cell if you need to clarify or something. FAORO, VALLENTINE, and RYTLEWSKI: Thank you for doing all of this LICHON: No problem RYTLEWSKI: I’m going to come play hockey with you sometime, all right? LICHON: Yeah, there you go. END OF INTERVIEW Page 15 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/61583fa63500093ada3dbcd8f2d47c3a.mp3 a0f7107fd8c92cd698c24a5631501254 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History Personal narratives Oral histories African Americans--Personal narratives Gays--Personal narratives Lesbians--Personal narratives Bisexual people--Personal narratives Transgender people--Personal narratives Veterans--Personal narratives Women--Personal narratives People with disabilities--Personal narratives Muslims--United States--Personal narratives Hispanic Americans--Personal narratives Homophobia Discrimination Islamophobia Stereotypes (Social psychology)--Upper Penninsula (Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Brooks College of Interdisciplinary Studies Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project (GV248-01) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-05-02 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1930-2011 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV248-01_Lichon_Jeff Title A name given to the resource Jeff Lichon audio interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lichon, Jeff Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Faoro, Grace Holtrop, Cody Rytlewski, Eli Vallentine, Michael Description An account of the resource Jeff Lichon was born and raised in West Michigan. He discusses his struggles with disability after being in a car accident at age 15. Subject The topic of the resource Civil rights--Michigan--History People with disabilities--Personal narratives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Relation A related resource Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-03 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f4ea05aadbf8a46d066ea1bb30baa4dd.m4v 6895e2168480e333c8d5b8a70f28d09d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/aadc1c6882ae4a1a22025e39af91b726.pdf 38216568e541d238dbdf7111ce5f41e7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Charles Lieb Vietnam War 1 hour 29 minutes 10 seconds (00:00:20) Early Life -Born on October 27, 1946, in Minneapolis -Grew up and attended high school in Minneapolis -Mother stayed at home and father worked for the electrical industry (00:00:50) Admission into West Point -Best friend wanted to go to West Point, so Charles decided to take the civics test with him -Friend got recruited to play football for Annapolis -Charles decided to pursue West Point -He went to Great Lakes Naval Station for the admission process -Closest major military installation -Took exams and had a physical -Told that he failed the physical, but asked his doctor challenge it -Got a football scholarship to play at Colorado College -On June 27, 1964, he received an acceptance telegram from West Point -Doctor had corrected the medical information -Had 48 hours to accept or decline the admission -Took the admission with orders to report on July 1, 1964 -America wasn’t heavily involved in the Vietnam War -Gulf of Tonkin Incident hadn’t happened, no ground troops in Vietnam (00:03:46) West Point -After the first day they started breaking down the cadets to rebuild them as officers -His was the first class with a five-year enlistment, but got leave for Christmas while in school -First two months at West Point (July and August) were called “Beast Barracks” -Intense training and harassment -Similar to basic training -During the school year he had six days of class and 22 credits -Expected to join a sport -Had one month off during the summer -Gulf of Tonkin Incident happened in August 1964, and ground troops followed in 1965 -Military classes touched on this once the war began -Near graduation there was more preparation for deployment to Vietnam -It wasn’t an easy adjustment -Torn down as an individual and rebuilt as a soldier -Didn’t have a lot of military aptitude -Had to have a friend help him shine his shoes -Between his freshman and sophomore years he went to Camp Buckner, New York -Two months of military training -Exposure to other parts of the Army -Fired artillery and did squad maneuvers -Between his sophomore and junior years, and junior and senior years had choice in duties -Sophomore/junior summer: Camp Buckner or “Beast Barracks” as instructor -Junior/senior summer: One month as acting-lieutenant at base of choice �-He chose instructor during “Beast Barracks” -Chose Fort Carson, Colorado, to serve with a mechanized infantry unit -The regular soldiers treated him like an officer -Some of the older sergeants played tricks on him -One told him to go look for a nonexistent vehicle part -Able to go into New York City on special occasions as an underclassmen -The basketball team was playing in the city, so the cadets got to see them play -Different leave protocols for different years -Freshmen not allowed leaves during the school year -Sophomores allowed two leaves per year -Juniors allowed three leaves per year -Seniors allowed unlimited leaves on the weekend -Played lacrosse and traveled all over the country for games -Dignitaries and high-ranking officers visited West Point -President of Nicaragua visited -General Westmoreland visited -Had Peter Dawkins and Norman Schwarzkopf as instructors -Followed the news of the Vietnam War when he got closer to graduation -Graduated on June 5, 1968 -Got married on June 29, 1968 (00:13:18) Training at Fort Benning -Chose to be in the infantry for his active duty -Given two months of leave after graduating -Sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, for further training -Airborne School, Infantry Officer Basic Course, then Ranger School -Airborne School consisted of learning how to jump out of planes and helicopters -Infantry Officer Basic he learned how to be a platoon leader and company commander -Airborne School lasted three weeks -Infantry Officer Basic Course lasted 16 weeks -Ranger School lasted nine weeks -Infantry Officer Basic took place on the grounds of Fort Benning -Instructors had served in Vietnam, and tried to prepare the men for that duty -The Airborne School and Ranger School were far more intense than the Infantry Officer Basic -Ranger School consisted of three phases -Phase 1 at Fort Benning -Phase 2 in the mountains of Georgia -Phase 3 in the swamps around Eglin Air Force Base, Florida -Completed his training at Fort Benning around Christmas 1968 (00:16:27) Stationed at Fort Bragg -Chose Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to be his first duty station -Reported there in January 1969 -Assigned to the 2nd Battalion of the 504th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division -Acting as a 2nd lieutenant and the S1 of the battalion (managing personnel) -Chose Fort Bragg for a few reasons -Avoid Vietnam a little longer, get an extra $110, and the 82nd had a good reputation -Stationed there or six months -Knew eventually he’d have to go to Vietnam (00:18:04) Deployment to Vietnam -In May 1969 he received his deployment orders �-Left Fort Bragg in mid to late-June -Went to Europe for a month with his wife -Arrived in Spain, and traveled through Spain, France, Italy, Austria, and Germany -Trip ended in late July -Had orders to be in Vietnam by August 11, 1969 -Had some trouble getting back to the United States -Had to wait for a flight to England, then took civilian flight to the US -Landed at New York City then drove to Minneapolis -Stayed in Minneapolis for two days before flying to Travis Air Force Base, California -Took a chartered commercial flight to Vietnam -Stopped in the Philippines -Allowed two hours off the plane -Deployed to Vietnam as a 1st lieutenant (00:21:04) Arrival in Vietnam & Assignment to 101st Airborne Division -Landed at Bien Hoa Airbase -Had no unit assignment going over, but got an assignment on arrival -Friend got him in Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division -First impressions of Vietnam: -Edgy from adrenaline, took incoming fire on the first night -Found it to be strange and foreign, but beautiful -Stayed at Bien Hoa for two days (00:22:48) Joining Charlie Company -Flown up to Camp Evans -In the northern part of I Corps (northern most part of South Vietnam) -A Shau Valley (supply route for North Vietnamese) cut north-south through I Corps -Marines were the first line of defense, then the 101st Airborne Division -Charlie Company was in the field when he landed at Camp Evans -Arrived with another lieutenant -Spent a night at Camp Evans and flew out to the field the next day -Joined his platoon in the field -They were operating in the Lowlands east of Camp Evans -Conducting ambushes and searching for enemy troops -Met the acting platoon leader/platoon sergeant, Staff Sergeant Queen -Had been in Vietnam for three or four months -Met with the squad leaders, then introduced himself to the men in the platoon -A lot of young men from diverse backgrounds -Some draftees that didn’t want to be there -Altogether, good men (00:26:47) Patrols around Camp Evans -Started giving orders and taking charge once he joined the platoon -Learned the capabilities of the men under his command -Operated in the Lowlands for four or five days then returned to Camp Evans -Didn’t stay long at the base -Sent to a lot of different areas and saw a lot of different terrain -Never went into villages or other populated areas -Made it safe to assume people in the jungle were the enemy -Civilians had been evacuated from the area, anyway -Joined the platoon and started patrols in mid to late-August -Patrolled the Lowlands and the foothills around Camp Evans �(00:29:27) First Enemy Contact & Later Fights -Went out on a platoon-sized maneuver in early October -Set up ambushes one night -His platoon (2nd platoon) heard movement beyond their perimeter -The enemy passed, and his platoon called in artillery -The next night they moved to a new position by a stream and heard movement again -Set up an ambush and opened fire on them -Firefight lasted three hours -Called in artillery and helicopter gunships -Captured three North Vietnamese soldiers and killed 12 of them -Learned from the prisoners that his platoon had rerouted an enemy battalion -They thought 2nd platoon was a much larger force -Had a lot of smaller contacts with the enemy during fall and winter -C Company had 36 enemy encounters from November 1969 to March 1970 -2nd platoon was involved in 29 of them (00:33:44) Marines Withdrawing from “the Rockpile” -With C Company when they covered the Marines withdrawing from “the Rockpile” -Note: The Rockpile was an observation post near the Demilitarized Zone -Air assaulted onto the observation post -Took enemy artillery fire and got ambushed along the ridge line -Lost two men from his platoon and he was wounded -Only two men he ever lost during his command of 2nd platoon -Called in helicopter gunships (00:35:02) Recovery -Sent to the 85th Evacuation Hospital in Da Nang -Doctor wanted to send him to Camp Zama, Japan, for more recovery -Charles didn’t want to leave -Monsoon season began and it stopped Charles from going to Japan -Had shrapnel in his elbows and back from a grenade exploding near him at the Rockpile (00:36:25) Leadership in Vietnam -Felt he was well-prepared for being a lieutenant in Vietnam -West Point gave him more tactical training -Ranger School prepared him for living in grueling conditions -Capable of reacting unconsciously to situations -His troops did this too, and it allowed them to fight effectively -Captain Hale was an aggressive leader, but a skilled commander that cared for his troops (00:38:40) Operating in the Field -Avoided trails when possible to avoid booby traps -Sometimes the jungle was so thick that it forced you to take trails -At night they established a night defensive position -Set up a perimeter, dig in, set up guard shifts, and set up a listening post -His men had good light discipline at night -If they couldn’t wait to smoke until daylight, they smoked under a poncho (00:40:28) Captain Vazquez-Rodriguez -On January 1, 1970, Captain Vazquez-Rodriguez took command of C Company -He was an experienced soldier, difficult to understand, and forceful in giving orders -Knowledgeable on how to lead soldiers and be in combat -Fought in the Korean War -Operated further south of Camp Evans under Captain Vazquez-Rodriguez’s command �(00:42:05) Long Patrol -On one patrol in early 1970 they stayed in the field for 45 days -Every third day they got resupplied by helicopters -Brought in C-rations, water, and mail -Operated as platoons during that patrol -Didn’t see Captain Vazquez-Rodriguez much during the long patrol (00:44:07) Establishing Firebase Ripcord & Reassignment -In March 1970, the 101st Airborne Division began attempts to reestablish Firebase Ripcord -Firebase Ripcord had been a firebase in the A Shau Valley to disrupt North Vietnamese supplies -A Company and B Company tried before C Company succeeded -He became battalion liaison then S3 (operations officer) in mid-March 1970 -Didn’t directly participate in C Company’s occupation of Ripcord -Stayed at battalion headquarters for one week -Sent out to a firebase with the 1st Division (South Vietnam) -Helped call in artillery fire during the occupation of Ripcord -Stayed on the firebase for about a week -Took incoming fire -He was three days late for his R&R to Hawaii to see his wife -The South Vietnamese at that base were good soldiers -Organized, dedicated, and effective fighters -Had an interpreter on the firebase (00:47:56) Stationed on Firebase Ripcord -After his R&R in Hawaii he was assigned to the Tactical Operations Center for the 2nd Battalion -Arrived shortly after the establishment of Firebase Ripcord in April 1970 -Became the S3 – Air under Major Koenigsbauer -Sent to Firebase Ripcord -Called in airstrikes, monitored radio traffic, and called in beacons for airstrikes -Firebase Ripcord consisted of the following things: -2 artillery batteries, a tactical operations center bunker, barbed wire and defensive positions around the heart of the firebase, mortars, an ammunition dump, helipads, a mess hall, and Conex containers with soldiers from the Army Security Agency to monitor enemy radio traffic -From April to June there wasn’t much enemy activity -Units patrolled around the firebase -On June 1st they started taking incoming fire at least once a day -North Vietnamese began to realize that Ripcord was disrupting their supply route -Enemy activity increased throughout June until it erupted on July 1st -North Vietnamese had been amassing troops around Ripcord before the battle -Worked with two brigade commanders, Bradley and Harrison -Felt that Lieutenant Colonel Lucas was a brave man that got himself in over his head -In retrospect, he made some poor decisions due to a lack of field experience -Had contact with units in the field (00:59:03) Battle of Firebase Ripcord – Battle of Hill 902 -On July 2nd, the North Vietnamese attacked C Company at Hill 902 early in the morning -Charles listened to the radio traffic during the battle, and called in air and artillery support -Also responsible for getting incoming casualty reports -Went later in the day on July 2nd to survey the battlefield and assess the damage -Saw a lot of dead American soldiers -Found wounded soldiers, and also the dismembered remains of soldiers -Thought the North Vietnamese had either withdrawn, or were waiting in ambush �-Captain Vazquez-Rodriguez had been replaced by Captain Hewitt before Hill 902 -Hewitt made severe tactical errors -He allowed C Company to stay in the same position two nights in a row -Didn’t set out a listening post -He slept in a hammock, in the open, on the top of the hill -He was one of the first men killed when the battle began -Army Security Agency knew the North Vietnamese were going to attack Hill 902 -They neglected to tell anyone because they had orders to report to Saigon first -Charles went to the ASA soldiers at Ripcord and told them to never do that again -On top of being exposed, C Company also did other things to draw enemy attention -They attacked a North Vietnamese mortar position on July 1st -They stayed in the same position throughout July 1st into the night (01:06:30) Battle of Firebase Ripcord – Battles of Hill 805 and 1000 -Battle of Hill 805 (July 12-18, 1970) -Battle of Hill 1000 (July 6-14, 1970) -Doesn’t remember much about Hill 805 -Remembers Hill 1000 was taller than Ripcord’s hill, and close to the firebase -Called in airstrikes for six hours one day during the Battle of Hill 1000 -D Company tried to take Hill 1000, then C Company had some success in capturing the hill -Ordered off it after they discovered a huge tunnel and bunker complex under the hill -So deep that the inhabitants could easily survive airstrikes (01:10:45) Battle of Firebase Ripcord – The Fall, Getting Wounded & Coming Home -Throughout July, the bombardment intensified -North Vietnamese employed rockets, recoilless rifles, small-arms, and mortars -Had Ripcord zeroed in, and capable of regularly making direct hits th -On July 18 , the North Vietnamese shot down a Chinook helicopter, which crashed on Ripcord -The crash resulted in an explosion that destroyed all artillery pieces and the artillery ammo -Fire made it difficult for helicopters to operate around Ripcord -Infantry in the field lost all artillery support from Ripcord -On July 21st, a recoilless rifle round exploded near him and wounded him -Two days later, the survivors were pulled off Ripcord and it was destroyed by bombers -Charles went back to the 85th Evacuation Hospital in Da Nang -Learned that one friend was severely wounded on July 23rd -Heard that his former roommate from West Point was killed at Ripcord -It was his third time getting wounded, which meant he would be sent back to the United States -Able to visit the battalion for one day -Realized over half of the men in the battalion were replacements -Shopped around for a couple days then came home (01:15:50) Stationed at Fort Carson -He returned to the United States and served at Fort Carson, Colorado -Served as a company commander in a mechanized infantry unit -In command of millions of dollars of equipment and 250 soldiers -A lot of responsibility for a 22 or 23 year old, and a rare experience -Could’ve been redeployed to Vietnam, but the war was winding down -Stationed at Fort Carson for 2 ½ years (01:17:21) Later Army Career -Took the Infantry Officer Advanced Course -Army sent him to the University of Denver for graduate school -Got his masters degree in international studies �-Studied there from 1973 – 1975 -Went to San Jose State University to serve as Reserve Officers’ Training Corps instructor -Final duty -Stationed there from 1975 – 1979 -ROTC was viewed favorably the campus populace -More patriotic than other college campuses (01:19:00) End of Service -Army wanted to send him to Alaska, and he didn’t want to go -He had two children and a wife, and he didn’t want to uproot their lives -Had gotten used to being less of a soldier and more like a civilian -Going to Alaska would mean being more like a soldier, and he didn’t want that -Extended his enlistment for one year and stayed in San Jose -Offered a position at the Army Command and General Staff College -He declined and opted to get out of the Army (01:20:20) Life after Service -Worked for FMC Corporation in San Jose selling M113 armored personnel carriers to the Army -Spent six months as a salesman for the company -Worked as a liaison to the factory -Went to the factory to address a welding issue, and was made welding superintendent -Did that for six months -Oversaw the factory that made turrets -Worked in the international business office -Requested a transfer out of San Jose, and was granted it -Sent to Green Bay to work in the packaging system division of FMC Corporation -Worked for them from October 1983 – 1991 -Got a new job with car wash equipment manufacturer -Dover Corporation bought that manufacturer in 1998 -He retired in January 2009 (01:24:00) Reflections on Service -Army taught him responsibility at a young age, and it prepared him for a career in business -Army taught him people skills -Learn about your subordinates’ lives and interact with them -West Point prepared him for life in general -Had some psychological baggage after Vietnam -Had trouble sleeping and jumped at loud noises (01:25:38) Veterans’ Activities & FSB Ripcord Association -Didn’t talk about his experiences in Vietnam until he participated in the “LZ Lambeau” project -Documentary about Vietnam War veterans in Wisconsin -Stumbled onto the FSB Ripcord Association reunions in 1995 -He was in Denver for his son’s sporting event, and he heard about a Ripcord reunion -Attended for a couple hours -In 2000, he attended the reunion in Shreveport with another C Company lieutenant, Jim Campbell -In 2009 he attended the Myrtle Beach reunion -Found it depressing, because there were some people that hadn’t moved on from Vietnam -Attended the 2016 reunion in Springfield (Missouri), and found it be a more pleasant experience -More of the people have moved on with their lives and put Vietnam behind them � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_LiebC1956V Title A name given to the resource Lieb, Charles (Interview outline and video), 2016 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-10-09 Description An account of the resource Charles Lieb was born on October 27, 1946, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In July 1964 he began his time at West Point and graduated from the academy as a 2nd lieutenant in June 1968. He attended the Airborne School, Infantry Officer Basic Course, and Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia. From January to mid-June 1969 he was stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina with the 2nd Battalion of the 504th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division. In May 1969 he received his deployment orders for Vietnam and he arrived in Vietnam in August 1969. He joined Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division as the platoon leader of 2nd platoon. He patrolled with them until March 1970 when he became the battalion S3 (operations officer). He operated with South Vietnamese forces during the establishment of Firebase Ripcord, and was stationed on Ripcord from April until he was wounded at Ripcord on July 21st near the end of the battle for the firebase. After recovering he served at Fort Carson, Colorado, and for the rest of his career he took the Infantry Officer Advanced Course, attended the University of Denver, and served at San Jose State University as a Reserve Officers' Training Corps instructor. He retired from the Army in 1979. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lieb, Charles Robert Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a632a78564ac8e6aabcdbd10e36b3f3f.mp4 0d9e6174e5f2bd8eb76ffc7176965207 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/71eba57feb42f8e4284510d0172f56c5.pdf 8cad0eac5c4e4067f8521d4863fcc8c2 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II James Lilley Length: 51:47 (00:20) Background Information • • • • • • James was born in Ferndale, Michigan in 1922 His mother was a housewife and his father was chief engineer for Pontiac Motors He has 2 brothers and 2 sisters James graduated from high school in 1940 He then began working with his father in an apprenticeship that lasted for 2 years When he was 17 he found himself very interested in planes and wanted to join the Air Force (4:40) Air Force Cadet Program • James was sent to St. Petersburg, Florida in the summer of 1942 for ground school • They stayed in a hotel that the government had converted and fitted with barracks • He was the youngest cadet in the program and was interested in becoming a fighter pilot • There was a lot of book work; they had engineering classes and learned about military procedure • After the cadet program he went through flight simulation training in Illinois (9:26) Flight Training • James was sent to Santa Ana, California for flight school • They worked with an instructor and flew in small, twin-engine training planes • James was classified into a fighter pilot after training and was then sent to flight school in Las Vegas • They flew P-63 fighter planes that were equipped with gun cameras • He left the base on the weekends to go into town and would occasionally gamble in Las Vegas (14:20) Saipan • James left from California and flew to Saipan • They landed in a very dense jungle area and were automatically put on high alert • The men were supposed to let others know that they were pilots because there were many Japanese snipers trying to take out all the pilots • They were not allowed to be a group with more than 4 pilots at once because others had been attacked with enemy grenades �• • • They had gunners that guarded their tents and were even guarded while going to the bathroom There were about 7,000 natives on the island and most of them did not like the Americans James flew P-51 mustangs, working to escort B-24 Bombers and B-29s throughout the Pacific (19:25) Pacific Missions • James was very scared before he took off on his first mission • They had been preparing to take Iwo Jima so that they could put their fire squadron 1800 miles off the coast of Japan • When taking off from Saipan, they could not escort the B-29s completely through their mission because the Mustangs could not carry enough fuel • If their base was on Iwo Jima, they could escort the B-29s through the entire mission to Japan • James had been ordered to drop napalm over caves that held Japanese soldiers in Iwo Jima • The island was covered in volcanic ash and very hard to walk on; much worse than sand • About 22,000 Japanese soldiers were killed on Iwo Jima and only about 100 were taken prisoners; nearly 8,000 US troops had died on the island • They were able to secure the island and build runways for their base (24:42) New Base • James and other pilots continued living in Quonset huts and there was decent food on the island • The pilots were still to remain silent and were all guarded; they could not even write home to their families • James flew 25 missions altogether and had 3.5 confirmed kills • He worked a tight schedule with no surprise missions in the middle of the night • He had not been expecting anything when he learned that the bombs had been dropped over Japan • James had never seen such a large explosion and was not sure what would happen with the war afterwards �(28:55) Last Mission • James had been attempting to help a downed B-29 when he was hit by a Japanese 20 mm • His left leg was shattered and he lost control of his plane • He had to crash land on Iwo Jima with his wheels down • James was rushed into a first aid hut and then later transferred to a hospital in Saipan • He was later sent to Hawaii and then another hospital in Washington • James was able to sign paperwork and get discharged in 1946 (33:35) After the Service • James had gotten married while living in Las Vegas and his wife remained there waiting for him • They moved together to Birmingham, MI and shortly later to Grand Rapids, Michigan • James was able to get a job working for Rapid Design Engineering • He then became the chief engineer for Butterball Farms and remained there for 20 years (41:10) Retirement • James retired from his job after twenty years and found that he was bored • He worked part time at Menards until 2007 • James now belongs to the Fighter Group from the Air Force Reserve and they meet twice a year in Grand Rapids for dinner parties � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LilleyJ Title A name given to the resource Lilley, James (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lilley, James Description An account of the resource James Lilley was born in Ferndale, Michigan in 1922. He graduated from high school in 1940 and then spent two years in an apprenticeship with his father at Pontiac Motors. James enlisted in the Army Air Forces and went through basic training in St. Petersburg in the summer of 1942. James later went through flight school in California and trained to be a fighter pilot. After training James was stationed in Saipan where he escorted B-29s on their missions over the Pacific. James helped secure Iwo Jima and shortly after was injured on his last mission. He was discharged in 1946 and began his career in engineering. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCauslin, Kelly (Interviewer) Spring Lake District Library (Spring Lake, Mich Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Air Forces World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-01-31 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/13c264804ba7a6ceec45210891d521a1.mp4 add010a8e81dc3f36f69e93c57cfc8f3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4d587f98ef438d14bd6caec5971628ca.pdf 86e487caa44ab8b589e04b418e6d7b30 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Joy Lillie Length of Interview: 20:23 (00:06) XX: Now tell me your name again. JL: Joy Lillie. XX: Are you from this area? JL: I was born in Coopersville. Always lived here all my life. XX: I see. And your connection, as far as you’d like to talk about tonight, as far as World War II. Were you in the service yourself? JL: I was in the 51st Field Hospital. XX: So you were one of the WACs? JL: No, the Nurse’s Corp. XX: The Nurse’s Corp, okay. (00:34) JL: We were with the hospital. The Nurse’s. XX: Were you a nurse, prior to you doing this? JL: Yeah. I was a nurse at home. Graduated from St. Mary’s in Grand Rapids. And then I went into the service. And I got assigned to Africa first. XX: Were they soliciting people like yourself? JL: Oh, yeah. I volunteered. I volunteered while I was in Detroit. And that was good. SS (someone witnessing interview): Without Dad knowing? Did you talk to Dad first? About it. JL: No, I hadn’t talked to Dad and Mother about it. (laughter) I had a hard time getting in nurse’s training with them, let alone joining the Army. But we did it. (01:29) �XX: So you didn’t have much training when you were in the Army? You were already trained… JL: Yeah. I was trained before I went in. We went right into the hospital. As soon as I joined the service, I went right onto the hospital floor. XX: And so when you left this country, the first place you went was where? JL: North Africa. I was there nine months, doing nothing. We were assigned to a hospital ship, used to bring back wounded soldiers. Well, we got over there and there were several units like the one I was in. And they had just disbanded them. And so we were left in North Africa for nine months, before we got back to the States. We didn’t do anything. We were just sitting in the… XX: What part of North Africa were you in? (02:18) JL: The north part near Iran. That’s where we were. XX: It wasn’t a nice vacation spot. JL: Well, it was. It was right on the sea. It was right on the Mediterranean Sea. It was beautiful during the day but it was cold at night. XX: What did you do to occupy your days for nine months? JL: Well, we did nothing. We did nothing. Went to church. They had church every night so we could go to church and we just wasted away, doing nothing. (02:46) XX: Is that right? So then you came back to the United States. JL: I came back to the United States and within a couple weeks, I was reassigned to the field hospital. XX: Where? JL: I was in South Carolina. XX: I see. JL: And was reassigned to the 51st Field Hospital. That was ready to go overseas, but one of the nurses got pregnant so they had to get a recruit. And I had all of the overseas gear and everything, so I was picked to go with them. Which made us all unhappy that we had to go overseas so quick. But that didn’t matter. We went. It was a good unit. I was glad I was in it. �(03:36) XX: I’m going to…this gentleman is going to take over for me. She was in Africa and then back here, and she’s about to go over again. FV (female voice): Is that when you went to Normandy? When you went back a second time? JL: Yeah. (mixed conversation as interviewers change) (04:37) JL: Well, we were stationed on land. The hospital was there on D+2, and the nurses arrived on D+6, of the invasion. MV: How soon was it before you started seeing people come back to your hospital? JL: Well, we had patients right away. And the boys and the officers took care of them, til we got there, and then the nurses did their job, taking care of patients. And it was a story when we got off the ship, the ship that we had landed at Normandy on, we had to crawl down a ladder to get to the landing boat, and then the landing boat took us to shore. And then the commanding officer that took care of us, we had to walk up a hill, and he said, now be sure you stay in line because it hasn’t been mine-detected yet. So for sure we didn’t stray off of where we were going. We were so scared, we were hearing noises and bombing and stuff. We were scared enough without that on our heads. (05:48) JL: As we went up the hill, a funny experience happened. We, the enemy got pretty strong, so we got off and got in a pill box. That the Germans had left. And there was a little sailor in there and he was wounded. Not bad, but he was wounded. And he said, I wondered what all of these women were doing in a place like that. He said. Eighteen women, we were divided into platoons and there were eighteen of us. And he said, what in the hell are you doing here? MV (male voice): When he found out, I bet he was pretty happy. JL: Yeah. He was pretty happy. He had to wait to get fixed and he was wounded bad, so he was taken later, fixed later. But that was an experience, going up that hill. But we landed on D+6, and the enemy had been pushed back quite a ways, by that time. So by the time we got the hospital set up, it was…we were stationed there a long time, before we got moved. (06:54) JL: And as it moved, our hospital was divided into three platoons. So we hopscotched each other. We’d get all the patients healed enough to go back, and then another company would have moved in ahead of us. And then we’d move ahead of them. And that’s the way the platoon worked. So it was good, one of our platoons was always close to the lines. One time, our commanding officer was pretty good about getting us close to the lines, he was old Army. Regular Army, and he was pushy. And he got us too close to the lines one time. We got pushed �back about a mile, in a ditch, overnight. Because of the air raids and stuff was too strong, we had to move back. And that was an experience. (07:44) JL: We had a girl from the Headquarters with us that night, and she hadn’t been into the lines that long. She was pretty scared. But that was what happened. And we went over to Germany, through France, first. Followed the lines into Germany. We had one real bad part, at that time. One of our units, in Germany, [Rockun] the town was. And the boys had been left out in the field too long and they had gotten pneumonia. And that was the one place that we lost a lot of soldiers. They had gotten pneumonia and we couldn’t save them. It was a very depressing set up for us, because we didn’t usually lose many. That was real depressing, that time. MV: Was that during the Bulge? (08:47) JL: Hmmm? MV: Was that during the Bulge? JL: No, the Bulge was later. Later after the war was over, the Bulge was going. But as the field progressed towards the Germans, we got set up. They sent platoon after platoon. And we covered a lot of territory after that, the lines were moving fast. We covered a lot of territory in a short time. Then, after the war, or near when the war ended, we got this Battle of the Bulge. I don’t know if you guys remember about that. (09:25) JL: But we were in Germany at the time, but we got pulled back to Belgium. Wei, a town by the name of Wei, Belgium. It was a school that was set up as a hospital and we had patients from all over. We had German patients and American patients and everything, all together. Cause there were so many wounded at that time. And that was our story of the Bulge, that we landed there. And that was the end of the war. When the Bulge finished, that was the end of the war for the Germans. So then we were stationed in Russia, once. Well, we were on leave then. We were just set up for patients of our own, our own wounded boys and so forth. If they shot their toe off or something, in excitement. Something like that, that’s the kind of patients we got then. (10:25) JL: So, then, as we started home…I was going to tell you about Russ. When we were in the fighting yet, I got leave to go down and see him. I was in 1st Army and he was in 7th Army. My commanding officer got me a jeep and a driver and they drove me down to where Russ was. And as I got there, he was coming up to see me. He’d gotten a jeep and was on his way up to see me. So that was a very disappointing trip for me. (10:59) JL: But, we turned around and came back. MV: Did you see each other? �JL: Nope. We got together…he had boils on his legs, so the commanding officer of my platoon put him in the hospital, so his leave didn’t get started until he left the hospital. So we had some time together that time. That was exciting. But that’s about the history of my trip. (11:24) FV: How about when you flew in a P-48? JL: Well, that was one time when I was trying to see Russ too, one time. I flew in a P-48. From, gosh, I can’t remember. We went to Nuremberg. Where he dropped me off. But that was exciting, riding in the back of the driver, or the pilot, you know. But anyway, that was good. That was a good ride. MV: Did you ever have to treat prisoners? JL: Oh, yes. We treated them right along with Americans. If they were wounded, we had to take care of them too. We had an experience with one. He was a captain and he was wounded. And he spoke English real good. But he wouldn’t help us with his companions. They were scared that we were going to kill them, and all that stuff that they’d been told that we would do. He wouldn’t help us a bit. Not tell them that we were just trying to help them, or anything. But eventually, he talked a little bit more but he was bad, cause he was bad for the morale of his own soldiers. (12:32) JL: Because he didn’t let them know that we were really trying to help them and not hurt them. But, yes, every set up, we had Germans, too. MV: Now when you moved ahead, set these hospitals up, these tents, did somebody take them down for you and set them up? Was there a crew who did that? JL: No. We had the hospital and when we got enough blood and stuff in them, and we got them ready so that they could transport back. To the Evac hospital, which followed the field hospitals. And they kept them and they sent them back to the central surgical place. But we were the first ones on the line. There were several hospital platoons. And we were right on the line. As soon as the collecting station got them, we got them. We had bad patients, wounded bad. There were stomachs and chests and amputations, and everything, we got, because they couldn’t go any farther back until they were treated. So that was the kind of patients that we had. (13:48) JL: We had good surgeons, special surgeons. One for chests, one for stomachs, one for amputations, so we had all kinds of good surgeons. They worked long hard hours too. MV: Now what kind of a facility did you stay in? JL: We had tents. We had tents. There were six of us to a tent. �MV: So there were people who were in the medical corp who would pull those down and move them ahead? JL: Oh, yeah. MV: Each time, for ya? JL: There would always be somebody ahead. That’s the way we did it. One set up we had, which was real bad. It was real cold, and we were in tents. The hospital was in tents and it was so cold that the blood wouldn’t flow. So the engineers came and set up pot-bellied stoves to warm up the area, so that the blood would flow. That was a bad set up, because it was so cold and it was bad. But we didn’t lose too many due to that. But it was cold. Bad set up. (14:59) JL: We had all kinds. We’d set up in schools, mostly. If we could get into a town that had a school vacant. Or we made it vacant. And we’d put our hospitals in the schools, instead of the tents. But tent set ups were hard. We had a lot of rain and stuff. And engineers would come in and put boards down and stuff, so we could walk between the patients beds and stuff. Engineers did a good job, helping us. So that was good. MV: How did you get back to the United States then, when the war was all over? JL: Well, we were, after the war ended, we were stationed in different places until we got, until our time come up. I had more experience overseas so I got back before my husband did. He had more time in the Army, but he had more time in the States than I did overseas. So I got home before he did. We’d go to these rest areas, until the boats came that we could go back on. But we were stationed in a rest area until we had a boat to come home. Then we’d come home by boat. (16:14) MV: Did you have to come home on a hospital ship? JL: No. We didn’t. Cause we were all healthy. So we didn’t have to. We went over on one. We come back once, on a hospital ship full of patients. We did that once. So that was good. The boys were all good, waiting to go home. They were wounded but they were waiting to go home. That was a good set up. The hospital ship, though, was lots less even to ride in. it wasn;t a very big ship, like St. Mary’s and the others one were. But, it was…I didn’t get sick because I got a good stomach, I guess. But a lot of them did get sick. Because we slept in the…our part of the ship had five beds up, that we crawled into to sleep. But it was kind of weary, for some of us. (17:23) JL: A lot of things happened. Another time, one of the things was a no-no. We’d gotten a vacation in Paris. When our platoon was down, we got a trip to Paris and we had a… oh, shoot…ride, not in a truck…but an ambulance. An ambulance truck. And we had six of us, in this ambulance, riding to and from Paris. And we’re looking out and we saw a German tank out �in a field. And they says, oh, let’s go see that. Of course, that was off limits, too, because we didn’t know if it was mined or not, but we went. And we wished we hadn’t, because we looked in it and it was full of dead Germans. Still and burnt to a crisp. We learned to stay off the fields after that. We didn’t try that stuff anymore. (18:34) JL: But, as a whole, that was pretty much what I did. MV: Now all the nurses, were they all officers? JL: Um hmm. We were 2nd Leutenients when we went in. And I come out as a 1st Leutenient. MV: So all of the RN’s started as officers. JL: If you were an RN, you were 2nd Leutenients. Yup. It was a different kind of care then we got in the States, but it was good. I’d do it again, if I were young and they needed me. It was a good experience. MV: Well, that was great. FV: Can you talk about Buchenwald, Mom. JL: Well, we went through one camp, concentration camp, and it was after the war. And we were the first medical group through it. And the prisoners were still there. And the dead and the live were still there. (19:33) JL: And we went in and fed the patients and took care of them. They all had dysentery so bad they were in our tents. And we fed them soup that was in our C-rations. We added a little fat for them, because they were so emaciated. Bad. They were in bad shape when we got to them. And we took care of them until they could leave on, wherever they could go. But it was bad. A bad set up. One we could have not seen, I think. It was not good. (20:23) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LillieJ1344V Title A name given to the resource Lillie, Joy (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lillie, Joy Description An account of the resource Joy Lillie, born in Coopersville Michigan, served in the 51st Field Hospital in the Army Nurse Corps from 1942 to 1945 during the Second World War. During her service she spent 9 months in Oran, Algeria, and went to Normandy shortly after D-Day and worked in France, Belgium and Germany. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Weikel, Daniel (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army. Women's Army Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-09-20 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e653992d7170e4ba39464f6ba6cd792.pdf 9e62f6d4b24ac91149e71c351a2c98b6 PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e734c1e058ceca4b5746a0a0aeba1eeb.pdf ff22ef32a032d30adf3dcc0873241bdb PDF Text Text Springfield, Ill July 10th, 1860 H.L. Hines Esq. Dear Sir, Herewith I send you my autograph which you desire. Yours Truly, A. Lincoln � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-5598 Title A name given to the resource Abraham Lincoln to H.L. Haines Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1860-07-10 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Springfield (Ill.) Illinois Description An account of the resource Signed response from Abraham Lincoln to the request for an autograph, July 10, 1860 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2bc0404db7be8ad0de4c4f231b22be1d.pdf c5f40aac30ac5432f5997d356cb3ee6d PDF Text Text 1775 N STREET WASHINGTON, D.C. 1~pril 4th , 191-4 . Dear Mr . Watkins : 1 appreciate your invit~ti but I began l ong ago to form a habit oi asking to be excusecJ from expressint:, myself in print by the m~tho6 you su~~est, anC I ha.ve nov: oeco.::..e too old to venture on e chenge; so I trust t~kt you will kindly let me off, es all oth0rs have done . Very truly yours, ~C)~~ J . Elfreth Wa.tkins , Esq_ . , Wf'..s1-in~ton. ,· . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-1297 Title A name given to the resource J. Elfreth Watkins from Robert Todd Lincoln Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926 Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 United States--Politics and government--19th century Correspondence United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Letter from Robert Todd Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln, politely refusing to express an opinion in print. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c3450ebd60d778acb9f16fd2e9e120be.pdf cfff4545f7aadcdf32b195a801294b90 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-15424 Title A name given to the resource Autograph of Robert Todd Lincoln Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926 Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Lincoln, Robert Todd, 1843-1926 Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 Description An account of the resource Autograph of Robert Todd Lincoln Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6f599963ae6155f1e68c94b7bfaa73e7.mp4 4cbeddb7372556c0d7c5cbc7c8c78307 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7afe1d218fb38b526df06480d2016160.pdf ef5c55ced5cefde12fb0bbf849a6a435 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Gerd Lindemann Disk 1 (1:30:14) Background Information (00:06)                 Born December 10th 1923 in Rodach, Germany. (00:07) He attended school in Rodach until 1932, at this time his father got a new job and the family moved to Coburg Germany(00:30) After this 4th year of public school he was encouraged by his father to take his high school equivalency exam which was allowed in Germany at this time. (1:00) His father worked for the German equivalent of the IRS at this time (1932)(1:07) He is the oldest of 5 boys. (1:25) His father was very strict (perhaps due to his father’s military experience.) (1:36) He had family who served in World War I for Germany. (2:04) His father’s stepbrother served as the Captain of the Battleship Bismarck. (2:53) From high school he went to practical school. He desired to be a mechanical engineer; he was accepted to an engineering school near the state of Thuringia, Germany. (3:20) He was given an order to serve for 2 years in a practical school (4:18) During his 2 years in practical school he worked on basics such as floor machine molding and machining to the drafting room. Knowledge of these things was tested when he returned to the engineering college. (4:50) After his exam he was offered 2 semesters of “mail courses” where he was sent the books and papers rather than attending a class. (5:54) While studying his classes were interrupted after being visited by some SS officers looking for volunteers for the German military. (approx 1938) (6:27) Several men volunteered for the army and the navy but none volunteered for the SS. (6:50) The SS officer was very upset. In response all the men in the engineering school were drafted into the infantry. (Approx 1940)(7:00) Three weeks later the men received there marching orders in spite many of the men being a year too young. (17 years of age.) (7:28) Basic training in NCO school (approx 1939) (7:40)      He had to report to the military Barracks in Nuremberg Germany where he was given a medical examination. (7:52) An officer at Nuremberg heard of how the men from the engineering college were drafted into the infantry and said that due to their background they should be officers. (8:22) He was then sent to NCO school (8:44) His father said that he and his brothers could fight the order after finding out Gerd was drafted, but Gerd discouraged him from doing so as it could put members of his family in danger. This was due largely to fear of the SS. (9:04) In Germany the SS was feared greatly. (9:27) �                    An SS private had more power than an officer in the army, air force, or any other military branch. (9:40) When hearing he would be going to NCO school he was originally relieved but then he found out it was in the state of Prussia. People from this area did not like people from Rodach, the town in which he was born. (10:19) In NCO school he was required to scrub tiles and grout grove which officers had purposely dumped sand in. (11:12) NCO school was much like American Basic training. (11:53) On a typical day he woke up at 6:00 AM and he slept with 4 men in one room with one study desk. (12:17) One man was required to go get the rations and coffee for the 4 others in the room. (12:48) At 7:00 AM he was out on the parade ground. (13:15) On the parade ground they were separated into lines and made to do pushups and other physical activity. (13:23) When receiving their uniforms the men appeared comical because their parts never fit properly so they needed to be exchanged. (14:09) In NCO school Rifles were issued and how to march was taught. (15:10) A book issued to teach military doctrine, was often read and study during the evening. (15:25) The entire outfit and school was composed of 1 battalion consisting of 4 companies of 120. (16:21) At the end of NCO school the men paraded with their rifles in a ceremony to signify its completion. (16:43) Many men were thankful to finish NCO school with their lives because during the course 4 men hanged themselves due to the rigor of the training. (17:20) During NCO school there was regular class, each course lasting about 1.5 hours every day. (17:58) The men were required to walk everywhere during basic training. (18:27) The men were also asked to attempt to climb birch trees. (20:01) After completing NCO school the men were given a choice. They could go on to be a part of the regular army or infantry, or they could be specified as an officer based on their performance. (20:28) He was recommended to go into officer training. (20:50) He was somewhat pleased with this order because he would be taken out of the basic infantry conditions. (21:25) Officer training (approx 1939-1940) (22:10)      He was made to walk to officer school in Potsdam. (22:40) The officer’s school was composed of sturdy permanent stone buildings. (Built to withstand artillery.) (22:50) When he arrived he was immediately placed into groups and lead to his quarters. 2 men were placed in a room. (23:18) The school was similar in appearance to a college. (23:45) Basic training he thought was tactics held over from World War I however in officer’s school there were more modern strategies implored. (24:25) �    In the middle of each floor of the barracks there was a bugler used to wake up the men. (25:11) The food was not very good. (26:30) A sense of camaraderie was held over from basic training. This was believed to be critical for survival n the battle field. (26:50) He had his pilot’s license at aged 16 in 1939. Because of this he was asked to be crossed trained. He turned it down however because he did not want to be protected by his father. Instead he selected tanks because he admired the machinery. (27:25) School of tanks (Approx 1940-1941) (28:55)         This school was at the same place as the officer school. (29:20) Depending on performance in class and grade on the final evaluation a man might be placed in charge of a single tank or a battalion of tanks. (29:30) Just because a man was in officer school did not necessarily mean he would be placed in an officer position. Some men could be placed in maintenance. (30:09) After finding out about the search for soldiers for the Afrika Korps. He wanted to go in order to avoid serving under a particular general. (32:07) Approx. 