438 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b50e89fbad365f420780ae1171a1f76e.mp4 4c19a8aeda905f3a5272f3a8da7eb676 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/27348c0d596f127975c2696c05d274dd.pdf 6ed0f7d88d24c972683dfac4892a8f50 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project World War II Alfred Justice Interview Total Time: 59:39 Background  (00:14) Born in September 1920 in Raven, Virginia  Stayed here until he entered the service  (00:34) Family worked in the coal fields  (00:54) Had one brother and three sisters  (1:14) Mr. Justice’s father had a job on and off during the Depression era o Worked as an electrician  (2:00) Didn’t graduate from high school right away  (2:21) Joined the army in September of 1939 o Joined because as a young man, it was hard to find places to go, things to do, no chance of employment o Went to the service for survival Training  (3:11) Ft. Knox, Kentucky, for basic training  (3:30) The guy who trained them was very tough o Always told the recruits that the tough men died during the war o Was a courier o Drill instructor wouldn’t allow any of the recruits to have beer with him o “When you get to be soldiers, we’ll drink plenty of beer, but not until then.”  (4:30) At first, Mr. Justice loved his new life in the army  (5:17) They did drill training, calisthenics o No forced marches  (5:37) Basic training lasted two months  (5:49) Assigned to a gun squad – stayed at Ft. Knox  (7:26) Stayed at Ft. Knox after Pearl Harbor for a time  (7:31) Eventually went to Ft. Custer (before Pearl Harbor) at Battle Creek, Michigan o First troops to enter Ft. Custer to stay since WWI  (7:58) Ft. Custer was full of tents when they got there  (8:40) In the summer of 1941, he switched to tank destroyers  (9:15) When they got here, they were creating a cadre for the battalion �               (9:30) Remembers the first job he had was being picked for a school assignment to teach tactics for tankers at Ft. Hood, Texas (10:19) Stayed in Texas for a couple of years, and then went to Ft. Jackson, South Carolina (10:41) Mr. Justice was in Battle Creek when Pearl Harbor happened o Recalls drinking beer with his friends around this time (11:52) After Pearl Harbor, Mr. Justice said he took his job in the army more seriously (12:11) In Texas, Mr. Justice trained other men to fight in tanks o At this point, he didn’t have any background experience in this area (12:32) Remembers going to the classroom one morning o Three Marine officers in his class that weren’t supposed to be there o They clashed instantly, but somehow they learned to live with each other o They ended up being friends – said if he ever wanted to join the Marines, they would do anything they possibly could to welcome him with a rank (15:05) At the time, Mr. Justice recalls that the big weapon was a 76 mm gun o Eventually went to 90 mm and a 3 inch o After the war, they still had 3 inch o These guns were mounted on turrets o One could fire these from inside the tank (16:45) At Ft. Hood, they went out on a lot of maneuvers o Went to firing range o “Out in the boondocks constantly” (17:29) Stayed in Ft. Hood until they were deployed (17:49) In South Carolina and Texas, he worked in a training unit (18:07) Mr. Justice was a staff sergeant (20:00) They were out in the country o At this point, they just opened up the reservation and most things were still being built (20:29) In South Carolina, Mr. Justice said it was a nice facility, much different than in Texas (21:20) Mr. Justice said he never believed that he wanted to be sent “into action,” but once it got to that point, he expected and accepted it (21:42) Was surprised that it took so long to be sent overseas Overseas  (22:00) Sailed out from New York City  (23:15) Was told that he would ride the Queen Mary �                  (24:05) Said that the only good thing about the ship was that an orchestra was aboard (24:33) The ship sailed alone because of its speed o But they still used the zig zag maneuver (25:00) Going over, the weather was great, but not so much going back (25:12) Took almost a week going over the Atlantic, but about three weeks going back home on a Liberty Ship (25:39) Landed near Glasgow, Scotland (25:50) Moved to England for awhile (27:24) Landed in France o They went over on a Landing Ship Tank (LST) o Fired up tanks, went ashore o Mr. Justice was a platoon sergeant o In charge of four tanks o Drove from France to Belgium in tanks (28:45) No fighting while he drove over, doesn’t even remember hearing a rifle shot (29:38) At this point, the weather started getting cold and snowy (30:10) Saw civilians; intermingled (30:34) Mr. Justice says that he was surprised that the German population accepted them; sincerity (31:07) Mr. Justice said the first time they went into action was probably an outside incident (31:58) Mr. Justice said he always thought the Germans weren’t good marksmen o Thought the reason for this was that Hitler didn’t have the source or money to buy practice ammunition o Germans missed when they fired at them (32:59) Mr. Justice said they fired at mostly single personnel (33:09) When they encountered tanks, guns were not effective o They knew not to engage in fighting when German tanks were involved (35:06) After the Battle of the Bulge, Mr. Justice said the Germans were confused; “all but done” o Believes at this point the enemy didn’t have a will to fight o This is when they were fighting in open country (35:49) Remembers seeing civilians as they moved across Germany (36:22) Mr. Justice noticed that German women took up with American men o A German doctor he talked to said it would be the same if German men came to America if it was under the same position o The doctor commented on how strong the American troops were �             (38:23) Mr. Justice said there were some American troops who weren’t behaving very well o One guy went into a house and raped a teenager o This man was court martialed and sent back to Kansas (Ft. Leavenworth) o Not aware of stealing and looting, though (39:18) Slept in houses if they were available (40:20) Mr. Justice was around Darmstadt when the war ended (41:26) At this time, Mr. Justice was in charge of around 60 men o Was an officer at this point (42:00) Shortly before the Battle of the Bulge, Mr. Justice was promoted o The man he replaced was hurt (42:34) After being promoted, he continued the same job he had with the same men (43:05) Saw concentration camps in Germany o One day they happened to come upon it o The gates were opened o Mr. Justice’s unit helped clean up o Remembers seeing hundreds of bodies stacked on top of farm equipment being hauled away o Saw displaced persons; they were scared and hungry  Wandered around  Talked to them as best as they could with language barrier  Most of the ones he contacted were Polish  They wanted to go back to Poland (46:17) Remembers seeing villages o One time he was assigned to a hospital o Remembers having to double check when somebody was dead o These were soldiers in the hospitals o Gangrene, etc. o Here, Mr. Justice said he learned what misery meant o None of these guys had aspirin or anything (48:56) Mr. Justice had more