1 week after hearing about the call for Afrika Korps he was transferred to Ansbach Germany because it was his county district for military draftees. (35:29) When arriving at Ansbach the office there did not know what to do with him. (36:25) 2 days after carving in Ansbach he received transfer papers to Kaiserslautern. During this time he was given the promotion to lieutenant. (37:04) Assignment in Kaiserslautern (41:28)          After checking in at Kaiserslautern, he was the first officer there. Because of this he was assigned to put a company together from volunteers in the area. He had no assistance at this time in this task. He was required to examine the backgrounds of all the men who volunteered. (42:45) At this time new Mark III tanks were assigned and African uniforms were given. (44:00) There was no training given for desert warfare however this region did have sandy soil and there was artillery for training. (44:35) Handbooks were given with some information on desert warfare. (45:03) He and other men had very little of an idea as to who their enemy would be. They assumed that much of the enemy would be colonial and native peoples with the British serving as officers. (45:49) The people he would be fighting were particularly feared for their knife work. (46:56) Erwin Rommel had had to learn armored tactics, and was involved in the fighting in Poland and France. (47:42) The first troops in Africa were not he Afrika Korps but rather the Italian army in Africa. Rommel did not want to place German soldiers in the Italian army because their military practice was far too different. (48:27) Arrival in Africa (1941) (49:35) �                      After the company was assembled and 4 weeks of training with equipment, the men were order to load the tanks on to the flatbeds (3 tanks per flatbed) and took the train to Naples Italy. (49:36) He was given papers to read to the men that instructed what to expect in Africa. (53:50) The train trip took 2 days. (54:24) He was given papers to give to Rommel in Africa. At this time he was unaware that he would be part of Rommel’s staff. (55:14) The men and the tanks were loaded onto ships. (The tanks were kept on deck. ) And he sailed to Tripoli in North Africa. Only the driver and one man were left with the tanks on the ship, the others were flown over in JU 52s. It took 2.5 hours. (55:38) After landing, MPs instructed the men were to go. The men were to be ready when the tanks arrived. (57:29) The MPs stated that the tanks should be off the boat fast and then hid under things such as palm trees. This was to prevent sightings from recon planes or attacks from bombers. (58:10) When everything arrived, the men were given food, and then the MPs directed the Squad to the headquarters in El Agheila. (59:16) The environment had palm trees and cactus. (Desertlike.) (1:00:03) The men were assigned not to take their shirts off because it’s a court martial offence. The sun burn that resulted was considered self destruction. (1:00:40) No men had heat stroke because every 2 hours the men stopped to open the hatches on the tanks and cool them. (1:01:25) Covers were used to protect the gun as well as the optics of the tanks from sand. (1:02:30) When driving in sand there was a fear that the sand getting into the machine parts would cause break downs. (1:03:27) If a tank breaks down the entire group stops to assist the broken tank or to check their own. (1:04:26) When driving the tank in the desert it was compare to driving on water due to the wave like motions. (1:05:26) The men were given caps as well as goggles. (1:06:51) Because the tanks were intended to be 25 feet apart, the men were routinely asked if they were keeping their distance or if they could see the man in front of them if the conditions were bad. (1:07:25) The men stopped for the night during the trip and set up tents. (1:09:18) At night the men had over coats and a belt. These where used to protect from the sand. (1:09:54) The men only had 2 jerry cans of water (a jerry can is a gas tank but painted a different color to distinguish it as water.) (1:10:17) The men often only ate at night because of the sand and flies during the day. (1:11:00) The men were concerned that they might get injured from being attacked by flies. (1:12:05) Arrival at headquarters (1:13:07)    The tanks were taken 500 yards away from the headquarters. (1:13:15) He was guided to the tent (which served as HQ)(1:14:35) He gave the papers to Rommel’s assistant, Colonel Bayerlein. He was impressed with meeting Rommel but he did not know how to react. (1:15:23) �      The men were offered food at the HQ from their kitchen rather than the men eating their rations. (1:16:55) When Rommel received the papers he read the cover letter and found that the tanks were given letters but not numbers because they did not know what area they would be sent. Rommel was impressed by how well Lindemann had organized his company and stated that he wanted him to stay at the HQ because he had very few officers. (1:19:37) In spite being too low a rank to hold the position of commander of his company, he was made an Appointed Commander. This was a great honor. (1:21:40) After being in Africa for 2 months, the men earned the Afrika Korps stripe. (1:22:57) From here he was sent to the front lines and on an “orientation trip” he was given 4 coordinates and told to travel to them. However he was told if assistance was needed platoons would be taken out of the company to be sent to areas in need. (1:26:04) He was told to put everything on a map or else it would be easy for him and his men to get lost, especially at night. (1:27:27) Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Gerd Linderman Disk 2 (1:21:23) Note* At this time the second tape begins and the time Code restarts. Information that was included in the first tape will not be rerecorded in the outline. First engagement (1942) (3:05)            The British at El Alamein had bunkers and mine fields prepared. (3:20) He was shown films from observation planes as well as was given information from Arabs. (4:25) The Arabs often contacted the Germans (in spite there being men and mine fields) to sell food. The men were warned not to buy any meat from the Arabs. (5:01) He traded British tents and Clothing for goods with civilians. (5:52) He was pitted against the 8th British army. However at this time, much of the original soldiers were gone. Now the army was primarily colonials, including South Africans and Indians [also New Zealand, Australians—the armored formations were nearly all British]. (6:26) The battles were fierce because the British soldiers were told about what would happen if they were taken prisoner. However in Africa, the Germens treated their prisoners kindly. (7:17) He had 12 tanks but by the time he reached El Alamein he only had 8 tanks. The tanks were not destroyed but rather they were mad un-operational due to sand and the environmental conditions. (8:00) The men were usually given information the day before via radio. (9:16) The way his tanks were set up was 5 on the left, 5 on the right and 1 communication tank in the middle who maintained communication with the infantry as well as with other tanks. (10:00) There was a shortage of ammunition. Often British artillery was turned around so that the Germans could use their ammunition. (11:11) When the hatches close and the battle began a tank man worried little about what going on outside the tank. (11:50) �                A tank battle was much like a Battle between destroyers at sea. Much of the time tanks spent their efforts trying to evade enemy tanks. (12:57) In this battle he failed to get very far because there was too much artillery on the opposing side. This cased great clouds of dust. (14:25) The tank vibrated and was noisy when exposed to artillery or grenades that exploded closely to the tank. (14:58) The tanks rarely fired because they only had 80 shells. However, they were advancing forward. (15:55) They got through the basic defense but due to poor visibility were then ordered to reverse. (16:14) There was a conference of the tank commanders after the battle to conclude what went wrong. The battle had few casualties in Gerd’s the infantry and none in his tank crew. (17:29) Rommel made the decision to fly air aircraft over the battle and dive bomb the artillery in an attempt to destroy them. They were unsuccessful. (17:58) It was concluded that they needed a larger attack force. (19:00) In the mean time the commanders studied the map of the battle field. (19:47) At this time a lot of men had Malaria. No man had nets or anything to protect against mosquitoes. (20:48) The 164th division was sent in from Greece in mid 1942. This was a poor decision because they were a guard divisions and they were very old. They were inclined to get sick very quickly. (22:05) The tanks were placed behind dunes in defensive positions. (23:35) The British broke through south of his position at the Italian position. (24:19) The British controlled a critical roadway with dive bombing witch crippled the tank’s movement. (25:10) After the British broke through he was forced to retreat. (24:54) He now was tasked with covering other units that were retreating before them. (27:48) Experiences with Desert Combat (28:35)        He moved 20-30 miles a day. They would stop whenever they encountered any enemy forces. (28:38) By October of 1942 he had not engaged in any tank to tank combat. (29:42) On the retreat from Alamein, the German 88mm antitank guns were cable of firing farther than British tanks, so the British were afraid to close with them. (30:10) At night, they would send recon men out and tail defense. The tail defense was a basic unit with anti aircraft and tank guns with armor and heavy machine guns. (31:18) The air craft he saw during service were mostly fighters and light bombers. (32:25) His company did not experience any attacks from fighters. (32:50) By November of 1942 the tanks are still on the move. (33:46) December of 1942 (34:00) �                In December of 1942 B-17s are brought in to carpet bomb the area. This was due largely to the fact that dried up river beds could be used to hid trucks or tanks during the day and hid them from troops. (34:11) These bombings used a lot of ammunition but where over all ineffective. (35:36) After the bombing the men fell back to defense areas in Mersa Matruh. Here there was a small harbor where the men could get some supplies. However much of it was sunk before the Germans received it. (36:40) Minor battles were encountered all along in a cat and mouse sort of combat. (38:12) A line finally was established from Gabes to the Blue Mountains [Tunisia] in December of 1943. (38:38) Through he could only hear sounds while in the tank, he was given the impressions that the British had a lot of things in Africa the Germans didn’t have. (40:09) He was brought to headquarters in Gabes. Here the men discussed what the situation was like and determined at what location they should take a stand. (41:02) He did not feel he could report this information accurately at HQ because he did not know if he would be able to get critical supplies such as ammunition and food. (42:00) It was decided to move forced farther back. (43:08) There was not a sense that if he and his men took a stand they could come out victorious. This was due mainly to the lack of supplies particularly in gasoline and oil. (43:43) The British feared that if the Germans reached the Suez Cannel then the Germans would halt all ship traffic. (44:15) The men were given a day to move to their new position. At this time some Italian troops have prepared defensive measures. (44:59) In December of 1942 his company received their first Tiger tanks through Tripoli from Italy. (46:16) The men were trained on how to operate the Tiger tanks by civilians from the factory. (47:00) There was a big difference between fighting American and British troops. At night German soldiers could sneak up on Americans or listen to them. This was due primarily because they were uninformed on desert conditions and new to desert combat. (48:15) At the time of the American arrival he was and his company was in rest waiting to be drawn to the Western from. (49:20) Engagement in the Western Front (49:35)        In January of 1943 his company was instructed to move to the western front. (49:45) The Americans were extremely well supplied but inexperienced. (49:54) The Tiger tank was demoralizing because even artillery shells were ineffective against it. (51:00) At Kasserine in February 1943 the Americans became boxed into an area. (51:45) The German tanks could receive the American tank radio signal. Most of the men being able to speak English, they all listened in. (53:18) The Americans called out particular landmarks making the estimation of the American movements very accurate. (54:18) In May of 1943 he was assigned to close off the entrance to the Cap Bon Peninsula to hold off the Allies long enough to evacuate the air forces. He fought the British there first. (55:10) �   In order to avoid Tiger tanks from being captured he destroyed their barrels and engines of the machines. (57:10) The British began shelling the area after spotting the tank explosions. Gred was then struck with a piece of shrapnel in the leg. (58:00) The British then moved in and Gerd was captured on May 11th 1943 at 4:30 PM. (58:30) Capture by the British. (58:35)           He was interrogated but not to a great existent and he was treated fairly well. (59:10) He was then sent to Constantine were there was field hospital. (59:50) He was told at Constantine that his wound is so serious that he needs to go to a bigger hospital. (1:01:04) Most of the casualties in Constantine were British. (1:01:15) Gerd’s parents were informed that he was dead due to confusion over a tank that exploded. (1:01:35) He was then sent to Casablanca. Here he was given food water and medical care. (1:02:43) The box car he and other men were carried upon took fire by machine gun during the trek to Casablanca. As a result, when he arrived at the city hundreds of men were already dead. (1:04:00) When handed over to Americans at Casablanca he was placed in a field hospital. Here, Germen medics who had been captured aided him. 10 days after arriving he was sent on a transport to the U.S. (1:05:00) He was loaded onto the Puerto Rico (a medical transport ship). The trek took 10 days. Many wounded Americans were in aboard the ship as well. (1:05:57) He arrived in New York and was placed in Halloran Hospital (approx. late 1943). (1:07:00) Movement within the U.S. (1:07:48)         He was then transported to Topeka, Kansas, on a Hospital train. (1:07:54) He was then sent to a hospital outside of Topeka. Here he got very little sleep because there was a B17 Base near the Hospital doing bomb runs. (1:08:15) Because he was treated well early on while in American custody, he was not too scared of what might happen to him. (1:09:09) Due to his officer status he was next transported to Camp Carson in Colorado (approx late 1943)(1:01:27) He didn’t like it at this camp, so he asked if he could change camps. The only way to do so, he was told, was to give up all of his officer privileges and become a G.I.(1:11:23) He was transported to Camp Ellis in Illinois. Here he saw his destroyed tiger tanks and many of the men from his company. (1:12:40) The Americans there were eager to convince the Germans to show them how the tanks operate. When none of the men were willing to give up the secret, Gerd was transferred to Fort Custer Michigan. (1:13:20) At Fort Custer he was placed in charge of repair shops. Here he repaired radios, telephones, ext. (1:14:10) �Life after imprisonment (1:15:35)       After being released from Fort Custer he returned to college and received a degree in engineering. (1:15:45) Unable to find a job out of college he considered immigrating to another country such as Venezuela. (1:16:00) He wrote a family member who lived in Venezuela who said he should not go there due to poor employment. (1:16:40) He decided to immigrate to the U.S. He arrived in Chicago and then moved to Frankfort Michigan. He then worked for a factory. (1:17:14) After realizing the Plant he was working at in Frankfort was going under he resigned from his position. (1:17:39) He currently resides in Grand Rapids Michigan. (1:20:30) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LindemannG0510V Title A name given to the resource Lindemann, Gerd (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lindemann, Gerd Description An account of the resource Gerd Lindemann was born in Rodach Germany, trained as a tank officer and commanded a tank company in the Afrika Korps in 1942 and 1943. He fought at El Alamein and Kasserine, and was captured in May, 1943. He was sent to the United States as a POW, went home after the war, and eventually returned to the United States. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (Interviewer), Michigan Military Preservation Society (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, German World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Germany--Heer--Panzerarmeekorps Afrika Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05-20 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b2f1b4b3925d2318af75c368f27ed504.mp4 661a475c1c6e54fa26cdbcd9b9c0b2c4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f8939e6444efa1d774d3c2d01e52499a.pdf 3baeb401c1b2d1139465cae95d6df464 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Paul Lindner (56:40) (00:20) Background Information • • • • • Paul was born in Indiana in the early 1920s His father worked in tool and die for Pullman Manufacturing Company His family was a little low on money during the Depression but they came out OK in the end Paul enlisted in the Navy on his 17th birthday and reported for active duty on July 3, 1941 Paul had enlisted because he felt that the US would be involved in the war soon (02:00) Training • • • • • • Paul reported in Chicago at Great Lakes Naval Station They were living in hammocks during boot camp at Camp Barry in Chicago They had spent much time marching and learning Naval terminology for about 7 weeks Paul was then sent to Jacksonville Naval Air Station in Florida It was on the water, but a very rustic area He later signed up for classes to be a mechanic working on motor torpedo boats (05:55) Mechanic Training • • • • • • • Paul was sent to Boston and then to Rhode Island He began working on PT boats and went to torpedo school They worked on patrol making torpedo runs to Martha’s Vineyard and other islands He described a PT boat as a “plywood coffin” with 3-12 cylinder Packard engines It carried torpedoes, twin 50-calibur guns, smoke generators and depth charges There was usually about 12 men working on the boat They trained in Rhode Island for 6 weeks (10:30) Training in New York • • • • • • Paul was sent to Brooklyn Navy yard to work in engineering He was working in the BG Spark Plug Factory in New York He was later sent to Ionia Ammunition Island working on boat repairs The men were given cold weather gear and all loaded up on large boats to leave from New York They thought they were going to the North Atlantic, but went through the Panama Canal to Taboga Island They also stayed in Panama for a while working on boat generators (15:25) Australia �• • • • • • • • They headed into the Pacific and all the men were given Japanese hunting licenses They also went through the initiation process of crossing the equator They landed in Brisbane, Australia and had two weeks on liberty Paul had an opportunity to go on a ride in a submarine and did not enjoy his experience He also took a boat north and saw the Great Barrier Reef Paul traveled along much of the coast of Australia, at which time was pretty old fashioned compared to towns on the coast in America He visited Horne Island and went through the Torres Straits Most of the Americans got along well with the Australian civilians, but the Australian servicemen did not like them because they thought they were overpaid and attracting all the Australian women (21:45) New Guinea • • • • • • • They left Australia and headed to Milne Bay, which is on the southeast end of New Guinea The men set up base while most of the Japanese were starting to push North The base was surrounded by jungle and many wild pigs Paul began working on a boat patrolling along the eastern coast of New Guinea They were working with Australian coast watchers at night Occasionally they caught Japanese trucks trying to make their way up the coast Whenever Japanese shot at them at night, they often missed because they always aimed too high (26:10) Buna • • • • • • They left Milne Bay and tied up to a Japanese barge to refuel; the boats usually used about 2,000 gallons of fuel a day They spent much of the day on land in the jungle After spending time in Buna they traveled to Kiriwina Island where there was a US airbase and hospital Paul continued to work on patrol boats at night and also helped transport men to different islands There was not much Japanese resistance while they were patrolling Usually their only contact was because a Japanese boat would run into them because it could not see them (31:10) England • • • • • Paul had some time to go home on leave where he visited his family His father was busy working long hours in a factory that was building tanks and 20 mm mortars Paul then took a train to New York and boarded an Army transport ship headed for Liverpool In England they went on a few patrols off the coast, looking for German E boats They left Liverpool and went the Plymouth Bay where there was much war damage �(36:30) France • • • • • • From England Paul traveled to Cherbourg, France where the Germans had recently surrendered They found an old Germans barracks that looked like it had been very quickly vacated The French told them that they were much happier living under the Germans than the Americans Once the fighting was over in Paris the men went back to England Paul had leave to go back to the US during Christmas and then was told that he would be heading back to the Pacific He was sent to Shoemaker, CA, but discharged shortly later before even leaving for the Pacific in 1945 (43:00) Discharged • • • • • • After being discharged Paul moved to Michigan His father had moved there from Indiana after buying about 500 acres on a lake Paul began taking classes at Michigan State University and received his degree in electronics He also met his wife while attending college After the Navy Paul continued spending time sailing, fishing and riding in speed boats He had a wonderful time in the Navy and made many great friends �r "1 ". ", ". j f' I. J- 1-f/,iJ4/4/( t!r(5#&~A'/; '7 I I h/f-4,vc.::: • Pt::4~'- A. V ~(.J£~ t o/(i? ,,-~ ~. T If ;.J If' 5" I'}/,," /r' i~/'T t' t: A V5 I'~ (J L....r ~ �sqUADRON COMMANDER.. �PAU L THOMAS LINDNER U.S.NAVY wwn JULY 3,1941-- TO --- OCTOBER 6,1941 FOUR YEARS THREE MONTHS AND FOUR DAYS INCLUDING ALL OF WWII MILITARY SERVICE AS I REMEMBER IT= ELEVEN DAYS AFTER MY SEVENTEENTH BIRTHDAY, I WAS SWORN IN TO THE U.S.NAVY AT THE NAVAL RECEIVING STATION IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ON JULY 3, 194 1. NOW AN APPRENTICE SEAMAN AT $21.00 PER MONTH A BUS RIDE TO GRE AT LAKES NAVAL TRAINING STATION AT GRE AT LAKES , ILLINOIS. OUR BOOT CAMP HOME TO BE WAS A WWI BARRACKS LOCATED IN CAMP ' BERRY. HERE WE ENTERED GLISTENING WOODEN FLOORS [DECKS] AND OPEN AREA WITH PIPES WHICH WE LEARNED WERE TO LASH OUR HAMMOCKS TO FOR BEDS . MEETING OUR LEADER, CHIEF YUHASE AND NOW RECEIVE DOG TAGS, HAIR CUT S [HAD TO PAY FOR] HAMMOCKS MATRES S, PILLOW, SEA BAG, DITTY BAG, DRE SS BLUE UNIFO RM, UNDRE SS BLUES , WHITE UNIFORM S, UNDERWEAR, SOCKS AND SO FORTH FOR OUR ,.. ...... SOLE POSSESSIONS. OUR FIRST NIGHT IN A HAMMOCK AND JULY FOURTH MORNING WE SORTA MARCHED TO A MES S HALL ON THE MAIN SIDE. A METAL TRAY, SPOONFULL OF BEANS AND TWO SPOONS OF CATSUP [NOW "RED LEAD"], EGGS, SLAB OF ANCIENT TOAST AND COFFEE THAT COULD BE USED AS PAINT REMOVER. RETURNED TO THE BARRACKS AND NOW INTRODUCED TO THE "BLUE JACKETS MANUAL" OUR NAVY BffiLE. INSTRUCTED ON ROLLING AND TYING OUR CLOTHING TO KEEP IT IN THE SEA BAG UNWRINKLED, AND HOW TO LAY OUT FOR INSPEC TION, OF WHICH WE SOON HAD MANY. NOW LEARNING TO MARCH AS A UNIT AND ENTER INTO COMPETITION WITH OTHER GROUPS. SHOT S IN BOTH ARMS AND WE NOW DANCE WITH THE "JOHNSON BAR'. THE GLISTENING DECKS REQUIRE STEEL WOOL OVER THE BAR AND A LOT OF DANCING TO REMOVE THE WAX. THE STEEL WOOL REMOVED AND NOW WAX AND POLISH. WE WERE INFORME D THAT THE EXERCISE EASED THE PAIN OF THE SHOTS? " �H. NOW MARCHING AS A UNIT, ABLE TO DO THE MANUAL OF ARMS WITH A SPRINGFIELD 1903 AND PASSED THE RIFLE RANGE QUALIFICATIONS WE NOW ARE READY TO MARCH TO THE MAIN SIDE PARADE GROUND AND GRADUATION. A SEVEN DAY LEAVE SO HOME AND BACK IN CIVILIAN CLOTHES FOR THE WEEK. RETURN TO GREAT LAKES AND ANOTHER WWI BARRACKS ON THE MAIN SIDE. NOW HAMMOCKS ARE HUNG MUCH HIGHER FOR WALKING BENEATH. TESTS AND INFO ON AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS AND OR SHIPS OR BASES . OPTED FOR AVIATION MACHINIST MATE SCHOOL AND NOW A TRAIN TRIP SOUTH TO JACKSONVILLE NAVAL TRAINING STATION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. THE NEW NAVY WITH WOODEN BARRACKS AND DOUBLE DECKER BUNKS . NOW THE HAMMOCK IS BENEATH THE MATTRESS AND A BIT MORE COMFORTABLE. AS THE WAKE UP LIGHTS GO ON AND LOCAL RADIO STATION GOES ON THE AIR WITH "A STRING OF PEARLS" WE HEAR THE SONG THAT WILL BEGIN OUR DAYS WHILE IN JAX, EACH WEEK COVERS A DIFFERENT PHASE OF THE AIRCRAFT WITH HANDS ON EXPERIENCE. WEEKL Y TEST MUST RECEIVE A PASSING GRADE TO RATE LillERTY. INSTRUCTORS REGALE US WITH THEIR WAR STORIES OF OUTWITTING THE FEDS WHEN RUNNING BOOTLEG LIQUOR DURING PROHillITION. A BIT AMAZING HOW SO MANY OF THEM SURVIVED. AS THIS IS PRE WWII OUR AIRCRAFT ARE A LOT OF BIPLANES WITH FABRIC COVERS . WE LEARN TO SEW THE FABRIC ON WINGS ETC. THEN TO A HANGER WITH A WALL WATERF ALL. NO METAL OF ANY TYPE TO BE CARRIED IN AS THE AIRPLANE DOPE IS VERY EXPLOSIVE. IT IS STORED IN A BLOCK HOUSE -eUT IN THE MIDDLE OF A FIELD . WE NOW UNDERSTAND WHY LOCATIONS ARE MARKED TO PLACE FEET WHEN GETTING INTO THE COCKPITS . RADIAL ENGINES, CARBURATORS, INSTRUMENTS, WING ADJUSTMENTS AND SHOT GUN STARTERS AND ALL OTHER AIRCRAFT ITEMS. LillERTY WAS A BUS RIDE INTO JAX AND AT THE WATERFRONT I MET AN OLD FISHERMAN ABOUT TO GO FISHING, INVITE AND OUT ON THE RIVER. THE LIVE BAIT WAS LARGER THAN THE FISH I HAD CAUGHT BACK HOME . FISH WERE BITING AND I CAUGHT MY FIRST TEN POUNDS PLUS BASS­ WOW! ENJOYING A BREW AS I AM NOW A SEAMAN SECOND CLASS AND $36.00 PER MONTH, I MET SOME PEOPLE FROM HOME . AN ARMY SEARGEANT PASSING THRU JAX AND THE LADY BOOKKEEPER FOR THE DOG TRACK. THE SARGE HAD BEEN A LIFE GUARD AT HOME TOWN POOL AND THE LADY HAD ATTENDED SCHOOL WITH MY DAD. INVITED TO MEET THE TRACK OWNER AND FAMILY PLUS THE PRE RACE OWNERS BUFFET- LIVING IT UP �THE JAPS HAVE BOMBED PEARL HARBOR AND WE ARE AT WAR. LOCAL BASED PBYs ARE PATROLLING OUR ATLANTIC COAST AS GERMAN U­ BOATS ARE NOW ON THE PROWL AND SINK1NG US SHIPS . GRADUATION AND CHECK OUT THE BULLETIN BOARD FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE ASSIGNMENT. ANEW NAVAL UNIT 'MOTOR TORPEDO BOATS ' IS SEEKING MECHANICS FOR PACKARD ENGINES. SOUNDS INTERESTING SO APPLIED IN THE MORNING AND WAS ON A TRAIN TO BOSTON, MASS. THAT AFTERNOON. CHECKED IN TO FARGO STREET NAVAL STATION AND SOON ON A BUS TO MEL VILLE, RHODE ISLAND AND QUONSET HUTS BEING BUILT AS THE BASE PREPARES. HERE WE HAD ON HAND TRAINING COVERING ALL FACETS OF PT BOATS . TORPEDOES, GUNS, RADIO, NAVIGATION AND THE ENGINES . CRUISES OUT ONTO THE OCEAN WITH PRACTICE TORPEDO RUNS ON MARTHAS VINEYARD. GUNNERY FIRING AT SOCK TOWED BEHIND AIRPLANE AND SO FORTH. MORNING RUN ON THE BASE CINDER ROADS I MET OUR FUTURE PRESIDENT KENNEDY- VERY FRIENDLY. LATER I WAS IN THE SAME SQUADRON 6 IN NEW YORK BUT I WAS AWAITING THE FORMING OF SQUADRON 7. LIBERTY HERE OFFERED NUMEROUS DIRECTIONS TO TOWNS- FALL RIVER, MASS. , RHODE ISLAND AND THE OCEAN SHORELINE. GRADUATION AND NOW A FIREMAN 3rd CLASS [NO PAY RAISE] RECEIVING OVER $50.00 PER MONTH DUE TO OVERALL PAY SCALE RAISE . HALF OF MY PAY GOES HOME FOR DAD TO BUY WAR BONDS . NOW A FIREMAN 181 CLASS AND A PAY RAISE . GRADUATION AND DEPART MELVILLE. BUS TO BOSTON AND SHORT STAY AT FARGO BARRACKS WITH LIBERY TO ENJC>Y THE SITES, BEANS AND BEER. TRAIN TO NY AND BUS TO BROOKLYN NAVY YARD . CHECKED IN TO THE COMISSIONING DETAIL LOCATED ON THE CONCRETE BARGE-"'WHEELING." NO BOATS AS YET SO SHORT LEAVE HOME VIA TRAIN. RETURN AND BEGIN SHAKE DOWN OF JUST RECEIVED BOATS . LOCATED NEAR THE BATTLESHIP IOWA NOW BEING BUILT AND LEARNING THE TRICKY RIVER CURRENTS UGH! NEW SKIPPERS NOW REALLY EXERCISE MECHS AS NUMEROUS SHIFTS TO BRING BOAT TO DOCK. A WAVE HITS AND LIFTS BOAT INTO PILING THUS WORK FOR CARPENTER MATES TO PATCH. INSTALLING HEATERS ON BOATS THUS ASSUME OUR NEXT BASE WILL BE COLD AREA. ISSUED A LOT OF HEAVY FOWL WEATHER PLUS GEAR- WOOL UNDERWEAR AND SO FORTH. THE CHIEF MASTER AT ARMS IN CHARGE OF THE WHEELING SAW MY NAME AND ASKED IF MY DAD WAS A CARL. HE HAD SERVED UNDER MY DAD IN WWI ABOARD THE USS LEVIATHON �A MOTOR MACHINIST MATE SECOND CLASS AND A PAY RAISE PLUS BUSY IN PREPARING FOR SQUADRON DEPARTURE. A WEEK IN DOWNTOWN NY AT THE BG SPARK PLUG FACTORY TO LEARN FIELD REHAB FOR SPARK PLUGS . TIME AT WALTER JONES ENGINE REPAIR OVER THE RIVER TO FOLLOW UP ON HAVING AUXIALLIARY GENERATOR GEARS GROUND FOR CLEARANCE. RUN A WIID..£ AND THE UNITS FROZE UP . DID NOT HAVE TIME TO ALL DONE. JONES HAD TRAP DOORS AND DURING PROHIBITION CHANGED ENGINES ETC. FOR BOOTLEGGERS SPEED BOATS. A TRIP UPRIVER TO MARINE AMMUNITION DUMP AND PICKED UP AMMO FOR THE BOATS 50 CALIBER AND 20 MILIMETERS PLUS SOME FOR SMALL ARMS . TRIPS ABOUT NY FOR NEEDED TOOLS AND A TRIP TO FIFES SHIPYARD FOR SOME WORK. UNDER COMMAND OF LT COMMANMDER JOHN D . BUCKELEY [THE MEDAL OF HONOR WINNER] OUR BOATS WERE LOADED ON TO WOOD CRADLES THEN ONTO THE DECK OF A TANKER. SOUTH ALONG THE COAST TO THE INLAND HARBOR AT WILLHELMSTEAD, CURACAO. LIBERTY HERE WAS A BOAT RIDE TO TOWN AND AT NIGHT THE TOWN DIVIDED BY THE WATERWAY, PULLED THE PONTOON TYPE BRIDGE THAT CONNECTED SAME. THE MILK AND ICE CREAM REQUIRED GETTING A TASTE FOR "GOATS MILK." EVENING BEER ON THE VERANDA OF HOTEL VIEWING LOCAL ACTIVITY WAS EXCELLENT PASTIME. CONTACTED A GENT THAT MY DAD HAD MENTIONED HAVING ATTENDED PURDUE UNIVERSITY WITH. UPPER JOB WITH DUTCH REFINERY AND VERY HOSPITABLE AT HIS CLUB . NOW TO COLON, PANAMA AND OFF LOAD FOR TRIP THRU THE CANAL TO ' ~HE PACIFIC OCEAN AND THE ISLAND OF TOBAGO. DEEP CLEAR WATER ON ISLAND THAT HAD BEEN HIGH CLASS ENTERTAINING PRE THE WAR. TO THE NAVAL MACHINE SHOP ON THE CANAL AND MORE AUXIALLIARY GENERATOR WORK. BACK TO THE ISLAND AND VIEWED MY FIRST IGUANAS- NATIVES LIKED AND SAID THAT THEY TASTE LIKE CHICKEN? SHAKE DOWN AND NOW WORKING AS A UNIT FOR PATROLS. TO PANAMA, BACK IN CRADLES AND ONTO THE DECK OF TANKER. SOUTH WITH GALA INITIATION CROSSING THE EQUATOR, SIGN LOG FOR OUR SPONSOR- THE NEW YORK YACHT CLUB , ISSUED JAP HUNTING LICENSE SIGNED BY OUR CAMMANDING OFFICER. WEST TO NOUMEA, NEW CALEDONIA AND A SHORT ANCHORAGE THEN TO BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA AND THE FARTHEST NORTH LOCATION OF A CRANE CAPABLE OF REMOVING OUR BOATS FROM DECK OF THE TANKER. TIED UP NEXT TO THE SUBMARINE TENDER THE USS FULTON. HAILED BY A SAILOR ON THE FULTON AND INVITED ABOARD, WE HAD BEEN CLASSMATES AT JAX AND HE OPTED FOR SUBS? AS A SUB WAS REPAIRED AND SHAKE DOWN SHORT CRUISE INTO THE PACIFIC I WAS INVITED ALONG. HAVING SUBMERGED AND RETURNED I DECIDED THAT SUBS WERE NOT MY THING. �se , . .... LIBERTY IN BRISBANE WAS INTERESTING LEARNING THAT A BOTTLE OF BEER IS AN IMPERIAL QUART. AUSTRALIAN SEREVICEMEN DISLIKED YANKS AS WE RECEIVED HIGHER PAY AND THE AUSSIE LASSES PREFERRED US SERVICEMEN. BOOMERANGS REALLY DO COME BACK. PREPARING TO HEAD NORTH WE ARE CABLED TO THE US GUNBOAT "TULSA." BETWEEN THE LAND AND THE GREAT BARRIER REEF WE NOW HEADED NORTH. SET A SCHEDULE TO RUN ENGINE TO COOL REVERSE GEARS AS THEY HEATED UP WITH PROP TURNING IN TOW . A DANDY STORM AND ON TOP OF HIGH WAVES WE WERE LOOKING DOWN ON THE GUNBOAT. CABLE SNAPPED, DROPPED OFF VIA QUICK RELEASE AND STARTED ENGINES. CRUISED INTO THE GLADSTONE HARBOR TO RIDE OUT THE STORM. LOCAL PUB RAPIDLY RAN OUT OF BEER. STORM OVER WE ONCE AGAIN PROCEEDED NORTH IN TOW. SOME OF THE ISLANDS OF THE REEF WERE INHABITED AND PEOPLE CAME OUT TO WAVE. OUR TOWING SPEED WAS GOOD FOR FISHING AS WE TROLLED SPOONS AND ENJOYED SOME FAIR CATCHES . CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA AND AGAIN SET UP BASE. THIS TOWN REMINDED ME OF AN OLD WESTERN MOVIE TOWN . BUSINESSES HAD A DROP WOOD FRONT, INSTEAD OF WINDOW, AND WHEN OPEN THEY RAISED IT COVERING THE WOOD SIDE WALK. NON COM CLUB WAS IN A HOUSE BUILT ON STILTS AND A TRAP DOOR IN THE FLOOR PERMITTED REFUSE TO BE SWEPT OUT. SUGAR FARMERS WELCOMED OUR HUNTING KANGAROO AND THE NATIVES APPRECIATED THE MEAT. AGAIN NORTH NOW TO THE TORRES STRAITS AND THURSDAY ISLAND . THIS WAS HEADQUARTERES FORJAP PEARL DIVING OPERATION. WE TOOK OVER HOTEL FOR BASE FORCE, SICK BAY AND GALLEY PLUS MESS HALL. ALSO TOOK OVER A MARINE WORKSHOP WITH A MARINE RAILWAY THAT WE UTILIZED TO PULL PT BOATS UP FOR BOTTOM CLEANING ETC .. AN ASSEMBLED SECTIONAL METAL BARGE WITH CHYRSLER MOTOR IN ONE SECTION NOW FOR OUR USE. LARGE CUBIC BLOCKS OF CONCRETE WERE CAST TO DROP IN STREAM FOR BOAT ANCHORAGES. WATER FLOWED AT ABOUT EIGHT KNOTS AS IT WENT BETWEEN THE ISLANDS SO TRICKY ANCHORAGES. BOSUN AND I MADE THE FIRST TRIP OUT AND FOUND OURSELVES NOT GOING FORWARD. CHECKED THE ENGINE AND :MISSING KEY CONNECTING SHAFT TO ENGINE DRIVE. LUCKIL Y AN ALERT PT BOATER SAW OUR PLIGHT AND THEY TOWED US TO THE DOCK FOR REPAIRS. NOW WE SUCCEEDED TO PLACE THE ANCHORAGES OK. PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND WAS UNINHABITED AND HAD ONCE BEEN A :MINING PLACE FOR GOLD BUT TO COSTLY WHEN PRICE DROPPED. LEFT HORSES THAT WENT WILD AND WE HUNTED WILD BOAR- [TUSKERS] THEN GAVE MEAT TO NATIVES ON OUR ISLAND . �AS THE JAPS WERE STILL COMING SOUTH IN NEW GUINEA WE NOW AIDED THE AUSSIES AND LOADED AN ON WHEELS FIELD PIECE PLUS PLANKS AND SOLDIERS ON THE BARGE . PROCEEDE TO NEARBY ISLAND AND BEACHED THE FRONT OF BARGE. AUSSIE PUSHED PLANK OVERBOARD AND IT IMMEDIATELY SANK. HEAVY TIMBER. FINALLY BUILT RAMP AND OFF LOADED THE FIELD PIECE. THANKS . ON PT BOAT PULLING UP TO DOCK I THREW A LINE TO CHUBBY GENT IN CACKY AND HE HAD A RED HAT BAND . I ASSUMED HE WAS WITH THE RED CROSS . HE PLACED THE LINE AND THEN AS I THANKED HIM HE INTRODUCED HIMSELF AS GENERAL? AND WONDERED IF WE COULD TRANSPORT HIM TO HORNE ISLAND, ACROSS THE WATER, AND THE AUSSIE AIR BASE . OUR BOAT SKIPPER SAID GLAD TO . NOW AGAIN NORTH AND A SHORT STOP IN PORT MORESBY, NEW GUINEA. THE JAPS DID NOT MAKE IT TO HERE AND NOW WERE BEING PUSHED BACK OVERE THE MOUNTAINS. I BELIEVE IT IS THE OWEN/ST ANLEY RANGE . EAST TO PORT MORESBY AND KANA KOPE WAS BEING CONSTRUCTED FOR OUR BASSE . TENTS ON STILTED FLOORS FOR BASE PERSONAL AND QUONSET WORK SHOPS ETC. CHATTED WITH A CB , BUILDING QUONSETS, AND HE HAD WORKED FOR MY DAD BACK HOME . THE RAINY SEASON WAS ALL AS BAD AS WE EVER HEARD AND AT TIMES WORSE- MOLDY EVERYTHING. NOW ON PATROL ON THE EAST COAST OF NEW GUINEA. NIGHTS WE PATROLLED NORTH ALONG THE COAST TO INTERCEPT ANY BARGES ETC . AS THEY TRIED TO RESUPPLE THERE TROOPS. IN THE EARL Y DAYS THE BARGES FELT SAFE AND WERE NOT ARMED BUT AFTER LOSSES TO PT BOATS THEY INSTALLED GUNS ON FUTURE BARGES. WITH MUFFLED ENGINES WE SILENTLY CREPT ALONG THE COAST AND WHEN BARGES WERE SPOTTED- MUFFLERS OPENED AND FULL SPEED AHEAD FOR BROADSIDE OF OUR TWIN FIFTY CALIBERS AND TWENTY MILLIMETER ORLECON. A COUPLE OF RUNS TOTALLY DISABLED AND USUALLY SANK THE BARGES WITH NO SURVIVORS. DAYS WERE SPENT REFUELLING AND TIED UP UNDER TREES IN TUFI RIVER. HERE I MET AUSSUE COAST WATCHERS ON TOP OF TUFI HILLS . THEY REPORTED JAP ACTIVITY AND WERE OF GREAT HELP TO THE WAR EFFORT. ENJOYED FRESH PINEAPPLE AND BANANAS .HERE THANKS TO THERE LOCAL SUPPL Y. WATERFALL AT TUFI RIVER WAS NICE TO BACK UNDER FOR FRESH WATER SHOWERS. WE SWAM HERE UNTIL ONE NIGHT HEARD NOISE IN THE RIVER AND FOUND A CROCODILE SWIMMING ABOUT. END OF SWIMMING. NOW THW JAPS HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED AT BUNA SO WE MOVE NORTH AGAIN. FINALL Y A MOTHER SHIP JOINS US AT BUNA AND NO LONGER HAVE A LONG TRIP SOUTH FOR SUPPLIES . �BUNA WAS AN EXCELLENT LOCATION TO TIE UP BY A BEACHED lAP LANDING BARGE AND DIVE UNDER THE PT TO REPLACE ZINCS ON THE STRUTS . SALTWATER DISSOLVED THE ZINCS FAIRLY FAST. ALSO GOOD PLACE TO REPLACE BANGED UP SCREWS AND SO FORTH. WITH NO DIVING GEAR THE SALT WATER WAS A BIT HARD ON THE EYES AFTER FREQUENT DIVES. THE MORNING AFTER A NIGHT PATROL REQUIRED ROLLING FIFTY FIVE GALLON BARRELS OF HIGH OCTANE GAS, UPRIGHTING THE BARRELS AND HAND PUMPING THRU A SHAMMY. A NIGHT PATROL USUALLY REQUIRED TWO THOUSAND GALLONS OF GAS MORE OR LESS . THE BUNA BARGE WAS PICTURED ON THE COVER OF A LIFE MAGAZINE. NOW NORTH TO MOROBE RIVER AND PATROLS ENCOUNTERING ARMED BARGES . THE lAPS WERE DESPERATE TO RESUPPLY THEIR TROOPS ON NEW GUINEA AND A LARGE GROUP SET OFF FROM NEW BRITAIN TO BE SUNK BY AIRCRAFT AND US NAVY. ORDERS WERE TO TAKE NO PRISONERS AND ALLOW NO lAPS TO MAKE IT TO SHORE . FROM MOROBE WE PATROLLED NORTH TO THE LAE/SALAMOA AREA AS THE lAPS WERE BEING PUSHED FURTHER NORTH. ONE NIGHT IN CAPE GLOUCESTER ON THE WEST SIDE OF NEW BRITAIN I GLANCED UP THRU THE ENGINE ROOM HATCH AND THE AMERICAN FLAG WAS BRIGHTLY LIT UP, EMERGENCY FULL SPEED AND THE SHOOTING BEGAN. A SHELL, FROM lAP DESTROYER, HIT BEHIND OUR SISTER PT BOAT AND SPRAYED SHRAPNEL WOUNDING SOME AND WE SHOT OUT THE lAP SEARCH LIGHT THEN LAID A SMOKE SCREEN BEHIND WOUNDED PT AND LED THE WAY HOME. NO WIN SITUATION. FROM MOROBE A GROUP OF PTs WAS TRANSFERRED TO KIRIWIANA ISi;AND TO NOW PATROL NORTH TO THE RABUAL AREA. RABUAL, NEW BRIT AIN WAS A LARGE lAP STRONGHOLD AND SUPPLIED THE NEW GUINEA ARMY. WE TRANSPORTED A MARINE, AUSSIE AND NATIVE TO NEW BRITAIN SHORE FOR SPYING AND HAD A SET PICK UP ROUTINE IN HOPE THEY RETURNED . CHRISTMAS DAY 1943 ON A GAS BARGE FUELING A PT BOAT FIRE BROKE OUT AND THREE OF US SWAM ASHORE . AN ARMY AMBULANCE RIDE TO A ARMY FIELD HOSPITAL IN THE CENTER OF THE ISLAND AND A BED IN A TENT WITH SLIT TRENCH ALONGSIDE IN CASE OF AN AIR RAID . BURNED AREAS WRAPPED IN GAUZE THAT HAD SOAKED IN "FOIL" AND LEFT ON FOR TIME ONLY POURING MORE OF THE LIQUID ON DAILY. AS THE ARMY SUFFERED FROM LACK OF US SUPPLIES AS WE DID THEY SOMEHOW HAD AN OVER SUPPLY OF SALMON. BAKE, BOILED AND STEWED SALMON THREE TIMES PER DAY. LUCKILY OUR SKIPPER VISITED AND BROUGHT SOME NAVY CHOW PLUS A FEW BEERS FOR OUR USE . BACK TO THE NAVY AND RETURN TO NEW GUINEA. NOW FINCHAVEN AND WEWAK TO END lAPS OCCUPATION OF NEW GUINEA. �A SHIP TO BRISBANE, TRAIN RIDE TO SYDNEY AND FEW DAYS OF R&R THEN A LIBERTY SHIP TO SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. TRAIN TO CHICAGO AND THIRTY DAY LEAVE THEN TRAIN TO BOSTON. AND A SHORT STAY IN CHELSEA NAVAL HOSPITAL. ARMY TRANSPORT SHIP TO LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND ARRIVING ON A DARK RAINY NIGHT. A TRAIN SOUTYH TO PLYMOUTH AND OUR FIST SIGHT OF BARRAGE BALLOONS FLYING OVER AN ARE THAT HAD BEEN BOl\1BED. EAST TO FERRY BOAT BEING USED AS PT BOAT BASE ON THE ENGLISH CHANEL. NOW IN SQUADRON THIRTY FOUR, A FIRST CLASS MOTOR MACHINIST MATE AT OVER A HUNDRED DOLLARS PER MONTH. AND NOW A DIFFERENT WAR. WITH CHERBOURG, FRANCE OCCUPIED BY US ARMY WE NOW MOVED OUR BASE TO CHERBOURG AND A HARBOR LOADED WITH EVERYTHING THE RETREATING GERMANS COULD SINK. FINALLY CLEARED ENOUGH FOR SUPPLY SHIPS AND THRY CONSTANTLY UNLOADED SUPPLIES TO BE TAKEN TO THE FRONT VIA RED BALL EXPRESS. VIEWING THE CONCRETE U-BOAT PENS AND THE CONCRETE GUN EMPLACEMENTS COVERING THE CHANEL IT IS AMAZING THE GERMANS WERE DEFEATED HERE . BASE FORCE NOW RESIDED IN AN OLD NAPOLEAN BARRACKS . PATROLS EVADED GETTING INTO SHOOT OUT WITH GERMAN E BOATS THAT WERE BASED ON AN ISLAND NEAR CHERBOURG. THE 120 FOOT E BOATS WERE FAST AND HEAVLY ARMED . RETURN TO ENGLAND AND SOME OF THE BOATS WENT TO SCOTLAND TO BE GIVEN TO THE RUSSIANS. SHW TO BOSTON, TRAIN TO CALIFORNIA AND THE SHOEMAKER NAVL RECEIVING STATION. PASSED OUT AND ENDED UP IN THE SHOEMAKER NAVAL HOSPITAL. TRAIN TO CHICAGO FOR DUTY NEAR HOME. GREAT LAKES NAVAL HOSPITAL, END OF WWII AND RECEIVED A MEDICAL DISCHARGE. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LindnerP Title A name given to the resource Lindner, Paul (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lindner, Paul Description An account of the resource Paul Lindner was born in Indiana in the early 1920s and joined the US Navy on July 3, 1941. Paul went through basic training in Chicago and was then sent to Rhode Island to train as a mechanic working on torpedo boats. Paul later traveled through the Pacific to Panama, Australia, New Guinea, Milne Island, Boona, and Kiriwina Island. Paul was also sent to Europe where he patrolled off the coast off Plymouth, England, and Cherbourg, France. He was eventually transferred to the Pacific shortly before the war ended, and never served there. Photographs and an account of military service are appended to interview outline. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-29 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2695d7eae9c2d8cc6cd1f1c7e84753b8.mp4 56dd31ca8cbcca6f8a5419f900184687 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2b3157961e9b404e24e496a97b600caf.pdf d219a8ad9926bad48a50c9af4e367167 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Jay Lindquist Cold War/Vietnam War 1 hour 29 minutes 3 seconds (00:00:12) Early Life -Born in Chicago on November 15, 1934 -His father was Harold Lindquist and his mother was Mildred Lindquist -Went to school in Chicago -Except for one year of high school -He had been born on the south side of Chicago but grew up on the north side -Family moved to the north side in 1941 -Graduated from Lakeview High School in 1952 (00:02:35) Joining the Naval Academy -At the end of his senior year of high school he wasn’t sure where to go for college -A senator was offering an appointment test for one of the military academies -The summer after graduating he took the test -Passed it with flying colors -Given the choice of going to West Point or Annapolis Naval Academy -Chose the Naval Academy -Went to the Illinois Institute of Technology for a few classes to prepare him for the academy -Mostly economics and algebra courses -Took an academic examination for the Navy and passed that -Went to Great Lakes Naval Station in Chicago for the Navy physical -Received his orders to report to the Naval Academy -Had to be there on June 29, 1953 (00:05:54) Arrival at the Naval Academy -Flew from Chicago to Washington DC and from Washington DC to Baltimore, Maryland -Arrived at the academy at 2 AM -Given a bed and instructions for the next day -His class started off with 1100 cadets -By the time graduation rolled around they had lost 300 -Sworn into the Navy as a midshipman on June 29, 1953 (00:07:25) Naval Academy-First Year -Went into the first year summer known as “plebe” summer -Focus was on assimilation into the Navy -Given a book that covered the history, language, protocol, and customs of the Navy -Taught by third year students and company officers -During the official first year he had twenty hours of class credit per semester -Expected to be involved in athletic and/or extracurricular groups -Stressed academic and military discipline -Integration into military living -Adjusted to life at the academy pretty well -He was self-disciplined so the change wasn’t too difficult �(00:11:05) Naval Academy-First Cruise -Went on his first cruise in summer of 1954 aboard the battleship USS New Jersey -Went across the Atlantic Ocean and stopped in Vigo, Spain -Sailed up to France and visited the Normandy Beaches and Cherbourg -Also given the chance to take a train into Paris -Sailed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for artillery training -Cruise lasted sixty days (00:13:02) Naval Academy-Second Year -Upon returning from the cruise he was promoted to 3rd class midshipman -Academic load was the same during the second year -Focus now was on engineering, physics, chemistry, and advanced mathematics -Had to choose a foreign language to specialize in -He chose Russian -Taught how to properly coordinate and fire naval artillery -During his second year he and the other cadets were allowed to Saturdays and Sundays off (00:14:33) Naval Academy-Second Cruise -In the summer of 1955 he went aboard the aircraft carrier the USS Valley Forge -Cruise was to teach the cadets about naval aviation -Sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia -Sailed down to Little Beach, Virginia and coordinated a training mission with the Marines -Carried out an amphibious landing there (00:15:30) Naval Academy-Third Year -Returned from the cruise and was made a 2nd class midshipman -Given far more responsibility -Focus was on flying -Trained with the N3N “Yellow Peril” pontoon aircraft -Taught how to take off, land, and do basic flying -Also taught more about Marine amphibious operations and the Navy’s involvement with that (00:17:05) Naval Academy-Third Cruise -Third cruise was aboard the destroyer the USS Perry in the summer of 1956 -Stayed in the bow with the chief petty officers -Taught how to use a sextant and navigate by way of the stars -Pulled into Portsmouth, England and saw Lord Nelson’s HMS Victory there -Also given the chance to visit London while they were there -From England sailed over to Stockholm, Sweden before sailing home (00:18:03) Air Force-Flight Training -Senior year decided that the branch of service he would go into would be the Air Force -Wanted to go into pilot training -During his senior year he was part of Honor Colors Company (esteemed position) -In September 1957 he reported to Graham Air Base, Florida for primary flight training -First aircraft he flew there was the T34 Mentor -In Class of 59B -Graduated to the T28 -Early WWII fighter plane -Excellent aircraft for acrobatic maneuvers �(00:21:24) Air Force-Basic Training -In early 1958 (January/February) he was sent to Webb Air Force Base, Texas for basic training -Flew the T33A -A modified F80 fighter jet from the Korean War -Remembers his first solo flight aboard the T33A -Fifteen minutes into the flight his reserve fuel tanks stopped working -Had to drop the reserve tanks so that he could safely land -On September 8, 1958 he received his wings (00:24:24) Air Force Assignments-Moody Air Force Base -Because of his class standing he was given the choice of what type of pilot he wanted to be -Fighter, bomber, or transportation -Chose to be a fighter pilot specifically working with all-weather interceptors -Sent to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia later in 1958 -Did a lot of ground training there -Taught how to fly on instruments and instruments alone -Part of being prepared to fly in any and all forms of weather -First time flying in a flight simulator was at Moody -Had to fly the F86 fighter jet by yourself -Instructor flew as your wing man -Loved the feeling of turning on the afterburner as he took off -People died during training missions -Malfunctions and attempting to do maneuvers they weren’t prepared to pull off yet -Completed fighter pilot training in 1959 but was kept on as an instructor until 1961 -Remembers losing an engine during a training mission -Worked with primitive guided missile systems -Remembers scrambling a few times in the middle of the might -Part of being prepared in the event of needing to intercept enemy aircraft (00:34:49) Air Force Assignments-University of Michigan -In 1961 he was sent to the University of Michigan to study astronautics -During his time at U of M he would go out flying on his own to keep from getting rusty -Class was made up of only about twelve people -Mostly West Point graduates -Studied with the man who designed the command module for the Apollo rockets -Completed the program in 1963 (00:36:01) Air Force Assignments-Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab -After U of M he was sent to the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab -Part of Edwards Air Force Base in California -Promoted to the rank of captain -Given the position of Test Rocket Officer -In charge of engineers that were developing rocket propellants for weapons systems -Worked in conjunction with Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio -Remembers witnessing the classified SR71 Blackbird taking off (00:38:33) Volunteering for Vietnam -In 1964 he volunteered to go to Vietnam -Knew that it was a police action �-Knew that JFK had sent over military advisors -Hoped to be sent over to fly fighter jets against the North Vietnamese -In 1965 during the troop surge he was told he would be flying the O1 Birddog -Propeller driven, primitive, observation plane -Disappointing assignment -Wound up being a blessing in disguise -Flying the O1 truly taught him how to fly (00:42:25) SERE Training and Other Pre-Vietnam Training -Went through SERE training at Fairchild Air Force Base in Spokane, Washington -Survival Evasion Resistance and Escape training -Having been an Eagle Scout it wasn’t hard for him to live in the wild -Worked in pairs in the wilderness -Moved at night and had to hide during the day -His partner wasn’t doing so well, and much to his frustration, was swapped out -Considered the move “unrealistic” -At the end of field training got placed in solitary confinement -Went through interrogation, and mild torture training (sleep deprivation, confinement) -Fared that well -Placed in a mock prisoner of war camp -Had to work together with the other “prisoners” to escape from the camp -Sent to Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama after SERE -Taught air combat tactics in only twenty four hours of flight time -After Maxwell AFB he was sent to Washington DC for counter-insurgency training -Also taught about Vietnamese language, culture, and history (00:50:42) Deployment to Vietnam -Sent to Vietnam on November 9, 1965 -Flew out of Travis Air Force Base, California -Landed in Tan Son Nhut Air Base near Saigon -Remembers the unfathomable humidity -Shocked by the filth and poverty present -Spent a night in a hotel in Saigon -The next day he hitched a ride on a C-130 to a base north of Hue near the demilitarized zone -Had to jump off the moving plane so it could avoid getting targeted by artillery -From Hue he hitched another ride to his final destination of Da Nang (00:53:56) Duties in Vietnam -Reported to the 110th Vietnamese Liaison Squadron -His position was to be part of Air Force Advisory Team 7 -Detachment 10 of 1131st Special Activities Squadron -His job was to train Vietnamese instructors on how to train Vietnamese pilots -He was also responsible for developing tactics and testing aircraft -He also flew recon, convoy escort, artillery observation, and communication combat missions -Flew transportation missions to get high ranking officers across the country -Had to fly low and memorize the territory that he was flying in as well as be unpredictable -If you flew the same way all the time you became an easy target -Had to fly over rural and jungle areas to avoid the roads -Flew with a Vietnamese observer that helped him to mark areas for artillery and for air strikes �-Eventually had his plane modified so he could shoot smoke rockets to mark targets -Always supported South Vietnamese ground forces -Never had any experience with supporting U.S. ground troops -Incredibly difficult to fly into royal palace in the city of Hue -Had to clear a twelve foot high wall on landing and on takeoff (01:02:16) Downtime in Vietnam and Relationship with Other Soldiers -He sang and played guitar in the NCO and officers’ clubs to raise money for orphans -Taught the wives of the Vietnamese officers some English -Decided that he wanted to go to medical school -Taught himself how to prepare for the MCAT -Took the MCAT in Manila, Philippines -Had a lot of respect for the ground troops and what they had to deal with -Spent some R&R in Bangkok and Hong Kong -Vietnamese pilots were outstanding at what they did -Vietnamese observers also did their job exceptionally well (01:06:00) Distinguished Flying Cross and Other Commendations -During his time in Vietnam he earned the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Bronze Star -He earned the Distinguished Flying Cross during a close air support mission -Vietnamese unit was surrounded by the enemy -He stuck around and continued to mark targets for them until reinforcements arrived to evacuate them -Deliberately put himself in harm’s way to insure the safety of the ground troops -Simply felt that he was doing his job (01:08:18) Coming Home Pt. 1 -Despite some of the harassment he faced for his veteran status he is glad that he served -He returned home in 1966 -Did face discrimination upon coming home (01:09:01) Other Details about Vietnam -Lived in a hotel in Da Nang -Got viciously, dangerously ill when he first arrived in Vietnam -Remembers witnessing an attempted coup in 1966 -Close enough to the action to hear tanks moving in the street and gunfire -Didn’t have any interaction with the greater civilian populace -Only ever talked to officers’ wives -Had a Vietnamese housekeeper whom he never saw -Remembers losing an engine during a mission due to fuel problems -Thought that he would have to ditch the plane -During R&R called his mom in Hong Kong -She knew that something traumatic had happened to him and was bothering him -Was, and still is, amazed over the fact that she was able to know that (01:13:05) Coming Home Pt. 2 -Flew out of Tan Son Nhut Air Base back to the United States -Feels that the quick return time is why so many Vietnam vets have psychological baggage -Didn’t have a chance to decompress before going back to civilian life (01:14:06) Air Defense Weapons Center and Leaving the Air Force -Upon returning he was sent to the Air Defense Weapons Center, Tyndall Air Force Base Florida �-He was placed in charge of a team of aeronautic and astronautic engineers -They were developing new missile systems -Working on canopy designs for the F101 and F106 -Designing diagnostic systems for jets -Precursor to what every car has now (warning lights/messages) -While there he also worked as a Tow pilot over the Gulf of Mexico -Towed a target behind an aircraft -Allowed pilots to target practice on a flying, moving target -While there began to learn to fly the F101B -One of the fighter bombers that carried the Genie air-air nuclear rocket -Didn’t complete the combat readiness program for it though -No longer wanted to be in the Air Force due to not being allowed to go back to college -Gave up his officer commission and resigned (01:19:30) University of Michigan and Air National Guard -Returned to the University of Michigan to get his master’s degree in business administration -While there joined the Michigan Air National Guard out of Detroit -Signed on as a major -Given a new commission -Flew photo reconnaissance missions in the F101 Voodoo -Completed the master’s program and was accepted into the PhD program -Stopped flying in 1973 and was given command of an aircraft maintenance squadron -Had to overhaul and make the squadron more efficient and disciplined -By the time he was done with them the squadron had turned itself around -Made it to the rank of lieutenant colonel -Almost made it to the rank of colonel -Position was given to another officer who only had eighteen months left -Part of some of the shady politics that he didn’t appreciate -Resigned from the Air National Guard after that (01:26:04) Life after Air Force and Reflections on Service -Went to Western Michigan University and took a job there -Became a professor of marketing there -Felt that all in all the Air Force was a good career -He feels that, and is glad that, he contributed to the country and to the war effort -Feels now that there was a lot of misrepresentation of Vietnam -Both in the government and in the media -Still impressed by the skill of the Vietnamese pilots Starting at 23:40 Jay’s audio quality starts to deteriorate. It’s not terrible, but the best way I can think to describe how it sounds is “watery” or like there is an echo. You can still hear what he’s saying, but you have to turn up the volume and listen a little more attentively. It goes back to normal at 40:11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LindquistJ1596V Title A name given to the resource Lindquist, Jay (Interview outline and video), 2014 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lindquist, Jay Description An account of the resource Jay Lindquist was born in 1934 in Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from high school there in 1952. He attended the Naval Academy and served on several ships before transferring to the Air Force in 1957. He trained as a fighter pilot served as a flight instructor, and then trained to work with rocket systems before volunteering for duty in Vietnam. He served there between 1965 and 1966 training Vietnamese pilots and flying observation aircraft out of Da Nang with the 110th Vietnamese Liaison Squadron, and won the Distinguished Flying Cross on one of his missions.. He returned home in 1966 and worked at the Air Defense Weapons Center in Florida until he resigned from the Air Force to pursue a business degree at the University of Michigan during which time he served with the Michigan Air National Guard until he resigned from there as a lieutenant colonel and took a job at Western Michigan University as a marketing professor. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Air Force United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-02-13 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d4a82e7000afe5fad63fc3a67d217d0b.m4v 6d194511eb83ccc5dc8926b88868aff4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8d1fdeea2fd45aedfc6ac0ce83749442.pdf 727e3e412c076f30bf627eb1f2bd29ac PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Bernie Link Length of interview: 01:02:42:00        Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1925 (00:00:53:00) His parents immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1923 along with his older brother, who was three at the time (00:00:57:00) o He has often said in response to the question of “what is the best thing that ever happened to you” was the day that his mother and father got off the boat at Ellis Island (00:01:06:00) o The Lord only knows what insanity they would have been caught up in while in Europe (00:01:20:00)  His father had fought in the German army for four years having grown up in what was then East Prussia and was seventeen miles from Paris [no German forces were that close by that time, but they had penetrated that far earlier] when the armistice was declared and he wanted no part of that again (00:01:24:00) Went to Fitzgerald Grade School in Detroit and because there were no buses then, the brothers walked well over a mile to school (00:01:47:00) His parents lost their house during the Great Depression in 1936, forcing the family to move, which was a traumatic experience (00:01:57:00) o He went to another grade school and finished his schooling at Northwestern High School in 1943 (00:02:06:00) The attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the dates that “you never forget”, but not necessarily because of what happened (00:02:21:00) o At about 10:30 in the morning, he was in the tenth grade and all activity at the high school ceased while they carried FDR’s speak to Congress on Monday, December 8th over the loudspeaker system (00:02:28:00) o If that was not enough excitement for one day, when Link got home, he learned that his older brother, who was five years, had enlisted in the Marine Corps (00:02:46:00)  His brother never said a word about it to anyone; his attitude was if someone wanted to do something, then do it and do not make a big display about it (00:03:05:00) There was some general conversation about the situation abroad and how the United States would avenge the attack on Pearl Harbor (00:03:31:00) o The way that they kept abreast of the news was on the radio but other than that, he does not any specific recollections about revenge (00:03:45:00) o Life continued on pretty normally for them (00:04:03:00) He graduated high school in the summer of 1943 and went to downtown Detroit to enlist in the Marine Corps and follow in the footsteps of his brother; however, the Marines turned him down because of his eyesight (00:04:13:00) �     He was a stock-boy at the local A&P store at the time and his manager, a man by the name of Paul Bond, was Sean Connery before there was a Sean Connery (00:04:32:00) o Bond had served in the Marines in China for roughly eight years and he told Link’s mother not to worry, that the Marines would not take him (00:04:44:00) Link looked at this as a challenge so that when he was drafted a little bit later in 1943, he will never forget the experience (00:05:01:00) o When he had finished his physical, a Navy Lieutenant was sitting there and he asked Link “Army or Navy” (00:05:11:00) o When he said “Marine Corps”, the Lieutenant said very indignantly “I said, ‘Army or Navy’”, to which Link replied, “I said Marine Corps” (00:05:20:00) o They had been through this many times before because there was a Marine gunnery sergeant standing over to the side with ten or twelve other men and the Lieutenant turned and asked if he wanted Link, as if he were a piece of meat (00:05:34:00) o The gunnery sergeant looked him up and down and said “Yeah, they would take him” (00:05:49:00) The Marines later notified him that he would be shipping out to San Diego boot camp on December 23rd (00:06:03:00) o His mother could not understand that Link was so important to the war effort that he had to leave two days before Christmas; however, the program was set and he had to go (00:06:13:00) There were seventeen men from Detroit that got on the train to Chicago and on to San Diego, where the men were inducted into Marine Corps boot camp (00:06:27:00) o The men had one exciting incident during the train trip to California (00:06:44:00)  Their train passed a train full of Navy enlistees and Link’s train had two men from Marine Corps aboard, who were dressed in their dress blue uniforms (00:06:48:00)  One of the Marines was cocky and when one of the sailors made the mistake of commenting about the Marines being “seagoing bellhops”, the Marines’ response nearly caused a riot (00:06:58:00) o The train trip took three days to get out to San Diego, although the men ended up stopping at a railroad depot in Santa Fe (00:07:32:00) o Because he was with that group of men for so long and they were so close together on the train, Link and the other men developed a camaraderie between one another (00:07:47:00) Link had pneumonia in July, 1943 and had recovered, but when he got in boot camp, he got sick again in January, 1944, which caused him to miss training with his original platoon (00:07:59:00) o He was in the hospital for about two weeks and the Marines felt that he had missed too much, so they reassigned him (00:08:15:00)  Link often wonders what impact the reassignment had on his life and where he would have gone had it not been for the reassignment (00:08:23:00) o Because of the reassignment, Link lost track of the other sixteen men that traveled with him on the train from Detroit to San Diego (00:08:32:00) �   The experience of going into the Marine Corps at that time, with the discipline and actions that the instructors did, was quite an adjustment (00:08:55:00) o It seemed as if the drill instructors went out of their way to do everything they could to humiliate the trainees and break them down before starting to rebuild them (00:09:14:00) The instructors could do some of the darnedest things that made no rhyme or reason; however, the men were not in a position to challenge them (00:09:27:00) o One of the first experiences Link recalls was when the men were standing in line at the sick-bay to receive some shots, the drill instructor ordered all the men to raise their left foot (00:09:40:00)  All the men raised their left foot and then the drill instructor ordered them to raise their right foot (00:09:53:00)  The instructor would always get into someone’s face and chew them out, asking “who ordered them to lower their left foot” (00:10:04:00) o Sometimes, the instructors would call the men out at two o’clock in the morning in the pouring rain and tell them they were going to go on a forced march (00:10:16:00)  The men would get ready and would be standing in the pouring rain while the drill instructor would be talking to the men from inside a hut; after barking orders at the men for half an hour, the instructor would call off the march (00:10:23:00)  Meanwhile, the trainees would walk back inside their barracks madder than hell, ready to tear the walls down (00:10:44:00) o Other times, during drills out on the parade field, if a trainee would screw up, the instructor would tell the trainee to run over to a large Lockheed airfield next to the depot and ask if a plane was taking off (00:10:55:00)  The distance was about a mile from the parade field to the airfield and the trainee would have to run a mile to the airfield, then return and often report that no plane was taking off (00:11:11:00)  If the instructor did not like the trainee at all or he really wanted to make an impression, then he would tell the trainee to go back and check again, because maybe there was a plane taking off then (00:11:20:00) While the men were in basic training, the Marines were forming the 5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton and once Link’s boot camp platoon finished with the eight weeks of boot camp, the entire platoon was assigned to the division (00:11:20:00) o Personally, Link was assigned to the 28th Marine Regiment (00:12:13:00) o The 28th Marines was housed in a tent camp out in the boondocks of Camp Pendleton (00:12:24:00) o At the time, a standard Marine division had three infantry regiments and within each regiments were three battalions and within each battalion were three companies (00:12:41:00)  There were also support groups such as artillery and armored in the division but the main fighting force consisted of the three infantry regiments (00:12:55:00)  A battalion typically had between eight hundred and one thousand men, with two hundred or so men assigned to each company (00:13:09:00) �      At this time, Link was a private, although he was later elevated to the rank private first class (PFC), the rank at which he remained for the majority of the rest of his tour (00:13:28:00) At some point, the corporal above Link decided that Link would make a good Browning Automatic Rifleman (00:13:51:00) o Link was not one of the biggest guys in the platoon and although Link put up a fight and asked the corporal to give the B.A.R. to one of the bigger men in the platoon, the corporal stood fast (00:13:57:00) o Within his platoon, there were three squads, which were further broken down into four-man units and each unit had both a leader and a Browning Automatic Rifleman (00:14:15:00) o The problem with being the Browning Automatic Rifleman was not so much the rifle itself, but the magazines of ammunition on the belt; there were about fifteen magazines and each weighed over a pound (00:14:30:00) Everyday, Link trained on the rifle range with the B.A.R. and everyday, the men did something to train for the inevitable day that they would be in combat (00:14:52:00) o While at Camp Pendleton, the men would go out on forced marches and maneuvers, “snooping and pooping”, as the men used to call it, which became a daily routine (00:15:02:00) At some point, the Marines set up a program to alleviate some of the congestion of Los Angeles from Marines on liberty leave, so the men were on duty for ten days then off for three days, rather than having liberty leave every weekend (00:15:18:00) o Because of this new program, the men trained right through Saturdays and Sundays (00:15:42:00) The men had no idea whatsoever where they were going, except that they were going to end up somewhere in the Pacific; Link does not even know if by early 1944 whether it had been decided the role that the 5th Marine Division would play (00:15:48:00) o In training, the men did not have much in the way of news because they did not have television and they had little in the way of radio or newspapers; however, when they went on liberty leave into Los Angeles, the men picked up some clues as to what was going on (00:16:33:00) During liberty leave, the men did not have much money, only $21 a month from the Marines, so they were not able to do much (00:17:07:00) o When Link and his buddies would go on liberty leave, they would go to the Clark Hotel in downtown Los Angeles and if someone got a room, they did not want the fact to be known because the other men would pile into the room; more than once Link ended up sleeping in the bathtub (00:17:16:00) o While on liberty leave, the men would go to band concerts at one of the parks in the city and hang out at a pavilion (00:17:46:00) o To get to Los Angeles, they would thumb a ride usually from Camp Pendleton to Laguna Beach and from Laguna Beach, they would thumb a ride north to into the city (00:18:18:00) o For the most part, the civilians were very cordial and supportive of the Marines (00:18:42:00) �      One time, when the men were thumbing for rides in Laguna Beach, a couple invited them to their home, where the men had a bite to eat and some conversation before getting back on the road (00:18:50:00) o By coincidence, the parents of a friend of Link’s, who had originally lived in Detroit, had moved to Glendale, California and eventually, after the parents and Link got connected, he went up and spent a weekend with the parents (00:19:10:00) o Some of the men had family connections in the city and they had a different experience than the men who spent the three day leave bumming around the city (00:19:37:00) o After the three days were over, the men would catch the train back to Oceanside and Camp Pendleton (00:19:54:00) In August, 1944, the men shipped out to the big island of Hawaii (00:20:21:00) o Pulling up to Hawaii from a distance was a big impression because the island was all green and nothing like anything any of the men had ever seen; from a distance, the island looked like one huge golf course (00:20:36:00) o The men landed at Hilo, Hawaii and they were trucked up to a position named Camp Tarawa on the side of one of the volcanoes (00:21:00:00)  The area was different terrain all together; the camp had every different type of terrain imaginable, including dustbowls from the volcano damage and jungles that were in the clouds all day (00:21:13:00) o The men spent their entire time at Camp Tarawa in training, which consisted of the men being out in the field every day doing maneuvers and assaulting imaginary pillboxes; a lot of the training was conditioning, due to the men doing a large amount of walking (00:21:34:00) There was still no indication of where the men would be headed (00:22:12:00) Eventually, the men left Camp Tarawa and went to the island of Maui and did some practice landings with Higgins boats, something that they had also done in California (00:22:19:00) o While doing the landings in California, President Roosevelt and Secretary of the Navy Forrestal witnessed one of the landings; the men could see all the dignitaries on a platform overlooking the beach (00:22:41:00) They did the practice landings on Maui and then the men went into Pearl Harbor until the Marines organized everything and the ships were supplied with provisions (00:22:57:00) o The men stayed in three-day routine; on any given day: one-third of the troops stayed aboard ship, one-third of the troops stayed on the ship but did guard duty, and one-third had liberty leave (00:23:10:00) o The men never really got over to Pearl Harbor proper; they spent most of their time at Waikiki Beach, which mostly gave the men the ability to go swimming in the ocean, something that constituted the majority of their recreation while on liberty leave (00:23:41:00) o Some of the older men would go hang out in the bars but this was not something that Link was attracted to (00:24:07:00) Eventually, the men boarded ship and departed Hawaii but before they left, Link saw an article in a Honolulu paper that talked about the bombing of Iwo Jima; however, there was no indication from any of their officers where they were headed (00:24:21:00) �    o Link does not know if a lot of his officers even knew where they were headed; if the Marines were going to break the news of their assignment, they were going to wait until everyone was aboard ship so that there was not the possibility of a slip of the lip as to where the men were headed (00:24:40:00) o When the men were briefed aboard ship, Link put two and two together and remembered the drawing of a pork-chop shaped island in the Honolulu newspaper (00:25:00:00) The men spent sixty days aboard ship and the trip was painful because they had nothing to do; Link still has a picture a picture of the APA (Amphibious Personnel Assault), the U.S.S. Lubbock, that the men sailed on (00:25:19:00) o APAs were troopships built by Henry Kaiser’s shipyards in Washington state (00:26:03:00) o There were dozens of the APAs that carried enough men for three Marine divisions for the assault on Iwo Jima (00:26:20:00) At the time, the 4th Marine Division was in the Marianas, having participated in that campaign; Link does not know where the 3rd Marine Division was and his convoy consisted mostly of the 5th Marine Division (00:26:31:00) o The ships in Link’s convoy rendezvoused in the middle of the ocean and while waiting for some ships to catch up with the main convoy, the ships sat in the middle of the ocean with a clear blue sky and a clear blue ocean (00:26:48:00) During the journey, the captain of the Lubbock was outstanding; on the first day the men aboard the ship and headed out to sea, the captain said that he understood how difficult the journey would be and the importance of a shower to the men, so from four o’clock until five o’clock before dinner, the men would be allowed to take showers (00:27:04:00) o Life on the ship was still a boring existence; the men would get up every day and go topside and sit on the hot deck in the hot sun and Link would like a dollar for every game of pinochle the men played (00:27:51:00) o The men were packed into the hold of the Lubbock for night, which was very uncomfortable for them (00:28:12:00) o The men got close to the international date line but they never crossed it, although some other men did (00:28:37:00) o While the ships were sitting in the middle of the ocean waiting for the slower ships to catch up, the captain said that if any of the men would like to go swimming, he would put some boats down with machine gunners in case any sharks showed up (00:28:41:00)  Just to break the monotony, some of the men went for a swim; it was quite a dive from the top of the railing of a troop carrier to the ocean but Link did it anyway, partly to prove something to himself (00:29:04:00) He can still picture the convoy once the other ships caught up; there were two columns of APAs with destroyers, destroyer escorts, and cruisers on the outside providing some protection (00:29:40:00) o The convoy headed to Saipan, where the convoy rendezvoused again before heading to Iwo Jima (00:30:00:00) o The men knew that there had been quite a battle for Guam, Saipan, and Tinian in the Marshall [Mariana] Islands (00:30:17:00) �    Link did not have any inclination about what he was about to get into; some of the men who had been in other engagements did but the men who were young and naïve had no idea what awaited them (00:30:38:00) o The platoon had one sergeant who had fought on Tarawa, but he was rather quiet and he did not go into much detail about his experiences (00:30:58:00) o Other men in the unit had been with the Marine paratroopers at Bougainville and when the Marines disbanded the paratroopers, they assigned a bunch of the exparatroopers to Link’s regiment; these men too had combat experience but they never talk about it much (00:31:11:00) o The men were young, eager, enthusiastic and probably a bit foolish and they did not know what awaited them (00:31:34:00) The men were not permitted off-ship at Saipan; the ships laid anchor in the harbor and waited for the convoy to organize (00:31:46:00) After staying at Saipan, the convoy sailed for Iwo Jima, which itself was not a long trip, and they arrived at the island in the early morning (00:32:19:00) o The men awoke to the “darndest” bombardment they had ever seen; the Navy had been pounding Iwo Jima for days not only with airplanes but battleships and cruisers (00:32:38:00) o There was a non-stop bombardment for seventy-two hours before the actual invasion, but the pre-invasion bombardment had been going on for seventy-two days (00:33:02:00) When the men woke up in the morning and went topside for breakfast, they stopped at the railing to watch the bombardment, which was unbelievable to see because the whole island was shrouded in smoke from the rocket launchers and the ships (00:33:15:00) o This was one of the reasons that some people came to the conclusion that the battle was going to be a cakewalk; there was no Japanese activity visible on the island (00:33:55:00) o There was no return fire from the Japanese and Link believes that this was part the strategy of the commanding Japanese officer, Kuribayashi (00:34:08:00)  Kuribayashi was personally selected by the Emperor for the defense of Iwo Jima; he was highly regarded general in the Japanese Army and he spent his time at the island fortifying it and digging an extensive network of tunnels that ran under the entire island (00:34:25:00)  The Japanese could walk around the entire island without ever coming above ground, so all they did was sit tight and let the Americans bombard the island (00:34:46:00)  When the Americans saw no activity on the island, they assumed that everyone was dead (00:34:58:00) o There is nothing in civilian life that he can describe the sound to; the noise, the smoke, the flames, it was just awesome to witness that display of firepower (00:35:20:00)  The U.S.S. Nevada, which had been damaged at Pearl Harbor and repaired, was at Iwo Jima and watching the sixteen [fourteen] inch guns fire was impressive (00:35:50:00)  Meanwhile, airplanes dropped bomb after bomb after bomb (00:36:04:00) �     o After watching the bombardment, the men went down to breakfast, which was quite an unusual experience because all the men were tight; although some men tried to make light of the situation, there was more nervous laughter than genuine laughter and most of the men did not talk at all (00:36:25:00)  The breakfast was the best meal the men had had in the Marines; they had steak and eggs and mashed potatoes and one of the men in line turned to the man behind him and said that it looked like they were fattening the men up for the kill (00:36:53:00)  The man standing behind punched the man who made the comment because the man who threw the punch was that wound up (00:37:06:00) The men realized that this was it and all the “snooping and pooping” they had done was play stuff compared to what they now had to do; however, they still did not fully appreciate what was in store for them (00:37:34:00) The anxiety level kept growing and growing and after breakfast, the men went topside again to watch more of the bombardment then below to get their gear (00:37:52:00) o Every man had a pack and Link had his B.A.R. and once everyone had their gear, they went over to the rail, down the nets and into the Higgins boats (00:38:07:00) o The swells would raise and lower the boats and the men had to time themselves so that when they let go of the rope, they did not have to fall too far to the bottom of the Higgins boat (00:38:21:00) o Link let go at what he thought was the right time but the Higgins boat fell about eight feet and when he hit the deck with all his gear on, he thought his war was over right there (00:38:33:00)  As well, all the other men were pilling on top of him and he had a hell of a time before he got out from underneath the other men and got himself organized (00:38:48:00) o There was about forty or fifty men in each Higgins boat, probably Link’s whole platoon (00:39:07:00) The men had one session with their lieutenant prior to the invasion, when the lieutenant told them what their mission was, but did not give a lot of specific instructions as to what to do; the men were to just follow their platoon lieutenant and platoon sergeant, as well as the squad leaders (00:39:40:00) After launching, Link’s Higgins boat rendezvoused with other Higgins boats that constituted the second wave of the invasion (00:40:22:00) Link and his unit landed at Red Beach, the beach closest to Mount Suribachi, and their main objective was to cut the island in half at that point, although the island was only about seven hundred and fifty yards wide at that location (00:40:28:00) o The island was terraced; there were three terraces that went up one side to the crest and then three terraces that went down the other side to the ocean (00:40:43:00) o The men were expected to cut the island in half and then swing left for the assault on Mount Suribachi itself (00:40:57:00)  They were supposed to secure Suribachi by the end of the first day; the famous flag-raising was not until the fifth day (00:41:06:00) �    As the Higgins boats rendezvoused for the second wave, the bombardment of the island continued, which was a fireworks display unlike anything Link had ever seen (00:41:27:00) o As the troops started to land, the Navy lifted the bombardment of the beaches and concentrated more on bombarding Suribachi and the area to the north of the landing beaches (00:41:59:00) The men eventually landed on the beach, although the beach was not a beach in the traditional sense because instead of decline into the ocean, it dropped off into a cliff (00:42:26:00) o When the ramp on the Higgins boat went, sometimes it got pulled off the beach and some of the men, weighed down by their equipment, drowned; there was no way that they could get unbundled and they sank like rocks (00:42:45:00) The men’s first objective once they landed was to run up the beach and flop down, trying to figure out where they were and who they were going to follow and where their platoon and squad leaders were (00:43:10:00) The shooting started about the time that Link landed on the beach because the strategy of Japanese defenders was to let the beaches get congested with men and equipment before opening fire; General Kuribayashi told his people to just hold their fire, an action contrary to what the Japanese had done previously (00:43:32:00) o The Japanese let the beaches fill up, which was a great strategy, and the Japanese return-fire was far more effective because the beach was so congested with men and equipment (00:44:01:00) o Another thing that the Japanese had going for them was that they had to whole island on a grid and they had huge mortars in Mount Suribachi mounted on railroad tracks which they would roll out from behind doors to bombard the beaches (00:44:17:00)  The mortars were about the size of a fifty-five gallon drum and the Japanese could get about six rounds out of it before they burned up the tube (00:44:40:00)  The men on the beach could watch the mortar rounds tumbling through the air and when one round landed, the ground shock (00:44:52:00) o About the only place that the men had to hide in were the craters that the sixteen millimeter shells from the battleships created (00:45:04:00)  Digging foxholes was difficult because the soft volcanic sand would just cave in, but the burst of the larger rounds created a crater (00:45:15:00)  As well, there was no vegetation on the island, particularly on the south end where Link and his unit had landed (00:45:33:00) o The men would look for a crater and they got pretty selfish with the craters because the craters became so crowded, that the men in the craters told men on the outside to find their own holes, because they feared that their next visitor would be a mortar round (00:45:39:00)  The Japanese could sit up on Suribachi and watch what was happening below and if they saw a dozen men in a bomb crater, they sent them a mortar round (00:46:03:00) �        While attacking the terraces, Link met one man who was in the initial assault wave and could only find seven men from his company; all the others were either dead or wounded (00:46:26:00) o The Japanese would wait until the Marines reached the third terrace before they opened fire (00:43:40:00) o Link told the man that he might as well join up with Link and his unit, although Link still did not know where his squad leader was because the entire situation was total chaos to get organize (00:46:54:00) When Link got off the Higgins boat, he flopped down next to a man named Stan Wellman, but Wellman was already dead; a sniper had already gotten him and he never saw any action apart from flopping down behind a mound of volcanic ash (00:47:14:00) The men did not see any enemy after the initial landing and eventually, their company sort of grouped together (00:48:23:00) In another bit of clever strategy, the Japanese had buried fifty-five gallon oil drums like a spider-trap and they placed a single soldier in the drum with a lid; all the soldier had to do was barely lift the lid and look out to see what was happening (00:48:311:00) o The real first serious encounter that Link’s company had was with a couple of these traps who were picking men off as the company advanced in a line (00:49:02:00) o Eventually, the captain called for a Browning Automatic rifleman to put the traps out of commission (00:49:13:00) The Japanese bunkers and pillboxes were so well-concealed that the Marines did not know they were there until the Japanese started shooting (00:49:25:00) After Link’s company got organized, they started to move forward, although it still remained pretty much every man for himself under the circumstances (00:49:54:00) o The men grouped themselves together into small groups and moved towards the base of Mount Suribachi (00:50:05:00) o By now, there was a sense of direction and the men had a sergeant who was outstanding in his leadership (00:50:14:00)  Eventually, tanks landed on the beach, although they had a difficult time moving in the volcanic sand to get traction, and this sergeant was walking behind a tank, talking with the crew and directing their fire (00:50:30:00)  Link had never seen such an exhibition of command presence or bravery in his life; the sergeant “made John Wayne look like a girl scout” (00:50:53:00)  The sergeant earned a field commission because they were losing so many officers; at some points, they had corporals and PFCs directing activities because the casualty rate was so high (00:51:10:00) Link had reached the base of Mount Suribachi when he was wounded (00:51:56:00) The night before he was wounded, Link and another man shared a bomb crater for protection (00:52:01:00) o The men had to be concerned because the Japanese soldiers were ferocious fighters and they were great at night infiltration; many Marines went to sleep and never saw the sun rise the next morning because the Japanese had infiltrated the camp (00:52:18:00) �  o Japanese soldiers were good at slithering along the ground and dropping into bomb craters; if the men made the mistake of falling asleep, then their throats were cut (00:52:48:00) o The strain of standing guard and keeping his eyes open while the other man in the crater slept was difficult on Link (00:53:05:00) o Periodically, someone would send up flairs on a regular sequence from the naval ships to illuminate the area and the Marines tried to be alert enough that the flair would catch any shadows or movement, which was also straining (00:53:25:00) On the day that Link was wounded, when they woke in the morning, the Marines noticed a pillbox in front of them that they had not noticed the night before; it had been so well concealed (00:54:07:00) o The Marines were exchanging fire with the pillbox and in front and to the left of Link was a knocked out anti-aircraft gun (00:54:23:00) o To defend the gun, someone had filled fifty-five gallon drums with volcanic ash and stacked them two high around the gun and pilled ash along the side (00:54:37:00) o At the entrance to the anti-aircraft position was a mound of dirt to protect the entrance and Link ran over to the mound and as he stuck his head around the corner to decide his next move, two men from the Third platoon piled in behind him (00:55:00:00) o Link instinctively pulled his head back to see who it was and in that split second, one of the Japanese machine gunners in the pillbox fired; had Link not moved his head, the bullets would have torn his head off (00:55:44:00) o The men that piled in behind him uttered colorful words about how close the shots were and the rest of the bullets hit the fifty-five gallon drums (00:56:07:00) o By this time, Link had started to get use to what they were up against and he lost a little bit of the fear and anxiety, although not all of it; he did not dwell on what happened (00:56:24:00) o Link eventually moved out for the assault on the pillbox and the Japanese loved to pick-off machine gunners and Browning Automatic riflemen because of the firepower they represented (00:56:46:00) o A man came from behind the pillbox and threw a hand grenade at Link; some of the shrapnel caught him and the Japanese soldier made the mistake of standing there to admire his work (00:57:09:00)  As the Japanese soldier stood there, the bazooka man in the platoon laid a bazooka round right in the soldier’s midsection (00:57:27:00) Link was bleeding profusely because of a facial wound and he turned around and went back, looking for the corpsman; he and the corpsman met in a bomb crater and the corpsman gave him a shot of morphine and tried to patch-up the wound, which he could not (00:57:46:00) o The wound was still bleeding badly, so the corpsman gave Link a wad of gauze, told him to hold it tight to his face and head back to the hospital on the beach (00:58:16:00) o As it turned out, the hospital was nothing more than a bomb crater and the doctor had a wooden box with medical supplies (00:58:26:00) �   o The doctor could not stop the bleeding completely either because he did not have the facilities or equipment to do the job properly (00:58:36:00) o He told Link to hold on to a special bandage because a wound on the inside of the mouth would bleed quite profusely (00:58:52:00) o The doctor told Link to go down to the beach and hitch a ride on a Higgins boat out to the hospital ship, where they could better help him (00:59:05:00) Link went back to the beach, which was a grim scene, with Marines in body-bags waiting to be buried at sea and all the mangled equipment (00:59:18:00) o He eventually caught a ride on a Higgins boat, went to the hospital ship and waited his turn while they took the more seriously wounded first (00:59:38:00) o After he had cleaned up and examined the would, a doctor told Link that they thought the shrapnel was imbedded in his jaw bone; the shrapnel had shattered the roots of one of his molars, so it was like having the feeling before a root canal (00:59:47:00) o The doctor could not figure out why Link was having such a pain sensation, although he told Link that he was a lucky Marine because if the shrapnel piece in his jaw had been a little higher, he would have lost an eye and if the piece had been a little bit lower, it would have severed his carotid artery and he would have been in a body bag on the beach (01:00:09:00) o After Link received treatment, he went below and passed out; he got aboard ship and was examined in late morning and he did not wake up until sometime that evening (01:00:42:00) While they were there, a pocket [escort] carrier, the U.S.S. Bismarck Sea, was sunk by a kamikaze pilot at the loss of several hundred sailors and Link’s hospital ship set sail for the island of Guam because there was a hospital on the island (01:01:03:00) o As it turned out, the hospital was nothing but a bunch of tents out in the middle of the jungle and the wounded were kept there for a while (01:01:32:00) o Link caught the last plane from the island, which was his first plane ride, back to Pearl Harbor; he left Guam at one o’clock in the morning and they stopped at one island for breakfast and refueling then at another island for dinner and refueling before arriving at Pearl Harbor at one o’clock in the morning (01:01:55:00) He thinks about all the men that died in the engagements in World War II and he cannot help but wonder, “why him?”; why was he so blessed to have survived? (01:02:42:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LinkB Title A name given to the resource Link, Bernie (Interview outline and video), 2005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Link, Bernie Description An account of the resource Bernie Link was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1925. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, his older brother enlisted in the Marine Corps and following his graduation in 1943, Link attempted to follow. Apart gaining an enlistment in the Marines, Link went through basic training in San Diego and advanced training at Camp Pendleton, California. Following his training, the Marines assigned Link to the 5th Marine Division. He took part in the assault on the Japanese held island of Iwo Jima and received a facial wound at the base of Mount Suribachi on the island. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (Interviewer) Michigan Military Preservation Society (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-06-27 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b5c54c29d9bd0dde27d330f89d732d07.mp4 9adc279610ce2a47a044b44769a8783e https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0ae3455606e94ca69f92985f702e6989.pdf a5c8375ec745f4152b9b1b19aa6e8887 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Colleen Linn Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: April 30, 2025 Dani DeVasto (DD): I'm Dani DeVasto, and today, April 30th, 2025, I have the pleasure of chatting with Colleen Linn. Hi, Colleen. CL: Hey, how's it going? DD: Great. I'm so glad to have you here and talk with you today. CL: Yeah, thanks for having me. DD: Colleen, can you tell me about where you're from and where you currently live? CL: Yeah, I grew up in the Upper Peninsula, Michigan, in the Houghton-Hancock area, so that's in the left thumb of the state, if you will. And I'm currently in the metro Detroit area, southeast Michigan, attending Wayne State University in Detroit. DD: And how long have you been in the metro Detroit area? CL: Since about 2016. That's when I started the master's in anthropology program that year. So I've been in graduate school the entire time I've been in the Detroit area. (0:52) All right. DD (00:58): Colleen, can you tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? CL: (01:01) So I really got into looking at PFAS from the perspective of a researcher. It became a huge topic in Michigan at the same time that I was trying to figure out what to do in my dissertation research specifically. And I was originally interested in drinking water issues. And so when everything started coming out about PFAS, those two very much so overlapped. And it was a topic that the state kind of took in full, especially after the Flint water crisis, which is a place, which is an issue that I also had been doing research on. So it was really curious to me that there's this other drinking water crisis that kind of came out in the state. And at the same time, I was working with some folks at Wayne State, working on an interdisciplinary research project. And one of my colleagues in that capacity was interested in groundwater issues. So we were trying to figure out an interdisciplinary project to work on together that combined all of our expertises between engineering, pharmacology, and anthropology. And groundwater contamination kind of is able to capture a lot of those, all of those together at once. So when I started formulating my dissertation research plan, it seemed kind of like the natural progression. �But since starting it, I've been thinking about it in the context of like other chemical issues. Because once you start talking about PFAS with other researchers, they constantly refer to the other types of chemical issues that they've worked on before too, like PCBs and mercury and VOCs and microplastics, things like that. So as I started my dissertation research, I was kind of approaching PFAS as like a way to think about how we deal with chemical exposure in general, and also how it relates to these other kinds of chemical problems. So I don't know if that's a story specifically, but that's how I got into the dissertation research and what I wanted to do, to do my work on and kind of how I started thinking about it, but yeah. DD: One follow-up question, were you aware then of PFAS before you started your dissertation or much before you started your dissertation research? (3:16) CL: Barely. Yeah. Just barely before I started that. Um, yeah. DD: But just it coming up in the news was kind of how you started learning about it? CL: Yeah. Because I heard the stories from West Michigan specifically that there was, and it was so quickly after Flint, it was like, well, what is this happening all of a sudden? I think it was the idea that, or a strange idea to have so many drinking water crisis in a state, with so much freshwater resources, that really, that issue really does not compute with me, especially having grown up in the Keweenaw next to Lake Superior. So my perception of water is just like everlasting and never ending and always accessible and always there, always present. So the idea that people wouldn't have access to clean water, like it just does not compute. It does not work in my head. DD: And then you moved down to Detroit and you're hearing all these new stories. CL: Yeah. All these different stories. And Flint was such a specific case. And then of course, the Detroit water shutoffs too, which came, which kind of like escalated, was escalating in the early 2010s and had continued up until the pandemic as well. So all these different ways that we were managing water just became clear that, you know, it's not about the presence of water, but how water is managed, you know, from a political standpoint and a social standpoint that really contributes to how people are able to access it and use it and the safety and affordability of that and at that too. DD (04:49) : Yeah. Would you be willing to tell us more about your research? CL: Yeah. So I, what did I do? I traveled to three different sites in Michigan and my goal was to connect with private well users who were impacted by PFAS specifically and talk to them about their kind of household experiences with having, you know, basically a letter from the state saying that they're drinking, their well water is unsafe. You know, how do people �process that and how do people adapt to that? And then I also wanted to connect with those kind of working in the state governance capacity to kind of work on the issue. And that includes local government officials and state government officials. You know, how are they helping households and how are they also like in the community and environmental context to try and fix the issue if there are solutions possible for these different parts of groundwater contamination. And then also the community activism, because that includes folks who weren't directly impacted by a well water, but they were still concerned about this issue in their community broadly. So it works to connect with all those different stakeholders in three different sites across Michigan and conducted interviews, did some door to door canvassing to get kind of like a neighborhood perspective. I did these in Rockford and Grayling and then in Hawley, Michigan, which have very different experiences with PFAS. And that was another part of what I wanted to understand was how the state approaches different pollution scenarios. And so Rockford represented a corporate polluter, Grayling represented a military polluter, and then Hawley represented a kind of an quote unquote orphaned site who didn't have a direct owner. And they had less people directly impacted by the PFAS contamination, but still like this like historical dump site that just hadn't been cleaned up. And so that affected social land orders and land owners in the immediate vicinity, their experiences with their environment. So all this was done for a comparative context to see just like kind of like the energy and the work that it takes for a community to be able to like effectively respond to groundwater contamination, which not only affects drinking water, but like recreational, environmental resources and just the idea of water resources into the future. Because there's always this concern with groundwater that maybe it's not affecting you now, but it's going to affect you soon if, you know, things travel a certain way. It's such a difficult substance to predict and track because everything is underground. And so anthropologists love that kind of stuff. Like, how can we know what we what we can't necessarily physically see? How do we how do we map that? How do we model that? And how do how do kind of different social groups make sense of it when they when they can't know certain things? Because that's where that, you know, our cultural ideas come in is when we the gap between our ability to know and what we what we know. DD: So I know that the research is still sort of in progress and we should all go read your dissertation and anything that gets published from it once that's done. Do you have any, like, initial findings or conclusions that you're drawing from your research that you'd be willing to share with us or lessons learned or? �CL (8:14): Yeah, I think the uncertainty that comes with folks having to deal with this was really prominent throughout everything, but then also just the I think what what I was noticing specifically was just the the complications that it came up with, like health care, like conversations with health care professionals and just the need to focus on health care access in general. When we're talking about not just PFAS, but just all kinds of chemical exposures, it became very difficult to not understand PFAS in relation to other types of of chemical issues. But having that like health care access seemed like a way to kind of address it like the end point instead of focusing on the prevention and exposure, which is which is super important. But since there's like already all these exposures, how are we, you know, how are people able to access those resources? And then also just the necessity of having multiple actors across scales, like in alliance of values to make anything happen. You know, you can have support from the state and you can have support from local officials. But if you don't have that citizen component, things don't go as far as they could. And then also, if you have that citizen component and that state component, but not that local governance component, there's also going to be like a, you know, kind of a break in the road and how things are able to kind of get done. And that's really tricky to do. And that's really dependent on the capacity of municipalities, of water treatment departments and also just cost. You know, there's a lot of stuff, environmental pollution issues that get tied up in legal stuff. And that is dealt with in a very like case by case basis. And hopefully, you know, those cases set precedent for other communities. But it's really hard to have like one community’s success expand to to other areas as well, if that makes sense. So that alliance of values, I think, is a specific one that I'm working on fleshing out at the moment. DD: Wow. CL: Yeah. DD: It's a lot. CL: Yeah. It’s a…yeah. DD: Tell me about any concerns, if any, that you have about PFAS contamination moving forward, either for you personally or like as a researcher thinking about these questions about, you know, how states approach and communicate these kinds of issues? Do you have any concerns about PFAS contamination moving forward? CL (10:55): I do. Alongside kind of the other major global issues, I think my biggest concern is things like this not receiving the attention that it was, you know, a couple of years ago. Changes in administration affect how certain issues are dealt with, including PFAS. So because it's such a big problem, such an expensive problem, I worry about it being �normalized, the exposure being normalized and people not taking it seriously over time because they don't feel that they can escape, you know, not just being exposed to PFAS, but other other types of chemical issues as well. So like VOCs especially. So that's so I think awareness and communication like public health education and just general community awareness is is a big concern of mine. But I think Michigan has been setting a lot of precedent for that. So and then I think it's just the funding thing again, municipal water departments are, you know, without, you know, staff funding expertise in a lot of places to to to retrofit their infrastructures. So it's kind of like we have to go back to, you know, when we first initial initially built our our water infrastructure kind of like system and we're in this place where we need to to update everything that was done, you know, 80 years ago, 100 years ago. And that's a huge task. So but and I, you know, once people know about it, they they want to be able to find the tools to to fix it. But when there's an absence of those resources, you know, I just worry it gets it like slips through the cracks, if you will. I hope that made sense. DD: Yes, I mean, funding is funding is a huge component of addressing this and being able to address it. And when you don't have it or you have other issues, it is easy for something like this to become normalized and fall through the cracks, especially when it's, you know, showing up as being everywhere. CL (13:03): Yeah, yeah. And I think something that should always be said is, you know, how are we using chemicals and, you know, in our society in general? I think that was the hardest thing to really get answers about was just like the manufacturing use of it and kind of like it's used in the corporate corporate industries. So I think transparency there, like, I don't know. That was the one thing like I just don't know how to like I can talk about the governance side of things and like, you know, critique it to, you know, whatever ends. But that there's a lot of like corporate obfuscation, if you will, and just opaqueness and how it's used. And I don't know how to address that. But I have a feeling that's going to continue. And that's where a lot of these exposure possibilities kind of remain. DD: I just had another question that kind of goes back a little bit more to your research. Speaking of, you know, not always remembering the questions right away. You mentioned that, you know, a big part of the research was thinking about (14:05) the process or like trying to better understand people's reactions when they get these kinds (14:10) of water notices and just like that, that process, that reaction, like, like just looking at kind of that whole scenario. Am I understanding that correctly? CL: Yeah. �DD: So I just was curious if you would say more about that. Like, what did you I'm just curious, what did like what did you find? Like, how did how are people responding to that? And how, you know, I don't know anything around like what did you notice about that part of it? CL (14:35): Yeah, I think they were very individualized responses, which kind of tracks against kind of the individualized nature of well water management in the first place. From my my sample size, it wasn't enough to kind of understand like a very specific pattern. But, you know, a lot of people, people who were, you know, they were, you know, they were there were certain people who could be very pragmatic and they could just, you know, call the call the county and get the water filter that they needed to to get to reduce PFAS exposure. And they got it installed and they just never really thought about it again. For others, that process was a lot trickier. And so it became, you know, a question of of procuring enough like bottled water resources in the meantime until they could figure out how to implement that. And for others, they just it was just like another piece of paper on their counter that they never really looked at again or were concerned about, or it was just, you know, the thing on the list of to do on a person's to do list that you just couldn't really like get around, get around to because everyone is is working and overloaded and, you know, in many different capacities. So the range of reactions was kind of surprising because it was very clear that the toxicity issue, like the the the risk of being exposed, I felt like that that part of it wasn't always communicated the most clearly. I think there was a there was a gap in that specifically. And it became more challenging, especially when I met, you know, I met people who were not affected. You know, they had a slight detection in their well. They didn't do anything to their water. A lot of people had like the habit of drinking bottled water anyway, so they weren't necessarily concerned about the water coming out of their faucets. They weren't using that for their personal consumption anyways. But there are some people who are very severely affected to, I think, an unimaginable degree to the folks that, you know, weren't affected in the same capacity. And so it was just it was just so much a lot of up and down, if you will. And so it's like, how do you take the person's experience who, you know, lost a loved one who's dealing with a very serious health effect and then have somebody be so apathetic about it? That was that was difficult to kind of make sense of, but it really was a wide range of experiences. (17:01) And I think it kind of reflects that that individual nature of well water use where you're not always talking to someone else about it because your well is your well. And so somebody else's well is a different context. You know, stories about people who their well water was testing very high price for trillion and their neighbors were not detected. You know, that was there's just such a variance of pattern. That's why I think the original testing that was done in Rockford in 2017, those folks who were who had �contamination very early on had a point of connection because, you know, we didn't necessarily know what to do about it. I think as the kind of response became a little bit more standardized and regulated, those points of connections weren't as prominent because they had that intermediary of the state. And so they were just it became a very one directional transaction instead of understanding what it was like at a community level. And of course, there's, you know, variances of this. But, yeah. DD: Well, it's so interesting to be able to think about it like over time and as because PFAS is kind of still in some ways an unfolding, emerging situation, right? To think about how that response was handled and received in the beginning versus, you know, like, as you said, once the once the kind of state response became more codified, perhaps, or like the process for handling and responding to it. It's so interesting. CL: Yeah. Yeah. There's a huge difference there between 2017 because I talked to a few folks who were (18:44) part of that. But then the newer identification in Rockford area in 2023 was tied back to Wolverine headquarters. And so just much different. Those are the same two neighborhoods of multiple people in those neighborhoods and very different experiences and kind of levels of engagement with it. And more limited options because the lawsuit had already been filed and settled. And so Wolverine's responsibility was, you know, kind of already decided upon. And then another instance kind of came up and they couldn't quite directly prove. And just the ability to not quite directly prove something and not having the reasons for the lawsuit results in a different household experience of this. DD: That's fascinating. Wow. I was just thinking about how many how many variables there are. Right? As you said, the resources, finances, you know, time, people's own knowledge and just…Wow. CL: It’s one chemical. (19:52) And we think like, I think one chemical class, you know, should maybe experiences are more uniform. But no, it's it's it's it's very, varied DD: Yeah. Wow. Before we wrap up today, do you is there anything else that you'd like to add that we haven't touched on or anything that you want to go back to and say more about? CL: Um, there is a specific thing. It's, um. I think that this idea of chemical exposure and how people are affected by it. Actually, the experience with this helped me reflect more on what happened to my grandfather specifically. (20:35) He passed away by senior year of high school from mesothelioma, which is from asbestos exposure. And just on a personal level, it was interesting to kind of revisit and rethink about what happened to him, because I think at the time being like a senior in high school and not really understanding, just understanding that, you know, your grandparents get, you know, they age and they get �older. But I think the the randomness of the PFAS experience and hearing people, you know, what happened to their loved ones, I kind of re-reflected on on what happened to other people that I knew, basically, to understand, you know, why certain why or how different health health issues are managed later in life. So it became a very personal, self-reflective project because of that as well. DD: I can imagine. (21:28) I mean, as you said in the beginning, conversations about PFAS were naturally kind of lending themselves to also conversations about other kinds of chemical exposures and certainly water-based ones like lead. But I can definitely see how like something like asbestos would again kind of fit into that and allow for that kind of reflection and comparison. CL (21:53): Yeah, yeah. It's made me wonder how we how we how we approach all these issues. They're so segmented by type, but I'm just wondering how do we how do we approach them not necessarily by type, but just by by experience and by like health outcome, if you will, instead. DD: Yeah, I often hear people talking about how, you know, pulling lessons from other ways that we've we've handled lead or PCBs or things like that. Like, can we pull lessons from those in order to think about how we deal with exposures moving forward or the defenses of like, well, this is that's this and this is that and they don't compute. (22:42) CL: Yeah, yeah. DD: Well, thank you so much, Colleen, for taking the time to share your story and your research today. I really appreciate it. Yeah, thanks so much for having me. It was great talking with you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0039 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Linn, Colleen Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-04-30 Title A name given to the resource Colleen Linn, 2025 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource In this interview, Dani and Colleen discussed Colleen's research on PFAS in Michigan, focusing on how private well users and communities respond to water safety issues. Colleen's research also led her to reconsider her grandfather's experience with asbestos exposure, highlighting the broader implications of chemical exposure studies. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bde53e25ffe257ffaf138f39c8b0e987.pdf 7623326a5e78e6c9bc953ab49607563f PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_historical-spiritual-conference_1984-08 Title A name given to the resource Historical Spiritual Conference and Traditional Pow Wow, August 1984 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984-08 Description An account of the resource Historical Spiritual Conference and Traditional Pow Wow flyer, Cross Village MI, August 21-26, 1984, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Little Traverse Bay Bands Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3e59ad1d942642bd7f99c2742807430f.mp4 d96191bf1f591ec00c736ac6f76b14e2 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0c2150b7c8c9e47c200be6fbae055471.pdf a249e100ad4250c46cd7320e2cd8a361 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Fred Litty WWII (German Civilian)/Korean War 1 hour 18 minutes 20 seconds (00:00:12) Early Life and Moving to Germany -Born in Yonkers, New York in 1930 -Had an uncle on his mother’s side living in New York City area that had helped his parents -Family lived in New York for about four and a half to five years -Mother, who was from Germany, wanted to return to her homeland -He, one sister, and his mother moved to Germany in spring 1935 -Lived with relatives in Berlin -Father and his other sister came over later -Family lived together in a suburb of Berlin called Lankwitz -Attended school there -Father worked in the German equivalent of General Electric (00:03:49) Awareness of Nazism While Growing Up -Teachers had to be approved by the Nazi Party -Doesn’t recall being brainwashed by them, at least in an aggressive way -Recalls that Hitler did a good job of protecting his image -When the war ended Hitler’s true identity was revealed to the German people -Schools pushed enrollment in, and the government mandated joining, the Hitler Youth -To many Germans, it didn’t seem like an odd thing to have -Indoctrination was definitely occurring in Hitler Youth camps -Some normal values were being instilled though, besides the politics -As he got older he started to realize that the news was biased -Noticed that Hitler made a point of being, or appearing to be, friendly with Christians (00:08:17) Awareness of Pre-War Tension -Noticed an increase in the amount of subjective news being broadcast -Father was too old to be drafted before the war, but eventually was in 1942 -And he himself was too young -Hitler Youth began to engage in war games -Later on realized that it was preparation -Either for when they served in the German Army -Or for if the Nazi regime needed to use Hitler Youth as a reserve force (00:09:12) World War II Pt. 1 -He was only eight years old when Germany invaded Poland and the war began -He remembers how the state made it apparent that Germany was being victorious -Defeat of any country that it went up against -Made it seem that Germany controlled most, if not all of Europe, without issue -Also convinced the German public that they had been attacked and provoked -His parents started to become suspicious of the Nazi regime -Why would Germany have so many enemies? -How is any of this logical? �-Aryan ideology started to become more fervently espoused -Anti-Semitic policies and feelings increased dramatically -Regular people were being socially conditioned -Controlled by authority figures and vindicated by pseudo-science/philosophy (00:15:01) World War II Pt. 2 -In 1943 the tide of the war began to turn against Germany -By this time his father was now in the German Army -He had been deployed to the Eastern Front -Worked as a truck driver -Forever emotionally scarred by being included in war crimes -German children were being moved to safe areas by order of the government -One such area was a ski lodge in the mountainous area of southern Poland -Another area was a resort on the Baltic Sea -Went there in the spring of 1943 -Recalls that it was a vacation -Lessons on Nazism then playtime -While there heard the bombs being dropped on Peenemunde (famous air raid) -After Peenemunde Air Raid he and his sister were sent home to Lankwitz (00:20:18) World War II Pt. 3 -The night he came home from the Baltic Sea their suburb was bombed -Went into the basement of their apartment complex when the sirens went off -Went into a particular corner with his mother and sisters which saved him -Could feel the pressure of the bombs going off outside -Apartment inevitably collapsed on top of them -Destroyed part of their apartment -Rescued by German civil guards -Upon leaving the rubble noticed that everything was engulfed in flames -He and his family went to a nearby park and collected themselves -The next day the area was still on fire -Any kind of loud rumble still triggers strong emotions (00:27:09) End of the War Pt. 1 -He and his family were moved to a local German Army training camp first -Had to find a place where they could live besides a military installation -Went and lived with an uncle in Saxony -Stayed there from August 1943 to August 1944 -He was still able to attend school even during the war -Eventually regrouped with his mother and sisters in a small, rural German village -North of Berlin and very close to the end of the war -Father was still fighting in the German Army -Worked and lived on a farm in that area (00:29:24) End of the War Pt. 2 -When Germany surrendered the Russians entered the area he was living in -Germans had a good relationship with the Allied Forces -Germans did not have a good relationship with the Soviet Forces -Russians committed atrocities against German civilians -Theft and rape were extremely common �-Lack of discipline or professionalism in the Red Army -Once had a drunk Russian soldier threaten to execute him and a friend -Another time two Russians dragged him and a group of friends into the woods -Going to be executed -One of the boy’s mothers and a family member showed up -The two women were raped -Boys were allowed to go free -Atrocities continued throughout the summer of 1945 until order returned to the region (00:36:50) Post War Germany -Father returned home from the war and the family moved back to Berlin -Got a small rental property in September 1945 -After a few months a sense of order began to return to Germany -Whole blocks of Berlin were still piles of rubble though -Went back to school and a sense of normalcy began to return to life -Living in Berlin was still precarious -Surrounded by territory occupied by the Red Army -Family lived in the American Sector of Berlin -Made it easy to establish that he and his sister were U.S. citizens -Got treated very well by the American authorities -Eventually he and sister were approved to return to the United States as citizens -While in Berlin the Allied troops were very respectful of the German civilians -As long as you followed the rules and behaved you were treated well -Given aid when it was needed -Even after the war the Allies still provided them with food and basic luxuries (00:42:23) Moving to the United States -He and his sister returned to the U.S. with other German-American expatriates -Boarded a troop ship bound for America in Bremerhaven, Germany -Landed in New York City in 1946 -Lived with uncle that lived in New York City -Stayed with him until their parents and sister came over three years later -Adjusted quickly to American life -Instantly felt welcomed and immersed into American society -Never felt animosity from Americans -Most Americans were, if anything, curious about what it had been like -When parents came over his father found work relatively quickly in America -Family moved into an apartment together -Enjoyed being in a safe environment after enduring World War II in Germany -Was able to attend high school -Wound up graduating and only being a year older than his classmates -Attended day and night classes at a local college to become an engineer (00:48:37) Getting Drafted into the U.S. Army and Training -He was living with his parents when the Korean War began -At the time he was twenty years old -Got drafted in October 1951 -Had just begun his second year of college -Also had a job in a drafting and design department in downtown New York City �-Sent to Oahu, Hawaii for basic training -Spent sixteen weeks in Hawaii for basic and infantry training (00:51:11) Details on Basic Training -The Hawaiian environment was hard to adjust to -Trained day and night -Went to Waikiki Beach -Adjacent to Pearl Harbor -Average, expected emphasis on discipline by the drill instructors -Lived in Schofield Barracks -Open and spacious living quarters -Relatively small Army installation -Didn’t have any training that was unusually difficult, or easy -Adjusted fairly quickly to military living -The only thing that bothered him was the complaining from other recruits -Felt that it was a good training experience (00:55:20) Deployment to Korea -After training he was given a short leave -Returned to New York from California and had to pay his own way -Expensive trip -At the end of his leave he had to report to Camp Stoneman, California -Left San Francisco, California on a troop transport bound for Korea -Remembers eating well on the voyage over -Landed in Pusan, South Korea -Assigned to the 27th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division -He was made a part of mortar platoon -Arrived in May/June 1952 -Most heavy fighting was already over with and a stable front had been established (00:59:05) Korean War-Frontline Duty -Only went to the front to secure the line in the event of a breach -Stationed in a large valley surrounded by hills and mountains -Duty consisted of night patrols and probing enemy positions -Basically letting North Korean and Chinese forces know there was an American presence -He noticed there was a heavy use of turncoat spies by U.S. forces -Used North Korean POWs to go collect information -He and his unit once had to recover a unit that had gotten stuck in a minefield -Sent in as a rescue and recovery team since the other soldiers were wounded -The enemy was aware they were there, but decided not to engage them -Knew that engagement would mean heavy retaliation -Stayed on the frontline for six weeks (01:02:50) Korean War-Office Duty -A position opened up in a rear office -Meant a longer stay in Korea, but it would get him out of a combat position -Late in the summer of 1952 he took the rear position -He didn’t want to be in a position where he might have to kill or hurt someone -Assigned to a record keeping position �-He and the other record keepers slept in tents -Very cold during the winter -Had to make efficient use of stoves and sleeping bags -They operated in an impoverished, agricultural area -Job consisted of record keeping for a company in his regiment -Kept track of what each soldier and unit was doing on a daily basis -Didn’t take any casualties in his area (01:07:20) Korean War-Downtime and Relationship with Civilians -Allowed to go off base when off duty -Had to use caution when doing so -Landmines were still a prevalent threat in the area -Americans were viewed as heroes by the South Korean farmers -Had been saved from the onslaught of North Korean soldiers by the U.S. -Had a three day R&R in Seoul and Japan -Flew over to Japan on the world’s largest aircraft at the time -Slept in clean beds, ate very well, and given haircuts -Not long after his R&R the Armistice was signed and the war was over (01:12:00) Korean War-End of War and Coming Home -In early September 1953 soldiers started to return home -He stayed in Korea for a total of fourteen months -Returned home to New York City and was discharged from the Army there -Discharge process took about two days -Welcomed home by the parents (01:13:25) Life after the War -Went back to school and completed the engineering course -Had to register for classes the same day he got discharged from the Army -Got a bachelor’s degree in engineering -Became a mechanical engineer -Worked for a variety of companies before moving to Grand Rapids, Michigan -As time went on became involved with companies that were moving into aerospace equipment -Got a job with an aerospace company in Grand Rapids, Michigan (01:15:10) Reflection on Experiences and Service -Listening to other’s experiences from WWII has filled in the gaps for him -The stories he has heard has brought to life the true horror of the war -Felt blessed by God in light of what he has survived/escaped and what others have endured -Has deep admiration for the resolve that those who suffered have -Writing memoir has forced, and allowed him to reexamine his memories -Pressure free reexamination -Allowed him to better understand his experiences during WWII and Korea � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LittyF1587V Title A name given to the resource Litty, Fred (Interview outline and video), 2014 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Litty, Fred Description An account of the resource Fred Litty is a Korean War veteran that also was a civilian living in Germany during World War II. He was born a U.S. citizen in Yonkers, New York in 1930, but at the age of five his family moved back to Germany and lived in a Berlin suburb. He describes his experiences before and during the war, discussing the Hitler Youth program, his father's military service on the Eastern Front, surviving bombing raids, multiple moves, and finally the atrocities committed by the Red Army in 1945. As a US citizen, he was allowed to move to the American sector of West Berlin, and he and his family returned to New York. In October 1951 he was drafted into the U.S. Army and was deployed to fight in the Korean War. He was assigned to a mortar platoon of the 27th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division. He served on the front line for six weeks until he was reassigned to a position in the rear in record keeping, and returned home and was discharged in 1953. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-03-20 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ebe1d1724dcaf68972ed5564037a5f70.pdf c0f6eb13ccd5c5e35579658c2e16c808 PDF Text Text oG{ rowns(ij,J-(a{C �TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION ROBERT WAGNITZ, CHAIRMAN Hon MORTON, VICE-CHAIRMAN RICHARD SCHUMACHER JAMES SVEJCARA RICHARD McGRAW JOSEPH LYONS TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES ROYCE D. HYDE, SUPERVISOR BETHANY HAMMOND, CLERK MARGARET MELVILLE, TREASURER HAROLD J, HILL RICHARD F. SCHUMACHER �TYRONE TOWNSHIP MASTER PLAN Prepared For: TYRONE TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION By: LIVINGSTON COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT 820 East Grand River Avenue Howell, Michigan 48843 The Tyrone Township Master Plan was adopted by the Tyrone Township Planning Corrnnission of June 11, 1985. �• • • • • • •· • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS ..........•...•..•.•..........•.•.....•..••..................... iii LIST OF TABLES ..•..•.................•...••.........•......••.••............ iii PREFACE ......•.•..........•........••....•.....•......•.....•.•............. ; V INTRODUCTION................................................................ , What is a Master Pl an?................................................. • Why Does Tyrone Township Need a Master Pl an?........................... , What is the Relationship Between a Master Plan and a Zoning Ordinance?. , Future Directions in Land Use Planning ...............•................. 1 1 1 3 4 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES........................................................ 5 BASIS OF THE PLANNING APPROACH •.......•...•........•••••................•... • Soils Suitability Analysis............................................. 8 9 LAND , • • • • USE POLICIES ..•......••........•••.....•.........•........•.•.......... Rural Residential Districts .............•....•••.....•................. Suburban Residential District .•...•.•.•.•.•••.•.••.•....••............. Residential District ..........••....•....•...•........•.••..•....•..... Commercial District ...•.................•....•...•....•.•..•.••........ Industrial District ..••.......••.....••.....••••.•...........•......... 15 15 16 17 18 19 MANAGEMENT AND DESIGN POLICIES .........•........•........••..•..•.••........ • Topography ............................................................. • Vegetation .....•.....•......•..•......•......•.......••.....•.......... , Floodplains, Wetlands, Drainage Swales ........••.•......•......•....... 21 21 21 22 , I n1and Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 • Streams and Creeks ...•.............•••........•.•...................... •Agriculture ............................................................ • Residential ............................................................ , Residential Recreation and Open Space •....•....•.•...•.......•......... 23 24 25 26 • Con1111erci a1 Use ••••... .•••••....•.•••••....•••••••••..••..•.•..•.•.•.... 26 • Industrial ............................................................. , Transportation Facilities .....•...••.•.•.....•..••••.•....••........... , Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal •.......•....•.••....•..•.......... 1 Socia 1 Sys terns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 28 30 30 FUTURE LAND USE IN TYRONE TOWNSHIP .....•..•....•..•..•.•...•••.........••... 32 , Future Land Use Map ...•••.................••..••••.•.................•. 32 -i- �COMMUNITY INVENTORY/PROFILE .........................•....................... 38 Natura 1 Sys terns .......................................................... 38 1 1 1 Topography ........................................................ . 38 1 Wetlands ............................................................ 45 Soils .............................................................. 42 Vegeta.tion ......................................................... 44 t Rivers, Streams and Drains ....•.................................... 46 1 Lakes .•.......•.. .....•............................................ 48 Community Systems ........................................................ 51 1 t 1 Agriculture ........................................................ 51 Resident i a1 •••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 55 Commercial ........................................................ . 56 t Industrial ......................•.................................. 57 • Vacant ............•.................•••............................ 57 , Public/Government Facilities and Services .........................• 58 t Transportation Facilities .......................................... 60 • Recreation Facilities •............................................. 67 • Building Activities ................................................ 70 t Rezoning Activities ................................................ 71 • Water Supply ....................................................... 71 , Wastewater Management ......•......................•................ 74 • Solid Waste Management ........••................................... 76 Socia 1 Systems ........................................................... 77 • Historic Perspective ...........•.•................................. 77 t Population Characteristics - 1980 Census Profile ................... 78 t Housing Characteristics - 1980 Census Profile ...................... 84 t Population Forecasts ............................•.................. 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY . ...••..•••.•.•.•.•....•.•..••••...••.••....•.•........•.....•.• 93 APPENDIX A- "Chapter 3: The Terrain Evaluation Map 11 (Reprinted from An Environmental Review System for Livingston County) B - The Glacial Formation of the Livinston Count Reprinted in its entirety C- 1980 Census Tables for Tyrone Township - Population D- 1980 Census Tables for Tyrone Township - Housing E - Suitability Criteria for Overlays -ii- �LIST OF MAPS • 1 COMPOSITE MAP A.................................................. 12 2 COMPOSITE MAP B.................................................. 13 3 COMPOSITE MAP C.................................................. 14 4 ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY INVENTORY ...................................... 29 5 FUTURE LAND USE MAP .............................................. 33 6 LAND ELEVATION IN TYRONE TOWNSHIP ................................ 39 7 EXISTING LAND USE ................................................ 52 8 SCHOOL DISTRICTS ................................................. 61 9 TRAFFIC COUNTS .........................•......................... 64 10 TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ................................................ 65 11 PUBLIC RECREATION FACILITIES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN ....•.......... 68 12 PUBLIC RECREATION AREAS IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY ..................... 69 13 AMENDMENTS TO ZONING MAP, 1973 - 1984 ............................ 73 14 ANALYSIS ZONES - 1980 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD FIGURES ........... 91 15 ANALYSIS ZONES - POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD FIGURES THROUGH 2005 ... 91 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 SUITABILITIES FOR LAND USE-RELATED ACTIVITIES .................... 10 2 SOILS CHARACTERISTICS ............................................ 43 3 LAKES OF 5 ACRES OF MORE IN AREA ................................. 48 4 LAND USE IN ACRES ................................................ 53 5 BUILDING ACTIVITY, 1973 - 1984 ................................... 72 6 REZONING ACTIVITY, 1973 - 1984 ................................... 72 7 SMALL AREA FORECAST VERSION 84 ................................... 88 -iii- �PREFACE A community's character stems from a number of factors. The specific factors which comprise this character, and the relative weight of their influence, change over time. Initially, the natural features which comprise the community landscape - such things as topography, vegetation, soils, watercourses, etc. - provide the greatest influence. They dictate the types of land use which will occur, whether the community establishes a strong agricultural tradition or instead develops a recreation orientation. Eventually, the influence of natural features diminishes as community residents assert a stronger influence over what the area is and what it will become. Such factors as location within the region, proximity of other communities, the character of adjacent communities, become increasingly important. In time, the character of the community comes to reflect that of its residents - who they are, where they came from and where they wish their community to go. This Master Plan reflects an effort by Tyrone Township officials to direct the growth of their community. It is a statement about what they wish their community to become. The decision to prepare a Master Plan stemmed from the belief that it was important to base land development decisions on a firm understanding of both the community's character and the impact which such development would have upon the community's resources. The process of preparing the plan was cumulative. First, a thorough analysis of the community - both its residents and its resources - was performed. At the same time a set of goals and objectives for the community was adopted. Then, utilizing the acquired base of information, a set of policies was developed to achieve the goals and objectives. Finally, the Master Plan document was assembled, including a recommended Future Land Use Map. The Master Plan documents each of these efforts. For example, a Community Profile/Inventory, which details the characteristics of the natural, community, and social systems of the township is included. The methodologies used in the analyses also are discussed; pertinent background sources are included in the Appendices. Quite naturally, the adopted goals and objectives and resulting regulatory policies comprise the essential part of the Master Plan. The reason for including all of this within the document is significant. It is intended that the Master Plan serve as a decision-making tool for local officials. The successful utilization of this Plan is not predicated upon its ability to predict future events. Instead, the Plan enables local officials to measure new development proposals against a set of regulatory guidelines or policies. -iv- �INTRODUCTION The Tyrone Township Planning Commission has prepared a Master Plan for the Township. This introductory section is intended to provide an understanding of why a community becomes involved in land use planning. Listed below are answers to some of the questions commonly asked when a community undertakes preparation of a Master Plan. • What is a Master Plan? A Master Plan is the Tyrone Township Planning Commission's recommendation for the physical development of the Township. It includes the allocation of land for various uses and purposes, the identification of desirable and necessary levels of public services, and recommendation of implementation techniques. State law requires all townships with planning commissions to adopt a master land use plan. Thus, it represents an opportunity for the community to decide the extent and direction of growth and development in the future. A Master Plan is based on a statement of local goals and objectives for orderly future growth in the community. These, in turn, are examined in relation to the adopted planning goals and objectives of other local units of government, the county, and regional planning agencies to insure compatibility with these jurisdictions as well. One of the main concerns of a Master Plan is the relationship of various land uses to one another and to the projected population estimates of the community in the future. These factors help to indicate the community's future need for homes, shopping facilities, public service facilities, industrial establishments, recreation, and agricultural areas to serve its residents. Existing uses and misuses of land are identified as are land use trends. In addition, a Master Plan is also concerned with the preservation of natural resources such as woodlands and flood plain areas. From this analysis policies can be developed for guiding future land use. These are illustrated on a map reflecting general types of land use. Finally, alternative programs and proposals are examined for implementing these policies along with time frames and guidelines to insure rational and intelligent implementation. In short, a Master Plan is a statement of the community's long range plans for its future direction and development. The plan acts as a guide for development to assure that the character, shape and size of the community in years to come reflects the desires of the community residents, and that land uses be properly located within the community in the most cost-efficient, service-effective manner possible. 1 Why Does Tyrone Township Need a Master Plan? Tyrone Township needs a Master Plan as do all communities that wish to insure the desired shape and character of the future community. A Master Plan is particularly essential as a rural community begins to -1- �feel the suburban and urban growth and development pressures mentioned above which are likely to increase in years to come. A Master Plan can allow a community to guide and direct the growth which is presently occurring, while at the same time retaining the desired rural and small town character of the community. Without a Master Plan, growth is likely to ~ccur in a haphazard, irrational manner, endangering the preservation of prime agricultural lands, exploiting environmentally sensitive lands, and encouraging the unwanted extensions of sewerage and water facilities. With a Master Plan growth would be permitted where it would not adversely affect prime agricultural land or lead to the destruction of unique natural, scenic or historic resources. Costly service extensions would be avoided as future service needs are planned and developed in a more efficient manner. The following statement by Lawrence W. Libby is illustrative of the conflicts and concerns which arise as land use patterns change. It makes very clear the need for adequate controls and strategies to cope with alternative demands for the use of limited land resources. In recent years, a new set of variables has begun to influence the rate of farm land conversion in areas much like Tyrone Township. Before, most of the factors were internal to agriculture, thus part of the farm operation. The new variables are external to the usual decisions on how a farmer uses his land. These external, economic conditions often minimize the forces over which the farmer feels he has some control. Obviously, the two sets of variables are not distinct. They indicate the same phenomenon--decreased demand for land in farming and increased demand for "open" 1and for other uses, both made possible by advances in farm production technology. In the past, a farmer could achieve effective land use with sensible farm planning. As external economics become more important, broader planning is needed to encompass the relevant forces affecting land use in rural areas. While we do have decreased land requirements in farming and increased demand for other uses, there is no assurance they will match up. The best farm land often turns out to be best for other uses as well. Without great detail on the nature of the non-farm forces involved, a few of the results may be noted: 1. Trend Toward Country Living. The trend in the United States today is toward rural or suburban living. Large population increases are coming to the open country side. Some large, and not so large, cities are literally "drying up" downtown. Industry is decentralizing; people count open spaces high among their priorities for the good life. 2. Higher Cost of Rural Government. People mean government services, and taxes. New rural residents expect a higher level of government services than is usual in farm areas. They expect better roads, police protection, rubbish collection, water districts and new schools. The more scattered the population, the more expensive these facilities are for each house served. More tax dollars must come from somewhere. -2- �3. Frictions Develop. Where farm and non-farm land uses rub together, sore points are likely to develop. Newcomers find that farms are not always contributors to a tranquil countryside. 'Odor and/or dust producing substances' are parl: of most general farming complexes, but they can seem to be an obnoxious and unnecessary disruption to nearby homeowners. The latter may assume that all people live in the country and work elsewhere. As numbers of non-farm residents increa5e, the farmer may find himself the target of a nuisance ordinance. - "Why Rural Planning and Zoning?" A Township Master Plan is also important as an indication of a community's commitment to planning and its own future development. Townships are not the only units of government to engage in planning activities. Planning is taking place at the county, regional, state and federal levels also. Planning efforts are being pursued by the Livingston County Planning Commission and the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG). The State and Federal governments also often base their funding decisions on the relation of local projects to areawide planning activities. With its own Master Plan, a township makes known its specific goals and land use policies, which, in turn, can influence planning activities at other levels of government. Without a Master Plan, there is less of an assurance that a community's desires and interests will be properly interpreted. Thus, the development of a Township Master Plan is essential for the creation of an effective and functiondl planning network. • What is the Relationship Between a Master Plan and a Zoning Ordinance? The legal distinction and relationship between planning and zoning is based upon different enabling legislation and subsequent court interpretations. Zoning ordinances and other land development regulations (e.g., subdivision ordinance, public investment, sanitary codes) are the implementation tools for a plan. Often there is a discrepancy between a planned use and a zoned use. This reflects the differences in the time frame between a plan map and a zoning map. The plan map reflects current policy. As long as the zoned use does not preclude the planned use, this discrepancy is not a cause of concern. It often reflects the difference between existing and anticipated conditions. Increasingly, judicial review has stressed the importance of the master plan as the basis for zoning decisions. The significant tests for a zoning decision revolve around the legitimacy of the public interest in the regulatory decision, its fairness (in the sense of uniformity), and the 11 taking 11 issue (confiscation of private property rights). A well reasoned plan from which regulatory decisions can be made is becoming an important element in the judicial review of local decisions. -3- �A plan does not guarantee that the township always will be "right" in zoning litigation but certainly will increase the probability that a specific decision will not be viewed as arbitrary and capricious. Further, it will likely prevent some litigation from being initiated because the township's decision-making process will be well documented. • Future Directions in Land Use Planning Planning does not end with the completion of the Master Plan; rather the adoption of the plan signals the beginning of a corrununity's commitment to planning, and to its own future. The plan can be effective and purposeful only if it is rationally implemented and adhered to. Obviously unanticipated needs, demands, trends and policies at the national, state and local level will have an effect on a community's future and its ability to adhere to the plan. However, as planning activities take place, as a master or comprehensive plan is developed, and as plans are revised, these changes can be addressed with the recognition of existing goals and objectives. In coming years careful community planning will become an increasingly important and essential activity. With the pressures of growth and development, every effort should be made to assure the careful utilization of a community's resources in the most efficient and effective manner possible. This will help to assure a healthy and pleasant environment for present and future community residents . • -4- �GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Central to the formulation of any community plan is the statement of goals and objectives. The goals and objectives prov i de the basis from which a plan is developed by indicating its di r ection and scope. Goals are stated in general terms and it can be difficult to measure or evaluate the extent or degree to which they have been achieved. A set of quantifiable objectives can, however, be developed once the goals are established. Well developed objectives can measure the degree to which a plan's intent has been achieved and/ nr the effectiveness of a specific program or portion of a plan. Goals and objectives are developed in respon ~e to the needs, demands, concerns and issues which exist within the community. These needs, concerns, etc. were identified by the Plann i ng Commission and result from their understanding of Tyrone Township, gained through years of service and residence within the community. It is the intent therefore that the goals and objectives listed below represent a sound means of guiding the future of Tyrone Township. The following presentation of goals and objectives address both general issues and specific land use categories. The list is merely a compilation and does not reflect any prioritization of land use type or individual goal. t Overall Goal of the Master Plan To develop a plan to guide and direct future growth and development of land uses in an orderly manner so as to ensure efficient and effective use of community resources and to provide a community which reflects the needs, interests and desires of its residents. t Residential Land Use Goal: Preserve and enhance the living environment of Tyrone Township by encouraging and guiding the maintenance and development of a diverse and desirable residential housing stock. Objectives: • Preserve and maintain the existing residential character of Tyrone Township. • Determine appropriate locations for future residential development. • Develop guidelines/policies to ensure that future residential development occurs in a manner which preserves and protects existing natural features and resourc es. -5- �• Agricultural Land Use Goal: Preserve and protect existing agricultural operations and valuable agricultural land through the establishment of proper land use controls, both for the agricultural land and operations and. adjacent land uses. Objectives: • Identify areas of the community possessing concentrations of agricultural operations and/or valuable agricultural land. • Develop land use controls, including such zoning tools as minimum lot sizes and frontages, which are appropriate for use in farmland preservation efforts. • Provide a source of information and mediation concerning conflicts which arise as areas traditionally agricultural are transformed into predominantly residential areas. • Commercial Land Use Goal: Provide for, and encourage, sufficient commercial development to meet the community's local needs for commercial activities. Objectives: • Identify the type and location of existing commercial development within Tyrone Township. • Examine the current mix of commercial establishments in the community in order to determine what commercial needs are met locally vs. regionally and what future commercial development may be needed. • Determine appropriate locations for future commercial development. • Industrial Land Use Goal: Encourage the development of industrial uses which will be compatible with both the character and needs of Tyrone Township. Objectives: ..., • Identify areas within the community which will be both appropriate and advantageous for industrial development, placing specific emphasis on such factors as access to regional transportation links, location on adequate local roadways and compatibility of adjacent land uses. • Determine the types of industry which are appropriate for establishment within the community. • Serve as a source of information and mediation concerning conflicts ar1s1ng as areas which are predominantly undeveloped, experience industrial development . -6- I �• Development of Community Character Goal: Promote the development of a central community center, with the intent of providing an area that residents would identify as representing the focus of their community. Objectives: • Examine the existing pattern of land use within Tyrone Township with the intent of identifying a site appropriate for development as a community center. • Develop a strategy which can be utilized in achieving the establishment of a community center. • Support and encourage the concept of establishing a community center through promotion of the values such a center represents to both current and future residents of Tyrone Township. • Conservation of Natural Resources Goal: Preserve and protect the natural resources of Tyrone Township through the development of policies which address the use of land and how that use impacts such natural resources and features as soils, slopes, groundwater, surface drainage, vegetation, etc. Objective: • Promote the value of conservation of natural resources through dissemination of information concerning the "public cost 11 of improper use of slopes, soils, water and other resources. It ..., -7- I �BASIS OF THE PLANNING APPROACH Most Cities and towns that we admire are as excellent as their planning is excellent. The matter of profit is more difficult to demonstrate only because we have not yet learned how to attribute value to the beauty and humanity of environments. - Design with Nature p. 92 The quote is by Ian McHarg, from his classic book Design with Nature. McHarg, a noted landscape architect and ecologist, developed unique planning principles based on a recognization of intrinsic social values inherent in natural processes. His approach employed the basic proposition: ... that any place is the sum of historical, physical, and biological processes, that these are dynamic, that they constitute social values, that each area has an intrinsic suitability for certain land uses, and finally, that certain areas lend themselves to multiple coexisting land uses. - Design with Nature p. 104 McHarg's approach to planning is no longer unique, because many professionals have utilized his basic principles in formulating and completing new master plans and related studies. The planning approach for the Tyrone Township Master Plan is based on an evaluation process very similar to McHarg's. The local approach is based on one aspect of environmental planning, that of a land capability analysis. The landscape of Tyrone Township is beautifully sculptured with hills and valleys, lakes and streams, and wetlands and woodlots, and as land, it must be viewed as a complex resource. The natural features offer opportunities and limitations to human use, but careless development that does not consider the limitations can economically impact all landowners in a negative way. The direct and indirect costs of not protecting and preserving our natural systems can be high. An example of the interrelationships between natural systems and potential costs can be found in the many wetland areas located throughout Tyrone Township. The landowners of these wetlands cannot sell the filtering capacity their land possesses. Their land, however, is providing cleaner surface waters downstream by filtering out excess nutrients and sediment. While owners of the wetlands could receive short term benefits through draining and filling these areas, Tyrone Township would absorb the long term social and economic costs of lower water quality if such actions occurred. Tyrone Township has selected a land capability analysis approach as the basis for planning efforts within the community. The objective of a -8- �land capability approach is to gather and integrate information about the environment, such as vegetation, soils and groundwater, and to analyze the ability of those components to support various land uses. The results of this analysis are used in connection with other data, such as existing road network capacities and existing investment patterns. ,Consideration of both land capabilities and socio-economic statistics provides the best means of guiding land use planning decisions. The integrated land capability analysis adopted by Tyrone Township is the Environmental Review System for Livingston County developed by the Livingston County Planning Department. The purpose of the Environmental Review System is to provide township planning co1TJTiissioners, other local officials, developers and financial lenders with an environmental data base and companion guidelines that may be referred to during planning activities and decision making. Its application to the development of the Tyrone Township Plan is therefore quite consistent with that purpose. The Environmental Review System guidebook serves as a supplement to the Plan and will aid in the implementation of the Plan's policies. The environmental planning approach, including the soils suitability analysis described below, was adopted by the Tyrone Township Planning Commission, and is designed to maximize the inherent potential of the environment while reducing the ultimately disastrous and appallingly wasteful consequences of working at cross purposes with natural systems. This approach comes from a realization that land use planning and development decisions often ignore the natural limitations of the environment. In too many cases, the consequences of poorly planned private actions have been remedied at public expense. Working with nature, instead of against it, is the fundamental objective in the Township Township Plan. McHarg would be pleased to know that his principles are at work in Livingston County. • Soils Suitability Analysis The active component of an overall land capability analysis is a soils suitability analysis. The soils suitability analysis was used to identify general areas for future land use growth. A full explanation of the soil suitability analysis used in this Plan, and the results obtained, is described in detail in the paragraphs and table which follow. Soils suitability analysis is based on criteria related to soil characteristics. Soil drainage, permeability, stability of soil material, frequency of flooding, depth to seasonal watertable, slope, and erosion hazard are important factors in land use development. Placement of buildings, streets, driveways, sidewalks and underground utility lines are activities affected by soil properties. Steep slopes are erosion hazards, and cause problems in construction of utility lines. Poorly drained soils coupled with a high watertable make it difficult to maintain dry basements. In addition, a high watertable hinders proper operation of septic tank drain fields, which can cause unsanitary conditions. Several types of soils are highly susceptible to frost heaving, while others exhibit severe shrinking and swelling according -9- �to changes in moisture content. For the suitability analysis, the unique soil properties are mapped as suitability variables. The analysis process consists of using single factor overlays, with each overlay depicting a suitability variable or subvariable. Each variable is a representative and quantifiable criterion for the two land use activities chosen for the analysis: location of septic tank disposal fields, and location for construction of single family homes. Ten variables as single factor overlays were identified. It is noted that these ten factors are not all inclusive. Other factors also could be introduced if additional land use activities were considered, but for purposes of this plan, these are the most relevant. Moreover, all ten overlays may not be utilized in the process. The land uses and ten suitability variables are listed in the following table. TABLE 1 LAND USE-RELATED ACTIVITIES Suitabilities for: A. B. Location for Septic Tank Disposal Fields Location for Construction of Single Family Homes Suitability Variables For Overlays 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Slope - 0-6% Slope - 6-12% Slope - 12-18% Slope - 18% and greater Shrink-Swell Potential - Low Subsurface Permeability - Moderate Natural Surface Drainage - Good Bearing Capacity - Good to Fair Depth to Watertable - Greater than 3 feet below the surface Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity - High; Medium to High Descriptive statements for each of the ten overlays are provided in Appendix E. The statements help explain why each particular variable was selected. Several of the overlays represent data determined from engineering analyses of soil properties. The data results are in tables in the county soil survey. Each variable is a single factor and does not represent an aggregate of any other factors. Each overlay was constructed on clear plastic film for the convenience of stacking several overlays. After each overlay was completed and placed in a master file, the first step was to select those overlays which in combination are the most suitable for septic tank disposal fields. The individual overlays selected were the following numbers 1, 6, 7, 9, 10. Overlaying these resulted in composite map A, showing the locations most suitable for the placement of septic tank disposal fields. Each factor is indicated by a uniform green tone on the overlay. Therefore, as each one was overlaid, several shades of green appeared where suitable data overlapped. The number of shades is a function of overlapping data on the overlays used, but the shade of -10- �green which is the most suited will be the darkest tone. Given the criteria selected for the composite, the darkest green areas represent the most favorable areas for septic tank placement. The lighter tones of green indicate the areas less suitable for that use. Implicitly, this suggests that the less suited areas can be made more suited but not before site engineering or other techniques are applied. Areas which have no green tint are not suited according to the analysis. Before the synthesis was completed, a plastic overlay of the composite was prepared, then individual overlays were returned to the master file for future use. Once the analysis was completed for determining composite A, composite B showing the most suitable locations for single family home construction was determined. The master file containing all ten overlays was again consulted. The individual ones selected for this analysis were the following numbers - 1, 2, 5, and 8. As is apparent, overlay number 1 was reused for this composite. This was perfectly satisfactory. After composite B was completed by also preparing a plastic overlay, all the overlays were returned again the the master file. At this stage in the analysis, there were two separate composite maps, A and B, each represented by a green-toned overlay. An additional step was to combine the two composites; the darkest green overlapping portions thus represented the following: areas most suited for the location of septic tank disposal fields and the most suitable sites for the construction of single family homes. In other words, a set of variables in overlay form were used selectively to identify those areas within the township that were best suited to support a home that is required to have an onsite septic disposal system. The newly created overlay, the result of overlaying composites A and B, has the title of composite C. By inference, composite C is practical for other land uses dependent also on onsite system for wastewater disposal. Onsite disposal systems are similar in design and operation. Application differs in capacity of system and size of lot. With the understanding that high volume water users generally require larger lots for wastewater disposal, the same overlay criteria for single family homes can be applied to higher density residential developments, and even for certain commercial and light industrial uses. Composite map C was utilized in preparing the Future Land Use Map for Tyrone Township. A further discussion of the Future Land Use Map, and how composite map C was utilized in its preparation, appears in a later section of this document. Composite maps A, B, and Care on the following three pages. -11- f �L-s·-r,•'o .~;. . I 1' ► - ___ L t I Map I COMP A Suitable locations for septic tahk disposal systems. 0 1/4 scale 1/2 in N /.r ~.-us.,,Jto ~;;!l miles �J J • •II •J f -~ - - -- - - ~r1W-=."T" · ··-,-'--~~ ~ l ,..._ '"-.,,,----xr77- ··1.·-t . . ~ . ' 1• . ~.""° .. •1 • h.' . • .• l .. I I•.••.. :--, :J " . \' ..... ~. ' ~ . <aNESEE . .· -t:,~::-c1v1N.,_ •·!e ! \ •L _ .(",..,,..... ' .. ··~ •"" 0. , /'i. ___.______...,._--t ·•r"VO I t .,>:..-' -. y " . ,. . . . ~ ttt• ._ ♦ -~ ...... • ~ ..._~ •~-- ,, z.V y f'l"1'\ 4 ., . Map 2 • . . R. ,,.~- COMP B Suitable locations for construction of single 0 1/4 family homes. 1/2 scale in miles N J J J r. r r r r �t- - -r1 J • Map.]_ Comp C Most suitable locations for single family home construction utilizing onsite wastewater treatment systems. 0 1/4 1/2 scale in mile~ I I I I I I I I t l N �LAND USE POLICIES The Master Plan policy recommendations are divided into two major categories: (1) Land Use District Policies, and (2) Management and Design Policies. The Land Use District Policies are discussed in this section ' of the Master Plan. The Management and Design Policies are outlined and presented in the section that follows. Many readers of this section will be concerned generally with a particular district and, therefore will be inclined to read only the section pertaining to that district. This practice, however, could lead to possible misinterpretation by the user. For example, if steeply sloped land exists on specific property, the developer of this land must be aware of the management and design policies related to steeply sloped areas. The reader must also be aware that the management and design policies can (and often do) apply to many districts. It is recommended, therefore, that prior to the undertaking of any significant physical development, the management and design section should be read thoroughly and completely. The policies herein described are official statements adopted by the Tyrone Township Planning Commission to guide and control physical development. They must be adhered to unless altered by the Planning Commission. The Master Plan provides for an allocation of land uses based upon the suitability of the land, and related improvements to support various uses. The residential densities are based primarily upon land suitabilities, the capability and capacity of existing and proposed road network, and current land uses. The recommended lot size is represented by two values, a low and a high figure. The actual minimum sizes could be either value, or a value between the two figures. Persons regularly involved with matters concerning land utilization in Tyrone Township (e.g., township officials, landowners) are accustomed to working within a conceptual framework based upon use districts. Thus, the specific recommendations that fo 11 ow have been structured on that basis. A more general set of guidelines that can be applied to more than one district, the Management and Design Policies, is included immediately after the district recomme ndations. 1 Rural Residential District The intent of the Rural Residential (RR) Dis t rict is to preserve the traditional agriculture development of the township, as well as designate areas appropriate for the sort of single family residential development that does not alter the rural character of the district. The unique natural resources in the township are to be protected from wanton development by identifying sensitive landscape features and directing land uses to those sites capable of accorrmodating nonintensive uses. Major roadway improvements and centralized public wastewater collection systems and other important municipal expenditures are not anticipated for the RR District. -15I �Agricultural operations have played an important role in the development of Tyrone Township. The township remains firmly committed to preservation of viable agricultural land uses. Almost 5,300 acres, which represents approximately twenty-three (23) percent of the total township land area, are characterized by active agriculture uses. Much of the farm acreage is planted in row crops, grains and grasses, but livestock pastures and managed woodlots also contribute to farm acreage. In addition, several hundred acres are devoted to orchards and other fruit growing enterprises. The intent of this district is not to prohibit development. It simply requires that density of development be determined by evaluating sensitive terrain features, soil suitabilities, and road capacities. The recommended minimum lot size ranges from 1.5 acres to 2 acres, although the size may increase in instances and locations where soil characteristics and/or other considerations indicate that more restrictive standards are appropriate. Recommended permitted uses in the RR District are: • Agriculture, woodlots, and related operations. • Single family detached dwellings constructed at a density not to exceed one dwelling unit per 1.5 acres. • Golf courses, campgrounds, hunting or wildlife preserves. • Land uses similar to above if they are determined by the Planning Commission to be in conformity with the intent of this district. • Suburban Residential District The intent of the Suburban Residential (SR) District is to provide for an all-encompassing zone of residential land uses at densities greater than the uses in the RR District. The areas designated SR on the Future Land Use Map also include Residential (R) District areas and Multiple-Family (MF) District areas. The SR District is located in areas featuring optimal soil conditions. Relatively large-area concentrations of soils suitable for high intensity use must exist prior to any development in this district to encourage nodal development for a vibrant neighborhood unit. Construction of platted residential subdivisions on appropriate soils is encouraged in this district. Soil properties with excellent development potential are valuable resources that should be utilized to provide areas of higher density land uses in order that more fragile areas might be protected. The recommended minimum to one acre for parcels system. If centralized or will be provided, designed to incorporate lot size in the SR District is one-half acre not served by a public wastewater collection wastewater treatment f acilities are provided, a detached single fami ~y development may be a higher density, but this density should not -16- �exceed three dwelling units per acre. Areas within the SR District that are served or will be served by public wastewater facilities, are within the purview of the Residential (R) District. The R District is described below. The physical characteristics of the SR District applied to new developments include: • Relatively large-area concentrations of soils suitable for on-site disposal of wastewater. • Access to all-weather roads. • Reasonable proximity to density development. other planned or existing high Recommended permitted uses for the SR District include: • Single family residential uses, wastewater treatment facilities. with or without public • Multiple family residential uses, if served by an approved wastewater treatment system. • Mobile home parks, treatment system. if served by an approved wastewater Residential platted subdivisions will be approved if they are: • Consistent with limitations imposed by soil conditions, natural vegetation, and sensitive landscape features. • Consistent with zoning, subdivision regulations. master plan recommendations, and • Compatible with surrounding land uses. • Representative of the designs. best of all realistic alternative • Served by and connected to hard surfaced roads. • Able to provide recreation and open space areas. 1 Residential District The Residential (R) District is reserved for areas suited for intensive residential development. Due to intensity of use, R District boundaries duplicate those of adopted sanitary sewer service districts. The provision of sanitary sewers must precede implementation of these policies. Intensity of development must be sensitive both to the need for a range of housing choices as well as to the need for open space. Areas described as R Districts are depicted on the Future Land Use Map by the Multiple Family (MF) District and the Mobile Home Park (MHP) District. The R District designation does not appear on the map. It -17- �is understood, moreover, that high density uses (R District uses) will occur within SR Districts, but only if the uses are served with sanitary sewers. Minimum lot size will vary in accordance with the need to provide a wide range of housing types in this district. The permitted types of residential uses and recommended densities are: • Single family detached dwellings on a lot size of 18,000 to 22,000 square feet. • Single family attached dwellings not to exceed three units per acre. • Multiple family dwellings at densities ranging from four dwelling units per acre to sixteen dwelling units per acre; actual densities are to be determined by type of development and site design relationship, extent of natural features, and provision of open space. • Cluster residential 11 - developments featuring a mix of residential dwelling types within a planned residential community. Density limitations in this type of development will vary both within the development itself and from one such development to another. 11 • Licensed mobile home parks. • Due to intensity of development, open space requirements will be increased in this district over requirements for open space provided in other residential districts. 1 Commercial District The intent of the Commercial (C) District is to provide a concentrated area for retail, office, and business services, thereby improving traffic flows, reducing the number of vehicle turning movements, while promoting energy conservation and greater shopping convenience. Commercial centers will be encouraged to incorporate access and circulation routes for pedestrians and bicycles. Signage, building materials, parking lots, and illumination will be scrutinized carefully by the planning commission through site planning and ordinance reviews. Particularly noteworthy points regarding the C District are as follows: • A commercial core district is proposed for a location near the US-23/Center Road interchange. The commercial uses within the district are intended primarily to serve uses in the planning industrial district, as well as residential uses in the immediate neighborhoods. • Secondarily, commercial uses will be oriented toward essential expressway services. Competition from existing expressway service centers in neighboring townships probably will limit the number and types of uses in Tyrone. -18- �• The designation of the planned commercial center near Center Road and US-23 does not preclude any development of small neighborhood commercial clusters in other suitable locations in the township. • In site plan reviews for commercial uses where the planning commission makes a determination that an excessive number of ingress and egress points have been planned, thereby diminishing the carrying capacity of the adjoining roadway to a serious extent, the commission will require construction of a marginal access service road. The development of adequate setbacks for road rights-of-way or easements will be required in conjunction with adequate parking, so that contiguous lots in abutting properties will allow traffic circulation from one property to another without forcing traffic to re-enter the major public arterial right-of-way. • All required off-street parking in the C District shall be adequately screened and landscaped. All outdoor lighting shall be directed away from the public road right-of-way and inward to the site. When land zoned for residential use abuts this district, all lighting shall be directed away from that adjoining land. • Signage will be regulated in order to minimize distractive and obnoxious impacts. • Industrial District The intent of the Industrial (I) District is to provide areas that separate and isolate land uses with unique site requirements - intensive utilization of land for buildings, parking lots, unloading docks, outdoor storage spaces; concentrated utility requirements; provision of suitable site setbacks to reduce potential impacts from noise, lights, and odors - from other land uses. Generally, the pattern of existing and proposed industrial uses determines the locations and amounts of land in this district. The two major districts planned for industrial uses not only include existing industrial uses, but also include additional lands situated ideally for an expansion of industrial concerns. These lands are ideal for similar industrial uses because of several important locational advantages: • Land use compatibility with existing industrial plants. • Soil conditions are buildings. suitable for • Excellent transportation access state highway system. • Conveniently situated metropolitan areas. via US-23 to nearby inter- to market -19- placement of industrial places in surrounding �• Availability of trained force. professional and skilled labor • Proximity to utility connections. • Relative isolation from residential land uses . • Industrial Districts in Tyrone Township will be provided for through application of a series of adopted policy guidelines: • Industrial uses will be concentrated so as to optimize the potential benefits of transportation, drainage, and other public improvements and services. • Land uses in this district cannot rely totally on industrial water processing unless served by wastewater collection systems. • Industrial uses or any other uses which require a large daily volume of water will be required to submit evidence concerning potential impact upon groundwater reserves. That evidence must be gathered and analyzed by a qualified professional geologist, engineer, and/or hydrologist. • A vegetative screen using existing and new planting must be established on the perimeter of the parcel. The screen must provide a buffer between the use and adjacent lands. • All parking areas, along with the periphery of a development in the I District, are to be landscaped to screen interior activities from light, view, odor, noise, and/or dust spillovers onto adjoining properties. • No outdoor storage of materials, unsightly solid waste, or materials associated with the production process will be allowed in light industrial use areas. • The total acreage to be included in the I District will vary as a function of changing population levels and economic considerations, such as economic development trends, labor force, and transportation influences. -20- �MANAGEMENT AND DESIGN POLICIES The natural conditions of a region are an obvious ground and limit to its sensory form: its geology and topography, its climate, its ecologies. Of course, topography can be modified by heavy machinery, and change in the microclimate is created by any settlement. Moreover, the ecological system is perforce reordered. But these changes have their costs, and the basic climate and geography of places remains relatively immutable, at least within our human scale of time. We are learning some sad lessons about the hidden costs of circumventing a site rather than adapting to it. - Kevin Lynch The quote is from Lynch's Managing the Sense of a Region (p. 38), and the context of his words express the direction for land use planning in Tyrone Township. The management and design policies outlined below provide an adaptive framework for achieving planning objectives. 1 Topography The slope characteristics of an area have a great impact upon development. Topography itself is a physical resource and it must be used wisely. Topography relief of an area determines natural drainage patterns. Vegetative cover on slopes prevents massive soil erosion by stabilizing soils and impeding overland runoff. The basic character of land with slopes in excess of 12 percent (as identified by the Soil Conservation Service in the Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan), shall be retained. Developments that are not damaging to vegetation, or that implement controls to deal with increased runoff shall be permitted upon review and approval of a proposed site plan. Recommended maximum densities appropriate to a wide range of slopes have been developed through application of soils data and terrain evaluation criteria. 