than enough points to get out of the service (49:23) After Japan surrendered, Mr. Justice was still in Germany (49:35) Mr. Justice doesn’t remember others leaving in his unit before him o Quite a few left with him (50:12) Before the Germans surrendered, he was able to go to the French Riviera o He had a stomach disorder, so he was sent here to convalesce o Was here for about a month (51:02) Earlier, he stayed in London �o A month in England before Germany Going Home  (51:48) Sailed out of England on the Liberty Ship o Sea Hawk o Took at least three weeks to get back to the US o The seas were very rough – everyone got sick o They thought they were going to sink  (53:28) Went to Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia o Mr. Justice was put in charge of the troop train coming back to Indianapolis  (53:50) Discharged at Camp Atterbury, Indiana  (54:08) Went home to Niles, Michigan o Met wife at Camp Custer o Was married in 1943  (55:11) Tried a job at Tyler Refrigeration, and eventually worked at a railroad company, which he stayed at the rest of his working life o Was a trainman o Also worked as a switchman o Fireman on an engine  (58:31) Mr. Justice believes he was very different when he came back from the army � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context JusticeA1139V Title A name given to the resource Justice, Alfred (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justice, Alfred Description An account of the resource Alfred Justice was born in southwestern Virginia. He joined the army in September of 1939 mostly because it was impossible to find a job as a young man during that time. Mr. Justice received his training at Ft. Knox, and was stationed at Fort Custer at the time of Pearl Harbor. For the first three years of the war, he trained other soldiers in tanks and tank destroyers at Fort Custer, Fort Hood and Fort Jackson before finally sailing to England with a tank battalion. Landing in France late in 1944, his battalion participated in the Battle of the Bulge, where he received a battlefield commission, and went on into Germany, where he saw concentration camps and displaced persons, and remained for several months after the end of the war. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-07-07 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/494e1b1c7ab15f16cbee7230b4373fc1.pdf ba6e7aafeaa7abdd78db94680869600a PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/baddbda3a377e3f7322ab97ef20e62ca.pdf aa62bfffac2e0f6d910ddcffbc40a542 PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b31faceb27f9ec9f2c3a528b9cb98d1.pdf 510b644e823865d1a88bcb7bfe6560c4 PDF Text Text � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7ac46b96e08153647ef5735c7f05c980.pdf 5725d964bb7fd3a5df303a0722c3e415 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Institutiones [folia 41 a-d] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_041Justinianus1494 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Justinian I, Emperor of the East, 483?-565 Description An account of the resource Four leaves of Institutiones (with the Glossa ordinaria of Accursius and Summaria of Hieronymus Clarius) by Justinianus. Printed in Venice by Johannes Hamman, for Octavianus Scotus, in 1494. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW 7635; ISTC ij00536000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Johannes Hamman Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Justinian I, Emperor of the East, 483?-565 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1494 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/948877c8bd3a1d4881c6064da76d5dec.mp4 df5b1e07636e5a7890057fc4b413fa9d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1a61e3f2bc57756564f12aca21223ef2.pdf 3397f8172cb9aa37f9462b64e46d9c1d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Adolph Kalafut (01:04:23) (00:20) Background Information • Adolph was born in Chicago, IL on September 3, 1924 • His father was a immigrant from Poland who owned a bar that operated during the prohibition • His father also spent four years in the US Army • His parents wanted to have a good education and they paid for him to go to a military academy, which he really enjoyed • Adolph spent four years at the academy, which was similar to West Point • He joined the Marine Corps two months after graduating from the academy • Adolph had already been training in marching, organization, tactics, etc… • There was a gunnery at the school and their teachers were personnel from the Navy and Army • Adolph knew that he would be one step ahead of everyone else when he joined the Marine Corps (8:00) The Beginning of the War • Adolph had been at the Academy and noticed that things were getting harder • The seniors were all enlisting even before graduating • He had been interested in the Marine Corps; both of his brothers had joined the Army and neither of them liked it • Adolph enlisted in the Marine Corps on September 15, 1943 • He trained at the San Diego Marine Corps base for 10 weeks • Adolph had been well prepared and found training to be very ease, but he was not going to mention his earlier training because he did not want to put himself above everyone else • The only thing different from the academy was the type of guns that they trained with • He got in trouble for not shaving properly and had to shave his entire body as punishment (13:50) Camp Pendleton, CA • Adolph had been reassigned where he went through further training and awaited further instructions • They were training with light ammunition weapons, grenades, and maneuvers • Adolph was sent to parachute training school for five months • They ran five miles a day and went through paratrooper training • The Paratrooper program was soon dismantled and his unit became part of the newly formed the 5th Marine Division. (20:20) Hawaii �• • • • • Adolph received 30 days leave before being sent to Hawaii in 1944 He met his brother in California while on liberty Adolph then took a transport ship to Honolulu where he trained on a base before leaving for Iwo Jima He had never before heard about Iwo Jima and many men knew nothing about it They were told they had to secure an island 600 miles off the coast of Japan to help out the Air Force (28:20) Iwo Jima • Adolph worked with the 5th Marine Division and their main objective was to secure the high ground to their left • The 26th, 27th, and 28th Marines were all in the area securing other parts • The Japanese were to their right and water was behind them • The island was four miles wide, and landing was very difficult and confusing • They did not expect the Japanese to fight back • The island was obstructed with dead bodies everywhere and the smell was horrible (35:15) Landing • Adolph was in a landing craft near the beach; there was only one area where they could successfully land and the Japanese were expecting them • He then ran quickly to find a fox hole and take cover • Adolph was on the island for 6 days when the US flag was raised • He said it was a very emotional moment and a beautiful sight • Adolph lost a lot of good friends at Iwo Jima; he said that it was the most difficult time in his