1 Vegetation Major hardwood and evergreen forests provide a natural habitat with a number of important environmental, educational and psychological benefits. Forests cleanse the air, provide sound buffers, prevent erosion, aid the hydrologic process, and modify temperature extremes. They create a scale for a community and provide for a sense of place and emotional stability for the human condition. Strictures adopted relative to vegetation are as follows: • Emphasis will be placed upon stopping capricious bulldozing and clear-cutting of wooded areas. -21- �• Selective harvesting of woodlands in Tyrone Township will be encouraged in order to maintain good forest product practices. • Development proposals in areas which contain ten acres of more of significant hardwood or evergreen forests may be r~quired to submit a proposed site plan. • In order to foster a township-wide reforestation program, it is recommended that all new developments have plantings at a ratio of five trees per acre. Trees may be double counted if existing trees on the site are larger than five inches in diameter. (The standard of five inches in diameter is generally accepted by botanists as being a useful criterion for distinguishing between mature trees and saplings. • Encourage the use of the services available from the Soil Conservation Service and Cooperative Extension Office to aid woodland owners in maintaining existing use of wooded areas. These programs provide an inexpensive source of seedlings and information on managing woodloots. • Floodplains, Wetlands, Drainage Swales Floodplains, wetlands, and swales must be protected from development because of their unique contribution to the protection of human habitats. Floodplains define the boundaries to which development can be taken if lives and property are to be protected from flood damage. Wetlands* act both as reservoirs for excess surface and groundwater supplies and as filters for groundwater. Drainage swales are part of a total system for handling normal and abnormal rainfall conditions and as such provide natural paths for surface stormwater runoff. All uses in floodplains, wetlands, and drainage swales will be considered to be special uses. No structure will be allowed in these areas unless a site plan and the proposed use are compatible with the objectives of preservation of these unique features. A structure that cannot withstand expected high water and/or stream flow will not be permitted in floodplains. *For purposes of this plan "wetlands" are defined as all areas subject to ponding and characterized by heavy wet soils. They are not to be confused with "wetlands" as described and defined in Act 203 of 1979, which refers primarily to areas of five acres in size or larger. • Inland Lakes Surface water in the form of lakes and ponds is both a recreational and an environmental resource. It is highly valued as a determinant for the market value of land. Often various "resource values" conflict with one another for short-run dominance, and in the process the long-range implications for the community are not considered. The substantial degradation of water quality in the lakes is a result of this process. -22- �Corrective and/or preventative measures such eventuality include: designed to guard against any • Setbacks of one hundred (100) feet to be required of all structural development occurring adjacent to surface water, which has a surface area greater than three acres in size . • • Recommendation of an annual test for septic tank/drain field systems to see if they are operating properly, particularly in areas where seasonal homes are being converted to year-round use. • Support for an educational program for lakeshore owners that suggests eliminating fertilization of lakeside lawns, and controlling excessive herbicide and pesticide application in the lake's watershed. • Support for the development, enactment, and adequate enforcement of boating control regulations, particularly on the smaller lakes of the township. • A recommendation that observation of any illegal dredging and filling be reported promptly to appropriate Michigan Department of Natural Resources officials. • Retention of a strip of natural vegetation, including grasses, trees, and shrubs, 35 feet inland from the waterline is recommended strongly. • Active support by the township of special assessment districts for lake research, engineering studies, and lake improvement (structural and nonstructural) programs. • Streams and Creeks Streams and creeks are major binding agents in the intricate relationships between land and water. Adverse effects upon water quality generally occur incrementally, and it is necessary therefore to review development with the "large picture" in mind. The Site Plan Review procedure offers an excellent mechanism for protection of streams, creeks, and surface water in general. The Tyrone Township Planning Commission will recommend denial of a site plan if it finds there exists a reasonable alternative configuration in which the proposed site could be developed in a fashion likely to reduce potentially adverse environmental impacts upon either the site or the surrounding area. Sensitive areas adjacent to creeks and streams make it important that all subdivision and multiple-family residential developments be classified as special uses, subject to submission of a plan. Submission of a detailed site plan will be required for areas with: • Soil types with severe limitation for development • Significant vegetation along stream banks -23- �• Floodplains, drainage swales, and wetlands • Steep slopes (12% or greater) adjacent to creeks Specific review requirements lows: of Special Land Use Permits are as fol- • If approved, the applicant should remove limited amounts of vegetation so that only a small area will be exposed at any one time. As work continues, a second area can be exposed while the first area is being reseeded or erosion protection measures are being installed. • No drain pipe, ditch, sewer, or any such conveyance should be allowed to discharge runoff from impermeable surfaces directly into any water course. Settling or detention ponds must allow the maximum filtering and sediment control. • No structure shall be permitted in a designated buffer area. The area defined as a buffer area along streams shall be 100 to 150 feet in width depending upon severity of limitations caused by soil type, vegetation, and/or slope characteristics in the area. Septic tank drain fields will not be allowed in this setback area. The township will continue to take an active role in policing the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act. Investigation and complaint systems will be carried out in conjunction with the Livingston County Drain Commission office. The Drain Commission cannot bear exclusive responsibility for policing sites all the time and township citizens and officials must take an active role in initiating investigations. • Agriculture The need for preservation of agricultural production capabilities is quite real, even though Tyrone Township is by no means an "agricultural community." Agricultural activities are still important to the community, and the county as a whole. All reasonable efforts should be made to preserve agricultural activity where it exists successfully. Finding a realistic solution to controversies generated by the issue of farmland retention is not easy, however, especially in an area such as Tyrone Township that is experiencing suburban development. The answer lies not in one quick and easy solution but rather in a concerted multi-faceted effort by a community that truly wishes to address the matter. Tyrone Township has yet to reach that essential threshold of consensus, perhaps best illustrated by the low number of township enrollees into the Act 116 Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program. It is the intent of the township to encourage preservation of agricultural land by ensuring that disincentives to that preservation are voided. This is accomplished primarily by discouraging random, rural -24- I, �the need for careful design of circulation systems within platted subdivisions. Subdivision designs allowing for appropriate right-of-way and surfacing considerations in design and construction of the internal road system should be permitted. • To improve energy conservation, new residential development should attempt to comply with new construction techniques that promote energy efficiency. Home builders will provide needed conservation ,n this area through better site orientation and tree planting and landscaping. The Tyrone Township Planning Commission will review site designs with an eye toward encouraging improved solar orientation , wind protection, and arrangement of structures and infrastructure. • Residential Recreation and Open Space Provisions of open space and recreational opportunities can have a great impact upon the long range viability of residential areas. The design of green areas within residential subdivision developments is an extremely important element in the review of all residential subdivision development. Specific regulations require that: • Lands and facilities earmarked for active and passive recreational use shall be included in plans for residential subdivision developments. • Dedicated open space and recreation sites shall be readily accessible to all property owners and shall not consist of largely undevelopable lands due to environmental constraints. • All property owners in a subdivision shall be responsible for private open space maintenance. • The township shall require that significant areas of usable open space be donated or set aside as part of all major residential subdivision developments. • Commercial Use There is a great temptation on the part of some people to state that all prime highway frontage should be devoted to commercial use. Not only is this impossible because of constraints imposed by natural features, but the township would be derelict in its duty to protect the public health, safety and welfare if township-wide strip commercial development was allowed. The public good will not be served by a policy encouraging strip commercial development and the problems and hazards attendant to it. General regulations pertaining to commercial uses are as follows: • Commerci al uses shall not be determined by highway frontage -26- �residential development in areas that are currently agricultural in nature. Instead, areas suited to residential development have been identified and growth will be directed there through both the policies of this Plan and the coordinated development of transportation facilities. FinallY., it is the policy of the Tyrone Township Planning Commission to encourage more active involvement of local farming operations in the Act 116 program. 1 Residential It is the goal of Tyrone Township to provide a viable community in which all citizens can grow, learn and prosper as individuals. Tyrone Township seeks to be a diversified community able to provide access to as broad an array of human resources as is possible. In order to ensure that that goal might more easily be attained, the following regulations must be adhered to: • Residential development taking place in a district must genuinely reflect the predominant character of existing development and land capabilities. • Proper site planning and pedestrian and vehicle circulation system design must be given a high priority when the Planning Commission reviews residential development proposals. • Residents and potential new residents must be provided a clear choice with regard to residential location. There are rural and urban living environments provided in the Plan. Residential growth that is urban in character must be directed away from designated rural areas. • Nonrural residential districts must contain appropriate amounts of usable common open space that is located and designed so as to provide residents with recreational opportunities. • Existing housing must be protected from premature structural or environmental decay. Such phenomena as nonresidential land use intrusion into residential areas will not be permitted. • Residential neighborhoods should not impacted by major arterial streets. be penetrated or • Suburban and urban residential districts must be located adjacent to hard-surfaced arterial streets to ensure ease of access, and to prevent increased traffic flow levels from penetrating less intensely developed districts. • The Tyrone Township Board of Trustees and Planning Commission shall convey to the Living ~;ton County Road Co,rmission -25- �govern the location of industrial land uses in Tyrone Township. following criteria were used: • Proximity to US-23) an adequate • ~onvenient routes I-75, via US-23 to The hard surfaced road (Old 23 and limited access highways, I-96 and • Compatibility to existing land uses • Degree of isolation from residential land uses The Tyrone Township Planning Commission will review all proposed industrial land uses so as to assess their potential for generating such nuisances as air and/or noise pollution. Controls delineated in adopted performance standards will be applied where necessary. Tyrone Township shall also determine whether proposed uses will be compatible with existing water supplies. Costs related to consulting engineering reports will be paid for by the petitioner applying for rezoning to an industrial use classificatjon. • Transportation Facilities The planning and building of elements of a transportation network have a serious impact upon land use considerations. Federal and state freeways have generated new development pressures in Livingston County. Local transportation improvements can also affect land use decisions. Local expenditure patterns affect the quality of the existing road network as well as new construction. The timing of investment decisions directly impacts the timing of development. Many of the difficulties encountered by developing communities stem from an incomplete perception of the functional roles played by the transportation network. The function of major thoroughfares is to move traffic with a minimum of interference from adjacent land uses. The function of local roads is to provide access to the property which is considered suitable for development. Each roadway link functions at a differing scale. Tyrone Township needs a roadway system incorporating a wide range of functional levels. In order to ensure development of adequate and appropriate transportation facilities, the following policy standards have been formulated. • The Tyrone Township Planning Commission will not permit scattered nonresidential development along major thoroughfares (as illustrated on Map 4, the I.C.H.C. Right-of-Way Inventory, on the fo 11 owing page). • The Tyrone Township Planning Commission encourages the development and application of a meaningful and appropriate traffic circulation system as a component part of all new development. -28- �but by the ability of the community to support commercial centers. • Commercial development will be limited to centers which provide diversified activities and are consistent with the Plan's intent (i.e., to utilize the total parcel being developed) . • • Commercial centers will incorporate access and circulation for pedestrians and bicycles. • No expansion of commercial land use beyond areas designated for this use in the Master Plan is expected for the next fifteen years. This policy will be reviewed at least every five years to assess it's appropriateness. • Commercial park development will be encouraged. • One of the aims of township policies is to encourage a strong sense of physical identity. Standards for signs and other design elements within a commercial development will be drafted in order to create a consistent identity and reduce traffic problems. • Developers of all retail commercial uses shall provide a thorough assessment of market potential in order to avoid premature conversion of land and blighting of existing facilities. • All office, required to parking lots Requirements developed in commercial, and industrial land uses will be landscape their site. All required off-street of more than five spaces will be landscaped. for each of these landscaping needs will be the zoning ordinance. • Regulations will be developed for architectural and sign controls in the retail and service commercial districts in order to provide increased identity and uniformity. • Buffer treatments such as trees plantings and earthen berms will be required for all nonresidential developments abutting residentially zoned land. • Industrial Tyrone Township has designated the following areas as being appropriate for industrial utilization: I. The area along Old 23 between Dean and Center Roads 2. The area on the south side of White Lake Road, adjacent to Old 23 This designation is consistent with criteria adopted specifically to -27- �FOLEY CENTER II II ft :: ~ :: ~ z :g :: ..... z ... o II ., II OEAN II \.,__,._,..._,=--.....,==-=--'1::r..===GO=RDON==-=-==-.. ,, II II II I " II II II II " It It FAUSSETT It II Map 4 TYRONE Rood Right-of-Way Inventory --------------- Major Thoroughfare 120' right-of-way Secondary Thoroughfare Freeway 100' right-of-way 350' + right-of-way -29(source : Inter- County Highway ~1ss1on of Southeastern 1-11ch1gan) �• The Tyrone Township Planning Commission and Township Board will determine a five year road program as a positive force in directing growth. • Thoroughfare improvements must retain existing scenic qualities such as wooded areas and topographic variations wnerever possible. • All uses of land on major thoroughfares (as defined in the adopted Inter-County Highway Commission Right-of-Way Map) shall be required to provide and maintain open space adjoining the road right-of-way to a depth equal to onehalf the road right-of-way. • Uniform signage will be encouraged in the commercial areas in the township in order to increase road safety. • Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal Nearly all water supplies and wastewater disposal systems in Tyrone Township are private. The groundwater supply is variable because of underlying geology. The geology also affects the mineral content in water supplies. The high cost of public water and wastewater collection systems requires careful review of service areas and associated impacts. Population estimates must be scrutinized closely because they aid in determining system feasibility. The Planning Commission must assume a strong role in wastewater treatment planning in the township. The role of the Planning Commission must be to set the basic parameters within which the design engineer will operate. The Commission 1 s vital role is felt largely in the initial process of sewage planning. Major areas of concern include: • Delineation of the service area, • Land uses anticipated within the area, • Density of development, and • Population growth trict. to be expected within the service dis- The Planning Commission must analyze carefully the impact of sanitary sewer district size on population density, development pressure, increased service demands resulting from new development, and the overall effects upon the natural environment. 1 Social Systems It is necessary to consider how the physical environment, community design, and quality of life are interrelated. The individual elements of the social systems are diverse but each revolves around the reasons -30- �residents like or dislike aspects of their community. Those elements include historic, cultural and population characteristics. Regulations pertaining to social systems include the following: • Create design guidelines calculated to i ncrease the sense of place inherent in new development. 1. New street names should reflect a historic or significant township feature (e.g., features peculiar to the site being developed). 2. Encourage uniform signage in commercial nodes. • Encourage the development of a community adult education class geared particularly to new residents that relate the history of Tyrone Township. • Improve community awareness that the Township Hall is where current changes and future development proposal are displayed for public view. • Ensure future residents an opportunity to grow and prosper in a unique and attractive environment through active participation in land use planning. -31- �FUTURE LAND USE IN TYRONE TOWNSHIP This section of the Master Plan represents the culmination of studies and activities that established planning guidelines and directions for future development within Tyrone Township. The Plan utilizes township planning goals and policies, existing land use patterns, and the capability of the natural resource base and community facilities and services to make Tyrone Township a more attractive community. The Plan also offers guidelines for coordinated development, a good living environment and employment conditions, and a sound economic base. Future planning and zoning actions involve many interrelationships between administrative reviews and recommendations, and legislative determinations, with the desired goal of directing future growth by implementing adopted township policies. An interesting view of the planning process is offered by Ian McHarg in this encapsulation: A proposed land use map is not a plan. It is an expression of physical, social, and economic goals. It is the combination of these goals and the public and private powers to realize them that justifies the term "plan." Powers must be accumulated as part of a continuous process of guidance, control, and implementation. Design with Nature p. 93 • Future Land Use Map Although the Master Plan document is now complete, the planning process in Tyrone is just beginning. Planning, as McHarg states, is a continuous and dynamic process and a program's success is dependent on how well it is implemented through "public and private powers. The proposed and projected utilization of land in Tyrone Township is represented in graphic form by the Future Land Use Map, Map 5 on the following page. The map shows the areas which it would be most desirable to have residential, commercial, industrial, and other types of usage to occur. The soils suitability analysis was utilized to identify areas suitable for future land uses in the township. The suitable areas indicated on Composite Care outlined as general locations where new growth will be directed. The positive foresightedness of the township planning commissioners will assure successful direction and implementation of the land uses discussed in the following paragraphs. 11 Future land uses are grouped into six prevailing categories: Rural Residential (RR), Suburban Residential (SR), Multiple Family Residential (MF), Mobile Home Park (MHP), Commercial (C), and Industrial (I). These specific categories accurately portray existing uses within the community. In addition, the land use districts are not designed to conform exactly with districts defined in the zoning ordinance. The Master Plan districts are based on soil suitability criteria as applied to proposed densities and type of l and use development. Following the -32- �I I I I I Map 5 Future Land Use I - I I I I IlIIIIIII ~ ~ I I I 24 ['\PEAR.SON (,>L 1to. I I I r r I 31 33 . 0 m 1le1 Z3 DELTA LAND SURVEYING 8 120 W Z~ N ni.sT ST L£111JI' ST ENG. . INC - LEGEND a::::EJ NAAO SUIIIFACE G,aAV(l RR Rural Residential SR Suburban Residential MF Multiple Family Res i denti a1 MHP Mobile Home Park C Corrmerci al I Industrial �adoption of the Master Plan, the existing zoning districts will be evaluated for conformance with the natural resource based districts in the Plan. Where dramatic inconsistencies exist between the planned and the zoned districts, the zoning districts will be amended to meet plan objectives. Composite Map C shows five areal concentrations of lands suitable for single family residential development served by onsite septic tank disposal systems. The first major concentration is north of White Lake Road in Sections 3 and 4. A second area of suitable soils is east of Runyan Lake in Section 10. Thirdly, a large expanse of suitable soi1s occupy parts of Sections 14, 15, 22, and 23. The fourth large concentration is east and northeast of Lake Shannon, primarily in Sections 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 29. The final grouping of suitable lands is centered along Fenton Road in Sections 25 and 26. Explicit in the suitability analysis is the following: placed on lands identified as having suitable soils, a septic tank disposal system will operate as designed and function essentially trouble-free if it was sized correctly to the county sanitary code 1 s minimum area requirements, and was installed properly and serviced routinely. As an example, a one-acre size lot with suitable soils easily accommodates not only a house, garage, driveway, etc., but also the septic tank and soils adsorption field. The net lot acreage that remains is often at least one half of the original one acre. A one-acre size, therefore, is about fifty percent larger than is necessary for a typical suburban home. Under the conditions just described, land areas of suitable soils will accommodate smaller lots. Lands in the suitable areas could be zoned to require lot sizes less than one acre. This action increases housing density but also reduces the price of a building lot, which opens more opportunities for home buyers. Recommended densities for the residential districts are based on soil suitabilities. The Rural Residential (RR) District encompasses areas in the township not elsewhere classified by land use district on the map. The RR District is proposed for low density residential uses because soil conditions are not suited ideally for onsite wastewater disposal systems. In order to protect the environment and operate properly, disposal systems may have to be designed with excess capacity, and system installations will require over-sized disposal fields. The extra capacity features utilize additional land area, and with required minimum isolation distances from domestic wells and neighboring property lines, residential lots in the RR District need to be larger in area. Larger lot sizes will result in lower overall housing density for the RR District. Residential lot size in the RR District ranges from 1.5 acres to 2 acres. Many lots will be larger than two acres, but the greater size is due to family life style preferences and not environmental requirements. The RR District is not recommended for high density uses connected to large scale wastewater treatment systems. An overall density of about 1.25 dwelling units per acre is recommended for the Suburban Residential (SR) District designated on the Future -34- �Land Use Map. The majority of property in the SR District can be developed at the suggested density. There are obviously, however, areas within the district that cannot support any development. Site investigations will identify these undevelopable areas. The density figure is only an approximation and does not include acreage for street rights-of-way or other restrictive property such as common open space. t Residential densities greater than two units per acre may be allowable within Tyrone, but only if two conditions are met. The first condition is that high density uses must be served by a wastewater collection and treatment system. Secondly, higher densities are allowed only in the SR District because of suitable soil conditions. R District land use policies govern the MHP Mobile Home Park and MF Multiple Family Residential Districts shown on the map. Both types of developments typically are designed to accommodate from four to sixteen units per acre and, therefore, should be connected to a wastewater facil i ty capable of treating and safely discharging large volumes of wastewater. The general location for the MF District is the northwest quadrant of the White Lake Road/US-23 interchange. In addition to favorable soil conditions, the location adjoins the expressway for easy resident access to work and other destinations. County roads serving the area are paved and in excellent condition. The roads will receive additional traffic volumes, but current volumes are below road design capacity. The roadways can accommodate additional vehicles without requiring costly improvements to roadbeds and intersections. The site for the mobile home park is an eighty (80) acre parcel of land in Section 18. The property is actually zoned for a mobile home park because of a court order issued in 1970. To date, plans have not been submitted by the landowner to develop the site for its zoned use. The Future Land Use Map designates two areas within the township for nonresidential land uses. Commercial and industrial uses are recommended for the Commercial District and the Industrial District that straddle Center Road at US-23. Industrial uses also are proposed for the Industrial District outlined in the southwest quadrant of White Lake Road and US-23. The two general locations are designated for industry because adopted township land use policies encourage expansion of the industrial tax base. The locations also contain established industries to act as focal points to attract new companies and provide more exployment opportunities for township residents. Additional land is available within the districts to accommodate new uses. The districts also offer other locational advantages, such as good freeway accessibility and paved local roads. Commercial uses are proposed for the (C) District located adjacent to the Center Road/US-23 interchange. The (C) District will serve two primary functions: it will provide for businesses and services oriented toward expressway travelers; and, it will provide f or businesses that will serve the planned industrial district. The commercial district eventually may occupy land on both sides of US-23, but the map only shows a commercial node on the west side of the expressway. Businesses will not be prevented from developing land east of the interchange, but the thrust will be to encourage large scale uses on the west side. -35- �The preceding paragraphs described the individual land use districts proposed for specific areas in the community. In the southwest quadrant of the township, these districts form a large cluster occupying several sections of land. This cluster arrangement offers both advantages and disadvantages for development. It also offers certain benefits , for protecting the environment from development impacts. The Lake Shannon residential community is within this cluster of uses, and as a defined geographic unit, it best illustrates relationships between development, growth, and environmental protection. The planned cluster of mixed land uses covers a broad area from Lake Shannon to the Center Road/US-23 interchange. The area contains two residential districts, suburban residential and mobile home park, and a commercial district, and an industrial district. Many acres within this area are developable because of suitable soils. Suitability of soils, however, offers no guarantee that development will not cause harm to the environment. A degree of impact exists with every use, but the intent is to minimize impacts whenever possible. Concentrated development magnifies existing impacts, often resulting in high environmental and social costs. Clustered development provides, however, certain benefits. It is more cost effective to provide customers in a concentrated area with the services of a wastewater treatment system than to serve customers dispersed over a wide area. If, for example, development pressures around Lake Shannon show evidence of degrading water quality, measures must be initiated to eliminate pollution sources and improve water quality. The next several paragraphs discuss a future development scenario for the Lake Shannon area. An integral component of soil suitability is environmental carrying capacity. The environment has a natural capacity to assimilate impacts created by development, but after the environment reaches a saturation point and assimilative capacities diminish, the environment is stressed and degradation begins. If degradation continues unabated for long periods, it's very difficult to reverse the decline, unless strong commitments and drastic measures are invoked. The delicate balance of an ecosystem is exemplified by Lake Shannon. Over time, a lake ages naturally, and when it reaches the eutrophic stage, it is no longer an open body of water. Sediments and vegetation eventually fill the lake. Under natural conditions, this aging process takes place over centuries of deposition. Man's activities around the lake, however, hasten the natural process. Poor excavation techniques and improper agricultural practices increase erosion, allowing stormflows to carry high levels of siltation and sedimentation downstream. Aquatic vegetation and algal growth is stimulated by nutrients in the water, and excessive nutrient levels also are due to man's contributions. A major source of nutrients is effluent from malfunctioning septic tank disposal systems. Clogged disposal fields prevent untreated wastewater from percolating into the soil. Instead of being filtered through soil, liquids pond on the surface and eventually flow downhill where a stream or rivulet will carry effluent into a lake. -36- �The water in Lake Shannon presently is above accepted m1n1mum quality standards, and no public health warning is imminent. Nonetheless, sections of the lake already experience algal and plant growth, a particular nuisance to boaters and swimmers. The algae also is visually unattractive and, in large concentrations, can create unpleasant odors. The presence of excessive vegetation is symptomatic of slowly deteriorating water quality . • The level of nutrients in the lake is dependent on activities occurring throughout the watershed, and not merely on local activities emanating from shoreline and near-shoreline development. Intensive and detailed lake studies are necessary to ascertain the quantity and quality of nutrients, as well as the relative nutrient inputs from natural and cultural sources. Mitigation efforts to improve water quality must consider, therefore, the effects of upstream development. Water quality improvements through nutrient reduction involve structural and nonstructural measures. Structural methods, such as wastewater treatment plants, installed at problem areas upstream, will help ameliorate water quality downstream. Nonstructural measures, which include chemical applications and weed harvesting, currently are performed by lake association members. These actions, however, provide only seasonal relief from nuisance pollution. If a lake study concludes that a large proportion of nutrient input is due to effluent from failing septic systems of onshore residences, a solution is to eliminate the pollution source. A system to take septic effluent away from the lake will alleviate problems from shoreline sources. Establishment of a lake management district is a first step to determine the type of alternative wastewater system to best serve the lake area. Centralized collection systems are very expensive for rural areas, but other technologies exist that may be appropriate. One alternative is the approach to be used at Runyan Lake. The proposal is for a septic tank effluent pump (STEP) system. This system will collect septic tank liquid from all homes in the service area and transport the liquid by forcemain pressure lines to a central point for treatment and disposal. The treatment method proposed is a conventional tile system using alternating fields. The disposal fields will occupy a site physically away from the lake, and possibly even out of the lake drainage area. The tile disposal fields will allow effluent to percolate into the soils for nutrient removal. The Future Land use Map indicates generally favorable soils for the SR district proposed for the Lake Shannon area. Moreover, the SR district abuts commercial and industrial districts. The mixed land uses within this combined area can technically be served by decentralized small wastewater treatment systems. The future implementation of such systems will allow land use development of the type and intensity recotm1ended in the Master Plan. Furthermore, land use impacts on the environment will be minimized by the utilization of small wastewater treatment systems. -37- �COMMUNITY INVENTORY/PROFILE Natural Systems A most apparent physical attribute of Tyrone Township is the diverse character of the natural landscape. The landscape or terrain is not a featurele~s plain devoid of any topographic relief, but is, in fact, a panorama of steep wooded hills interspersed with open cropland, brushy hillsides and marshy lowlands. The natural systems inventory describes the myraid of components that comprise the physical env i ronment. The interrelationships between these components and impacts caused by man's cultural activities are identified. Moreover, inherent in the natural components is a range of properties that help determine the degree of suitability or unsuitability for land use development. These properties are examined in greater detail. Finally, policy planning measures to help protect the physical resources are discussed. 1 Topography Topography refers collectively to the physical features of an area. Included in a topographic description are landforms, elevations, slopes, and drainage. The major landforms in the county are glacial in origin and are illustrated in a reprint from the Environmental Review Notebook for Livin ston County. This reprint, contained in the Appendix, is entit ed "The Glacial Formation of the Livingston County Landscape, 11 and is a companion document to "An Environmental Review System for Livingston County," of which a portion of Chapter 3 also is included in the Appendix. 1 To highlight and help identify the landforms in Tyrone Township, Map 6, titled "Land Elevations in Tyrone Township", was prepared. This map utilizes the standard USGS topographic quadrangle map as a base. To obtain complete coverage of the township, parts of four maps were assembled into a single composite base map at a scale of one inch equals 2,000 feet. For reference purposes, the four maps used to produce the composite map are the Linden, Fenton, Hartland, and West Highland seven and a half minute series quadrangle maps. The shading on the map depicts the range in elevations, in feet above sea level. The highest point in the township is in the northeast quarter of section 15. Interpolating the ten foot contour intervals on the USGS maps, the highest elevation lies between 1,230 and 1,240 feet. Assuming that the accuracy of these maps is reasonable, then Tyrone Township has the highest point in the county. The previously acknowledged highest point - between 1,200 and 1,210 feet on a hilltop in the GM Proving Grounds in Brighton Township - is relegated now to second place. The lowest point in Tyrone Township is the outlet of Hoisington Lake, where the elevation is about 858 feet, the same elevation as the lake surface. The lowest elevation in Tyrone is at least twenty (20) feet higher than the lowest point in the county. The county's lowest point is between 830 and 839 feet, and is located in section 6 of Deerfield -38- �Map 6 LAl~D ELEVATIONS HJ TYRONE rovmSHIP -- Feet above sea level 1200 - 1250 11 50 - 1199 11 00 - 1149 1050 - 1099 iL.=.=:=.=.=.=.=:=.·.·.=::: •.J 1000 - 1049 950 - 999 H:m"""WEJ 900 - 949 I~~~~:::::::::::::::: ··· ················• 850 - 899 0 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LI. ........ _ . . , ½ 1 scale in miles ·.·-:-::::-.•.· ..-'.<.:: . 1!ii!ii1liilI N A t;•·•. . I iiiii1;; !;:,. ••••••~·-?1rt t~t~;4µ.;~~~$~§~~~illiJllillll~~~~Jliilii Map rrppared by LCrc staff 1 OeL )Q84 fr-on USGS 7 , minutP quadranqle maps . �Township where the south branch of the Shiawassee River flows north through a culvert under Lovejoy Road. The vertical difference in topographic relief in Tyrone Township is about 375 feet. It is unrealistic to compare this figure with relief differences in mountainous communities in other parts of the country, but in the glaciated areas of southeast Michigan, the 375 feet represents a substantial difference between the highest and lowest points in a community. Brighton Township, by comparison, has a difference in relief of about 330 feet. The highest point in Tyrone is a prominent feature on the landscape. It sits atop a highly visible knoll with sloping sides deep with deciduous trees. If someone was to characterize, in a very general fashion, the land uses existing on localized high point elevations throughout lower Michigan, the most common uses seem to be ski resorts, orchards, and vineyards. Tyrone scores with two of these uses, a private ski club and a commercial orchard. The ski slopes are conspicuous features, particularly in the winter when man-made snow is contrasted with barren hillsides. The orchards flank the western slope of the knoll. The sloping land produces moving air currents that protect the fruit trees from killing frosts. The Elevations Map is useful also because the elevation ranges outline physical landforms. The shading patterns clearly show the oblongshaped knoll with the high point elevation. The patterns also reveal a noncontinuous ridge of higher ground trending north-south in the eastern sections of the township. The ridges were formed by retreating glaciers and meltwaters. If the elevations map is correlated with the township soils map produced by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS), the soils types help identify the glacial feature. For example, the hill containing the ski facilities is composed mainly of stratified deposits of gravelly sand, and probably was built up by meltwaters pouring off the ice front. These deposits are called kames. The ridge tops in Sections 2 and 36 are of similar soil composition. Other hills mainly in sections 23, 25, and 26 are composed of unstratified materials deposited directly by glacial action. Where the materials were deposited as sediment over broad areas, till plains were created. The majority of soils in the Township are loamy in texture and were derived from glacial till. Organic soils exist along stream channels and around the shorelines of several glacial lakes. Organic soils were formed from decayed vegetation that accumulated in depressions left by retreating glaciers. In some areas, peat and muck formed, but in other areas, vegetative material substantially is unchanged since deposition. Runyan Lake is of glacial origin, and along the shoreline are three types of muck soils that have varied degrees of decomposed matter. Interrelated with land formation and elevation are slopes, soils, and surface drainage. All these elements require proper consideration and evaluation during the land development process. Many areas of Tyrone Township have slopes that exceed twelve (12) percent. In fact, small localized areas have steep ridges with over 25 percent slopes. Slopes greater than 12 percent place severe limitations upon development. Beyond interrupting fragile drainage systems, development on steep slopes results in increased stormwater runoff, soil erosion, and stream sedimentation. Poorly regulated hillside development increases environmental hazards that may lead to increased public expenditures and -40- �services. Personal health dangers may result, for example, if onsite wastewater treatment systems are placed on slopes exceeding 12 percent. Steep slopes will cause untreated wastewater to collect and flow rapidly overland, thus precluding any slow downward percolation into the subsoil. Properties of the subsoil aid in assimilating and removing impurities in the wastewater. Untreated wastewater may contaminate domestic wells, possibly leading to costly construction of a public water system. Terrain features with steep slopes generally have underlying soils with high permeability rates. These areas can be groundwater recharge areas because of their ability to transmit water through the soil to replenish groundwater supplies. Development on these sloped lands decreases percolation into the soil, thereby reducing groundwater recharge and increasing overland runoff. Increased runoff intensifies soil erosion and creates downstream flood hazards. Disturbance of steeply sloped areas (e.g., through improper agricultural practices) adversely impact soil stability and increase soil erosion. The removal of vegetation deprives the soil of the stabilizing influence of roots. Moreover, the loss of vegetation lowers downstream water quality by increasing siltation. Hillside development can destroy the natural features that make a community a desirable place to live. Degradation of steep sloped areas deprives a community of its attractive and distinctive setting, reduces real estate values, and instills an unfavorable image of wanton disregard for our natural resources. Three approaches used to are: regulate development in areas of steep slope • decreasing the density of land development as slope; a function of • the guiding principles approach, which is relatively free of exact standards, but which emphasizes case-by-case evaluation on the basis of a number of specific development policies; and • a suitability analysis based on criteria related to soil characteristics. The process uses single factor overlays, with each overlay depicting a variable or subvariable that is both a representative and quantifiable criterion for specified land uses. The first used very of slope, soil. It technical approach, relating land use density directly to slope, is not often because degradation of slopes is a function, not only but also of type and intensity of vegetation and type of is, however, a useful option for communities with limited resources. The second approach, the guiding principles approach, is not recommended unless a community is committed to expend resources necessary for development, organization, and implementation. The third approach is recommended for Tyrone Township. An overlay analysis utilizing published soils data is convenient in practice and understandable in concept. Identifying properties of soils with -41- �sensitivities toward certain land uses, allows for consideration and adoption of land use regulations based on technical data. The soil suitability overlay analysis is presented elsewhere in this plan, but a brief introduction to the process is presented in the following paragraphs. • Soils , Development suitability of a specific lot or parcel of land is dependent largely on characteristics of the soils present on the site. This is true especially of an area such as Tyrone Township, which relies almost exclusively on onsite wastewater treatment systems and domestic wells. Understanding land suitability is, therefore, very dependent on a thorough knowledge of soil composition. Several of the soil characteristics and properties useful in land use suitability analysis are listed in Table 2. The characteristics have application for a broad range of land uses, including residential, commercial, and industrial uses. The variables listed under each characteristic have suitabilities for specific land uses. For example, soil variables ideally suited for construction of a dwelling or commercial building, with basements, include seasonal watertable depths of four feet or greater below the surface, and bearing capacity rated good. Also, shrink/swell potential should have at minimum a low rating, with surface drainage at least moderately well drained. Determining sites suitable for specified land uses or related activities is accomplished by a mapping technique utilizing overlays. Each soil variable considered suitable for a use is constructed as a single factor overlay on a sheet of clear acetate superimposed over a base map. The number of overlays produced is a function of the number of soil properties considered suitable for different land uses. All the constructed acetate overlays are placed in a master reference file. Individual overlays are selected from the master file for use in the analysis process. The first step in the process is to select from the file those overlays that in combination are most suited for a designated land use activity. If the use activity is location of septic tank disposal fields, the suitability overlays selected from the file would include variables, such as moderate subsurface permeability, slope less than or equal to six percent, watertable depth greater than three or four feet below the surface, and phosphorus adsorption capacity rated good. The overlays are all superimposed over a base map, thereby creating a composite map depicting the locations most suited for placement of disposal fields. Each overlay factor is indicated by a uniform green color, so that as each one was overlaid, several shades of green appeared where suitable data overlapped. The degree of shading is a function of the overlapping data, but the shade of green that is the most suited will be the darkest tone. Given the criteria used in selecting the variables, the darkest green areas in the composite map represent the most favorable areas for disposal field placement. The lighter tones of green indicate the areas less suitable for that use. An acetate overlay is made of the darkest green areas to retain a copy of the suitability composite. After the analysis process is completed, the variable overlays are returned to the master file. The overlays then are available for additional land use analyses. -42- �TABLE 2 Soils Found Within Tyrone Township: Physical and Chemical Characteristics Useful in Land Use Suitability Analysis Keys: Soil ~ fs - fine sand 1s - 1oamy sand sl - sandy loam 1 - 1oam cl - clay loam Map Symbol Subsurface Permeability Phosphorus Adsorption slight moderate severe MWD SPD VPD V H M L VL - moderately well drained somewhat poorly drained very poorly drained variable Surface Drainage Shrink/ Swell Potential Bearing Capacity WD MWD PD VPD H - high M - medium L - low V - variable G F P VP Mapping Unit* - well drained moderately well drained poorly drained very poorly drained Water Septic Table Field Depth Soil Type Limitation (feet) slight mod-sev mod severe severe 4+ 1-2 2-3 1 muck sl sl sl 1 severe severe slight severe slight 1-2 Houghton Locke Metea Miami Oakville Oakville muck sl 1s 1 fs fs/1 severe severe mod-sev slight slight slight 0 1-2 3+ 4+ 4+ 3+ Owosso-Miami Pewamo Rifle Spinks-Oakville Warners Washtenaw sl cl muck 1s 1 silt mod severe severe slight severe severe Bt Bu Bw By Cc Boyer-Oshtemo Brady Bronson Brookston Carlisle muck Cv Ed Fo Gd Hl Hm Conover Edwards Fox Gil ford Hillsdale Hil 1sdale-Miami Ho Lo Mn Mo Oa Ok Om Pc Rf Sv We Wh Septic Fields Limitation ls ls 1s 1 1 0 0 4+ 1 4+ 4+ 1 0 4+ 0 l Subsurface** p Permea- Absorpbil ity tion MWD MWD MWD VPD MWD L L L H VL - - high medium low very low good fair poor very poor Range Shrink/ Swell of Paten- Bearing Slopes tial Capacity ( 't) Surface Drainage SubSurface** Texture WD PD MWD PD VPO sandy c1ay loam sandy clay loam sandy loam clay loam muck L L L L-M L-M V VPD V MWO MWO SPD H VL M-L L M M PD VPD WO PD WO clay loam marl gravelly sand gravelly sand sandy loam MWO MWD SPO SPO MWD MWD VL M M H VL VL VPD PD WO WO WD WD muck sandy loam clay loam loam fine sand fine sand L M L-M L L VPD VPD MWD MWD V VPD M-H H VL M VL H WO PD VPD WD VPD PD clay loam silty clay loam mucky peat loamy sand marl silt loam M M V L V L F F F F VP F V VP L F F L L V F VP G F F p p F F VP F p p Notes: * The fo 11 owing soil types occur throughout the township. but are unclassified due to their wide variability in characteristics Ad Bp Fr Gr La Md - ** Subsurface characteristics represent soil type at a minimum of 40 inches below the ground surface Alluvial land Borrow pits Fox-Boyer complex Gravel pit Lake beaches Made land -43- 0-25 0-2 0-2 0 0 0-6 0 0-12 0 2-25 2-12 0 0-4 0-12 0-25 0-6 0-6 0-18 0 0 0-25 0 0 �Each analysis process produces a suitability composite map depicted in a range of green colored tones. To 11 save 11 a copy of a composite for future reference, a second-stage acetate overlay must be made. As the process evolves, a number of composites are produced. A composite singularly represents areas of suitability for a particular land use. If the land uses are compatible, then their respective second-stage composites can be combined or superimposed to produce a third-stage overlay. The third-stage overlay represents areas of suitabilities for compatible land uses. For example, a third-stage overlay is created when the second-stage composite of areas suitable for septic tank disposal fields is combined with a similar composite showing areas suitable for single family home construction. The third-stage overlay thus produced shows areas suitable for single family homes utilizing onsite wastewater treatment systems. This composite map is highly useful because all single family dwellings in Tyrone Township must rely on onsite systems for sanitary waste disposal. The single factor overlay analysis process based on soils data is a helpful tool for land use planning decisions. The accuracy and reliability of the overlay composites is conditioned on the technical data reported in the SCS Soils Survey. There are stated limitations to the data, and the overlays were prepared with this realization. In addition, the soils suitability analysis is not a substitute for a detailed onsite investigation. A thorough site investigation is recommended no matter what the proposed use. • Vegetation Another important factor that any land suitability analysis must consider is vegetation. Vegetation includes indigenous woodlots, grasses, and bushes as well as trees and shrubs planted by landowners. The importance attached to vegetative cover is a function of its demonstrated capability to: • • • • • • • • • • stabilize slopes retard and prevent erosion control stormwater runoff improve and conserve water quality and quantity maintain local microclimates filter the atmosphere enhance visual amenities fortify personal privacy buffer noise and attenuate light provide wildlife habitats The wooded areas of a community are of undeniable intrinsic value, yet that value is lost irretrievably during the development process. Sites are often denuded totally for building construction because standing trees and attendant root systems interfere with machinery and hinder utility installation. While finished projects are often landscaped and replanted with trees, much of a site's intrinsic value is lost during construction. Tree cover serves as a braking mechanism softening the impacts of precipitation on exposed soil layers, and thereby decreasing stormwater runoff and the potential for soil erosion and down slope siltation. Similarly, root systems, dead leaves and fallen needles -44- �naturally control erosion. Trees also improve percolation of water into the ground helping to replenish groundwater supplies. Woodlands serve as wildlife habitats for many types of plants and animals; therefore, they are important factors in ensuring the preservation and protection of wildlife. Trees also act as physical buffers against unwanted noise and lights. In addition, trees play a useful role in controlling microclimates. Deciduous trees help conserve energy by shading ,buildings in the summer, but allow the sun's rays to filter through producing a warming effect in the winter. Trees also act as windbreaks against damaging winds. Conifers and evergreens protect against cold winter winds if positioned properly on a homesite. Tyrone Township is fortunate to have expansive areas of natural vegetation and woodlots. Wetland marsh, grasses, and trees characterize the lowlands surrounding most of the major streams and creeks. Trees often found in lowlands are elm, red maple, aspen, white cedar and tamarack. Upland trees dot the high stream banks, as well as steeply sloped terrain paralleling both sides of Fenton Road. Trees found typically on uplands include oak, hickory, sugar maple, ash, cherry, beech and basswood. In other parts of the township, extensive clearing for agriculture has created scattered woodlots separated by cultivated fields and, more recently, by residential developments. The scattered woodlots also are a significant stands of mature trees serve as natural dividers segregating adjacent land uses. The woodlands are tant to potential residents and are, in fact, one tics that makes Tyrone so appealing to developers. resource. The many of the landscape, a tremendous attracof the characteris- Retention of natural vegetative and wooded areas will benefit the township in many ways. These areas represent both a precious resource and a "marketable" community asset. Future land developers should be encouraged to retain a site's natural amenities whenever practical. • Wetlands Wetlands include marshes, swamps and low areas between dry land and open water. These areas are typified by poor surface drainage and standing water. The community resource value of wetlands relates to several factors. Wetlands act as a natural filter to keep inorganic materials out of the water supply. They trap and absorb nutrients that may cause undesirable algal and other plant growth in open lakes. Sediment is also trapped, which helps to decrease turbidity levels in the lakes. Wetlands and marshes act as sponges to retain water during prolonged dry spells. During periods of high water, flooding is controlled as rising floodwaters are absorbed by wetlands; this action also mitigates flood damages by decreasing the velocity of rapidly moving floodwaters. Wetlands provide for recreation opportunities; fishing and hunting are popular sports. Some wetlands are ideal for nature walks, berry picking, and scenic enjoyment. From an environmental educational and research standpoint, wetlands are invaluable as outdoor classrooms and laboratories. Certain types of wetlands are excellent places to learn and understand the processes on how they were formed and the roles they serve in the water regimen. -45- �Land development has placed stress on the natural assimilative capacity of wetlands. Covering the land with impervious surfaces has decreased natural infiltration of stormwater and increased overland storm flows. Compounding the problem is the continual loss of wetlands to dredging and filling. With less and less wetland area available to accommodate increasing amounts of runoff, large land developments are required to provide • onsite retention or detention impoundments to control stormwater flows. These structural requirements add to development costs, with such costs borne commonly by consumers and the general public. Protecting wetlands will reduce these public costs. Public Act 203 of 1979 provides for the preservation, management, and protection of wetlands throughout the state. This "Wetlands Act" was adopted to stop the wanton destruction of important wetlands. Its provisions regulate the use of wetlands over five (5) acres in size, but can protect wetlands under this size if DNR determines that the area is essential to the preservation of natural resources from pollution, impairment, or destruction. Act 203 area. through adverse does not prohibit totally a landowner from developing a wetland The act contains controlling measures to guide development a permitting process. Several mechanisms for controlling impacts on or adjacent to wetlands include: • Controlling land uses - development is allowed only if it can be demonstrated that the proposed use will be compatible with the functions of wetlands. • Controlling development in areas adjacent to wetlands - this is accomplished usually by buffer zone or setback requirement. • Controlling development throughout the drainage area - local need for wetland protection is largely a function of the quality of water protection in the entire watershed. • Rivers, Streams and Drains Tyrone Township falls within the surface drainage area of the Shiawassee River. Overland stormwater flows in a general northwest direction in the township. Runoff flows down natural gradients toward two major streams. Surface drainage from the southern and western sections of the township collects in courses flowing into North Ore Creek, which is also the inlet stream to Lake Shannon. The lake discharges through the dam spillway, and flows north through a wetland where it exits the township in Section 7. Stormflows in the central and northern sections of the township are channelled toward Denton Creek, into Runyan Creek and Hoisington Lake, then outlet the township in Section 6. Some modification of watercourses has occurred in parts of the township. Air photos show that major work was performed on the stream flowing out of Tyrone Lake, and was centered in Sections 27, 18 and 34. To improve drainage through this area of seasonally high water table -46- �and muck soils, the stream course was straightened and channelled. Dead trees and branches blocking the natural flow were removed, as were trees and brush impeding the current along the banks. It is unclear when the work was performed, but it could have been done years ago when the township maintained their own drains. More recently, it could have been done when Tyrone Lake was created, or when natural gas pipelines were laid through this area. In general, the streams in the township have n9t been degraded by excessive channelization. Substantial wetland areas are still found along the streams. Many communities learn about surface water the difficult way - when it becomes unusable or through flooding. Staff research has found no evidence that any of the streams in the township are polluted now or ever have been polluted. Sources of pollution can be from egriculture, residential, commercial, industrial - even recreational uses (e.g. fertilizer runoff from golf courses). A potential source of contamination affecting the township is a hazardous waste spill from an overturned truck on US-23. The expressway was the route used to haul contaminated wastes from the Berlin & Farro site in Swartz Creek to a licensed hazardous waste landfill near Cincinnati. The artery carries a lot of interstate truck traffic. Emergency preparedness teams at the county sheriff's office, state police post, and state DNR are on call and ready to react in case of an accident. Local emergency preparedness planning is coordinated by the county sheriff's office. If the township does not have a representative on the planning committee, an effort should be made to have a local official appointed to this committee. Over the years, storms and floods have created havoc in the Tyrone community. During at least two major events, heavy precipitation throughout the North Ore Creek Watershed created floodwaters that destroyed impoundment structures on Lake Shannon. In 1968, flood currents washed out a temporary spillway and caused heavy damages to shoreline properties. The second major flood occurred in 1975 when the emergency overflow outlet was destroyed again. Upstream, the Hartland dam was destroyed causing a wall of water to rush downstream. Along the way, it also devastated the dam at Parshallville before hitting Lake Shannon. Fortunately, no lives were lost, but again, property damages were severe. It could have been much worse downstream if the extensive wetland below the Lake Shannon dam had not absorbed and slowed down the rushing floodwaters. The dam was repaired, and today, Lake Shannon is a popular recreational and residential subcommunity. When wetlands and streams are protected and preserved, they are invaluable resources for the community. They perform important natural drainage and water storage functions that would otherwise have to be provided by costly public works projects. Watersheds having flow characteristics that have been adversely altered can contribute to flooding problems downstream. Additionally, increased runoff and sedimentation from land use and development can cause irregular flow, and prevent groundwater recharge, thus creating low and irregular groundwater resources. Sensitive areas such as watercourses must be protected. Several recommendations have been developed by agencies responsible for such matters. These policies have been formulated with an eye toward existing legal constraints, natural system constraints, and preferences -47- �existing legal constraints, natural system constraints, and preferences and constraints identified through discussion with Tyrone Township planning officials. • It is suggested that the simplest and most direct method to provide stream protection would be to require an undisturbed setback from the edge of a watercourse that may vary from 100 to 150 feet. The objective is to keep the land in its natural state. Within this zone, from the bank to a specified point landward, trees and other significant vegetation should be undisturbed in order to filter the water, prevent possible nutrients from reaching surface water, and protect from erosion. • Site plan review must consider in a coordinated manner the impact of a proposed development upon the natural drainage system. This process can review the impact of development and forestall dramatic impacts on the township's water resources, thereby reducing the need for costly public works. • Lakes The lakes in Tyrone Township are important natural features in the landscape. They offer recreational opportunities for numerous people, provide homesites for many residents, are habitats for wildlife, and control floodwaters. There are about twenty five waterbodies in the township ranging from under one acre to over 200 acres in size. Lakes, five acres or greater in size, are listed in Table 3. The lake names, if listed, are taken from public records. TABLE 3 LAKES OF 5 ACRES OR MORE IN AREA LAKE NAME SECTION # Stearns Lake Hoisington Lake Clough Lake Runyan Lake Unnamed Good Fe 11 ow Lake Sullivan Lake Unnamed Pearson Lake Unnamed Lake Shannon Lake Tyrone 5 6 6,7 9 9 10 12,13 13 24 25 19,30,31,32 34 Source: AREA IN ACRES 32.0 125.0 7.8 165.0 5.5 8.2 23.0 6.3 6.2 8.3 313.0 (212 in Tyrone) 97.7 ( 41 in Tyrone) Michigan Lake Inventory Bulletin No 47 Michigan Department of Natural Resources -48- �The lake of greatest size is Lake Shannon, with an area around 313 acres, of which 212 acres are within Tyrone Township. As mentioned earlier, it is a man-made lake formed by damming North Ore Creek. Another large man-made lake is Lake Tyrone. This lake was originally a three acre lake named Russell Lake, but a dam was built at a higher elevation engulfing the smaller lake and creating the existing waterbody . • Runyan Lake and Hoisington Lake are natural waterbodies, probably of glacial origin when ice-gouged depressions were filled by inflowing streams. The lakes have natural inlets and outlets, although Runyan Lake now has a mechanical flow control outlet to maintain lake level. The remaining township lakes are mainly natural in origin. The land surrounding inland lakes is subjected to intense development pressure. Much of the lake front property in Tyrone Township is developed intensely, because platting activity began years ago. Runyan Lake property originally was platted in the 1920s and 1930s, while Lake Tyrone experienced initial platting in the late 1940s. Plats of land divisions around Lake Shannon first were recorded in the early 1960s. People enjoy living near water because of the recreational opportunities offered by and the inherent beauty of lakes. Yet because of the way we live, we often destroy or damage the very amenities that allure us. The cumulative effects of lakeshore development have intensified in recent years. Lakeshore homes previously were used only for weekends and summer vacations. New expressways and interstates constructed in southeast Michigan expanded commuting distances and reduced driving times to workplaces. As a result, vacation homes became year-round dwellings. City dwellers changed to rural living at the same time modern conveniences, such as garbage disposals, automatic clothes washers, new detergents, and water softeners were introduced to society. Everything that occurs in a lake community, from fertilizing to leaf burning and to motorboating, the land around it. Land and water use problems from one another; lake problems such as pollution land use activities within the watershed. dishwashing to lawn affects that lake and cannot be separated are largely due to The history of local regulation of lakes is short but complex. Because quality of a lake's environment is affected by many land uses in the watershed, the land use control is complicated by a number of considerations. For example, nuisances such as weed control and algae growth could require~ of the following actions, and more: • Curtailing the flow of nutrients, which may cause nuisance growth, by closely monitoring septic tank usage, and agricultural and feedlot runoff. • Curtailing or stopping the use of lawn fertilizers and prohibiting fall leaf burning along the lake shore. • Enforcing vigorously the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act, Act 347 of 1972, as amended. -49- �• Preserving natural vegetation and reforesting along the shore to allow it to serve as nutrient filter, sed i ment trap, and erosion control. • Cutting and harvesting aquatic weeds . • Disputes regarding taxation, pest controls, controls on boating, protection of fish and wildlife, public access and maintenance of lake levels are but a few of the issues raised by lake use and/or lakefront habitation. A thorough analysis of each lake, designed to assess the current situation and measure steps toward water quality objectives, offers the best solution to lake problems in Tyrone Township. -50- �Community Systems Contained within this section is an examination of the pattern of land use development within Tyrone Township. The existence of specific uses within the community, along with the type, location, intensity and size of those uses, exerts a tremendous influence over development of future land uses. The type, intensity and location of future land use often reflects those which currently exist. Of interest in this examination was both private and public development activity. Public 11 investment 11 within the community influences land use decisions. In some instances this investment takes the form of public infrastructure such as roads or utilities. In others, it is such facilities as a government building or school system. The information presented here is primarily in the form of inventories of uses or facilities or services. The presentation of that information includes a map of existing land uses (see Map 7, Existing Land Use). The intent is to gain an understanding of a unique aspect of the community. It is not directed at site specific considerations, but instead at a pattern of development at the township level of detail. An understanding of the form and type of existing land use, and the nature of public and private investment, in a community is critical to the planning process. • Agriculture Agriculture represents the largest category of developed land uses within Tyrone Township.* Approximately 23% of the township's acreage (see Table 4, Land Use in Acres) is devoted to agricultural use. The agricultural activity is found primarily in the western portion of the township. Over 41% of the total acreage in agricultural use is located in the eight sections west of US-23 and south of Hogan Road (17, 18, 19, 20, 29, 30, 31 and 32). There is also a significant concentration of agricultural use in some of the southern most sections east of US-23, with sections 28 and 33 containing an additional 682 acres (13% of the total). Very little agricultural land is found in the northern portion of the township. The two northern tiers of sections (1-12) which comprise 33% of the total land area of the township contain less than 13% of the total acreage devoted to agriculture. The northeast area (sections 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11 and 12), quite predictably, contains only 7% of the townships total agricultural acreage. * The term 11 developed 11 is a relative one and is used in contrast to such 11 undeveloped 11 land use categories as water, vacant and woods/recreation. Other 11 developed 11 land uses, along with agriculture, are residential, industrial/commercial and public/semipublic. -51- �T4N.-R.6E. TYRONE I Map 1 EXISTING LAND USE . . Residential- densely populated ■ Residential - individual houses ~ Industrial, extractive, utilities A Commercial Agriculture ~ Woodlots ~ Recreation Vacant lIIIIIlII1I r c::J 0 ~ .... ½ 1 scale in miles ~ "' •~1l1:-,1, _,,,, ,-,I' ... ,~-,; ,_. , ~ - ,_,_,-:-: .. ,\,1 - .... , , \ ¼ 'II{ ~ N 'II{ 0 Source: Hap prepared by LCPC staff July 1984 J -12 DELTA LANO SURVEYING 6 110 W FIIIIST ST ZJ& N LEIIOf ST ENG • INC FUHT ~Elf1tlll ........,. IIEY. 19M - LEGEND C ED li,■ aV[l c;Jl'AV(L __ , , ,_..., ... •Nd• ... ,,.,.. ft•• Br �• • TABLE 4 LAND USE IN ACRES • Agriculture W'.xrls Recreation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 123.1 85.7 45.6 130.0 0.0 54.1 ll5.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 95.0 242.0 216.0 135.0 70.0 525.0 338.0 306.6 212.0 85.0 193.0 193.0 249.0 21.0 44.0 87.0 206.0 276.0 20.0 175.0 293.0 476.0 'IDI'AI.S Sec# Public SemiPublic water Residential Vacant 4.3 4.6 10.8 27.4 52.8 123.2 2.2 1.5 159.0 6.0 2.0 14.0 27.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 60.2 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 15.0 7.5 0.0 9.0 0.0 35.0 220.0 345.0 247.0 310.0 66.0 330.5 409.0 356.35 243.0 215.0 284.1 249.3 53.4 36.0 348.8 156.0 200.2 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 41.0 0.0 0.0 78.0 173.7 62.4 180.0 251.5 16.0 14.0 58.0 168.4 155.0 165.0 80.0 153.0 82.0 45.0 55.0 10.0 5.0 68.2 17.0 llO.O 12.0 14.0 2.0 62.0 24.0 40.0 51.0 43.0 133. 7 75.0 21.0 21.0 140.2 100.0 220.0 327.3 309.1 232.0 224.6 229.9 317.7 284.6 220.5 168.6 336.0 303.0 258.0 108.0 222.0 215.0 424.0 15.0 196.0 40.0 106.3 0.0 289.2 76.0 104.8 128.0 188.7 290.0 130.0 132.0 150.0 173.0 llO.O 80.0 210.0 70.0 52.0 297.0 170.0 191.0 100.0 170.0 123.0 308.0 219.0 163.0 146.65 140.0 100.0 95.2 60.0 265.6 103.0 llO.O 188.0 179.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5282.1 23% 5419.25 24% 735.2 3% 2906.1 13% 8299.95 36% 392.4 2% 5.0 .02% o.o 4.0 107.0 30.7 7.0 4.0 Total township acreage= 23,040.0 Source: Utilities Extractive Industrial Camercial Table cacpiled by ICPC staff fran field work and aerial photography Novanber 1984 -53- o.o 1.0 66.9 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 35.5 55.0 4.0 1.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 40.0 35.0 20.0 37.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 o.o 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o �While there are significant concentrations of active farmland which can be identified, agriculture as a land use is declining in Tyrone Township. This is evidenced by examination of past rezoning activities, which focus on change from agricultural to intense classifications. The decline ~n the northern area is to be expected, both because of the surrounding land use pressures and the nature of the soils themselves. The inventory of Important Farmlands, prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (SCS), shows very little prime farmland in the northern portion of the township. There are significant amounts of prime farmland and unique farmland found in other portions of the township though, according to the SCS inventory. The case for preserving the agricultural production capabilities in this area is strong. Agriculture is one of the major components of the state economy as well as one of Michigan s largest and most stable industries. It is also one of the least service demanding of developed land uses. 1 The problem of farmland retention is not an easy one, especially in areas like Tyrone Township where new homes are locating. The problem is not simply one of preserving farmland but is related to larger land use issues affecting all development. Property tax assessments for farmers have increased in conjunction with urban service demands in rural areas. These demands have created a strain between urban and rural land uses. There are several potential solutions aimed at resolution of issues pertaining to farmland preservation. However, the answer is not to be found in one solution but rather in a comprehensive, multi-level approach. It seems advisable to ensure that public policy not cause those agricultural uses presently in operation to go out of production unnecessarily. In 1974, the Michigan Legislature passed Act 116, the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Act. This particular legislative solution addressed the need to relieve tax burdens upon farmland. This tax incentive solution in which land will remain in farmland production or open space for a minimum of ten years has been used in Tyrone Township by only a few farmers at this time, totalling 737 acres. Another major tool being used to address the problem is zoning regulations. A successful attempt at preserving agricultural land through zoning depends upon three factors: (1) degree of public commitment; (2) availability of factual information; and (3) the proper construction of the Ordinance. As with any public program, success is dependent upon support available from within the community. In the absence of a public commitment to preserve agricultural lands, it will be difficult to enact the zoning controls needed. When and if controls are approved, township officials will still face a difficult task in attempting to preserve rural lands from urban uses. The granting of a few requests for non-agricultural uses in agricultural zoning districts without a substantial reason for doing so may destroy the integrity of an agricultural zoning technique, -54- �and weaken the position of the governmental unit if litigation should subsequently occur. Factual information was largely unavailable to township officials prior to beginning work on the Master Plan because the inventory of Important Farmlands for Livingston County was published only recently. The last factor, proper construction of the Ordinance, is dependent upon the quality of information gathered. Once land capabilities have been delineated and other pertinent informational inputs gathered, the starting point for determination of the zoning district boundaries can be identified. Areas of subdivided land, land served, or proposed to be served by public sewer and water, land adjacent to intense urban development and land parcels too small for inclusion in agricultural operations should not be included in an agricultural zoning district. These are the major inputs which would be needed to begin development of a meaningful agricultural zoning district in Tyrone Township. An attempt should be made to place public infrastructure investments in areas that do not encourage conversion of farmland (i.e., road investment and sanitary sewer should be reviewed with preservation of farmland in mind). • Residential Residential development in Tyrone Township occurs throughout the community and takes a number of shapes. In the extreme northern portion of the township there are residential subdivisions which are basically suburban in character. Surrounding such major water bodies as Lake Shannon, Runyan Lake and Tyrone Lake are lakeshore developments which are relatively densely occupied areas. Scattered throughout the remainder of the community are individual, single family, rural-residential developments located on relatively large lots. These three residential development styles represent the differing attractions which Tyrone Township offers to potential new residents. A suburban lifestyle close at hand to more urbanized areas; a recreation orientation around the lakes; and a rural/open space environment separate from the close proximity of neighbors and urban development. There is a sub-category of the suburban style which does exist. Interspersed through the township, though occurring perhaps more frequently in the southeastern portion, are rural 11 subdivisions 11 developed on private roads. These are not true subdivisions in the strict sense as they were not developed within the guidelines of the Subdivision Control Act of 1967. Instead they consist of lots created through rural splits of larger parcels. (For a more complete description of subdivision regulations please refer to the complete text of PA 288, The Subdivision Control Act of 1967). A rural subdivision falls somewhere between the lifestyle provided by the suburban subdivision and the large lot rural residential. Lot sizes in the rural subdivisions are larger than their suburban counterparts, providing a more rural atmosphere. At the same time the rural subdivisions result in residential sites in much closer proximity than the large lot rural residential development. -55- �All of the above residential dwelling styles are alike in one sense. Residential development, quite obviously, signals growth in population. With population growth comes additional demand for, and upon, public infrastructure systems. While this subject is discussed at greater length in later sections, a short comment is appropriate here. True rural residential development can often be accommodated with a low level of services. Roadways can be gravel, public utilities avoided and such things as police and fire protection provided on a regional or county-wide basis. At some point though, population growth will generate a volume of use and demand which exceeds the capacity of these rural service systems. When that happens the community must upgrade the systems and, in order to do so, find a way to pay for the upgrading. Adequate preparation for handling the impacts generated by residential growth is a substantial challenge for any community. It is an exceptional one for a community such as Tyrone Township. The increase in residential growth, discussed above, which changes service demands from rural to urban levels is already taking place. One additional residential development issue found in Tyrone Township must be discussed. That issue is the development of relatively dense residential areas surrounding lakes. This is of particular interest when these are structures which have been converted to year round use from seasonal dwellings. Cottage structures were often built on lots considered too small by present day standards and without proper attention to adequate onsite wastewater treatment provisions. Not all of Tyrone Township's lakeshore developments are comprised of seasonal dwelling conversions. In those instances where such structures are in existence though careful examination should be directed at water quality maintenance. The current program underway at Runyan Lake to develop a sanitary sewer system is a classic example. • Commercial Commercial development within Tyrone Township is very limited at present. What commercial development does exist is almost exclusively convenience oriented. Comparison shopping needs are met by the larger, urban areas to the north. As the township experiences growth in the future there will be demand for commercial development. Careful examination must be made of potential developments to determine the impacts these uses will have upon traffic generation, both at the proposed site and on the corridors leading to the site. While convenience shopping uses will, and should, continue to locate adjacent to the areas they serve, there will also be pressure for siting of commercial developments which meet the needs of the larger community. Such uses should be contained within commercial nodes located at points both central, and easily accessible, to larger population groups. The areas adjacent to the freeway interchanges, and at major intersections near the suburban developments, provide logical locations for development of commercial nodes. -56- �• Industrial Very little industrial development exists within the community, other than scattered extractive operations. The most notable exception to this is the Eaton Corporation facility located near the interchange of US-23 and C~nter Road. This very attractive facility is served by its own water supply and wastewater treatment systems. Typically, locating traditional industrial uses within Tyrone Township is a difficult task. Industry is most often associated, and frequently requires, urban services such as sanitary sewers and municipal water supplies. Other than the Eaton Corporation facility and a small facility serving an apartment complex there is no sanitary sewer service in the township and no municipal water supply service other than that which serves the Jayne Hill Farms subdivisions. Recognizing these limitations, light industrial or office-research facilities are the type of industrial uses which the township seeks to accommodate, or even attract. These uses are r.ot typically high in service demand yet they can provide valuable additions to community employment opportunities. • Vacant Vacant, or inactive, lands comprise a significant portion of Township. Nearly 8,300 acres (approximately 36% of the total) the township are currently inactive. By definition vacant lands support a structure nor do they yield a significant, marketable uct. Tyrone within do not prod- Vacant land can play several distinct roles. The first role is a nuisance role. Vacant land with or without abandoned structures can become a health/safety hazard because of vandalism, potential for fire, lack of weed control, rodent habitat suited to infestation. The second role played is somewhat more fundamental. The economic viability of the community is negatively impacted by speculative land purchases that push up the market value of land. This high land cost adversely impacts all existing residents and is particularly hard on residents owning agricultural lands as it increases tax assessments unnecessarily. A third and final role represents an important community asset. Many people are attracted to Tyrone Township at least in part by the existing open space. Vacant land is part and parcel of a particular perception of the community. The residents of Tyrone desire the open vistas, low density, and privacy that these open spaces provide. It is up the the township to determine which role will dominate. The township must foster the community asset role and discourage the nuisances through careful application of land use policies. -57- �• Public/Government Facilities and Services At present the only government building located within the township is the Tyrone Township Hall. The building was constructed in 1967 and replaced the original town hall which had served the community for 80 years. The Tyrone Township Hall contains offices for numerous township officials including the Supervisor, Clerk, Treasurer, Land Permit official and Constables, although several of the officials conduct business from their homes. The Hall also serves as the site for meetings of the Township Board and Planning Commission. Public services, other than those provided by the township officials listed above, originate outside the immediate confines of the community's boundaries. They are, nonetheless, part of the services provided to the community and the specific services, and their source, are listed below. Police protection is provided by the Livingston County Sheriff Department and Michigan State Police. These organizations are located at: Livingston County Sheriff Department 150 S. Highlander Way Howell, Michigan 48843 517 546-2440 Michigan State Police 9995 East Grand River Avenue Brighton, Michigan 48116 313 227-1051 Fire protection for the entire township is provided by the Fenton Fire Department. Supplemental contracts exist with Hartland Township Fire Department, which services a small portion of the southern area of the township (sections 31, 32, 33 and 34), and the Village of Linden Fire Department, which provides service to the western area of the township (sections 6, 7, 18 and 19). Locations of these facilities are: City of Fenton Fire Department 201 S. Leroy Fenton, Michigan 48430 313 629-2242 Hartland Township Fire Department 3205 Hartland Road Hartland, Michigan 48029 313 632-7164 Village of Linden Fire Department 132 E. Broad Linden, Michigan 48451 313 735-4321 -58- �Ambulance service is provided by the Livingston County Ambulance Department and the Fenton Area Ambulance. The ambulance service by Tyrone Township originates from these locations: Livingston County Ambulance 1429 W. Grand River Avenue Howell, Michigan 48843 517 546-5450 Fenton Area Ambulance 207 E. Ellen Fenton, Michigan 48130 313 629-4511 There is public transportation of a limited scope available to Livingston County residents. The Livingston Essential Tansportation Service (LETS) provides door-to-door advance (24 hour) registration between any two points in Livingston County. Until the creation of the Essential Transportation Service, the only transportation alternative to the private automobile was the Short Ways and Greyhound Bus lines stopping in Howell and Brighton. The Essential Transportation Service is a van program funded largely by SEMTA in the initial year of operations, and by the Livingston County Board of Commissioners and fare box revenues in subsequent years. While the vans are available to all residents there is a priority period each morning during which work skill youth are picked up and taken to their destinations. After that period, usually mid-morning, transportation is provided on a first come, first served basis. The LETS system operates Monday through Friday, 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Further information on the LETS system can be obtained by corflacting: Livingston Essential Transportation Service 190 S. Highlander Way Howell, Michigan 48843 517 546-6600 Since no school buildings are found within the township, all students are bussed to facilities located in the surrounding communities. The schools which currently contain students from Tyrone Township are as follows: Child of Christ Lutheran School - Enrollment: 3375 Fenton Road, Hartland approximately 13 Fenton Area Public Schools - Enrollment: approximately 739 Eastern Elementary, 600 Fourth Street, Fenton North Road Elementary, 525 North Road, Fenton State Road Elementary, 1161 W. State Road, Fenton Fenton Middle School, 404 W. Ellen Street, Fenton Fenton Senior High School, 3200 W. Shiawassee, Fenton First Baptist Academy of Fenton - Enrollment: 860 N. Leroy, Fenton -59- approximately 17 �Hartland Consolidated Schools - Enrollment: approximately 270 Lakes Elementary, P.O. Box 128, Hartland Village Elementary, P.O. Box 128, Hartland Round Elementary, P.O. Box 128, Hartland Farms Middle School, P.O. Box 128, Hartland Hartland High School, P.O. Box 128, Hartland • Linden Community Schools - Enrollment: aproximately 360 Linden Elementary, 400 S. Bridge Street, Linden Central Elementary, 7199 Silver Lake Road, Linden Linden Middle School, 325 Stan Eaton Drive, Linden Linden High School, 7201 Silver Lake Road, Linden St. Johns Catholic School - Enrollment: 514 Lincoln, Fenton approximately 6 As the list above reveals, Tyrone Township is served by three public school districts, along with three private schools. Map 8, on the following page, illustrates the areas of service within Tyrone Township of the three public school districts. • Transportation Facilities Transportation facilities are one of the most significant determinants of a community's development. The location and type of transportation network influences what type of development can take place and where it can take place. Tyrone Township's transportation facilities are comprised almost entirely of a roadway network which includes state, county primary and local roads. The designations noted above indicate jurisdictional responsibilities and do not officially reflect either the condition of the road or the construction materials used in building the road. From a practical perspective though, the roadways under the jurisdiction of the state are typically of a higher quality and in better condition than local roads. The reason why a difference in road quality and maintenance exists stems from the source of funding for operation of the roadway systems. State level highways are funded through the Michigan Department of Transportation from a budget based on both state generated funds and federal funds which are passed through to the State of Michigan. The Livingston County Road Commission is responsible for both establishing and maintaining the county primary and local road systems. Financial resources for this activity come almost exclusively from the money received from the State Motor Vehicle Fund (SMVF). Approximately 75% of the total budget of the Livingston County Road Commission is, in fact, derived from the SMVF. The other sources of revenue for the Road Commission are federal funds, passed directly to the County, and township contributions. This is of particular importance because of the restrictions governing the usage of SMVF funds. Monies from the SMVF may be expended for construction purposes on county local roads~ to the extent that they are matched by monies from local sources. In fact, under the State Trunk Line -60- �TYRONE T4N.-R.6 E. l V, ,., . ,..., ,, DELTA LANO SURVEYING 1.i'" . IIIIIOt a E,_G , INC S1 Map 8 SCHOOL DISTRICTS Hartland -61- Linden lllllllllllllllllllllllf �Highway System Act (Public Act 51 of 1951) there is a financial requirement that townships contribute money for local road construction. The net result of this situation is that there is, in almost all instances, more money available for county primary roads than local roads. The only manner in which this can be changed is for the township to prov ide the funding necessary for matching the SMVF money. For most townships this would mean creating a special source of revenue, such as a special millage, dedicated to a road fund. Creation of such a revenue source is rarely easy, and is certainly not prevalent in Livingston County. 1 The Livingston County Road Commission, with approval from the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, establishes the county primary road system. The determination as to what constitutes a county primary road is based upon two major criteria, traffic volume and service linkage between activity centers. A documented traffic volume of up to approximately 8,000 vehicles per 24 hour period constitutes a primary road in terms of traffic volume. Primary roads provide intercommunity continuity and they also 11 feed 11 major thoroughfares. Having established this road system, the county can obtain federal and state highway funds to reconstruct and maintain these roads. The primary road network in Tyrone Township, as designated by the County Road Commission, consists of 27.25 miles of roadway: 10.14 miles classified as adequate and 17.11 classified as inadequately surfaced roadway. The paved county primary roads are Old 23, Fenton Road and Bennett Lake Road, in their entirety, White Lake Road, excluding that portion which lies east of Fenton Road, Linden Road, from Bennett Lake Road to the north township border, and Center Road between US-23 and Hartland Road. In addition, Faussett Road from the west township border to US-23, and Center Road, between Hartland and Fenton Roads, are designated as county primary gravel roads. All other public roads within Tyrone Township are designated as local roads and subject to the funding eligibility restrictions noted previously. The only exception to this is the US-23 expressway, which is part of the Federal Primary Road System (though not part of the higher classified Interstate System) and under federal jurisdiction. Maintenance on US-23 is perfo~med by the MOOT. Local roads constitute a very important part of the overall system of roads within the township. This importance stems from the fact that local roads comprise nearly 70% of the total county road mileage in the township: 62.87 miles of local roads vs. 27.25 miles of primary roads. Local roads tend to be gravel surfaced and often considered inadequate in relation to the traffic volume they experience. Nearly 76% of the local gravel roads in the township are classified inadequate. There are hard surfaced local roads within Tyrone Township. They are Linden Road between the south township border and Faussett Road, Runyan Lake Road, Hartland Road between Carmer Road and the north township border, and Carmer Road for approximately 2500 feet south from White Lake Road. All but roughly one half mile of the 17 total miles of local hard surfaced roads are classified as adequate. The traffic volume capacity of adequate hard surfaced roads is approximate-62- �ly 5,000 vehicles per day. However, it is desirable to keep the volume of any local road to much less than 5,000 vehicles per day in order to m1n1m1ze the adverse impacts of noise, and traffic hazards upon residential uses that locate along these roads. Another means of analyzing the roadway network of the township is through examination of the volume of traffic which utilize the individual roads. Map 9 illustrates traffic count data obtained from the Livingston County Road Commission. As can be seen, the highest traffic counts are typically found along Bennett Lake, White Lake and Fenton Roads. That situation is to be expected because of the higher concentration of residential development present in the northern part of the township. Those roads are also, as was noted previously, part of the county primary road network and are designed for higher traff"ic vo 1umes. Of perhaps more significance are the relatively high traffic counts found along Faussett Road in the vicinity of Lake Shannon. Faussett Road, while part of the county primary road network, has a gravel surface. The traffic volumes found along this section of Faussett Road can easily be considered above the capacity of the existing road surface. Map 10 documents the locations of traffic accidents which occurred within the township during the 19 month time period of January 1983 July 1984. Such information can indicate the presence of either poorly designed roads/intersections/entranceways or roads being used beyond their capacity. The concentrations of accidents near busy intersections are easily understood. The existence of numerous accidents along Linden, Fenton and Hartland Roads though, seemingly separate from intersections, would seem to indicate the presence of an existing roadway problem or dangerous entrance. Based upon the information above it is reasonable to state that the roadway network in Tyrone Township is of limited adequacy. Both the road surfaces and the volume capacity of the roads were often determined to be inadequate by the County Road Commission in their evaluation. Identification of a specific careful consideration of the potential solution. Initiation obvious solution but, because of impact upon land development, initiation. solution to this problem requires very impacts which would result from each of a road improvement program seems an the associated costs and the resulting should be examined thoroughly before At present, Tyrone Township has some easily identified roads which certainly warrant consideration for improvement. An obvious example is Faussett Road in the vicinity of Lake Shannon, which would definitely benefit from a hard surface. The introduction of left hand turn lanes and deceleration/acceleration lanes near intersections is an example of potential improvement which could be applied to areas exhibiting high incidences of traffic accidents. The impact of these "improvements" though, will go far beyond merely solving the existing problems. -63- �TYRONE 18 1 - - - - - - - ~l l,. , u 24 ... TRAFFIC COUNTS # of vehicles in 24 hr period year count was taken Map 9 -64- -- -·-· - ----- ~ -- - - -- - -- - - - - �TYRONE 18 T 4 N.-R.6 E. l l 17 ~~ TYRONE CENTER ,. k~~~~,,.;m.r=-==-~~r-4--,..4=-=====-==~-===""==fr==-====e~-------il~ <, '-- 23 22 "' DELTA LAH<> SU"V[YING 6 ENG . "''" ,..,... f>jC ···- ....... TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS from January 1983 thru July 1984 • 1 to 2 accidents • 3 to 5 accidents Map 10 -65- ilW!Q. �The presence of improved roads will surely prove to be an attractant to additional development. Land adjacent to the improved road will become especially attractive to developers. In fact, the presence of the improved road could be construed as having increased the value of all the adjacent land. Thus, before a major road improvement is initiated, the township must determine if the adjacent area is one in which they wish to encourage increased development. This, in fact, should be a policy or guideline which is applied to any potential road improvement - is Tyrone Township willing, and even more importantly, capable of accommodating the land development which will result from a proposed road improvement? Careful examination of the capacity of soils in the area in question is important when contemplating road improvement. This scenario should also be examined from the other direction. All proposed land developments should be examined in terms of their potential creation of a need for future road improvements. The following general standards, obtained from County Road Commission staff, are of considerable interest in this situation. • Over 100 cars per day can be considered sufficient to warrant a hard surface roadway. Without a hard surface road, drivers will encounter unsatisfactory road conditions - dust, chuckholes, increased maintenance expense. (Based upon practical considerations, namely money, the Road Commission has utilized a less stringent standard of 300 cars per day.) • Each residential trips per day. dwelling unit generates, on the average, six • The cost, per household, of driving upon an inadequate gravel road is $300 - $800 per year in additional car maintenance. • The cost of upgrading a road from a gravel to a hard surface is, at a minimum, $250,000 per mile. This cost assumes that there are no extraordinary drainage problems present. Even a brief examination of these standards reveals what can result from allowing uncontrolled development along the local road network of Tyrone Township. If the level of development exceeds the capacity of the road, the township will become subject to complaints - followed by requests for improvement or upgrading of the road. While the township may feel compelled to address the problems, funding for the improvement may not be readily available. If this situation is allowed to happen in a number of locations within the township, requested improvements will certainly prove to be beyond the financial capabilities of the township. Rather than let itself be placed in such a position, the township should establish the policy, or guideline, of reviewing potential land developments in terms of the ability of the existing roadway to accommodate the accompanying increases in traffic volume. In addition, proposed road improvements should be evaluated in light of their -66- �potential for increasing the attractiveness of adjacent land and the capacity of that land to accommodate development. Finally, it should be remembered that road upgrading and improvement is, perhaps, not always necessary or desired. Local roads bordered by abundant vegetation or unique landscapes are certainly part of the charm and ~ppeal of Tyrone Township. These qualities, which are associated with old, small scale roads, may in some instances, be as important as traffic flow. Trees along fence rows which form canopies over the roads, and rolling topography add interest and beauty to the travelling experience. It may be that in some instances residents along the township s local roads do not wish to see improvements or upgrading. 1 The Natural Beauty Roads Act (Public Act 150 of 1970) allows property owners to petition the County Road Commission for designation of county-local roads as Michigan Natural Beauty Roads. The goals of the program are to identify and preserve, in a natural, essentially undisturbed condition, certain local roads having unusual or outstanding natural beauty. Designation protects the roadside, yet maintenance of these roads is ongoing so that they continue to provide safe public travel. Designation must be sought by the property owners and approved by the Livingston County Road Commission. The Road Commission is empowered by the Act to administer the program, and additional information can be obtained from that office. • Recreation Facilities While recreation opportunities are plentiful in, and around, the Livingston County area, there is no public recreation land located within Tyrone Township. Nonetheless, there are many state and regional recreation sites in close proximity to the township. These facilities offer swimming beaches, hiking trails, golf courses, canoeing, camping, hunting and numerous other activities. The location of these recreation facilities, relative to Tyrone Township, is shown on Maps 11 and 12. As can be easily seen, Tyrone Township is in the midst of an excellent state and regional recreation system. The agencies responsible for these facilities are the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA). A complete listing of all the facilities managed by these two organizations would be far too lengthy for inclusion here. Information concerning the facilities can be obtained by contacting the organizations at the locations listed below. State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources Parks Division 5th Floor Stevens T. Mason Building Box 30028 Lansing, Michigan 48909 517 373-1270 Huron Clinton Metropolitan Authority 3050 Penobscott Building Detroit, Michigan 48226 313 961-5865 -67- �Public Recreation Facilitie• in - Southeastern Michigan Huron Clinton Recreation Facilities ■ State parks and game areas 11;' = 10 miles Map 11 -68- �Oak Grove. COHOCTAH State jiaM DEERFIELD TYRONE Arn CONWAY Fowlen,Q OCEOLA HOWELL HANDY HARTLAND H WELL IOSCO BRIGHTON GENOA MARION .-ecreat1on St1·te • gory 6-ne Are I. ! t; PUTNAM UNADILLA HAMBURG Unadilla Wildlife Area GREEN OAK Huron Mudows -"ttropark Pinck~ Pinckney Alcreet1on Aru Map 12 PUBLIC RECREATION AREAS IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY -69- �In addition to public recreation facilities there are also private facilities which serve area residents. There are some privately owned and operated recreation facilities which are located within Tyrone Township. These consist of the Kandahar Ski Club, a private, members-only facility and the Tyrone Hills Golf Club, which is open to use by the public~ The importance of inventorying existing recreation facilities lies in identifying which types of recreation opportunities are being provided for and which are not. A thorough knowledge of existing facilities ensures that duplication of opportunities/service will not occur and also that future development is directed at filling service gaps. In light of the excellent state and regional recreation systems it seems unnecessary for Tyrone Township to consider developing large, destination-type recreation facilities. Instead, attention should be focussed upon small scale neighborhood parks associated with subdivisions. Access to playgrounds is an undeniable benefit for children. Such playgrounds need to be in close proximity so that the distance to them does not exceed the travel ability of the children, nor require crossing of heavily traveled roads. This type of facility should be developed with facilities for both active and passive use as it will be frequented by both children and adults. The most logical means of providing such facilities is through subdivision development regulations. The regulations should include a requirement for dedication of land for a park or recreation area in subdivisions or more than five lots. Regulations of this type are not unreasonable and are, in fact, quite corrrnon. The land dedicated to recreation is often not suited to intense development, because of topography or soils type, yet can easily be used for a park. Such areas include flood plains, wet areas, steep slopes or perhaps simply an outlot created by the subdivision design. • Building Activities Records of residential and commercial building permits issued in Tyrone Township have been maintained since 1973. Review of these records, which span twelve years (see Table 5, on page 72), reveals a number of interesting facts. Residential development has quite obviously dominated building activity within the township. Commercial permits represented less than 5% of total permits recorded. While there is no record of industrial building development, the fact that no attention has been focussed on tracking this activity indicates that it has appeared to be of minimal importance. Not only the concentration but also the amount of residential development is significant. As is noted later, the population of the township nearly doubled between 1970 and 1980. The years exhibiting the greatest activity, 1977 and 1978, reflect a trend found in other portions of Livingston County, when the tremendous growth rate of the '70's seemed to peak. The dramatic reduction in growth which has occurred since, particularly 1981 - present, is typical of much of the county as well. As can be seen, no significant increase in building activity can be -70- �identified at present and certainly no return to the growth rates of the 1970's seems imminent. • Rezoning Activities Rezoning act l vity within Tyrone Township during the past twelve years was reviewed to determine if any specific trends could be identified. The review consisted of an inventory of activity (Table 6, on the following page) and the location of map changes (rezonings other than revisions to the text, Map 13, on page 73). A number of interesting facts were revealed. Despite a considerable amount of population growth in the township, rezoning activity was relatively light with only nine map changes occurring in twelve years. This can perhaps be accounted for to some extent by the fact that the Zoning Ordinance was revised, in total, in 1979. It is possible that this general revision removed the necessity for individual changes. All but one of the nine map changes occurred in the extreme northern area of the township, either along Fenton Road or White Lake Road west of US-23. The only rezoning not in this area was a change from agricultural to industrial classification, on Dean Road near US-23, which took place in 1973. Despite the rezoning the land has been used since then for agriculture. The area which contains the greatest concentration of rezoning activity also exhibits the most substantial concentration of residential development. The northern portion of the township is the area where Tyrone's ongoing transformation from a predominantly rural community to residential suburban community is most clearly visible. It is there that the suburban pattern of development, single-family residential subdivisions, is most evident. The other significant trend revealed is that the majority of the map changes were from an agricultural-residential classification to a more intensive one. Coupled with the fact that this activity occurred in the northern area reveals that this area is becoming much more intensely developed and that current planning and zoning for the area is, quite likely, no longer valid. 1 Water Supply Individual wells supply nearly all of the water for residential, commercial and industrial uses in Tyrone Township. In general, these uses require only a single well for obtaining adequate supplies. These wells utilize groundwater as their source of supply. The groundwater supply in the township is quite variable, depending upon the amount of coarse water bearing rock layers underlying the site. In glacial till areas, the groundwater is quickly exhausted, while outwash plains over thick sections of coarse material have a greater potential for adequate water supplies. Water quality content. This is is satisfactory, though there is often a high mineral because of the recharge source of most water -71- �TABLE 5 Building Activity, 1973-1984 Total Permits Issued New Residential Permits Issued 144 84 103 122 140 163 160 99 91 45 58 88 98 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 3 2 3 2 5 1 5 1 118 95 39 24 88 61 80 75 Source: Commercial Permits Issued 5 2 9 13 1 0 18 County Building Department TABLE 6 Rezoning Activity, 1973-1984 Case Number(!) Z-02-73 Z-24-73 Z-36-73 Z-15-74 Z-01-76 Z-50-78 Z-09-79 Z-58-79 Z-64-79 Z-07-81 Z-33-81 Z-36-81 Z-18-82 Z-05-83 Z-24-83 Z-12-84 Z-33-84 Rezoning(2) From To Location/Sec# Text 20 AR Text Text 9 AR Revised Zoning Ordinance 5 FR 9 FR Text Text 2 FR 2 FRI Text FR 11 Text 4 FR 5 FR # Acres Ml 37.00 Ml 4.81 Rl Ml 74.50 4.25 El 11. 47 6.77 R OS 2.50 Ml Rl 16.89 24.89 (1) Livingston County Planning Commission case identification number. The last two digits indicate the year during which the case was reviewed. (2) The zoning classifications lows: listed AR= Agricultural-Residential FR= Farming Residential R = Residential in the above table are as folEI= Extractive Industrial Ml= Light Manufacturing OS= Office Service -72- �T 4N.-R.6 E. TYRONE 18 t' I 17 ... .. DELTA LANO SVIIV£YIHG a ENG . INC ""'" Map -· ..... lEG[NO 13 AMENDMENTS TO ZONING MAP 1973 - 1984 -73- �supplies. Supplies are recharged by percolation though the glacial drift. The glacial drift contains high concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium bicarbonate, and sulphate. Therefore the water takes on the high mineral content of glacial drift material it passes through. Individual home owners may find it desirable, or even necessary, to utilize water softeners to reduce mineral content of their water supply. , As it is implied in the opening of this section, individual wells do not supply all of the water needs of the community. There are two notable exceptions to this. The first of these are the Jayne Hill Farms Subdivisions (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) which are located just south of the City of Fenton. These subdivisions are served by the Fenton municipal water system. Service to these subdivisions was obtained as part of the agreement which allowed construction of the city s water storage structure on land outside the municipal boundaries, adjacent to the subdivisions. 1 The other exception is the water system which services the Eaton Corporation facility at US-23 and Center Road. That system is privately owned and serves only the Eaton facility. It deserves individual mention though because its complexity is certainly an order of magnitude above other individual systems in the community and because of the high visibility of the storage structure. The presence of the Eaton water tower prompts numerous inquiries as to whether a public water supply system exists in that immediate vicinity. Mention is made of the Eaton system here to answer those inquiries. The township should focus careful attention upon maintenance of a dependable .water supply for existing and future residents. Due to variability of water sources and available quantities, concentrations of developments and large water users must be reviewed carefully to determine the impact upon groundwater supplies. 