life (43:30) Wounded • Adolph had been on his way back to the landing area on the island when he was hit by 3 pieces of shrapnel and a received bullet wounds • Two men picked him up and helped to set him out of the way of more danger • He was then brought to the beach and put aboard a hospital ship • They operated on him and left the shrapnel because its removal would create even more damage • Adolph spent 6 days on the hospital ship and then 2 weeks in a hospital in Guam • Adolph was transferred to a hospital in Honolulu for 3 weeks, spent 10 days in a naval hospital, and then a hospital in Chicago for 9 more months • Adolph was again operated on many years later to finally remove the shrapnel (49:30) Life After the Marines • Adolph had spent so much time recovering in the veterans hospital that he eventually began working there • He went to college for 4.5 years and all expenses were paid • He then began working with mental patients at the Los Angles VA hospital for 13 years �• • Adolph was transferred to Battle Creek, MI where he became a program coordinator for the drug and alcohol unit His best experience was working in Battle Creek and he spent 15 years there �Iwo Jima Prior to February 19th, '45, D Dayan Two, it is unlikely that one in ten million Americans had ever heard of Iwo, let alone have any idea where it was! It is one of the three Volcano Islands, some 600 miles south of Japan. Iwo is but 2~ miles wide at its widest. It is about five miles long. Less than 8 square miles and with but one building above ground. Yet, it was "home" to over 22,000 Japanese soldiers and Korean slave-laborers who built the islands fortifications. All Iwo's forces lived, "below the deck," in an extensive network of rooms and connecting tunnels that provided quarters for all 22,OOO! We had "guesstimated" an enemy force of, "12,OOO!" The enemy had suffered no real damage from 90 days of pre-invasion bombing! The first wave landed shortly after 9am, Feb., 19th, 1945. In just 37 days we lost 6,824 plus another 19, 000 wounded. Was Iwo a futile battle? No! The 6,824 dead helped save the lives of 27,000+ airmen, Iwo was a Jap fighter base. The fighters attacked our bombers going to and returning from Japan. The bombers left from Saipan and Tinian, located some 600+ miles south of Iwo. Now, Iwo was a safe haven for all the crippled planes from mid-March until the war's end, Aug.15. The island "secured, the survivors began leaving Iwo, March 27th. I was one. But, I was no hero, just a grateful survivor who had landed not long after the famous flag-raising atop Suribachi on Feb. 23rd. As the troopship pulled away from Iwo, I stood on the fantail looking aft. Iwo looked like a drab high-top shoe, the high point being Mt. Suribachi. Pre-invasion bombing had never touched Suribachi's hidden weapons that wreaked havoc on the Marines, crowded on the beaches, until: "At last, a battleship at near point-blank range takes out the guns in Suribachi's caves." More than 21, 000 Japanese were killed on Iwo. A few surrendered along with the Korean slave-laborers. During the battle, official signs had been posted "We need a few of the enemy to interrogate." The general response was, "OK, But do you mind if they're dead?" "Gunny, Manilla John" Basilone joined the Corps in peacetime. He had served in the Philippines---hence the nickname, "Manilla John." On Guadalcanal in '42, and with his squad largely decimated, Basilone, with a 50 Cal. machine gun, wiped-out more than 100 of the enemy during a Bonzai attack. In the White House, FDR presented Basilone with the Medal of Honor. Then he was assigned to a civilian team for a War Bond drive. Recently mar:.ied (and to a Marine) the Medal of Honor winner could have sat out the war stateside! Basilone was sandwiched between Hollywood stars in an open convertible starting the War Bond drive. He did not last long. He went to hi~ superiors and asked/demanded, "to be returned to a combat unit." He ~oined the 5th Marine Divis10n on the island of Hawaii. Untested by batLle, the 5th was prepar~.ng for Iwo. On D Day, not long after H H~'lr, John Basilone was killed by shrapnel. On his arm was tatooed the three words that had governed his life as a Marine, "Death Before Dishonor." To ·John Basilone, for a Marine to be selling war bonds during war was unacceptable. IT was dishonorable. He had told his superiors, "I did not join the Corps to sell war bonds! I joined to defend and fight for my country. II John Basilone lives forever as an heroic role model for all Marines. Roger E. Greeley NOTE: $2 per copy. FIFTY PERCENT of the receipts will be donated to the National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, VA. �AND STILL THEY CAME Dedicated to all who served on Iwo Bnd es@cially in memory of, "Manilla" John Basilone. Iwo Jima: desolate, discarded, shoe of ash and rock carved and dug in to by the yellow hand. Fortified, impregnable but barren, bleak no sign of life was in our sight, just black volcanic ash. Below their deck the mind and tool worked fast to stem the human tide. Yes. they too knew how much there was to gai.n. And still they came! 0900, long snap and Suribachi shook but deep within the guns were crouched to greet the first ashore. The beach was wide, soft and shifting, a checker board with every square assigned to weapons far removed. Their heavy guns and giant mortars tore up the crowded strand where eager youth was savaged. Their helmets, guns and parts of men as only war can maim, jarred the grime and smoke filled air. At last, a battleship, at near point-blank range, takes out the guns in Suribachi's caves. And still they came! The night was light, star shells and flares, the rocket's trail. There was no rest anywhere. The raw wind and stinging rain pounded the shadowy rock and everywhere the agony of death. Far too many die and do not live to see us set the Rising Sun. And still they came! The tanks with tongues of flame grumble up a slope. A Corpsman kneels to bind a wound and becomes himself a casualty. The, "Meat Grinder," exacts an awesome, bloody, toll, a dead Marine for near every yard and wounded for each foot. But the enemy is losing now, his fighting's almost done. Our casualties are mounting but the battle's nearly wont The sky was blue and cloudless. The wind was soft and warm. Nearby, "Old Glory," standing guard was waving her, "Good-bye." I looked upon the crosses so white, so quiet here and thought of all the homes and hearts that never would be full for what was buried here. But now the road is shorter. True, not free of rocks, just about the same. Besides, look up ahead of you fairly singing in the wind, "Old Glory" seems to speak and say ..•..•........... nyou bet, and still they came!W * * *we did our time in Hell. Sixty years have passed * since The Marines on Iwo Jima served their country well. "Where uncommon valor was a common virtue, "Adm.Nimitz said After viewing all the crosses that marked the 1000s dead. Our tradition is a long one. It's marched on many feet. But, no Marine has ever heard a bugler blow, -Retreat!" The Corps has many heroes; they will not stand alone As others learn the legacies of men like Basilone. It wasn't for the money or the medals heroes wear It was discipline and duty that kept men fighting there. In 37 days, we lost siz thousana eight-hundred, twenty-four But 27,000 airmen lived; was this not worth fighting for? Grateful, for this haven and when learning of our losses The flyboys thanked us warmly and saluted all the crosses. But, what we honor most from Iwo's battle-cry Is that men kept going forward knowing they might die. To our Esprit de Corps, we must never, ever say, "Good-bye II For everything worth doing embraces----------Semper Fi!tI ff1J01 ::. f..et:,L '­ USHCR, 414 674, 1942-1946 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KalafutA Title A name given to the resource Kalafut, Adolph (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalafut, Adolph Description An account of the resource Adolph Kalafut was born in Chicago, Illinois on September 3, 1924. His father had been a Polish immigrant that owned and operated a bar during Prohibition. His parents wanted him to have an excellent education and paid for him to go to school at a military academy that was similar to West Point. Adolph enlisted in the Marines on September 15, 1943. Training was very easy for him and he was well prepared. Adolph was sent to Iwo Jima after training and it was a very difficult experience for him. He was wounded while in Iwo Jima and it took him about a year to recover. Adolph later worked in a VA hospital in Los Angeles and in Battle Creek, Michigan. Accounts of Iwo Jima from a Marine are appended to interview outline. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-08-05 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bf9d56a16aa099dd750aa91c5114bf19.pdf 38949a786b03de9afa0e30a6359f56e6 PDF Text Text AMENDMENTS TO THE MODEL ZONING ORDINANCE FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS MOBILE HOME PARK DISTRICT SITE PLAN REVIEW PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Prepared for use by the Cities, Villages and Townships of Kalamazoo County, Michigan KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION September 1974 �FROM THE LIBRARY OF .E.lanning & Zoning Center, lnc. Af.1Errnr-1EiHS TO THE f10DEL ZO[HiW ORDifrn1JCE Prepared for the ~; ~200 Metropolitan County Planning Commission by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department 418 West Kalamazoo Avenue Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006 September, 1974 The preparation of this report was financially aided through a Federal grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program, authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended. �cornErns INTRODUCTION . • . • . 1 FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS 2 MOBILE HOME PARK DISTRICT (R-6) 6 SITE PLAN REVIEW 9 PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT APPENDIX - DEFINITIONS 13 �, , HHRODUCTIOfJ Since its adoption in 1962, the Model Zoning Ordinance has been adopted in its entirety or in part by a number of units of government in Kalamazoo County. The Model was intended, at that particular time, to provide guidelines to all local municipalities for the establishment of zoning regulations and to provide a basis for achieving uniformity of zoning decisions throughout the County. In recent years, Kalamazoo County communities have experienced a need to update their ordinances to meet unique and diversified development trends. The rapid growth of a variety of new housing types, commercial and industrial activities and the concern for the environmental effects of increased urban growth have encouraged the development of more comprehensive regulations. The four amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance contained in this document are in response to this need and seek to provide a basic outline for reference and use by the various municipal planning commissions and zoning boards in Kalamazoo County. The procedural and administrative framework incorporated into the amendments is intended primarily for adaptation to the Model Zoning Ordinance, however, they can be easily modified by local units of government to provide reasonable and workable zoning regulations for their respective communities. �FLOODPLAii~ REGULATIOfJS �FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS 8.161 - PURPOSE It is the purpose of this ordinance to promote the public health, safety and welfare by provisions to: (1) restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety or property in times of flood or cause excessive increases in flood heights or velocities, (2) require that uses vulnerable to floods, including public facilities, shall be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction and (3) protect individuals from buying lands which are unsuited for intended purposes because of flood hazard. 8.162 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (a) Lands to Which Ordinance Applies: This ordinance shall apply to all lands within the jurisdiction of the (City, Village or Township) shown on the official zoning map as being located within the designated floodplain. The regulatory flood protection elevations and corresponding boundaries of the floodway and flood fringe will be determined by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board) using the most accurate and up-to-date information. The regulations in this ordinance will be construed as being supplementary to and do not change any regulations imposed on the same lands or uses permitted by virtue of the land being part of another Zoning District. (b) Technical Data Required: Where topographic data, engineering studies or other information is needed by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board) to determine the effects of flooding on a proposed site and/or the effect of a structure on the flow of water, the applicant shall submit such data or studies. All such required data or studies shall be prepared by a registered professional engineer. (c) Interpretation of District Boundaries: The boundaries of the Zoning districts shall be determined by scaling distances on the official zoning map. Where interpretation is needed as to the exact location of the boundaries of the district, the Zoning Board of Appeals shall make the necessary interpretation. , -2- �(d) Abrogation and Greater Restrictions: It is not intended by this ordinance to repeal, abrogate or impair any existing easements, covenants or deed restrictions. However, where this ordinance i~poses greater restrictions, the provisions of this ordinance shall prevail. 8.163 - ESTABLISHMENT OF ZONING DISTRICTS The floodplain areas within the jurisdiction of this ordinance have been divided into two districts: Floodway District (FW) and Floodfringe District (~F). The boundaries of these districts shall be shown on the official zoning map. 8.164 - FLOODWAY DISTRICT (FW) The Floodway District permits only those open space uses having a low flood damage potential and not obstructing flood flows. The requirements of this district are in addition to those contained in the specific use district. (a) Permitted Uses 1. Agricultural uses such as general farming, pasture, grazing, forestry and sod farming. 