1 Wastewater Management With only two exceptions, all wastewater treatment facilities within Tyrone Township are private, onsite systems. Again, one of the exceptions is the facility at Eaton Corporation. The Eaton wastewater treatment plant is private, but it differs substantially in type from the other individual systems within the township. The Eaton facility is a twin lagoon system with a seasonal (summer) land application discharge permit. The discharge permit is monitored by both the County Environmental Health Department and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The only other wastewater treatment facility located in the township is a small system which serves the Sapiano Apartments. It is a lagoon storage system which discharges seasonally (spring) into Denton Creek. The discharge permit is monitored by both the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and County Environmental Health Department. Wastewater treatment within the remainder of the conmunity is accomplished by onsite, sub-surface septic tank/drainfield systems. In general, these systems are adequate and perform satisfactorily. -74- �Investigations and inspections by the Livingston County Health Department have identified areas with existing or potential pollution problems. These areas are not generally concentrated but instead are site specific problems resulting from soil characteristics. One specific type of development though can be characterized as having the potential • for pollution problems: densely populated lakeshore developments. Lakeshore developments pose some very difficult problems for onsite, wastewater treatment systems. The soils are generally of high permeability and groundwater levels are so high that human waste does not have adequate filtering prior to contact with surface and groundwater sources. Septic tanks, therefore, are felt to be a major source of contaminates in surface water. Many of the lakeshore developments have been built on low, poorly drained soils, rich in organic materials. As land becomes more valuable and as demand for lakeshore property increases, the pressure will increase to place still more development near surface water in these sensitive soils - a process which can only aggravate pollution problems. Potential real estate value deterioration, as well as adverse impacts upon fish and wildlife habitats, scenic uses, and recreational uses would be likely to accompany the public health hazards that could result. It is concern over just such a situation which has prompted current efforts at Runyan Lake to develop a wastewater treatment system. This system, as currently envisioned, would collect wastewater generated by the residential development which encircles the lake and transport it to a remote, 11 convnunity 11 size treatment field. The design, while certainly innovate in its application within Livingston County, is by no means highly technical. It is, in fact, an application of proven technology which should provide treatment capacity to the Runyan Lake area at a reasonable cost. Provision of a sewer system to the public at large is a responsibility which is sometimes forced upon a conmunity. Municipal sewer systems are required when residential densities exceed the inherent ability of soils to prevent wastes from reaching water supplies. For most soil types that means densities of more than one and one-half dwellings per acre. With less dense development (which has been the character of much of the development in Tyrone Township to date) sewage can be disposed of by individual private systems. Soil characteristics influence the feasibility of safe individual domestic septic tanks. Therefore, the density of development is dependent upon soil characteristics. For example, a great many soils in the township are poorly drained or on steep slopes. In those instances minimum lot sizes must be increased to screen pollutants adequately from water supplies. Future land economics could force construction on even smaller lots. In order to obtain proper health protection, public sewer and water provision would be needed if minimum lot sizes were smaller than 30,000 square feet. These two factors, future land economics and potential health risks (particularly around certain lakes) could force development of municipal wastewater treatment upon the township. The unfortunate aspect of such systems is their high cost. -75- �The Tyrone Township Master Plan attempts to decrease the need for such costly improvements. By the process of determining development densities according to land capability it is hoped that the critical state requiring wastewater collection systems will not be r~ached. t Solid Waste Management Collection of solid waste generated by township residents is performed solely by private contractors. Tyrone Township does not monitor collection efforts. It is quite possible that township residents deliver their own refuse to the County Landfill periodically rather than contract for collection service. At present there is no conflict with this method of solid waste collection. The Livingston County Solid Waste Management Plan indicates that sufficient capacity exists at the County Landfill for expected waste through at least 1995. It is expected that capacity can be provided at this or other sites through at least the year 2000. The only potential problem with solid waste management in Tyrone Township is the inefficiency involved in having a number of private collectors servicing the same portions of the township. It is quite likely that some roads are travelled by many collectors as there is no division of territories of service. It may prove beneficial in the future for the township to grant franchises to private collectors for specific areas. This would increase efficiency, reducing energy consumption, by ensuring that each road is travelled only once during each collection period. -76- �• • • • Social Systems Elements of the social systems are not always as easily recognizable as the natural features, such as the lakes, streams, hills, etc., which comprise a con;rnunity. Yet the elements which constitute the social system can be of considerable influence in an individual's decision to locate within a community. The elements of interest here are historical development patterns and the characteristics of the population and housing of Tyrone Township. The role of these elements in a community's planning efforts is their contribution to growth of a common identity or "sense of community." In a place such as Tyrone Township, where there is no prominent town center or identifying landmark, promotion of a sense of community can be difficult. Why should Tyrone Township attempt to promote a sense of community? What value will this common identity provide the Township's residents? The most obvious answer is a greater commitment by the residents themselves to preserving the qualities which make Tyrone Township an enjoyable and rewarding place to live. The commitment can manifest itself in such actions as volunteer corrmunity-wide clean-up programs and continued support for other community programs, such as local service organizations. The key then to encouraging community pride and identity is promoting a more complete understanding of the township. The following sections provide a thorough analysis of the population of the community and a projection of the community as it will be 20 years in the future. This data provides the basis for developing recorrmendations and policies concerning both community growth and a sense of identity. • Historic Perspective Provision of an historic overview of the growth and development of Tyrone Township within this document is unnecessary. That task was very successfully accomplished in the document - Tyrone Revisited: 1834-1976 A Bicentennial Salute. Written and prepared by township residents, it is a valuable compilation of historical figures and patterns of growth. Rather than duplicating this information here, a task, in fact, beyond this project's ability, Tyrone Revisited is referenced here as the source of community history for the township. Some observations drawn from the history which merit mention here. Tyrone Township was settled initially as an agricultural community, as was most of Livingston County. Early industry was an outgrowth of the agricultural activity, such as the grist mill in Parshallville. Of specific interest is the manner in which the township has changed as agriculture declined as the primary activity. As an agricultural community development was, by necessity, widely dispersed. Throughout its history the township has had few settlement areas. Hallers Corners -77- �and Parshallville are obvious examples while sites such as Hill Top Orchards and the area around the original Town Hall might also qualify. With the exception of Parshallville these areas are no longer identifiable settlements. Nor have any new settlement, or community, areas replaced them. ' the most significant historical pattern that can be This is perhaps observed in the development of Tyrone Township. Despite continued growth there is no discernible corrmunity center, no 11 downtown 11 , no focus of community identity. While there is no evident lack of pride in the residents for their community it is quite likely that, when pressed to identify where they reside, these same residents would most likely respond "just south of Fenton" or perhaps "north of Brighton." The above discussion is not intended as a condemnation of either Tyrone Township or past officials. The lack of a community center is a common attribute of conmunities which are primarily residential in character. At the same time, the above observation does highlight an opportunity to begin the process of developing an identifiable 11 center 11 for Tyrone Township. • Population Characteristics - 1980 Census Profile Information and data derived from the questionnaires completed by each residential household during the U.S. 1980 Decennial Census provide useful facts and figures on the characteristics of the population. Census data are available now in printed reports, which makes it easy to assemble demographic data for Tyrone Township. Census profiles of the population can be produced by researching and compiling data. Census profiles are essentially condensations of compiled data written in a narrative format for easy comprehension and understanding. A profile also makes it easier to compare and contrast demographic characteristics with other geographic units. Data for Tyrone Township, for example, can be compared with other townships, or with county or state level data. Census tables used in preparation of the profiles are reproduced as Appendices C and D. The profiles are used also to study and understand the demographic traits of the population in a community. Race, Spanish origin, ancestry, age, household types and relationships, and characteristics of persons 60 years and over, are several of the demographic subjects obtainable from census studies. Moreover, these data can be further refined into more detailed social and economic characteristics, which include the following: nativity and place of birth, country of birth, residence in 1975, fertility, school enrollments, occupations, industry of employment, place of work, family income. In addition to population data, the census also provides housing related information which is invaluable for planning studies. Housing data include counts of occupied and vacant housing units; whether the unit is owner-occupied or renter-occupied; the year the structure was built; the number of units served with private sewer systems; and the median value of occupied dwellings. Detailed information on the existing housing stock supplies an excellent statistical base to plan for future housing needs. -78- �Census information for Tyrone Township consists of 100-percent data, which are figures from the complete census count, and sample data represented by figures from a statistically significant sample of the total population. In 1980, all housing units in the U.S. were required to complete a census questionnaire. Approximately 81 percent of households compl~ted the short form of the questionnaire, while the remainder f~lle~ out the long form. The short form contained a total of 19 questions asked about members of the household, and about the housing unit. Data derived from these questions are referred to as 100-percent or complete-count data. The long form contained also an additional 46 questions on population and housing subjects. This form was sent to a sample of households, which as a national average was approximately 19 percent. The 19 percent sample consisted of two different sampling rates, so that greater statistical reliability would be realized for small areas. For jurisdictions of less than 2,500 inhabitants, the sampling rate was 50 percent of all housing units. In areas with a population of 2,500 or more, the sample size was one-insix, or 16.7 percent. Together, the two rates yielded the national sample rate of 19 percent. The census subject items presented in the profiles are not identified whether they are derived from complete counts or from sample data. Nevertheless, the data were designed to relate demographic information about Tyrone, and for that purpose, the data are true representations. The 1980 population in Tyrone Township was tabulated at 6,077 persons. The 1980 figure represented a 77 percent increase over the 1970 population. Total Livingston County population growth during the 1970-1980 period was 70 percent, so the Tyrone rate was comparable to what the rest of the county was experiencing. In 1970, Tyrone's population was the fifth highest out of the sixteen townships in the county. The fifth place ranking was unchanged in 1980. Historically, Tyrone's relative position has not changed much. Forty years ago, the population of Tyrone was 920 persons, which placed it in seventh place among the townships. Dramatic changes occurred in Livingston County since 1940. Population growth in many of our townships was phenomenal, and Tyrone's rate of increase was no exception. While communities such as Brighton Township and Hamburg Township experienced population increases over 1,100 percent, Tyrone increased over 560 percent. This rate was the seventh highest in the county, which experienced a 380 percent population growth during the same forty year period. The over five-times rate increase for Tyrone represents 5,157 new residents since 1940, or an average of 1,289 each decade. Moreover, Tyrone's population, as a share of the total county population base, increased from 4.4 percent in 1940 to 6.1 percent in 1980. This increase was due partially to erosion of Howell's and Brighton's relative shares of the county population. The 1980 population base of Tyrone consisted of 3,101 males and 2,976 females. The greater male-to-female ratio was not unique, but it was the opposite of state and regional numbers. Statistically, there are more females than males in our society, and both regional and state totals support the ratio. In Livingston County, however, the census indicated more males than females, so Tyrone's ratio was not uncommon -79- �for local communities. The number of men over women is greatest below the age of 24. This number matches the countywide pattern in the same age group. It is not easy to explain why there were more males than females in the county. Whatever the reasons, the same phenomenon was documented in the 1970 census. Counts of resiQents by age groupings provide some revealing facts. More township residents, 1,461 persons, were between the ages of 10 and 19 than any other tabulated ten-year age group. This group of teenagers comprised twenty four (24) percent of all township residents. The proportion of teenagers countywide was only twenty one (21) percent, while it was only eighteen (18) percent for the metro Detroit region. The next largest age group, ages 30 to 39, contained 1,106 persons, or eighteen (18) percent of the local population. An interesting rElationship existed between these two age groups. The latter group, ages 30 to 39, included the generation known as the post-war "baby boomers. 11 Nationally, a lot of socio-economic reports have described and identified many startling characteristics and impacts which the baby boomers have had on our society. The 11 boomers 11 were born during the vigorous revitalization and recovery of the American economy following WWII. As the overall economy prospered, so did many families, with a result that the number of births increased dramatically. Today, thirty to thirty five years later, the baby boomers now have children of their own, and the numbers are reflected in the census. The number of Tyrone residents under the age of 19, was 2,433 persons, or forty (40) percent of the township population. Hartland also had a large proportion of young people, forty one (41) percent, while the county proportion was less than thirty eight (38) percent. The median age for Tyrone residents was 28.7 years. Hartland's median age was slightly less at 27.9 years, while the median age for all county residents was 28.3 years. Livingston County had the second lowest proportion of senior citizens for counties in the Detroit SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area - Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, and Livingston Counties). Senior citizens are persons age 60 years and over, and in 1980, this age group totaled a little over ten (10) percent of the Livingston County population. In Tyrone Township, 436 residents were classified as senior citizens. Proportionately, seniors composed only seven (7) percent of all township residents. Residents of Tyrone were classified in the census either as single individuals, or individuals who constituted a family or household. A family was defined as all related individuals living under one roof, while a household was composed of unrelated individuals. Families are counted as households, but all households are not families. A total of 1,756 households were counted for Tyrone in the 1980 Census. With a population of 6,077, the persons per household (pph) for the township computed to 3.46. The 3.46 pph figure placed Tyrone in third place in the county, tied with Hartland. Only the rural townships of Conway and Iosco had a higher number of persons per household than Tyrone. The figure for Livingston County amounted to 3.15 pph. On a statewide basis, an average of 2.84 persons occupied each household. -80- �Of the total 1,756 households in Tyrone, 1,601 were classified as family-type households. Married-couple families numbered 1,484, and 970 of them had their own children under 18 years. The 970 couples had a total of 1,978 children under 18, or each couple averaged 2.04 children. The remainder of the married-couple families either had children who were older than 18, children that were not their own, or they were childless. Single parent families were counted also in the census. Famili~s with a single female parent as householder totaled 81 families. Single male parented families numbered 36. Together, the single parented families had a total of 73 of their own children under 18 years of age. Marital status was tabulated for residents aged 15 years and over, or 4,372 persons. Approximately, two-thirds of these residents were ncted as being married in 1980. The balance of this age group was either separated (30), widowed (124), divorced (147), or single (1,059). The majority of the residents classified as single were males, fifty seven (57) percent, but that was expected since more males than females were counted in the total township population. Approximately thirty five (35) percent of all Township residents are enrolled in school or college in 1980. The number of children enrolled either in nursery school, kindergarten, or elementary school totaled 1,245 kids. High school enrollment was 671, while college attendees numbered 228. Tyrone's student enrollment percentage was slightly below Hartland's figure, but it was four points higher than the county enrollment. Education attainment levels are available from census data for persons 18 years old and over. Over eighty three (83) percent of Tyrone residents age 18 and over had completed high school. This figure places Tyrone in second position in the county, slightly behind Hartland. From the countywide perspective, seventy seven (77) percent of persons 18 years and older were high school grads. A relatively high percentage of residents over 18 years had college degrees. Those who had completed four or more years of college numbered 664 persons, which represented seventeen (17) percent of residents 18 years old and older. A more meaningful relative comparison is to use the threshold of persons 25 years old and over. College graduates, therefore, comprised twenty (20) percent of this population group. This high proportion of college educated residents tied Tyrone with Hartland for the leadership position among townships in the county. Only Brighton City has a higher figure, twenty four (24) percent, for county corrvnunities. The Livingston County percentage was sixteen (16) percent. The census also tabulated persons who had completed one to three years of college. This category included students currently enrolled, as well as those persons who completed only one to three years of college years ago. County residents over 18 years of age, who had completed only one to three years of college, numbered 11,446 persons. This figure represented over seventeen (17) percent of this age group. In Tyrone, 824 persons completed some college, which computed to approximately twenty one (21) percent of all residents over 18 years old. For Hartland, the corresponding percentage was almost eighteen (18) percent. -81- �The census results clearly reported that Livingston County experienced a fantastic growth period during the 1970 s. The county witnessed an influx of new residents that swelled the number of inhabitants from 58,967 in 1970 to 100,289 in 1980, for a resounding increase of seventy (70) percent. The new residents had to come from somewhere, so with a little help from census data, we can tell, in broad geographic areas, where folks resided in 1975. It is also possible to learn where people work, the type of work performed, and income levels. The next several paragraphs discuss basic migration patterns, journey to work patterns, occupations and industry of employment, and family income of residents in Tyrone Township. 1 A 1980 census question asked respondents to state where their place of residence was in 1975. The results were tabulated for persons five years old and over. The number of Tyrone residents age five and over was 5,675 persons. Over half, fifty five (55) percent, of the people in this age group lived in the same house in 1980 as in 1975; there was no change in residence during the five-year interval. These folks obviously moved to Tyrone prior to 1975, with many arriving in the township subsequent to the 1970 census. It is not possible to determine where they resided previous to 1975. r With fifty five (55) percent of the residents not changing residences, that meant that forty five (45) percent changed residences between 1975 and 1980. The number of residents who lived in a different house totaled 2,523 persons. Approximately forty (40) percent of these persons lived either in Detroit or lived elsewhere in the SMSA in 1975. The other sixty (60) percent lived outside the Detroit SMSA, and most of them lived in another SMSA. SMSA 1 s are identifiers for metropolitan areas, so the majority of new residents moved from suburban locations into suburban Tyrone Township. Moving into Tyrone assured residents that they would have to commute to workplaces because of the lack of any sizable employment base in the community. Driving is not an arduous task because of Tyrone s geographic position near metropolitan areas. Nevertheless, local workers motored to a wide array of workplaces. 1 The census recorded 2,411 residents as workers sixteen (16) years and older. Of this total, 175 workers did not report a place of work. Over eighty five (85) percent, or 1,831 workers, worked outside of Livingston County. Only 313 workers stayed in the county to work. Companies in Flint and the remainder of Genesee County provided workplaces for 1,076 township residents. The next largest contingent of out-county workers went to Oakland County. Cities such dS Pontiac, Southfield and Troy were the major destinations. Wayne County also received a share of Tyrone s resident workforce. Detroit and Livonia were popular work locations, but according to census figures, not one Tyrone resident worked in Detroit s central business district (CBD). Forth nine (49) residents commuted to Ann Arbor to work. 1 1 A large number, 1,808, of workers stated on the census questionnaire that they drove alone to work. This figure represented seventy five (75) percent of the resident labor force. Somewhat surprising is that twenty two (22) of the workers carpooled to work. Almost one in every four workers carpooling was a commendable accomplishment. It is to be -82- �encouraged, and if necessary, plan for and build more park and ride lots for corrrnuter use. More recent data on carpooling would be nice to evaluate, considering that gasoline prices, and supplies, have stabilized since 1980. The number of women in the labor force represented thirty six (36) percent of Tyrone's labor force. This percent was two points below the county percentage of women in the labor force, but almost two points higher than in Hartland. For the Detroit SMSA, the regional figures indicated over forty one (41) percent of the women were part of the labor force. The national trend over the past decade has been an increase in the number of women in the labor force. In many cases, more women are working out of necessity to help support a family, or because they have latent career goals to achieve. Whatever the reasons, census data since 1970 document this important role for women. The following chart illustrates the trend of women as an increasing proportion of the total labor force: 1970 29 % 32 % 33 % 36 % Tyrone Township Hartland Township Livingston County Detroit SMSA 1980 36 % 34 % 38 % 41 % Tyrone Township had the largest relative increase during the decade, and there is no reason to expect that the trend will not continue. Planning for future employment opportunities in Tyrone Township should consider the importance of women in the employment pool. Occupational levels were determined for all employed persons sixteen (16) years and over. The levels were based on the kind of work the person was doing the week prior to completing the census questionnaire. The wide range of occupations was condensed by specially trained coders into six major categories. The category entitled technical, sales, and administrative support described the occupations of more township residents than any of the other five categories. In fact, one third of the employed residents have jobs fitting this category. The occupation category with the second largest group of township workers, twenty eight (28) percent, was entitled managerial and professional specialists. Engineers, executives, and managers are part of this group. The third largest category included machine operators, assemblers, material moving personnel, laborers, and similar unskilled workers. Approximately fifteen (15) percent of residents were employed in these occupations. The number of residents employed in the skilled trades was slightly less than the unskilled workers, but still comprised fourteen (14) percent of the employed workforce. The remainder of residents were classified in either service occupations, or farming related occupations. The leading industry of employment for Tyrone residents, with 904 persons employed, was manufacturing of durable goods. Automobiles are classed as durable goods, so a good presumption was that many residents worked for auto related industries. Companies in Flint - Buick City, USA - employed numerous township residents. Other major industries of employment were retail trade, professional services particularly education related, and finance, insurance and real estate. Together, -83- �these major industries employed 966 residents, or thirty nine (39) percent of the employed work force. Adding 966 workers to the 904 engaged in manufacturing, meant that seventy six (76) percent of Tyrone residents worked in the industries listed above. The other twenty four (24) percent of employed residents were concentrated primarily in wholesale trade and construction industries, but business and repair services, personal and entertainment services, and public administration industries also employed residents. The last population statistic to be discussed in this profile is level of income for families and households. Income was determined from 1979 levels, as reported in the 1980 census. The total number of Tyrone households with incomes was 1,762 households. Over ninety (90) percent, or 1,600 households, had incomes derived from wage earnings. 7he balance of households had incomes either from social security or from public assistance. The median household income, computed for all Tyrone households, was $29,034. This median income figure ranked Tyrone in third place in Livingston County, behind Hartland Township with $30,192, and Brighton Township with $30,000. The median household income for Livingston County was $24,544, and for the Detroit SMSA, it was $21,222. Tyrone also placed third in the county with a median family income of $30,281. Again, both Brighton Township and Hartland, with $31,830 and $30,905, respectively, surpassed the Tyrone figure. The corresponding figure for the county was $26,339. Mean family income, based on the number of workers in the family, produced some interesting totals. For families with only one worker, the mean family income was $28,398. For two-worker families, the figure increased to $33,617, and for families with three or more workers, the mean family income was $43,755. Forty three (43) percent of the total number of families (1,607) had two workers in the family. Single worker families comprised thirty three (33) percent of the total. The percentage of two-worker families in Tyrone was equivalent to the same relative figure for the county, and is five points greater than the SMSA figure. While census data represented by the number of workers in a family is interesting, a drawback is that it is not possible to tell who the workers were in a family. For example, two-worker families did not mean necessarily that both parents worked. A parent and one child living at home may be the two workers in a family. In all likelihood, however, two working parents made up the large majority of two-worker families. • Housing Characteristics - 1980 Census Profile The figures from the 1980 Census indicated a total of 1960 housing units for Tyrone Township. The total number included year-round dwelling units (1859), and those units classified as vacant, seasonal, and migratory (101). The year-round housing unit figure is divided into owner-occupied units (1619), renter-occupied (137), and those units vacant when the census was taken (103). The number of owner-occupied units represented over ninety two (92) percent of all occupied units. The predominant housing type in Tyrone is the detached single family unit, which is typically an owner-occupied home. Renter-cc-84- �cupied units, including detached rental houses, duplexes, and apartment buildings, total less than eight (8) percent of the occupied units. Countywide, the percentage of owner-occupied housing units of all occupied units was almost eight four (84) percent. For Hartland, the figure was ninety one (91) percent. The census questionnaire asked home owners to specify the estimated market value of their home. Owners of 1272 housing units in Tyrone responded to this survey question. Homeowners with more than ten (10) acres of property were not tabulated. The responses were tabulated in fourteen (14) arbitrarily selected range of values. The value range with the greatest number of responses was for homes valued at between $60,000 and $79,999. A total of 396 owner-occupied units were recorded in this category. The value ranges for $50,000 to $59,999, and $80,000 to $99,999, totaled another 447 units, so that two-thirds of all owner-occupied units in Tyrone were in the value range of $50,000 to $99,999. The median value of owner-occupied units was $66,400. For all owner-occupied units in Livingston County, the median value was $61,000. In Hartland, the median value was $72,900, or $6,500 higher than in Tyrone. Owners of occupied housing units were asked in the census to list the monthly costs of maintaining their home. Included was the sum of payments for mortgages, or land contracts, taxes, insurance, utilities, and fuels. Of the 1273 owner-occupied units, 1013 units had a mortgage remaining on the property. The median monthly cost for mortgaged units was $451. For homes not mortgaged, the median monthly cost was only $176. Another interesting statistic was monthly cost as a percentage of household income. In households with incomes less than $10,000, the median monthly cost was almost forty six (46) percent of household income. For households with incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, the median monthly cost was twenty three (23) percent of household income, and for households with incomes of $20,000 or more, the percentage was sixteen (16) percent. Over eighty (80) percent of all owner-occupied housing units had household incomes greater than $20,000. Only 136 housing units in Tyrone were renter-occupied units, and 106 specified income data in the census. For households with incomes less than $10,000, the median gross rent as percentage of income was greater than fifty (50) percent. The median percent for households with incomes between $10,000 and $19,999 was twenty six (26) percent, but only thirteen (13) percent for renter households with incomes of $20,000 or more .. A dwelling in Tyrone classified as year-round was likely built between 1960 and 1969, and the householder moved into the dwelling between 1975 and 1978. The house was heated by a central warm-air gas furnace, and had three bedrooms with a bath and a half. At least two vehicles were available to the occupants. , Population Forecasts Future population growth in Tyrone Township can be estimated through application of two general methodologies: population projections and -85- �population forecasts. A discussion of these two methodologies, and what they foretell for Tyrone Township, follows. During the decade between 1970 and 1980, the number of residents in Tyrone increased from 3,437 to 6,077, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The 1980 figure represented almost a 77 percent increase over the 1970 figure. The growth rate was slightly higher than the overall county growth rate of 70 percent. Corresponding increases in the number of housing units also were recorded for the decade. Tyrone witnessed an increase of 840 housing units, a gain of almost 76 percent. Planning for future land uses must consider whether changes in development patterns will be accompanied by or will result in increases, or decreases, in population levels. Generally, dramatic changes in residential land use patterns will generate increases in population. New construction of apartments and subdivisions provides housing for new residents, and coupled with a local boom in buying and selling of existing homes, these activities will usually produce net population increases. Decreases in the number of residents usually are the result of a mass exodus of residents, perhaps due to permanent closings of major firms or businesses employing large number of residents. The depressed state economic conditions of a couple of years ago had an impact on the township growth rate carried over from the previous decade. It is, however, difficult to measure the degree of impact. Many businesses and industries in the Flint area either closed their doors permanently or scaled back considerably in the number of employees. Many jobs were lost, and since Flint and surrounding Genesee County communities provided workplaces for many Tyrone residents, the loss of jobs was felt locally by many families. The number of residents who were affected is not known, but the plant closings and job layoffs probably caused many families to move out of the township and search for jobs elsewhere. Countywide population estimates dramatize the effects of the economic recession. The estimates were made by the State of Michigan Department of Management and Budget. Between April 1980 (the date of the 1980 census) and July 1982, the county declined in population by 694 persons. From July 1982 to July 1983, an additional loss of 2,417 persons was estimated. The loss totaled 3,111 persons since the 1980 census was taken. Tyrone's share of the 1980 county population was equivalent to 6.06 percent of the total, so apportioning the estimated loss of 3,111 persons means that Tyrone's population declined by 189 persons between 1980 and 1983. If estimates have shown a decline in Tyrone's population between 1980 and mid 1983, what does the future hold for Tyrone Township? Is the population decline expected to continue, and if so, for how long? Or have economic and social conditions improved enough to reverse this downward trend? A general consensus compiled for various sources indicates that Michigan's economy has rebounded dramatically from the doldrums experienced a couple of years ago. Local economies have followed the favorable upward trend producing a widespread positive feeling among families, businesses and industries in the county. Countywide, the favorable economic climate has spurred new construction activity on all fronts, which in the minds of some people, now far exceeds the boom period of the late seventies. -86- �Recent economic influences affecting Tyrone Township are best measured in demographic and economic statistics, estimates, and forecasts compiled and produced by the Southeast Michigan Council of Government (SEMCOG). SEMCOG monitors building construction within the region, and by utilizing residential building permit data supplied by local building department~, the agency produces annual estimates of the number of households in local communities. The latest household estimates available are for July 1984. According to these figures, the number of households in the county was 32,612. This figure represented an increase of 1,268 over the number of households recorded in the 1980 census. The household figure for Tyrone was estimated at 1,836, an increase of 80 households over 1980 census counts. The increase of 80 households averages 20 households per year (1980 to 1984), and this average conforms with the numbers of new residential building permits compiled in Table 5 on page 72. An incongruity exists between the two different estimates discussed above. The county population estimate prepared by the Michigan 0MB showed a decline of 3,111 residents between 1980 and 1983, while SEMCOG's household estimate indicated an increase of 1,268 households between 1980 and July 1984. If the SEMCOG household number is converted to a representative number of people (1,268 x 3.46 [average number persons per household from 1980 census]), the figure becomes 4,387 persons. In one estimate, therefore, the county 11 lost 11 3,111 residents but in the other, the county 11 grew 11 by 4,387 persons. The range between the two estimates is 7,498 persons, a number that is greater than the 1980 population for the City of Howell. The discrepancy shows clearly that even the best estimates from respected public agencies can not agree on how many persons reside in Livingston County. The methodologies used in the two estimates differ considerably, but no attempt will be made to support one over the other. Both estimates are useful for planning studies in the county. Township and county population estimates through the year 2000, and beyond, are available from two primary sources. Each source used a different methodology to arrive at its figures. In early 1982, county planning staff prepared a set of population projections for the County Solid Waste Management Plan. The projections were needed for the Plan, and at that time, no other future projections existed that used 1980 census figures as base data. The projections were based on past growth performances, namely the very active periods in the last decade. To some degree, the projections also accounted for the economic depression in 1978 and 1979, but they did not include the recession period of 1981 and 1982. Staff feels, therefore, that the projections are too optimistic for the county, and must be scaled back. The projections are useful only in the short term. Predictions for 20 years or so are best developed through forecasts. SEMCOG released in 1984 the final version of their Small Area Forecasts (SAF) depicting future growth patterns for the region. Forecasting methodology is far different from projections, although both methods predict future growth. The SAFs are based on a series of predictive mathematical models that depend on certain interrelationships and assumptions. A regional economic forecast model, developed from a national model, was used to forecast total population, jobs and other -87- �socio-economic factors for southeast Michigan. A series of policy alternatives was developed as input into the regional model to create the SAFs. The first SAF, started in 1977, actually produced six alternative forecasts. Each alternative was different, due to the public policies behind each alternative. The function of the SAF model was to distribute the total number of households, people, and jobs specified by t~e regional forecast model across the seven-county region, as influenced by the policy alternatives. Eventually, through application of an evaluation methodology, and direct policy decisions by SEMCOG's policy makers, a single small _area forecast was selected to represent all the region. The SAF has proven to be fairly accurate in predicting future growth. Version 80 of the SAF was adopted prior to the 1980 Census, but when the census results ultimately were known, the forecasted growth figures for the region were within a couple thousand people of actual census totals. More about the SAF process is described in SEMCOG reports listed in the bibliography. Future population (Pop), household (HH), and persons per household (PPH) figures used here in the Tyrone Township Master Plan were developed by SEMCOG in SAF Version 84. Version 84 is similar to previous editions, but the figures reflect actual 1980 census counts. Moreover, the forecasts are to the year 2005 instead of 2000. The results of SAF Version 84 are shown in the table below. Included with Tyrone data are similar data for Hartland and Deerfield Townships, and for all of Livingston County. TABLE 7 SMALL AREA FORECAST VERSION 84 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Tirone Twe Total Pop Number of HH PPH 6077 1756 3.46 6278 1916 3.28 7266 2395 3.03 8400 2957 2.84 9791 3694 2.65 12,231 4603 2.66 Hartland Twe Total Pop Number of HH PPH 6034 1744 3.46 6296 1901 3.31 7682 2515 3.05 9318 3270 2.85 11,364 4289 2.65 14,558 5568 2.61 Deerfield Twe Total Pop Number of HH PPH 2611 789 3.31 2675 847 3.16 2814 957 2.94 2986 1078 2. 77 3193 1228 2.60 3645 1406 2.59 Livingston Co Total Pop Number of HH PPH 100,289 104,314 117,386 131,501 147,425 174,298 31,344 33,838 40,712 48,219 57,353 67,776 3.20 3.08 2.88 2.57 2.57 2.73 Source: -88- SEMCOG June 1984 �The figures show that Tyrone's population will slightly more than double in the twenty five years between 1980 and 2005. The increase in population averages less than two percent annually for the first ten years, but the yearly rate doubles to four percent between 1990 and 2000. The rate between 2000 and 2005 is almost five percent per year. Although the population doubles in twenty five years, the rate of growth averages only four percent per year, which is far less than the almost eight percent annual rate that occurred during the seventies. Tyrone's rates do, however, outperform the forecasted county yearly rate of about three percent. The 1980 census counted more residents in Tyrone than in Hartland Township, but the projected figures show that by 1985, Hartland will have slightly more people than Tyrone. Hartland's growth really takes off, so that by 1990, its population will exceed Tyrone's figure by 412 persons. Hartland continues to grow faster than Tyrone, when finally in 2005, Hartland will have 2,327 more people. Two important reasons why Tyrone will lag behind Hartland in population growth is because SEMCOG's SAF model assumed that Hartland's higher (12.9% v. 7.7%) annual rate of growth in the past decade will continue into the eighties. In addition, the model distributes population based upon a community's holding capacity as reflected in master plans and zoning ordinances. Holding capacity, as defined by SEMCOG, is the number of new dwelling units that a parcel of vacant land can accommodate, calculated by multiplying the available acres by the maximum allowable density. Hartland was determined to have a much greater holding capacity because it has more land zoned to accommodate higher densities than does Tyrone. Interestingly, Hartland Township currently is progressing on the installation of a wastewater treatment system to serve the area around the US-23/M-59 interchange. When this system is completed, higher residential densities will be allowed to locate within the service area. These new residents will be in addition to the number forecasted by the SAF model. Ironically, the planned sewer area was included in earlier runs of the model, but eventually the area was withdrawn from the adopted SEMCOG regional sewer service map, and was not factored into the results of Version 84. Hartland Township's future population conceivably could double Tyrone's population by 2005. Another important feature in Table 7 is the projected decrease in persons per households. Over the forecast period, Tyrone's ratio is expected to fall from 3.46 in 1980 to 2.66 in 2005. This spectacular decrease reflects the rate of decline in household size that began in the 1960's and has continued to the present time. The forecasted decline also reflects continuing patterns of low fertility rates, late marriages, divorce, as well as the expected effect of growing numbers of senior citizens, and aging of the baby boom generation. The forecast model provided future population and household figures in Tyrone, but is there a way to predict where these people will reside within the community? Will some areas get the brunt of the growth, while others remain less populated? Will the higher growth areas have sufficient development capacity (roads, sewer and water lines, suitable soils) to accept new land uses? If the answer to all three questions -89- �was yes, then there would be no need to plan. Unfortunately, life experiences are filled with many uncertainties, and so is forecasting for the future. The master plan provides development policies and guidelines for the future population and household figures generated by SEMCOG. We must reiterate that the master plan presents only guidelines and recommendations and, therefore, they are subject to change if conditions warrant as the future unfolds. The SAF model estimates were disaggregated throughout the SEMCOG region by "small areas" called analysis zones. The analysis zones correspond to a level of geography that has been used by SEMCOG for analytical purposes for the past fifteen years. The zones loosely conform to U.S. Census Bureau tract boundaries, and were originally designed to contain roughly equal population. With variable population growth and shifts over the years, the zones no longer are equated with balanced population levels. In 1970, Tyrone shared a census tract with Hartland Township, but in 1980, the tract was split in two, and each township now has its own unique tract number. Tyrone has only one census tract, but it has three analysis zones within the tract. The boundaries of the three analysis zones are defined on Map 14 on the following page. Listed on Map 14 are the 1980 population and household numbers by zone. As stated above, the SAF model distributes future population and household levels by analysis zone, so a map showing future numbers by zone is a perfectly acceptable way to indicate where new growth is expected to occur. Map 15, also on the next page, indicates population and household estimates through the year 2005 by zone level. The figures on Map 15 show that future growth in the three zones is fairly uniform. A single zone does not stand out as a high growth area. According to the assumptions in the model, the uniform distribution is expected. An unforeseen and unpredictable event could take place and radically change future growth patterns. One such event could be the City of Fenton extending its borders to encompass adjacent township lands in zone 7232. If development densities exceed the land's holding capacity, the need may arise to extend Fenton's water and/or sewer lines into the township. If this happens, the city may demand that annexation be part of any city service area extension. The township will lose population as well as all property tax revenues on annexed lands. A corollary to the loss of township tax revenues, however, is the fact that there is a reduction in the amount of land administered by the township. The city could also take the position that services could be provided to township residents without any annexation. Assessment districts would be established to pay any extensions, and the residents remain as Tyrone citizens. Any sewer extension likely will encompass vacant lands, and to help landowners pay assessments, it may be necessary to rezone their lands to allow higher densities. Infilling lands with high density development increase township population levels. The above short discussion is meant to highlight events not covered by the SAF model. Events such as these could have a dramatic impact on -90- �ANALYSIS ZONE #7230 MAP 14 ANALYSIS ZONES With 1980 Population and Household Figures 22 .. _ 23 ANALYSIS ZONE. #7231 .::1• 7 ZONE 7232 fQ£. 1980 1985 1990 ZONE. 7230 MAP 15 fQ£. ANALYSIS ZONES Population and Household Forecasts through 2005 1980 1991 2082 2416 2803 3281 1232 4160 1539 ZONE. 7231 , 21 ' 29 2tJ lJ 33 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1896 576 2058 628 2386 787 2i60 974 3223 1221 4063 1529 t -91- u HH fQ£. I 31 2190 2137 2461 2827 3270 4093 ~ .....,,0/II -~ "' . -N__J ~ �the township. Periodic updates of the SAF model will include community changes that may affect future growth patterns. The master plan policies, however, do not describe any annexation overtures made by Fenton officials. The township is not aware of any plans to expand city boundaries within the foreseeable future. A way to look at' future population growth in Tyrone is to examine specific areas where a kind of neighborhood cohesiveness exists. Such areas are called subcommunities with a defined identity or character, but which exhibit an amorphous boundary. Future development in the subcommunities may be a bellwether that heralds new growth for the township. Four areas in Tyrone can be considered subcommunities. Three are the areas surrounding Lakes Shannon, Tyrone, and Runyan. The fourth area is Tyrone Center. Due to several factors, however, three of these subcommunities are eliminated from our discussion. Tyrone Lake is considered fully developed, and it lies in two political jurisdictions. Runyan Lake subcommunity, while not as intensively developed, does not have a lot of available land to entice new residents, even if the proposed wastewater treatment system is installed. The third subcommunity is Tyrone Center, the historic administrative center. Today, it remains the government center, but also an empty crossroads without a focus for attracting new development. The final identified subcommunity is the area surrounding Lake Shannon. Although it lies across three political jurisdictions, the majority of land is within Tyrone Township. The important role this subcommunity will play in the future development of Tyrone Township is further explained in the future land use component of this document. -92- �BIBLIOGRAPHY Getzels, Judith; et al. Rural and Small Press. Chicago, Illinois. 1979. Planning. Planners Humphrys, C. R. and R. F. Green. Michigan Lake Inventory. No. 47. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Michigan. 1962. Bulletin Lansing, Inter-County Highway Commission. Michigan. 1973. Town Right-Of-Way Manual. Center Line, Libby, Lawrence W. Why Rural Planning and Zoning? Bulletin No. 336. Cooperative Extension Service. East Lansing, Michigan. 1971. Livingston County Planning Department. 11 An Environmental Review System for Livingston County." Environmental Review Notebook. Howell, Michigan. 1981. 11 • -----=D,....e_v_e__ l o_p_m_e_n_t-,,,.....n-.,...L..,..iv-,, . .n_g_s_t_o . n__,C'"""o-u~nty. Howell, Michigan. 1981. 11 An Historical Summary of Land En vi ro nme nta 1 Review Notebook • • Solid Waste Management Plan for ---,-L....,.i_v..,..in_g_s....,.t_o_n_C,....o_u_n....,.t_y_.--.-H-,-o_w_e.,. .11,.,_,--,-M=-=-i--=-chi gan • 1984. Livingston County Road Commission. "Primary and Local Road Counts by Minor Civil Division." Howell, Michigan. Various Dates . . "Primary and Local Road Inventory 11 ....,.H-,-owell, Michigan. --~b-y,....M~,,,.....n_o_r-,,.C.,...iv,....i'"""l-=-D..,..iv-,,,.....s_,i,....o_n__,,.. Various Dates. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Harvard Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 194. 1960. ______ • Managing the Sense of a Region. Massachusetts. p. 221. 1976. Marsh, William M. "The Glacial Landscape." Environmental 1981. University Press. MIT Press. Cambridge, Formation of the Livingston County Review Notebook. Howell, Michigan. • Environmental Analysis for Land Use and Site Plan---n..,..in-g-.-=Mc_,G=-raw-Hill. New York, New York. p. 292. 1978. McHarg, Ian L. Design With Nature. The Natural History Press. City, New York. p. 172. 1969. Garden Michigan Laws Relating to Planning. Community Development Programs, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan. 1982. -93- �McHarg, Ian L. 1969. Design With Nature. Garden City, New York. 172 p. The Natural History Press, Schneider, Ivan F. and A. Earl Erickson. 1972. 11 Soil Limitations for Disposal of Municipal Waste Waters." Research Bulletin No. 195. Michigan Sate University, Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Michigan. "General Population CharacterisGovernment Printing Office, Wash- U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1980. tics. 11 Series PC 80-1-B24, U.S. ington, D.C. • 1980. "General Housing Characteristics. 11 ---,S~e-r~ie-s-~H=c=ao~-~1~-~A~2~4-,_,_,u.s. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. . 1980. Census Tracts. 2 Volumes, Series ---,~~-~----~ PHC 80-2-140, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 11 11 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1974. 11 Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan. 11 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 92 p. 11 1981. Important Farmlands Livingston County, Michigan. A map, prepared with the assistance of the Center for Remote Sensing, Michigan State University. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 11 U.S. Department of Agriculture and Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1984. 11 Flood Plain Management Study North Ore Creek. 11 Livingston County, Michigan. -94- �APPENDICES Table of Contents A - "Chapter 3: The Terrain Evaluation Map" (Reprinted from An Environmental Review for Livingston County) B - The Glacial Formation of the Livinston Reprinted in its entirety C - 1980 Census Tables for Tyrone Township - Population D - 1980 Census Tables for Tyrone Township - Housing E - Suitability Criteria for Overlays �APPENDIX A ~A n Environmental Review System for Livingston County �Chapter 3: The Terrain Evaluation Map The Terrain Evaluation Map is an environmental data base developed for preliminary analysis of natural land suitability by local planning cotmnissioners, other local officials, developers, and lenders. The natural characteristics of a site are essential pieces of information in determining that area's suitability to various land uses and the potential for environmental hazards. Using the Terrain Map as a data base and this guidebook, the principal environmental concerns can be identified early in the land planning process. With an early warning, site planning techniques and costs resulting from natural site limitations or precautionary measures for environmental hazards can be considered from the start of the project rather than being an added factor. Not only can costs due to plan modifications, construction delays and post-construction repairs or maintenance be reduced, but preventative site planning or construction measures will be more effective when the major concerns are an integrated part of the land development process. s.c.s. and U.S.G.S. Data The Terrain Evaluation Map highlights selected data from two highly reliable sources - the Soil Survey of the Soil Conservation Service and the U.S. Geological Survey's topographical quadrangles. These two highly detailed data sources are very useful for determining the natural characteristics of a site, but are generally under-utilized by local officials because they are complex, timeconsuming and thus often overwhelming to use as reference. A technically trained or experienced planner can refer to these original data sources if more specific or detailed data is desired. However, the Terrain Map, like the s.c.s. and U.S.G.S. data are rarely adequate substitutes for an on-site survey of natural conditions. While generally reliable, these data sources are at a small scale and are sometimes, although not often, inaccurate. Also, these dat~ sources, as detailed as they are, do not provide all the information that might be desirable to know. ( A-1) 37 �S.C.S. Data Limitations It is very important for users of the Terrain Map to understand the limitations of the data it provides. The Terrain Map is of course no more (actually slightly less) reliable than the data sources from which it was taken. The S.C.S. soils data has a very significant data 'limitation; the soils types refer to only the top layers of sediment. Because of its complex glacial history, Livingston County has highly variable soils. The four to five feet of soils as given by S.C.S. is not a reliable indication of what soils lie underneath. The S.C.S. data on soil textures do have strong implications for stormwater runoff characteristics. Silt or clay soils clearly have a different impact on runoff rates than sandy or muck soils because this hydrologic process occurs on the surface. However, the important subsurface characteristics of groundwater flow are significant data gaps not covered by S.C.S. or U.S.G.S. Most communities do not have such information, but must make decisions based on what is known or else require the developer to provide such information through expensive soil borings or hydrogeologic studies. Communities that do have data additional to the S.C.S. and U.S.G.S. can incorporate it into the site analysis process along with the Terrain Map. The S.C.S. and U.S.G.S. data bases have been graphically combined and simplified so that the most important information for local planning activities is more easily and more quickly understood. The most relevant soils and all available groundwater data has been transferred from the S.C.S. soil survey to a U.S.G.S. base map. Topographic features (steep slopes) and streams were highlighted on the U.S.G.S. base. Wetlands and lakes were identified when they occurred on both data sources. Aerial photography from both 1980 and 1965 was used to verify selected natural features. The detail of data needed to make land planning decisions will vary according to the scale of the area being discussed. For example, master plans and ordinances involve decisions that have community-wide impacts while road improvements may also impact a large part of the community. Other planning activities, such as rezoning petitions and site plan reviews are site specific (although overall community goals and plans must still be adhered to). Thus, for utility purposes the Terrain Map provides data simplified into two levels - Land Types and Sensitive Landscape Features. Land Types indicate the general soil, topographical and hydrological characteristics of a large area of land, perhaps several sections in size. Sensitive Features are usually small areas of land with unique natural characteristics that make it especially susceptible to the environmental hazards. (A-2) 38 �Four land Types Four Land Types have been identified by a land unit mapping technique: .Rolling Silty Clayey Areas .Gently Sloping Sandy Areas .Rugged Sandy Uplands . • Flat Ponding Lowlands Zones of land Type Transition Each Land Type is made up of land units with a similar combination of soils, topography, groundwater and surface water characteristics. Small areas within each Land Type may vary from that generalization. The border of these areas is often not a distinct edge, but rather a blending of the characteristics of the two adjacent Land Types. Such a Transitional Area exists when Rolling Silty-Clayey Areas adjoin Gently Sloping Sandy Areas or when Flat, Ponding Lowlands adjoin either of these two Land Types. Sensitive Features The Terrain Map identifies seven kinds of Sensitive Features. These are small, well-defined areas that have a combination of soils, topography or hydrologic characteristics that make them especially susceptible to environmental hazards. Often, because of these unique natural qualities, they are also very attractive as sites for development. Thus, land use regulation is particularly important when sites contain any or several of these environmentally sensitive landscape features. ( A-3) 39 �Occurrence of Sensitive Features in Land Types Environmentally sensitive landscape features are listed in the table below. Most of these sensitive features will occur in more than one (or all) La.nd Type. Depending on the area's topographical, soil and hydrological ' characteristics, each land type contains a typical density and variation of the sensitive featu:t'e. Undesirable environmental impacts often result from poor site location or inappropriate design which disregards the natural resources of these sensitive areas. SENSITIVE FEATURES .!!! Ill Ill ::0 C C Ill "' "'O C "'Ill ..x ~ cii Ill rJl LL.I Q. >r0 z < ...J u Ill 0'1 Ill . r- Ill .s::. .!!! ·o rJl Ill iii ·=. ..x s :I 0'1 Ill V .s::. "' Ill C ·.o c.. ..2 0. rJl ~ ~ rJl -0 0 0 c.. Ill ...J s 0 ~ ::i: Rolling, Silty-Clayey Areas 1 2 2 2 2 0 2 Gently Sloping, Sandy Areas 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 Rugged, Sandy Uplands 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 Flat, Ponding Lowlands 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 In this land type, the occurrence of this sensitive feature is: 3 - Very common 2 - Common 1 - Not common (occasional) 0 - Rare (A-4) 40 �Susceptibility to Environmental Hazards Each Zand type contains a typical density, distribution, and variation of the sensitive featurie. Although some sensitive featuries will occur in more than one (or all) Zand type, the potential impacts and their probable severity varies from one type to another. This gives each Zand type an overall level of susceptibility to environmental hazards from which land-use suitability levels can be generalized. SENSITIVE FEATURES Ill "ii ~ ::0 IQ C C IQ Ill "C C Ill ~ ~ ~ .:,/. IQ ..J Rolling, Silty-Clayey Areas 2 4 6 w Gently Sloping, Sandy Areas ~ 2 3 :s Rugged, Sandy Uplands Flat, Ponding Lowlands ·s en IQ (I') C .:,/. -~ I.I :, ~ ~ 2 6 2 4 2 6 0 z ~ ~ 0 (I') Co. u X X 2 4 5 6 2 6 . I- .c ~ ~ ~ .c en Ill C ] 0. "80 !.0 v5 0. ~ ! :i: Li: (I') 1 3 6 1 X 3 2 3 4 1 3 6 1 6 X 3 1 2 X X X 3 1 3 6 1 6 5 3 3 2 3 4 5 When any sensitive feature indicated in the columns occurs within or directly adjacent to this Zand type, a critical relationship to the specified environmental hazard exists: 1 - the degradation of groundwater quality through chemical or biological pollutants 2 - the degradation of surface water quality through chemical or biological pollutants 3 - the erosion of devegetated and exposed ground 4 - the sedimentation of eroded soil into lakes, streams or drains 5 - the increase in land area subject to flooding 6 - the inundation of structural or road foundations X - this sensitive feature does not usually occur in this Zand type ( A-5) 41 �• • • Rolling Silty-Gayey Areas These land units are defined by silty-clayey soils having a slightly rolling to steeply rolling topography and a moderate to high elevation. Glacial landforms presumed to be in this landscape type are till plain, ground moraine, and areas of end moraine which have fine-grained soils. Gently Sloping Sandy Areas These land units are primarily defined by sandygravelly soils having a topography that is gently sloping and a moderate elevation. Glacial land formations found in this type are outwash plains, glacial drainageways, and other outwash formations with more relief such as form.er beach ridges. Also included are sandy, gently sloping areas of moraines. Flat Ponding Lowlands These areas are defined by sandy-gravelly soils with a high elevation that includes a considerable amount of steeply sloping relief. Land formations in this landscape are kames and kamic deposits, eskers, other ice contact slopes and the steepest sloping or lateral moraines. Rugged Sandy Uplands These areas are primarily defined by a very flat topography with a low-lying local elevation. They include most of the major water bodies or channels and the bordering (100 year) floodplain. Landforms present in this landscape type are old glacial and modern drainageways, organic deposits, lacustrine deposits, and outwash plains having a low elevation. (A-6) 42 �•.)