2. Industrial and Commercial uses such as loading areas, parking areas and airport landing strips. 3. Private and public recreational uses such as golf courses, driving ranges, picnic grounds, boat launching ramps, swimming areas, parks, nature and shooting preserves and biking and bike trails. 4. Residential uses such as lawns, gardens, parking areas and play areas. (b) Special Exception Uses 1. Uses or structures accessory to open space uses. 2. Drive-in Theaters, new and used car lots, roadside stands, and signs. 3. Extraction of sand, gravel and other materials. 4. Railroads, streets, bridges, utility transmission lines and pipelines. 5. Storage yards for equipment, machinery or materials. 6. Kennels and stables. -3- �(c) Standards for Floodway Special Exception Uses 1. No structure, fill, deposit, obstruction, storage of materials or equipment or other use , may be allowed as a special exception use which unduly affects the capacity of the floodway or unduly increases flood heights. 2. Structures accessary to permitted uses must have a low flood damage potential and must be constructed and placed on the building site so as to minimize obstruction to the flow of floodwaters. 3. Structures shall not be designed and used for human habitation. 4. Storage or processing of materials that are in time of flooding buoyant, flammable, explosive or could be injurious to human life and property are prohibited. 8.166 - FLOODFRINGE DISTRICT (FF) The Floodfringe District permits all urban type uses provided they are elevated above the regulatory flood protection elevation or floodproofed. The requirements of this district are in addition to those contained in the specific use district. (a) Permitted Uses 1. Any use permitted in the Floodway District (FW). 2. Residential and non-residential uses - structures, buildings and additions constructed, altered or moved shall be located on fill so that the lowest floor, including the basement floor, is elevated at least two (2) feet above the regulatory flood protection elevation for the particular area. The fill shall extend at least twenty-five (25) feet beyond the limits of the building or structure erected. Such buildings, structures or additions shall have a means of ingress and egress to land outside the floodplain which is at or above the regulatory flood protection elevation. This means of access shall be constructed of materials which will withstand the pressures associated with the discharge of a regional flood. 3. Accessory uses or buildings when they are in accordance with the provisions of Section 8.165, subsection (a)-2. -4- �(b) Special Exception Uses 1. Structures other than residences may, in special circumstances, be elevated or protected through ' floodproofing measures. The Zoning Board of Appeals shall require that the applicant submit a plan or document certified by a registered professional engineer indicating that the proposed floodproofing measures will provide adequate protection against flood damage. 2. The Zoning Board of Appeals may authorize the location of uses listed in Section 8.165 - (a) of this ordinance at an elevation below the regulatory flood protection elevation if such uses will not be subject to substantial flood damage and will not cause flood damage to other lands. -5- �MOBILE HOME PARK DISTRICT �MOBILE HOME PARK DISTRICT CR-6) 8.81 - PURPOSE This district is designed solely for the development of mobile home parks and such accessory structures and uses normally associated thereto, in accordance with those regulations specified by the State of Michigan Mob i le Horne Park Act 243, public acts of 1959, as amended, and in accordance with the following minimum requirements. 8.82 - PERMITTED USES Mobile home parks and those uses customarily incidental to the principal use. 8.83 - REGULATIONS REQUIRED OF MOBILE HOME PARKS (a) General Requirements 1. Mobile homes used for habitation shall be confined to Mobile Horne Parks which are hereafter limited to the R-6 Mobile Horne Park District. 2. Prior to the issuance of a building permit for construction of a mobile home park, a site plan shall be submitted to the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) for review and approval as provided under Section 9.10 of this Zoning Ordinance. 3. Every mobile home park established within the (City, Village or Township) shall be inspected periodically by an official designated by the municipal governing body. The frequency of said inspections, and any fees associated thereto, shall be determined by the municipal governing body. (b) Park Development Standards 1. Each mobile home park shall have a minimum gross site area of five (5) acres. 2. A mobile home park shall have frontage on, and at least two paved accesses to, a primary or arterial street, or a similar adequate thoroughfare or state trunkline. -6- �3. Every mobile home park shall be served by public sanitary sewer and water systems, if such systems are immediately available, or an officially approved private on-site sewer and water system. 4. The owner of every mobile home park which lies immediately adjacent to an established residential district shall provide a screening area separating said park from the adjoining residential district. The screen shall be in the form of either a solid type fence, evergreen planting or landscape d berm which is compact and maintained in good condition at all times. The height of the screen shall not be less than five (5) feet, except where the screen would interfere with traffic safety, in which case it may be reduced in height to, but not less than, three (3) feet in height. Adequate landscaping shall also be provided by the owner of the mobile home park between each mobile home site and any public or private street so as to provide an attractive frontage upon said street. 5. Interior drives and walkways shall be lighted at intervals of not more than one hundred (100) feet. 6. Each mobile home park must contain an area for recreational activity equivalent to eight (8) percent of the gross site area of the park which may be used in common by the occupants of the park. 7. A mobile home or accessory structure within a park shall not be located closer than fifteen (15) feet from a park property line nor closer than thirtyfive (35) feet from a public right-of-way line. 8. All interior drives within a mobile home park shall be paved with asphalt or a similar hard surface material to a minimum width of twenty (20) feet. 9. Improved walkways of not less than thirty-six (36) inches wide shall be provided from each mobile home site to all park service buildings and structures. 10. A building or structure within a mobile home park shall not exceed the height of two and one-half (2½) stories or twenty-five (25) feet. Special exceptions may be permitted for stacking of mobile home units. 11. The park management shall be responsible for garbage and trash collection, street cleaning, snow removal and sidewalk and street maintenance. -7- �(c) Site Development Standards 1. Each mobile home site shall contain an area of not less than four thousand fifty (4,050) square f eet and have a width of not less than forty-five (45) feet. 2. The minimum distance between mobile home units shall be twenty-five (25) feet on side lines and twenty (20) feet on end to end placement. The minimum setback shall be measured from the outer wall of the mobile home, any expandable room or other structural appurtances, whichever is closer to the lot line. 3. Each mobile home unit shall be located not less than ten (10) feet from any private street within the park. 4. Each mobile home site shall not be located closer than thirty (30) feet to any park service building or other structure. 5. Each mobile home site shall be well drained and be provided with a mobile home stand consisting of a solid reinforced pad or ribbon at least four inches in depth. / 6. Tie down facilities shall be incorporated into each mobile home stand so that guy lines can be installed under the mobile home at sufficient intervals to prevent upheaval of mobile homes during severe winds and storms. 7. Uniform skirting of each mobile home base shall be required within thirty days (30) after initial placement. 8. A minimum of two (2) improved off-street parking spaces shall be provided for each mobile home site within the mobile home park. -8- �SITE PLA~ REVIEW �SI TE PLAf J REVIEW 9.101 - PURPOSE The intent of this ordinance is to provide for consultation and cooperation between the land developer and the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) in order that the developer may accomplish his objectives in the utilization of his land in accordance with the regulations of this zoning ordinance and with minimum adverse effect on the use of adjacent streets and on existing and future land uses in the immediate area and vicinity. 9.102 - DEVELOPMENTS REQUIRING SITE PLAN REVIEW The Building Inspector shall not issue a building permit for the construction of the following buildings, structures or uses until a site plan has been reviewed and approved by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) : (a) Multiple-family buildings containing six (6) or more dwelling units (b) Mobile Home Parks (c) Office, commercial or industrial buildings with a total floor area greater than three thousand (3,000) square feet. 9.103 - APPLICATION PROCEDURE A request for site plan review shall be made by filing with the (City, Village or Township) Clerk the following: (a) Fee: A review fee, the schedule of which shall be determined by the governing body, will be paid by the applicant to cover the cost of processing the site plan. (b) Application: Three (3) copies of the application for site plan review shall be filled out completely and returned to the Clerk's office. (c) Site Plan: Three (3) prints of the site plan shall be submitted to the Clerk's office. Each print shall contain the following data: -9- �1. It shall be of a scale not greater than one (1) inch equals twenty (20) feet nor smaller than one (1) inch equals two hundred (200) feet and of such accuracy that the Planning Commission ' (or Zoning Board of Appeals) can readily interpret the plan. 2. It shall show an appropriate descriptive legend, north arrow, scale, etc. 3. A vicinity map shall be submitted showing ~1e location of the site in relation to the surrounding street system. 4. It shall identify subject property by lot lines and location, including dimensions, angles and size, correlated with the legal description of said property. 5. It shall show the topography (at least two (2) foot contour intervals) natural features such as woodlots, streams,rivers, lakes, drains and similar features. 6. It shall show existing manmade features on, and within one hundred (100) feet of, the site, such as buildings, structures, high tension towers, pipe lines, existing utilities such as water and sewer lines, etc., excavations, bridges, culverts, drains and easements and shall identify the existing uses and zoning of adjacent properties. 7. It shall show the location, proposed finished floor and grade line elevations, size of proposed main and accessory buildings, their relation to one another and to any existing structures on the site, the height of all buildings and square footage of floor space. Site plans for multiplefamily residential development shall include a density schedule showing the number of dwelling units per net acre, including a dwelling schedule showing the unit type and number of each unit type. 8. It shall show the proposed streets, driveways, sidewalks and other vehicular and pedestrian circulation features within the adjacent to the site; also the location, size and number of parking spaces in the off-street parking areas and the identification of service lanes, and service parking and loading and unloading areas. -10- �9. It shall show the proposed location, use, and size of open spaces and the location of any landscaping, screening, fences or walls on the site. Any proposed alterations to the topo•graphy and other natural features shall be indicated. 10. Any other information deemed necessary by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals). 9.104 - ACTION ON SITE PLAN The disposition of all site plans shall be the responsibility of the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals). The review procedure established by (City, Village or Township) is as follows: (a) The (City, Village or Township) Clerk shall transmit the completed application to the chairman of the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) who shall place it on the agenda of the Commission (or Board). (b) The applicant will receive a written notice stating the date, time and place that his application will be reviewed. (c) Approval or disapproval of the site plan shall be issued within sixty (60) days of receipt of the application. All provisions of applicable ordinances must be met and also any special conditions or requirements imposed by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) must be incorporated into the plan before the issuance of a building permit. (d) Site plan approval shall be valid for one (1) year from and after the date of approval. 9.105 - CRITERIA OF SITE PLAN REVIEW The site plan shall be approved by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) upon finding that: (a) The proposed use will be compatible with the surrounding neighborhood development. The provision for fencing, walls, and/or landscaping may be required as a screening device to minimize adverse effects upon surrounding development. -11- �(b) There is a proper relationship between major thoroughfares and proposed service drives, driveways and parking areas so as to insure the safety and convenience of pedestrian and vehicular traffic. (c) Any possible adverse effects resulting from the locations of buildings and accessory structures will be minimized to the occupants of that use and the occupants of adjacent properties. (d) The proper development of roads, easements and public utilities has been provided to protect the general health, safety and welfare of the community. 9.106 - CONFORMITY TO APPROVED SITE PLAN When an applicant receives site plan approval, he must develop the subject property in complete conformity with the approved plan except as may be modified by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals). Approval of the site plan shall be valid for a period of one (1) year. No time extension to site plan approval will be granted. If a building permit has not been obtained and the on-site development actually begun within one (1) year of the date of approval, the site plan approval shall become void and the developer shall make a new application for approval before proceeding. 9.107 - AMENDMENT TO SITE PLAN A proposed amendment or modification to a previously approved site plan shall be submitted for review in accordance with the procedures of this section and may be approved by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) subject to its conformance with all applicable requirements of this ordinance. -12- �PLANNED RESIDEf~TIAL DEVELOPMEf~T �PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 9.9 - PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT (PRD) Planned residential developments shall be recognized as a special exception use. The disposition of such developments shall be the responsibility of the Planning Commission or where a Planning Commission does not exist, then the Zoning Board of Appeals. 9.91 - PURPOSE The purpose of these regulations is to permit greater flexibility and, consequently, more creative and imaginative design in the development of residential areas than is generally possible under conventional zoning regulations. It is further intended to promote more economical and efficient use of the land while providing a harmonious variety of housing choices, the integration of necessary commercial and community facilities and the preservation of open space for park and recreational use. A permit may be issued for construction and occupancy of a planned residential development subject to compliance with the requirements, standards and procedures set forth in this ordinance. 9.92 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS Any application for a special exception permit must meet the following conditions to qualify for consideration as a planned residential development: (a) Minimum Area: The minimum area required to qualify for a planned residential development special exception permit shall not be less than ten (10) contiguous acres of land. (b) Ownership: The tract of land for a project must be either in one ownership or the subject of an application filed jointly by the owners of all properties included (the holder of a written option to purchase land or the holder of an executory land contract shall, for purposes of such application, be deemed to be an owner of such land). (c) Location: Planned residential developments shall be allowed only within the R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 Residential Districts and providing the applicant can demonstrate that the proposed character of development will meet the objectives of planned residential developments. -13- �(d) Utilities: Public water, sanitary sewer and storm drainage facilities shall be provided as part of the site development. All electric and telephone transmission wires shall be placed underground. (e) Approval: Approval by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) of a sketch plan and detailed site plan of all planned residential developments is required. 9.93 - PERMITTED USES No structure or part thereof, shall be erected, altered, or used, and no land shall be used except for one or more of the following: (a) Residential Uses: The following housing types, excepting mobile homes, shall be deemed desirable in keeping with the objectives of this concept. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Single family detached dwellings Two family dwellings Apartments Townhouses Condominiums Other multi-family dwellings (b) Commercial Uses: The following commercial uses shall be designed and intended to serve the convenience needs of the people residing in the planned residential development. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Food stores Bakeries (retail only) Barber or beauty shops Banks and financial institutions Shoe sales and repair stores Florist and garden shops Hardware stores Variety stores Book and stationary stores Dry cleaning (pickup or coin operated only) Wearing apparel shops Medical or professional offices Drug stores Post office (c) Accessory and Associated Uses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Private garages Storage sheds Recreational play areas Churches Elementary and Secondary Schools -14- �9.94 - DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Within any planned residential development approved under this section, the requirements set forth below shall appLy in lieu of regulations set forth in the district in which the development is located: (a) Number of Dwelling Units Permitted: The maximum number of dwelling units permitted within the project shall be determined by dividing the net residential development area by the minimum residential lot area per dwelling unit required by the district in which the project is located. In the event the project lies in more than one zoning district, the number of dwelling units shall be computed for each district separately. (b) Lot Area Requirements: The minimum lot area for single-family dwellings shall not be reduced more than twenty (20) percent below that required in the district in which the project is located. The lot area requirement for multiple family dwellings shall not be reduced by more than (10) percent of that permitted in the district in which the project is located. (c) Setback and Yards: 1. Front Yards - The minimum steback from a street line for a building or structure may be reduced fifteen (15) feet for any cul-de-sac street and ten (10) feet for any other street below that required in the district regulation in which the planned residential development is located. 2. Rear Yards - The minimum rear yard requirements may be reduced to twenty-five (25) feet in planned residential developments. 3. Side Yards - The minimum side yard requirements may be reduced to five (5) feet in planned residential developments. (d) Minimum Lot Frontage and Width: The minimum lot frontage and width for any lot designated for single family dwelling may be reduced twenty (20) percent below the requirements of the district in which the planned residential development is located. (e) Screening: A screening area shall be provided along the perimeter of property on which multiple-family dwellings and/or commercial buildings are erected. -15- �(f) Amount of Open Space Required: Within every planned residential development there shall be planned and set aside permanently as part of the total development an amount of open space equal to not less than the aggreg~te accumulation of lot size reduction below the minimum lot area for the development as a whole. Before accepting the open space as meeting the requirements of this provision, the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) must find the land thus designated to be: (1) sufficient in size, suitably located, with adequate access, and (2) that eviden1:e is given that satisfactory arrangements will be made for the maintenance of such designated land to relieve the municipality of the future maintenance. (g) Arrangement of Open Space: All required open space within a planned residential development shall be arranged so as to provide access and benefit to the maximum number of lots and/or dwelling units. Separate tracts of open space shall have adequate access from at least one point along a public street. 9.95 - APPLICATION PROCEDURE AND APPROVAL PROCESS (a) General: Whenever any planned residential development is proposed, before any building permit is granted, the developer shall apply for and secure approval of the Special Exception Use in accordance with the following procedures and obtain approval of a Detailed Site Plan from the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals). (b) Application for Sketch Plan Approval: 1. In order to allow the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) and the developer to reach an understanding of basic design requirements prior to detailed site design investment, the developer shall submit a sketch plan of his proposal to the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals). The sketch plan shall be drawn to approximate scale and clearly show the following information: a. - Boundaries of the property b. - Location and height of all buildings c. - Interior roadway system, parking facilities and all existing rights-of-way and easements, whether public or private d. - Delineation of the various residential areas indicating for each such area its size and composition in terms of total number of dwelling units, approximate percentage allocation by dwelling unit type, plus a calculation of the net residential density -16 �e. - The interior open space system f. - The overall stormwater drainage system g. - If grades exceed thirty percent (30%), or portions of the site have a moderate to high , susceptibility to erosion, or a moderate to high susceptibility to flooding and/or ponding, an overlay outlining the above susceptible soil shall be provided. h. - Principal ties to the neighborhood and community with respect to transportation, water supply and sewage disposal i. - General description of the provision of oth:r community facilities, such as schools, recreational facilities, fire protection services, and cultural facilities, if any, and some indication of how these needs are proposed to be accommodated j. - A location map showing uses and ownership of abutting lands 2. In addition, the following documentation shall accompany the Sketch Plan. a. - Evidence that the proposal is compatible with the objectives of the community's Comprehensive Plan b. - General statement as to how common open space is to be owned and maintained. c. - The Sketch Plan shall show the intended total project. If the development is to be constructed in phases, a general indication of how the sequence of phases is to proceed shall be identified. 3. The Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) shall hold a public hearing or hearings on the application for planned residential development in accordance with the provision of (Statutory Authority) . 4. Following the public hearing, the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) shall, within sixty (60) days, approve or disapprove the Sketch Plan and so notify the applicant of its decision. 5. Approval of Sketch Plan shall not constitute approval of the detailed site plan, rather it shall be deemed an expression of approval of the layout as a guide to the preparation of the detailed plan. 6. Request for changes in Sketch Plan - If it becomes apparent that certain elements of the Sketch Plan, as it has been approved by the Planning Commission -17- �(or Zoning Board of Appeals), become unfeasible and in need of modification, the applicant shall then resubmit his entire Sketch Plan, as amended, to the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) pursuant to the above procedures. t (c) Application for Detailed Site Plan Approval: 1. After receiving approval from the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) on a Sketch Plan, the applicant may prepare his Detailed Site Plan and submit it to the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) for approval. However, if more than six (6) months has elapsed between the time of Sketch Plan approval the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) may require a resubmission of the Sketch Plan for further review and possible revision. 2. The detailed Site Plan shall conform to the Sketch Plan that has received approval. It should incorporate any revisions or other features that may have been recommended by the Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) at the preliminary review. All such compliances shall be clearly indicated by the applicant on the appropriate submission. 3. The Detailed Site Plan shall include the following information: a. - An area map showing the applicant's enti~e holding, that portion of the applicant's property under consideration, and all properties, subdivisions, streets, utilities, and easements within three hundred (300) feet of applicant's property. b. - A topographic map showing contour intervals of not more than four (4) feet of elevation shall be provided. c. - A site plan showing location, proposed use, and height of all buildings, location of all parking areas, with access and egress drives thereto; location of outdoor storage, if any; location of all existing or proposed site improvements, including drains, culverts, retaining walls and fences, description of method of water supply and sewage disposal and location of su~h facilities; location and size of all signs; location and proposed development of screened areas; location and design of lighting facilities; and the amount of building area proposed for non-residential uses, if any. -18 �d. - A tracing overlay showing all soil types and their location, and those areas, if any, with moderate to high susceptibility to erosion. For areas with potential erosion problems, the overlay shall also include an outline and description of existing vegetation. 4. Required Standards for Approval - The Planning Commission's (or Zoning Board of Appeals') review of the Detailed Site Plan shall include the following: a. - Adequacy and arrangement of vehicular traffic access and circulation, including intersections, road widths, channelization, traffic controls, and pedestrian movement b. - Location, arrangement, appearance, and sufficiency of off-street parking c. - Location, arrangement, size and entrances of buildings, walkways and lighting d. - Relationship of the various uses to one another e. - Adequacy, type and arrangement of trees, shrubs and other landscaping constituting a visual and/or a noise deterring screen between adjacent uses and adjoining lands f. - In the case of multiple dwellings, the adequacy of usable open space for playgrounds and recreation. g. - Adequacy of water supply, storm water and sanitary waste disposal facilities h. - Adequacy of structures, roadways, and landscaping in areas with moderate to high susceptibility to flooding, ponding and/or erosion i. - Compliance with all regulations of the (name of municipality) Zoning Ordinance. (d) Action on the Detailed Site Plan: The