_ _.,!!• ~--•~· ■; i■ ; Profile of Land Types Flat Ponding Lowlands Gently Sloping Sandy Area!!<- Rugged Sandy Uplands Flat Ponding Lowlands n Tr.insiuon 1,re• Transi,ion l,r~• Sur, Rttrn tion Ana '~, ,_, '""' '""' .-..d .i.,.,, l> --------- I -...J ..__.. .... . , ~ ~ Trans1c1on Arel 11 .-..d 1ubJ1v1...._.... '"°"'"~~,,.,,,.,1...J1 ,,,.,. j . ~ ~ . I Rolling Silty-Clayey Areas n Transi11un Area ti 1u1...,J/1 /lool,,,J /W1 ';:J Gently Sloping Sandy Areas .,, UJUl"il)' ,:'~~ a:_:r1 ,~ ....,-11, ..,"1 ,..., .. .,,, -.i,, .. ..... luul w.bl,i-..-,Lt..J , -~.i •• ,.., -Wfl4 , . , , ---- -- -- - .. nd,.IOII .... , ,..i I .u.,...1 ,oJ Mndy kMI ""'"i.,.,, ...1 wlry<l.rr, k•I lnd-..1N .,,.1 f)f'O "'f'frwn1 ,onl, thr "If' ,. \ uf wdunnM , •• M\IITJW""fd jr,,m rtw ,...bh,hrd .... , (,.,n..-n•'"'" ..... ,. .... UU'Tf Alil ,, thir-tc--..ltm.rbr 11nJr1i.1n by• H,r .,,_, .. n hi .,,.1 IJI"" , oflW'f 1tun 1"4,1 .nda,Sf'J Jrorr I wr .. , " I ' \, ...,11 bf ..... ,...i....1,Ji,, " .. , .. . o """'""'-" IOI ... ...._,,,,..., , ... ,.r-o • ... /ho T#'"'M" N,,,, �• • • • • • • • • • Terrain Evaluation Map Legend Land Types: Rolling, Silty-Clayey Areas brown gold Gently Sloping, Sandy Areas red Rugged, Sandy Uplands yellow Flat, Ponding Lowlands Sensitive Features: v~c:_· _ _ -·- . __ __ Lakes (blue) 1_~ Wetlands (blue-green) ~~ Rivers & Streams ~:!e.:t Intermittent Streams ~ Drains u~~i.I[j Intermittent Drains tiBmm Muck Soil/in Wetland High Water Table, Mineral Soil/in Wetland Alluvial Deposit (Floodplain) Steep Slopes, 10% - 20% . . ,,.... ,_,. :JI...,.-:.-, ►. . .. ... Steep Slopes, 20% or more (A-8) 44 �• • • • • • The shores of IAkes were identified on 1he Te rrain Ma p as a ca,mpromise of 1he sho relines given by S.C.S., U.S. G.S. and aerial phot og raphy. High Water Table Areas, Muck Soils, Wei/ands and/ or Stee p Slo pes oft en occur on the $horn of these lakes. Lakes and Lakeshores Livingston County is fortunate to have approximately 350 inland lakes. Many lakes in the County are Kettle lakes, which formed during the glaciation period in the depressions of moraines and old glacial drainageways. Many others, such as Howell Lake, were small ponds made larger by impoundments created for water-powered mills. Some mill ponds (Parshallville, Pinckney, Oak Grove) were simply dannned streams where no pond or lake existed previously at all. Some lakes such as Brighton Lake have impoundments constructed for a recreation facility; others such as Lake Shannon were created as residential developments. The shores of lakes are very popular as sites for land development. These areas attract new development more than any other natural feature and often have a very high market value. Consequently, lakefront development is often built at a high density. In hi&h density residential or connnercial lakefront developments, septic system siting and stormwater runoff are major concerns for local planners. Lakes are susceptible to pollution from runoff and from migrating groundwater that has been contaminated. Dense lakefront development often results in contamination of groundwater from septic systems located in high water table areas, which are commonly found on the shores of lakes. This groundwater often migrates into the surface water, resulting in an acceleration of aquatic weed and algae growth. Lakes that have steep slopes (Rugged, Sandy Uplands) adjacent to them have problems with erosion and sedimentation on their shores, rather than problems associated with high water table. Dredging and filling changes to most lakeshores are regulated by the Department of Natural Resources through the Inland Lakes and Streams Act of 1972. The County Drain Commissioner is authorized to control sedimentation problems in lakes by the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1972. ( A-9) 45 �Nntr, \truo,11 .1nJ /)ru111 1 f/,,u 111g .111d 1111,1111111, 111 u crt tht I c.:rri.1 1u Af.,p h1 111/J,,'1 At.rtu/ plu,tu, ,Jl ,111/1cJ flll l1 \ ll'l'rt (,. t I) •.J/111 tUIJIJJl1tJ ·1 1,tl, It non11u//J ,1/,n 1 thr,,11).!h .1rct11 ,,f I ligh U ·.,,, , .,.Jh/c. t\fu, l \,,,/, \l''ct lund, ()f" drw 111i.1,1 1 t , lhnl 11, / l/11111,,I /), />" 11/ I flow1n,c 111rc.:nn1rtc.:ni tlnwinJ,! .ind -..rrt.·,1111 ,trc.1111 lfl(t"fllllltt Ill dr.1 111 , Rivers, Streams and Drains Livingston County has over 470 miles of rivers and streams. The function of rivers and streams in the hydrologic cycle is one of carrying surface runoff, groundwater seepage and water stored in lakes or wetlands out of the upper parts of the river basin toward the lower parts. Since Livingston County has a high elevation compared to surrounding counties, it is a headwaters areas. This means that many of the local rivers and streams have their source in the wetlands and lakes of the county and flow out of the county. There are three major basins in the County - the Huron, the Shiawassee and the Red Cedar. 1be Red Cedar empties into the Grand River, which eventually empties into Lake Michigan. The Shiawassee River flows into the Saginaw River and Lake Huron after that. The Huron River empties into Lake Erie. (The Looking Glass River, a tributary of the Grand River like the Red Cedar, drains part of Conway Township.) All other streams in the County will flow into one of these rivers. At many times, small streams will have flowing water only seasonally and during rainfalls. These are called intermittent streams. Much of Livingston County's land has poor surface drainage . This means that the land is generally flat, often with low permeability and does not let runoff flow quickly or in a clearly defined pattern. Wet ground causes problems when working with cropland (or any oth e r land) especially in the spring and fall. Farmers responded to this problem long ago by dredging channels, called agricultural drains, which allowed slow moving runoff and groundwater to drain off more quickly, leaving the soil dry and more workable. Today, drains are also dredged to provide dry soils for structural and road foundations. Using drains, land areas with natural limitations due to high water table are sometimes developed for residential or other uses. Despite such a drainage improvement, the problems associated with high water table usually persist to some extent. (A-10) 46 �'-~ '- • • - • • • • The County Drain Commissioner has jurisdiction over established county drains, and through the Subdivision Control Act of 1967 can acquire jurisdiction of drainage systems (i.e., detention ponds) within land that has been subdivided. The Drain Commissioner is authorized by the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1972 to protect the County's lakes, streams, rivers, drains and watercourses from unnecessary degradation due to sedimentation. The County Road Commission is also involved in construction and maintenance of drainage channels; roadside ditches act as small, public drains. The Department of Natural Resources through the Inland Lakes and Streams Act of 1972, controls and issues permits for any changes to the shores of lakes, rivers or streams. The Huron River has been designated as a wild, scenic or recreational waterway under the provisions of the Natural River Act of 1970. Thus, land development along the Huron River is tightly controlled by the Natural Resources Commission or local zoning ordinances. Al/111 •ial DepoiiH are identified on the Terrai" Map by the ull11vial land dnignation in the S.C.S. Soil S11n ·eJ•. Thne IedimenlI occur along the ba,.Ju of Riven ,wd Stream I, occaiionally ulong an Intermittent Stream . Alluvial Deposits Modern age alluvium (glacial outwash may also be called alluvial) constitute only 0.4% of the County's land area, but are a significant indicator of a potentially serious environmental hazard - flooding. Since the floodplains of most Livingston County rivers have not been thoroughly documented, alluvial and muck soil deposits may be used to indicate flood prone areas. Alluvial lands are scattered throughout Livingston County in floodplains next to rivers and streams. These soils were deposited by bank overflow during flood stages and now exist as narrow bands that are highly variable and interrupted. These soils may range from well drained sandy loam to poorly drained clay loam. They are severely limited for cultivation and development primarily because of frequent flooding, high water table and poor stability. (A-11) 47 �ii ■ ii ii • • • • • • • • • • • ,.. Wetland1 were identified on the Tem,in Map where concentrationJ of U~S.G.S. wetland 1ymbolJ cove red more than 5 acre1 and where S.C.S. indicated a 10il formed in wetland1. Aerial photoJ were con11dted, and 1elected field te1t1 done . Wetland1 u111Jlly have Muck SoilJ in them , but they may also occur in Mrneral Soils . Wetlands Wetlands, like lakes, have significant environmental functions, and the use of those along rivers and those larger than five acres has been recently regulated by the Wetlands Act of 1979. Wetlands are environmentally valuable for their role in groundwater recharge and purification, in flood control and as wildlife habitat. However, wetlands were for many years openly used as dumping grounds by industries, municipal waste haulers and private citizens alike. Many 'citizens' still use isolated areas for disposal purposes and often seem to choose to dump in a wetland depression . Wetlands also have a significant role in the hydrologic cycle. It is known that some wetlands are groundwater recharge areas, purifying the runoff which infiltrates through them; other wetlands may discharge water into streams. Wetlands also provide flood control since the organic soils normally found in wetlands have a high water absorption capacity which reduces the peak stream flow during heavy rainfalls. Wetlands can be valuable in site plans for stormwater detention • The term wetlands is a general one which refers to marshes, swamps, bogs, fens or other seasonally flooded areas. Many wetlands may look like shallow or small lakes. Such wetlands may very well be former lakes, that formed during later stages of the glacial melting and have since drained or infiltrated to reduce in size. A bog is indeed a lake for the first part of its life • Many wetlands have ponds (open water) in their center, and many lakes have or once had marshy areas around their shore. In fact, all inland lakes in Livingston County are referred to as lacustrine wetlands by the National Wetlands Inventory. Other wetlands, such as fens or meadows, do not look very wet and may not be for a large part of the year. Most of these wetlands are seasonally flooded - usually in the spring and fall. In the summer they are often without standing water, although the organic soil usually stays near saturation. A large number of these wetlands are used for horse, cattle and sheep grazing. Some have been cleared, drained, and irrigated for intensive cropland or sod farming. (A-12) 48 �• • • • Muck So ,'1 are identified rm the Terram Mup b; u!! or/!.amc w i'1 ,n the w untJ I S.CS. Soil Surrey Th e; may no u· occur e,ther i11 or out of Wetlund,. bu1 .,// t h,·r,· HJ1'1 nri!!.•"'-'liy f ormed ,n W e/1,mdI. 0 Muck Soils Mucks are black, struc tureless soils that contain a high percentage of partially decomposed organic (or vegetative) material. They formed in wide, flat areas of old glacial drainageways and in the small depressions of till plains, outwash plains and moraines. Muck soils typically have very poor drainage and so are normally saturated with water. Vegetative litter does not decompose when it is in a water-saturated condition. During the thousands of years since the last glaciation period, mucks have accumulated in wet areas and now reach depths of over 60 feet. Carlisle muck is the most connnon soil series identified by the S.C.S. Soil Survey, occurring on about 10% of Livingston County's land area. All muck soils together cover about 16.4% of the county. All muck soils, because they formed in water saturated conditions, were once wetlands. Many areas with muck soils remain as wetland, although much acreage has been drained for cultivation. The Wetlands Act of 1979 regulates these wetlands but agriculture is a permitted land use. If adequately drained and protected from wind erosion, some muck soils are well suited to production of some kinds of vegetables, sod, some row crops and hay. These soils can be productive cropland but there are resource management concerns. These are maintaining adequate drainage, fertility, control of erosion by blowing wind and potential increases in downstream flooding. Mucks are highly unstable soils and are not capable of bearing the loads of road and structural foundations. Formerly, such development did sometimes occur on muck soils that were filled or covered with made land, but this is now prevented by county and state regulations. Such filling often occurred on the shores of lakes, however the Inland Lakes and Streams Act now prohibits such filling. The County Building Department no longer issues building permits nor does the County Health Department issue septic system permits for sites with muck soils. (A-13) 49 �~-=:\;j;;:•.:;c.i .:•:• :" Y."~~~:: .. \ ,;,{....:,._;~ :_~·,:1:·.:- ?it:-~-,~-,. .. :*:·:·ff· ~-:.· 4. .-.. ,• 11,i:h ll''"'"' ·1uhle. M111<· ral .\ ,,,/, u ,.,, ,de111 ,f,,·J ,,,, 1h, Te rra111 Muph) ,1/1 .\ .C.S. Jl' rtct of r,111d, r,// 1,rd,1) ;111/1 1t h .i it.'Ulfl lHl l tOJl e r lu hle u 11h 111 fo u r /et!l of !ht g round rurf"u-t•. Th ey occur rery Ulf>11111n,/J 11J d epn·111n 11 f, 1dtJ 11): dru nwJ!,e ch,u 1n,•!1 u nd !t1i-c•1/;1Jre'r . .J nd 111111d 1111e1 1,tc11r i11 W eJ/,111dr. u High Water Table, Mineral Soils ~- . _.- ;« · ·; t •·"r ·'-<-)' / • , ·, ..•.~. - .,.,:":('·•· , I !"'~~\~ ····· ..,, , , - - ._ . ,: ;.:-' ,' -- < . In areas where the water table is close to the surface there is a much greater potential for degradation of groundwater quality than where the water level is protected by a thicker layer of soil. Areas of high water table mineral soils are defined as inorganic (sandsilt-clay) soils with an average seasonal water table high of less than four feet from the ground surface. Alluvial and muck soils have a high water table but also have further limitations, so these sediments are discussed separately. Areas of high water table in inorganic soils are of particular concern to planning because this natural limitation is not as highly apparent as the other environmentally sensitive land features described. These areas are also less restrictive to development. Local zoning, building regulations and state legislation generally provide more safeguards for sites containing or near surface water, flood prone areas or erosion prone areas than those with high water table. The County Health Department requir e s an on-site inspection of the seasonal water table level for septic system permits. An area with an indication of a seasonal high water table that rea ches to within six feet of the surface requires a special drainfield design. Permits are not given for systems where the water table is less than 2½ feet from the sur f ace. Where the groundwater is close to the surface, it can be easily contaminated, not only by septic e f fluent but by any contaminant carried by infiltrating stormwater or spilled liquids. Spills of toxi c or hazardous chemicals will reach groundwater faster where the water table is closer to the surface especially where the soils allow a fast rate of percolation. Thus, areas with gravel or sandy soils having a high water table level are of special concern to land planning. (A-14) 50 �• • • • • • • • • • slopes 10 1½ . 20'½ incline Steep SlopeI are d,,fm l!d (Jr, t he Terram Map by 111d111t r of betu,eer, JO'½ - 20'½ arid th()Je ~realer than 20'"!, aI mterpret ed frn m U.S.G.S. ( JO /(Jo/ tnll!rt '1IJ C//11/<JUr lmeJ. A miriimum relief of 20 feet U'1J reqm red Steep Sloper often hat•e La/,er, R11 ·e rJ. St ream,. Wetl,mdr. H,~h Wat er Table AreaI . Muck Sm/J ,md/or Allu11.il Depo1 t11 al the bare of the 1111/r,u• . slupe~ over 20 1i, incline Steep Slopes Glacial activities created an undulating to steeply sloping topography in some areas of the County. Steep slopes are defined as those having an incline in excess of 10% with gradients greater than 20% being of special concern. These slopes characteristically have Hillsdale/ Miami, Fox/Boyer or Spinks/Oakville soil types of sand and gravel. They are especially sensitive to development because they are susceptible to erosion and also require special considerations with regard to foundation design and the treatment of domestic sewage. The Livingston County Health Department restricts development of drainfields on land with a slope greater than 12% and requires a mini mum setback of 15 feet from these slopes. A connnon problem on steep slopes is that domestic wastes from septic fields emerge at the bottom of the slope before adequate purification has occurred thus contaminating surface waters. When steep slopes border any slope, there are erosion and sedimentation conc erns in addition to septic effluent contamination . Roads and building foundations that are located on or near steep slopes require an especially sensitive design. Moreover, the cost of construction tends to be higher on steeply sloping ground because of the need for spe cial precautions and building methods. If sensitive des ign considerations and construction techni ques are not employed, slope stabilization and erosion control can be a continual maintenance problem which in severe cases can threaten the foundation of a structure or road . The County Drain Commissioner, as the local administrator o f the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1967, i s particularly concerned with stee p slopes during site plan reviews . ( A-15) 51 �APPENDIX B • • • • ' The Glacial Formation of the Livingston County Landscape �Ii • • • Iii The Glacial Formation of Livingston County The landscape of Livingston County is young relative to most North American landscapes. Generally, landforms date from the last glaciation, which ended in Michigan 10,000 - 15,000 years ago. Since that time the landscape has not been without change, but most changes have been modest compared to those caused by the glaciers. Accordingly, an understanding of how the existing landscape evolved must begin with an understanding of the advance and retreat of the continental glaciers. Over the past million years or so, during a period of time called the Pleistocen_e Epoch, large sections of North America were overridden by massive sheets of glacial ice. The ice sheets originated in the upper middle latitudes, in what today is the subarctic region of central Canada, and flowed outward toward the perimeter of the continent. On the southern edge of this glacial sheet, ice entered the Michigan region moving into the basins of lakes and river valleys that preceded the Great Lakes. Formation of the Great Lakes: Ill 14,000 years ago - ::; , fk pnmN l111 m , R W Kl lk y anJ W R farnan.J . Thr GI."'"' U J.,, .'1 ~u11nJ Muh,K'"'· M1c.h1,tan( ,c-o k11it it " I Su r"t'Y 8ullr1111 '1 , 1~ n 5111,1< , ICJ<,7, pp l l I(, • •"''-':1,;~._; ', ',;"-'<i:"-<>cC (B-1) I ,: = ,, �I I I • • • • • • • • • •II • • • • • Glacial ice moves with greatest efficiency along the lines of least resistance. Therefore, upon entering basins with favorable orientations, such as the ances~ral basins of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, the ice slid rapidly ahead in the form of great tongues called glacial lobes. In the Huron Basin, the glacial ice sheet split into two near the tip of the thumb; one lobe extending down the Saginaw Valley and into the south central part of southern Michigan; the other down the main axis of Lake Huron and into the Erie Basin . 12,500 d~s-, yeurs ugo ~ / ,I Rc:pruHt'd !rum R \1C1 Kt'llt•y ,11),,I WR fJrr.11\J: Th1· (,I.H,-'I J,.itt>1 ,fr,,,mJ ,\111 ht)tJl'J M1lh1,-:.in(~:ulu>( ,/, ~ - ./)'-( •~JI :-.urvq· f\ullt' 11n I, l...10\10;,:, llX,7. pp t! l<1 . -- -- ' I-:-~,;;;.,,,,_._ - ; -d,. '•' - /}, ~ ~- , · Over thousands of years, the lobes advanced and retreated in response to fluctuations in the main ice mass north of Lake Superior. This is evident from the distribution and types of deposits left by the ice of the last glaciation, called the Wisconsin stage. However, buried deposits and other lines of evidence point to earlier glaciations, at least three in the Midwest. Whether these older glaciers followed a pattern similar to that of the Wisconsin ice in the Great Lakes Region is difficult to say. In any case, the remaining deposits, collectively known as gZacial drift, were rearranged by the Wisconsin glaciers • This last glacial sheet formed most of the landscape of southern Michigan as it appears today. Other sources of drift included rock debris eroded from bedrock outcrops in the Canadian Shield and the Michigan Basin as well as river and wind deposits formed during interglacial periods • 9,500 years ago Rt'pt1111t"J lrurn fl. W Kcllry .u'kl \1C1 R f•rr ,ukl, ·1ht- (,/..JuJ / l.JJ.,., 1 fr ,, 1111J ,\f,ch,;:wn. Mtthlj(JO(tt"ul11J,! 1tJ! ~urvt'y Rulk1111 1, l.unin,1t, l'>t, 7, Pl' I! I<, (B-2) 2 �•I ·I ' ( - , cPAOUWj>WAfllll ,··{\=- ~ ~ i' ...... PllOM l<P~S \.. ~ ,.,t" - . . . "· '•v • 5PR1iJ•.s Fer> •v ·--~ \.,, ::; Y,; ,, l --·. \ yf - _., _ ' ·..: ., " 't/ 1·' ,. ,i;r., '1 •' , J' . .• ', ....,·i • /" "· . °"""""'•'.--- - ' ~~ . 'r •• \.• ~ :__-·► ~ • · -;a.. ~ ~~... t1~NSOF 01,.p OllAlt-1A_- ·t-'~r=-:;.J . ! • ( ,,.,.-:, YJ": ~ ~ \t....,, ;,-:t' IIPUINO 8 V ~ ; Ge!NTL'( l'loLUNG, T'O~fl""'"'HY, LOAMV £o1...S, AHi> G-~~ltALLy Wlll.j. P_ , ,_llJ> Qt,t.11NE1-; 51>.NO'( "'I'! P Pity nlf,""'11 The chronology of events that culminated in the existing glacial landscape of Livingston County is sketchy, but a few highlights are known. About 18,000 years ago all of Michigan lay under ice, and the ice front formed by the combined Huron, Saginaw, and Michigan lobes extended nearly to the Ohio River in western Ohio and to the middle portions of Indiana and Illinois. Roughly 16,000 years ago the ice began to melt back and by 15,000 years ago, it appears to have cleared the south central part of Livingston County around Pinckney. ( B- 3) II 3 fr I . , -. ,__.~ -~ Post Glacial and Modern umdscape \ ~ P'OMt>e&lw.A~ fN 01.D PaA,Hl!lud �• IGE 8,._ ; ..,,.,,.,_, If ,.._l!LT.S /'\oM1111' e1o1N(;- e,u,Ll"" AS A..,._ l>CPll&&~,..., (P'IT) WI,.._ Ill Ll!&T ,., r>tfl ..S,.,.,o TltlS ~t.b',SED - ~ IC&)& rT" 1\tlo 1)€111«.S IS' tr p-,,CLJ15 Oil. - i~ "1"'-◄-"'1 A Mn<T14,a OF Au. S'l>O> ~~ l>l!IPC¥1l'IIID ,,i SW'<P•- WAniR OuiH~tt P'LA 1h' aa,Nc.,, Pf POStrt:O 111 Mlo&,.,-WAT~ l>-A~i; 1"1• FR<>'"\ Tit~ - l l ! R . ; SA/ID A>JD -e.._ A,Jte ntE' S..DIMlfNT~ I.All> D-14 I ,J C>~ rwAs H Kan¥ nre-_,,,,. ~•W.OC Of'At,.1 tGII' (A. .... euu<'TltJl<r- MEUWl>i---~~--~ Glacial Activity at the Ice Front u.~,,,..,.. -nt• ~/It. j PQ..A.1HA•E AD ,,., n,~ ,._.e1- JNc..,,,.#08 f!O~, OS A.NP l>i!l>W'A~ Ou,eR MO,V,,/<U R>AMTHE I I • ~ P ~ OF Tltll 1.V,O,\L v.,IOS,C.,,,.,/>t! A>Jl> ~<llt>f! T>HI! dF 1'4SL.l'Wl&TCR. El-4ANATI"'~ P'lt.oM Tl/E ~ Ffl'J>NT ""°"£-Off' This newly exposed area lay in a narrow wedge between the front of the Saginaw lobe on the northwest and the west flank of the Huron lobe on the east. Judging from the landforms there today, the emerging landscape must have been very active with great flows of meltwater discharging from the ice masses across the fragments of new terrain. Along the ice front itself deposits of till formed as the sediment load was released from the melting ice. TiZZ is the term given to drift deposited directly by the glacier as contrasted with drift deposited by meltwater emanating from the glacier. Till is compositionally diverse, ranging from boulders to clay-sized particles, whereas meltwater deposits are mainly limited to sand and gravel and are frequently stratified. Buildup of till at the ice front gave rise to belts of hilly (B-4) 4 �~ ~ ·: .,. ·;· ~. ,:. J'l.1-L 0 Resulting Glacial umd forms . . . "Tl t.t.. f'L.A., N . • 0 • 0 terrain called moraines. Till deposits also took the form of till plains, broad blankets of sediment dropped from the ice sheet as it melted in place. Beyond the ice front, meltwaters spread over the new ground depositing sand and gravel in fan-shaped features. As the fans broadened, they often coalesced with each other, forming sandy flats called outwash plains. Outwash plains are the most extensive variety of landforms deposited by meltwater. Other meltwater deposits include eskers, which are gravel deposits laid down on the bed of a stream flowing within the glacier, and kames, which are mounds of sand and gravel built-up by meltwater pouring off the ice front. Eskers and kames have become favorite sources of aggregate for building and road construction thousands of years later. (B- 5) 5 �-. 1~ ·- ~ ~. ,-.~~~ ~--------- ~ . -=- ~ ,. --- ·.. ··.• . .:· .. I . ,\, 1\ ,-.-,._~~.,....... ~ ~ ~ ······· ·-."",,....,~ ,,.,_ ,_._,__,_ "tu' . Formation of th e Pinckney Morain e and Outwash Plain ... -~ -"'"' ~ .,,, ,,, \ ~\(f,. .• I, •. ,, ,,\"\ --~ ~-' ,1))) ,,.. IC E ~ ~ MIELTIU> MCIC.ffl!QM TIC.HOit.AiNi'- Disinteiration of the Glacier . -~ -_.;_ -~ ' . .. ' '-· ~ . ~:~:- - - .. ' . . . (B-6) 6 OUf'WMMA.AlM ... OF DIWAT&~I~ ~H~ �LO.t.MY fOIL~j \N6.U. btA\NU> v1UA6ll s,rc .S-ntll.>N s ~~p &V 6U>0Ntr W~R. Post Glacial and Modern lAndscape of the Pinckney Area Several good examples of moraines and outwash plains are found in the area near the Village of Pinckney. About 1.5 miles north of the village, for instance, is a prominent belt of east-west trending hills which appear to be an end moraine of the Saginaw lobe (see figures on the opposite page). The northern side of the moraine is locally very steep indicating that it formed in contact with the ice front. The pits, or kettle holes, that dot the surface, indicate fragments of ice that were deposited within the till as the moraine was being built. The area to the south, which has a larger surface than the moraine itself, is the outwash plain that was deposited from glacial meltwaters. Based on its size alone, we are led to surmise that this feature was many years in developing; therefore, the ice front must have been stabilized along the moraine for sometime. When the ice finally melted away from the moraine, it apparently broke into several large blocks. Meltwaters subsequently deposited sediment around the blocks and when the blocks finally melted large depressions were left in the terrain; these in turn became the sites of inland lakes (e.g., Bentley Lake, Duck Lake, and Barber Lake) and wetlands. (B-7) 7 �From the Pinckney area the Saginaw lobe continued to retreat northward while the Huron retreated mainly eastward. The retreat of lobes was not steady, but appears to have been marked by several halts. One of the halts in the Huron lobe resulted in the diverse terrain of hills and lakes on the eastern side of the County, which is a complex of moraines, ice block depressions, and outwash plains. The Saginaw lobe appears to have halted near the center of the County where it deposited several modest moraines, and again in the northern part of the County, where it deposited a broad belt of moraines before retreating into Genesee County about 14,000 years ago. Between these moraines extensive areas of till plain were deposited where great slabs of ice wasted in place, and outwash plain and drainage channels were formed by meltwaters. In several locations, eskers were deposited on the till plain. A good example of an esker exists along the Livingston-Ingham County border west of Fowlerville. The retreat of the Wisconsin glacial sheet took 1,000 years before all of Livingston County's surface was exposed. During this time, drainage was dominated by massive discharges of meltwater from the Saginaw and Huron ice sheets. Most of this water was directed southward along broad channels situated among the areas of moraine and till plain. These channels were up to one mile wide in the area south of Fowlerville. With the retreat of the ice beyond Livingston County toward the north and east, the meltwater discharges diminished and a new drainage system began to develop. In the floors of the old drainage channel, lakes, wetlands, and streams took the place of the rivers of meltwater. In addition to the devel~pment of new drainage features, the drainage networks began to take on new configurations. Three major watersheds evolved; the Red Cedar on the west, the Huron on the south, and the Shiawassee on the north. As water was released from the landscape through these watersheds in the centuries following deglaciation, the streams draining the till plains and moraines developed their valleys and lengthened their courses eventually adjusting to the topographic conditions of the post-glacial landscape. (B-8) 8 �• • • • • • wd-1.!1.,ds oo p clin Resulting Drainage Basins in Livingston County 10 Lak &rie l..-ivini~to" Covnfy l,lne Vegetation invaded the area causing further alterations in the hydrologic system. Both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation were abundant in the early landscape. On upland surfaces, forests contributed to soil formation by adding organic matter to the ground. In lakes and wetlands, organic deposits were often substantial, resulting in thick layers of muck and peat soils. Many of the early lakes in the old drainage channels were transformed into wetlands by this process. When lakes formed in ice block depressions, the filling process was often much slower because of limited plant productivity and the large volume of water. Consequently, many of these lakes (e.g., Bentley Lake and Winans Lake) remain largely unchanged from thousands of years ago. (B-9) 9 �• APPENDIX C 1980 CENSUS TABLES FOR TYRONE TOWNSHIP - POPULATION Total Population 6077 White Persons under 5 yrs 5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 49 50 to 54 55 to 59 60 to 64 65 to 69 70 to 74 75 &over 16 & over Median Total F - Under 18 yrs 65 & over 2976 2213 296 1744 6032 Total White 407 565 733 728 335 399 516 590 447 367 317 237 140 125 96 75 4202 28.7 6077 401 562 729 723 334 395 511 586 446 363 316 236 140 124 96 75 4177 28.7 6037 Median Age 28.7 Spanish Origin Households Persons Total Persons Households Total Persons 6037 Age -M 3101 34 Spanish origin 4 5 5 5 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 18 17.0 34 Female White 191 283 351 344 148 205 270 305 227 162 154 109 68 57 59 43 2070 29.3 2976 189 280 351 344 147 203 268 302 226 162 154 108 68 57 59 43 2060 29.3 2961 POPULATION COUNTS, 1940 - 1980 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 C-1 - 920 1039 1523 3437 6077 24 5 Spanish origin 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 11 21. 5 20 �• • • • • • • • • • • • • PERSONS BY RACE Persons White American Indian 6077 6037 12 Eskimo Japanese 1 Chinese 1 Korean Other 1 1 24 PERSONS OF SPANISH ORIGIN Race Total Mexican Puerto Rican 34 20 9 Cuban Other White 1 4 28 Black Other 6 Summart of Characteristics Change 1970-1980 76.8 Spanish Origin 0.6 Percent Under 18 yrs 18 to 64 yrs &over 65 yrs Median Age 36.4 58.7 4.9 28.7 Households 15 yrs & over percent now married including se~arated Male Female 68.3 70.9 Total 1756 Percent chg 70-80 Persons ~er hh 95.8 3.46 ANCESTRY OF PERSONS Single ancestry group Dutch English French German Hungarian Irish Italian Norwegian Polish Russian Scottish Swedish Ukrainian Other 1787 38 Multiple Ancestry Group Ancestry not specified Not reported 717 89 400 16 123 27 3762 528 397 Selected Multiple ancestry groups: English &other(s) French &other(s) German & other(s) Irish &other(s) Italian &other(s) Polish & other(s) 6 123 3 15 18 7 205 C-2 1507 657 2037 1189 105 345 �• • "• • • • • • NATIVITY & PLACE OF BIRTH Total Persons Native Born in Michigan Born in other state Born abroad, at sea, etc. 6077 5894 4763 1111 20 Foreign born 183 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT & TYPE OF SCHOOL Persons 3 yrs old &over enrolled in school Nursery school private Kindergarten private Elementary 1 to 8 yrs private High School 1 to 4 yrs private College 2144 81 48 71 1093 39 671 6 228 YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED Persons 25 yrs old &over Elementary Oto 4 yrs 5 to 7 yrs 8 yrs High School 1 to 3 yrs 4 yrs College 1 to 3 yrs 4 or more yrs Percent high school graduates 3309 25 62 115 348 1389 706 664 83.4 HOUSEHOLD TYPE & RELATIONSHIP Persons in Households Householder Nonfamily Householder Spouse Other Relatives Nonrelatives Persons per household Persons per family C-3 Spanish origin Total White 6077 1756 155 1484 2773 64 6037 1744 154 1475 2755 63 34 3.46 3.66 3.46 3.66 4.80 4.80 5 8 21 �HOUSEHOLD TYPE & RELATIONSHIP, Continued Persons under 18 yrs Own child In married couple family With female ~ouseholder, no husband present Other relatives Nonrelatives Persons 65 yrs &over Family householder Male Female Spouse Other relatives Nonrelatives Nonfamily householder Male Female Total White Spanish origin 2213 2124 1978 2195 2106 1964 19 17 11 118 81 8 114 81 3 2 296 295 109 10 76 52 1 108 13 35 13 35 8 10 76 52 1 FAMILY TYPE BY PRESENCE OF OWN CHILDREN Tota 1 White Spanish origin Families With own children under 18 yrs With own children under 6 yrs 1601 1043 342 1590 1034 339 5 1 Married couple families With own children under 18 yrs With own children under 6 yrs 1484 970 333 1475 963 330 3 3 1 81 56 7 79 54 7 1 1 2221 608 1504 13 25 2204 602 1493 13 25 8 71 71 2151 451 1508 17 99 76 2141 451 1501 16 99 74 1 12 2 8 Fema 1e householder, no husband present With own children under 18 yrs With own children under 6 yrs 5 MARITAL STATUS Male, 15 yrs & over Single Now married, except separated Separated Widowed Divorced Female, 15 yrs & over Single Now married, except separated Separated Widowed Divorced C-4 3 4 1 1 �.. -, • - RESIDENCE IN 1975 Persons 5 yrs &over Same house Different house in United States City •of Detroit Remainder of SMSA Outside of SMSA Different SMSA Not in a SMSA Abroad 5675 3152 2523 154 874 1495 1461 34 JOURNEY TO WORK PATTERNS Number of Workers 16 yrs & older Number of Workers Not Reporting Place of Work 2411 175 Work in Livingston County Number Percent 313 Work Outside Livingston County Number Percent 14.6 85.4 1831 WORKPLACES OUTSIDE LIVINGSTON COUNTY Detroit CBD: Remainder of Detroit: Dearborn: Livonia: Remainder of Wayne Co: Pontiac: Southfield: Troy: Remainder of Oakland Co: 0 58 0 64 86 Warren: Remainder of Macomb Co: 16 15 Ann Arbor: Remainder of Washtenaw Co: 49 Flint: Remainder of Genesee Co: 70 41 34 280 Worked elsewhere: Transportation to Work Drive Alone Carpool Walk ,Mean Trave 1 Time to Work Number: 1808 526 0 Minutes: 15 C-5 31. 8 447 629 42 Work at Home Number: 55 �, LABOR FORCE Total Persons 16 yrs old &over Labor force Percent of persons 16 yrs &over Civilian labor force Employed Unemployed Percent of civilian labor force 4193 2687 64.1 2687 2459 228 8.5 Female, 16 yrs &over With own children under 6 yrs In labor force Married, husband present In labor force Civilian persons 16 to 19 yrs Not enrolled in school Not high school graduate Employed Unemployed Not in labor force Female 2070 973 47.0 % of female 973 887 86 8.8 338 136 1495 688 549 101 21 11 4 6 OCCUPATION Employed persons 16 yrs &over Managerial & professional speciality occupations Executive, administrative &managerial Professional speciality 2459 678 301 377 Technical, sales & administrative support Technicians & related support occupations Sales occupations Administrative support including clerical 808 112 356 340 Service occupations Private household occupations Protective service occupations Service, except protective & household 204 6 14 184 Farming, forestry & fishing occupations 26 Precision production, craft & repair occupations 366 Operators, fabricators & laborers Machine operators, assemblers & inspectors Transportation &material moving occupations Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers & laborers 377 223 94 60 C-6 �INDUSTRY Employed Persons 16 yrs &over Agriculture, forestry & fisheries Mining, extraction Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Transportation Communications & other public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance & real estate Business & repair services Personal, entertainment & recreation services Professional & related services Hea 1th services Educational services Public administration 2459 27 10 104 904 841 26 72 106 346 130 85 80 490 142 308 79 CLASS OF WORKER Private Wage & salary workers Government workers Local government Self-employed 1872 395 287 182 LABOR FORCE STATUS IN 1979 Persons 16 yrs &over, in labor force Percent of persons 16 yrs &over Worked in 1979 40 or more weeks Usually worked 35 or more hours 50 to 52 weeks Usually worked 35 or more hours With unemployment in 1979 Percent of those in labor force Unemployed 15 or more weeks Mean weeks of unemployment 2938 70.1 2900 2101 1848 1627 1480 1613 20.9 189 13.] in 1979 per week per week in 1979 WORKERS IN FAMILY IN 1979 No workers Mean family One worker Mean family Two workers Mean family Three or more Mean family I income income income workers income C-7 135 $11,117 529 $28,398 687 $33,617 256 $43,755 �INCOME IN 1979 Households Less than $ 5,000 $ 5,000 to$ 7,499 $ 7,500 to$ 9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 or more Median Mean 1762 66 51 66 119 163 217 428 464 188 $29,034 $30,467 Owner-occupied households Median income Mean income 1607 $30,491 $32,071 Renter-occupied households Median income Mean income 155 $11,708 $13,832 Families Median income Mean income 1607 $30,281 $31,624 Unrelated individuals 15 yrs &over Median income Mean income 195 $12,700 $14,821 Per capita income $ 8,894 INCOME TYPE IN 1979 Households With earnings Mean earnings With social security income Mean social security income With public assistance income Mean public assistance income 1762 1600 $30,372 267 $ 4,596 84 $ 2,549 MEAN FAMILY INCOME IN 1979 BY FAMILY TYPES Families With own children under 18 yrs Without own children under 18 years Married - Couple families With own children under 18 yrs Without own children under 18 years Female householder, no husband present With own children under 18 yrs Without own children under 18 years $31,624 $33,054 $28,875 $32,477 $34,073 $29,389 $16,476 $15,424 $17,957 �ALL INCOME LEVELS IN 1979 Families Householder worked in 1979 With related children under 18 yrs Female householder, no husband present Householder worked in 1979 With related children under 18 yrs With related children under 6 yrs Household 65 yrs and over Unrelated individuals for whom poverty status is determined 65 years and over Persons for whom poverty status is determined Under 18 yrs Related children under 18 yrs Related children 5 to 17 yrs 18 to 59 yrs 60 yrs and over 65 yrs and over 'I I 'l l C-9 1607 1401 1060 65 34 38 12 142 195 45 6060 2230 2230 1828 3419 411 296 �APPENDIX D 1980 CENSUS TABLES FOR TYRONE TOWNSHIP - HOUSING Total housing units Vacant, seasonal &migratory Year-round housing units 1960 101 1859 YEAR ROUND HOUSING UNITS Tenure by Race & Spanish Origin of householder Owner-occupied units Percent of occupied units White American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Spanish origin 1619 92.2 1608 5 3 Renter-occupied housing units White American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut Spanish origin Vacancy Status Vacant housing units For sale only Vacant for less than 6 months Median price asked For rent Vacant less than 2 months Median rent asked 137 136 1 2 103 25 21 $86,000 4 3 $ 262 VALUE Specified owner-occupied units Less than $10,000 $10,000 to$ 14,999 $ 15,000 to$ 19,999 $ 20,000 to$ 24,999 $ 25,000 to$ 29,999 $ 30,000 to$ 34,999 $ 35,000 to$ 39,999 $ 40,000 to$ 49,999 $ 50,000 to$ 59,999 $ 60,000 to$ 79,999 $ 80,000 to$ 99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 or more Median D-1 1273 2 3 9 15 19 33 39 155 226 396 221 118 29 8 $66,400 �CONTRACT RENT Specified renter-occupied units Median rent 107 $243 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS • Year-round housing units Complete kitchen facilities 1 complete bathroom plus half bath(s) 2 or more complete bathrooms Air conditioning Central system Source of water, public system or private company Sewage disposal, public sewer 'I I I I I I I I I r 'I I Units in structure 1, detached or attached 2 3 and 4 5 to 9 1849 1818 513 720 301 156 129 20 1783 47 3 Mobile home or trailer Year structure built 1979 to March 1980 1975 to 1978 1970 to 1974 1960 to 1969 1950 to 1959 1940 to 1949 1939 or earlier 5 11 156 286 350 500 194 107 256 Heating equipment Steam or hot water system Central warm-air furnace Electric heat pump Other built-in electric units Other means None 256 1322 14 79 165 13 SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS - HOUSING Occupied housing units Units with roomers or boarders No telephone Owner-occupied units 4 or more bedrooms 1 complete bathroom plus half bath(s) 2 or more complete bathrooms Renter-oocupied units 2 or more bedrooms 1 complete bathroom plus half bath(s) 2 or more complete bathrooms D-2 1756 21 41 1619 547 469 689 137 124 17 14 I �SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS - HOUSING, Continued Persons in unit 1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons 7 persons 8 or more persons Median, occupied units Median, owner-occupied units House heating fuel Utility gas Bottled, tank, or LP gas Electricity Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. Coal or coke Wood Vehicles available None 126 426 331 479 241 99 44 10 3.48 3.56 923 195 119 453 9 57 18 305 758 675 1 2 3 or more Year householder moved into unit Owner-occupied units 1979 to March 1980 1975 to 1978 1970 to 1974 1960 to 1969 1959 or earlier Renter-occupied units 1979 to March 1980 1975 to 1978 1970 to 1974 1969 or earlier 1619 245 500 407 294 173 137 62 48 15 12 Characteristics of housing units with householder or spouse 65 yrs &over Occupied housing units Owner-occupied units No vehicle available To telephone D-3 178 161 18 3 �FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING UNITS Specified owner-occupied housing units Mortgage status & selected monthly costs With a mortgage Less than $100 $100 to $199 $200 to $299 $300 to , $399 $400 to $599 $600 or more Median Not mortgaged Less than $100 $100 to $199 $200 or more Median 1273 1013 5 89 278 416 225 $451 260 17 144 99 $176 Household income in 1979 by selected monthly costs as percentage of income Less than $10,000 Less than 15 percent 15 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 percent or more Median 77 5 11 6 55 45.9 $10,000 to $19,999 Less than 15 percent 15 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 percent or more Median 168 45 45 28 50 23.1 $20,000 or more Less than 15 percent 15 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 percent or more Median 1028 456 435 74 63 16.1 Specified renter-occupied units Gross rent Less than $80 $ 80 to$ 99 $100 to $149 $150 to $199 $200 to $249 $250 to $299 $300 to $349 $350 to $399 $400 or more No cash rent Median 106 One family house, detached or attached Median gross rent 0-4 3 17 6 11 11 37 8 13 $343 59 $336 �FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING UNITS, Continued Household income in 1979 by gross rent as percentage of income Less than $10,000 Less than 15 percent 15 to 19 percent 20 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 to 34 percent 35 percent or more Not computed Median 5 31 4 50+ 46 $10,000 to $19,999 Less than 15 percent 15 to 19 percent 20 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 to 34 percent 35 percent or more Median 8 8 5 16 9 25.6 20 $20,000 or more Less than 15 percent 15 to 19 percent 20 to 24 percent 25 to 29 percent 30 to 34 percent 35 percent or more Not computed Median I 40 11 9 12.5 0-5 �APPENDIX E SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR OVERLAYS Over- Title of Overlay ~ Selection Criteria and Comments 1. Slope O - 6% • This slope range is the most suited . for residential construction, and for proper placement and function of septic tank drainage fields. • Because the ground surface is nearly level, site engineering requirements may be kept to a minimum. 2. Slope 6 - 12% • Slopes in this range are suited for single family residential construction, providing there is prior onsite investigation. • Erosion from runoff and instability of certain soils under wet conditions require site engineering and maintenance precautions. • These slopes are suited for septic tank drainage fields if systems follow careful design and installation procedures. 3. Slope 12 - 18% • Slopes in this range are acceptable for many types of home designs. • Erosion control measures must be installed. • It is difficult to design functional wastewater disposal systems on slopes greater than 12%. • The overlay was created to identify and isolate steeply sloped areas. 4. Slope 18% & greater • Some home designs are compatible with steep slopes. • Erosion controls must be implemented. • The complexity of slopes greater than 18%make these sites highly unsuitable for placement of disposal fields. • The overlay was created to identify and isolate steeply sloped areas. 5. Shrink-Swell Potential , A Low value identifies the most suitable soils withlow shrink-swell potential. • The low rating was determined from engineering studies of subsurface soil characteristics at an average depth of 40 inches. • Most domestic piping systems are required to be buried at least 40 inches to minimize breakage from the shrinking and swelling of soils. E-1 �I I I I I I Overlay Title of Overlay 6. Subsurface Permeability • Moderately Well Drained rating is the most suited for the selected land use activities. • Rapid permeability could result in groundwater pollution by septic effluent. Slow permeability retards the dispersion of liquids through the soil. 7. Surface Drainage • Well Drained is the rated value. • Natural surface drainage reflects surface permeability and infiltration rate. • The better the drainage, the more suited the soil. 8. Bearing Capacity • The rated values are Good and Fair. • Bearing capacity is a measure ofthe subsoil's ability to support building foundations. 9. Depth to Watertable • The depth to seasonal watertable is rated suitable if greater than 3 feet below the surface. • A depth of less than 3 feet impedes proper operation of septic drain fields. • A high water table is a hazard to home construction. I I I I I I I Selection Criteria and Comments 10. P-Adsorption Capacity • The rating value is a HIGH phosphorus adsorption capacity for the soTlunit. • The criterion reflects soil ability to assimilate nutrients from septic effluent. Sources: Livingston County Soil Survey, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1974 Soil Limitations for Disposal of Municipal Waste Waters, Research Report #195, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, December 1972 E-2 �I I I I I I I I LIVINGSTON COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS RICHARD I. SLAYTONJ CHAIRMAN JOHN E. LABELLEJ VICE-CHAJRMAN JAMES C, DIEFENTHALER DAVID R. PECKENS JOYCE A ROGERS I LIVINGSTON COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION GLENN HANSONJ CHAIRMAN NORMA PoPEKJ VICE-CHAIRPERSON T. GERALD BUCKLESS LEONARD FARMER JOSEPH MuscHELLA DAVID READER RONALD VAN HOUTEN LIVINGSTON COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT TOM A. FREEMANJ AICPJ PLANNING DIRECTOR WILLIAM A. BROWNJ PRINCIPAL PLANNER ROBERT E, DoNOHUEJ JR,J RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT COORDINATOR/PLANNER MARCIA A. BAKJ PLANNER I/GRAPHICS COORDINATOR JUDITH L, DAVISJ SECRETARY � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Tyrone-Twp_Master-Plan_1985 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Livingston County Planning Department, Livingston County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-06-11 Title A name given to the resource Tyrone Township Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Tyrone Township Master Plan was prepared by the Livingston County Planning Department and was adopted by the Tyrone Township Planning Commission on June 11, 1985. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Tyrone Township (Mich.) Livingston County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8fbcb70e8633ca6bdf046147f3224b1c.mp4 c299d03b7f6c6c2c190261da5b375317 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f63661ac6a25a6092ad94acd17347b59.pdf df9ae079cec3d59aca7a06e0ef931529 PDF Text Text GrandValleyStateUniversity Veterans History Project Robert Livo (45:55) Background Information ()         Born in DetroitMichigan, but lived in DearbornMichigan. (00:30) His father was a manager of a department store and his mother was a registered nurse. (00:46) He attended Catholic school in Dearborn. (1:50) When he was young and in public school, he would get in fights with other kids, play hooky and even steal money. (2:15) He sold popcorn door to door. He also sold sprinklers door to door for money. (3:10) In his senior year of High school he worked in the basement of the Coca Cola bottling company. (4:25) He joined the Naval Reserves in 1953. He did this because he knew the Navy would give him a warm place to sleep at night and because he liked the sea. (4:43) Because of previous experience, when Robert was placed aboard ship he was placed in the electronics department. (5:50) Service in the Reserve (6:15)           When sailors came into port they were often given 30 days leave. When they arrived in port, order was put in for Reserve men to fix equipment. (6:34) He was assigned to fix the radio wave guard of the ship. While he was doing the repair his hat blew off and he was so frustrated he did not continue the repair. (7:20) Robert’s striker continued and finished the repair. (8:50) There were a lot of complaints Robert recalls about food. He didn’t see it as being bad. He always thought it was good. (9:25) For his training, Robert was given 2 weeks at Great Lakes Naval Base and then another 2 weeks aboard a patrol craft out of MilwaukeeWisconsin. (10:44) Before going aboard his patrol craft, Robert was able to convince a girl in town to go on a date with him. (11:28) Robert thought that the training the Navy gave used his resources effectively. (12:18) Robert’s unit was fairly mixed ethnically. (12:46) One of the things the men would do would strike each other on the shoulder as a bonding exercise and to job about how tough each other were. (13:32) Practical jokes were fairly common. (15:05) Service in Brazil ()    This mission was to refuel cable layers that were used to lay cables to aid in missile and torpedo radar. (16:15) During this assigned he had 18 days in Brazil. He was glad to go on this trip because he wanted to see the world and see exotic places. (17:00) He took pictures while in Brazil, however the camera jammed and the film was not recovered. (19:04) � While on the ship they would commonly show films. The men enjoyed this very much. (20:22) Exiting the Military and College ()        Technically Robert was supposed to serve 2 years. (1953-1955) (21:05) Due to admission into the UniversityMichigan, Robert was allowed an early and honorable discharge. He was let out in September rather than November. (21:16) At the end of his first semester Robert was out of money. What he did was found a job working as a cook in a sorority. He was allowed one meal a week for this job. (21:47) Robert was given a grant for his books and tuition. (22:33) Robert was studying political science. He had no intent with continuing his courses with electronics. (22:45) Robert attended HenryFordCommunity College before attending the UniversityMichigan. Robert did have an agreement with his mother where as long as he was enrolled in college he could stay at home without paying room or board. (24:07) Robert was talked into transferring to WayneStateUniversity from HenryFordCommunity College on the proposition that they had better looking girls. (25:13) Career in Law (27:31)        Robert used the GI bill to get through law school. He attended the school at night. (27:37) Robert also divorced his first wife at this time. Law school was a positive funnel of his negative energy. (27:40) He had 2 boys with his first wife and 1 daughter with his second wife. (29:31) Robert practiced law for 9 years. (30:15) Robert began working in CheboyganMichigan after a very long process of pursuing a job. (31:08) Robert worked as a circuit judge for the next 17 years. (31:58) He did contract emphysema from smoking and diabetes. (33:36) Life at Veteran’s Facility (34:11)      While driving his car of a job assigned, Robert noticed something was wrong with his leg. Later that night he had serious problems occulting with his what he thought was his diabetes. Instead, his emphysema was acting up. (34:40) Robert took himself to the hospital and treated. (35:19) He was recommended to go to the Veterans Home in 2010 by his daughter. He was not opposed to the idea. Since he has gone there, he believes that it has made things much easier. (37:30) Robert works on the member council and addressing problems such as faulty vending machines. (38:58) Surprisingly veterans are very hard group of people to lead. (41:31) Thoughts on Service (43:00)    Robert joined the military to see how he stacked up against all the other young men. (43:10) Robert believes he stacked up reasonably well. (44:16) He feels sad for people who have not had the experience of the military. He thinks that the experience was over all very rewarding. (44:33) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LivoR1249V Title A name given to the resource Livo, Robert (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Livo, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Livo, born in Detroit Michigan, serve in the U.S. Naval reserves from 1953-approximately 1954 to 1955. During his service, Robert went thought most of his training at Great Lakes Naval Base in Illinois. The men were put to work often cleaning and repairing ships that had come into port. Robert worked in the electronics department. He was also sent on a small cruise assigned to refill line layers in the South Atlantic. During this cruise Robert was given 18 days in Brazil. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Moore, Debra (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-09-09 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d2f07f7ecc67cd7f1a44daef2d6e5ff.jpg 7d099e585b520a27718ba692a9944d04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource All Loaded Description An account of the resource A loaded delivery truck with its back door open that is ready to deliver pies to restaraunts. The caption reads: "These modern latest type pie trucks are washed inside and outside every night to insure the highest degree of sanitation." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Refrigerated trucks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9eff4f24f5c56463ae890016bf35bbc6.jpg ad757dde90949d26fd6e4bbd3d86015b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource Aluminum Kettles, Troughs and Cookers Description An account of the resource A black and white photo of a man stirring something in a kettle in front of a large number of aliminum troughs. The caption reads: "For your protection we use nothing but aliminum throughout our entire Bakery." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ce493cca744a43a2c3f83b1f75d5cd83.jpg d11453752ff1fedc1311cfaf04bc1e26 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource An Open Letter to Lloyd J. Harriss Description An account of the resource A black and white scan of an open letter to Lloyd J. Harriss that includes both the image of a man and the letter itself. The letter, which has a header labled The Aluminum Cooking Utensil Co," expressed gratitude and pride that Lloyd J. Harriss attributed some of his success to the use of their utensils. It is signed by a W. C. White, the president of the company. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e87255ea73c5f7e6872338bbeb8aa9ba.jpg fd8cf159c877034310941cb78edc3284 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource Apple Peeling Machine Description An account of the resource A black and white photo of two women operating the apple peeling machine. The caption reads: "This very expensive and highly complicated machine peels the apple and removes the core with a minimum of waste at the rate of 80 apples per minute. The apples then pass over an inspection table to make sure all peelings and spots have been removed. They then pass into a slicer which insures a univorm slice so that every piece of apple gets backed alike." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0d5621933f4b870397596c329d4ff423.jpg bb66fbcc3bec8c000044f6aaa982f4a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource Apple Pies Coming Out of the Oven Description An account of the resource A photo of a man in a bakers uniform. He is removing pies from the oven and placing them on a large rack. The caption reads "Apple pies coming out of the oven," although it is partially cut off. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7ac3e0aec7caec34c1ea6a1990e970de.jpg c16ceaddd11b5a1becea9060fcf8a559 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Pie-Factory-06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lloyd J. Harris Pie Co. Title A name given to the resource Bakers of the Worlds Finest Pie Description An account of the resource A color photo of an object with the Lloyd J. Harris logo. Below Lloyd J. Harris, it reads: "Bakers of the Worlds [sic] Finest Pies." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Factories Bakeries Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives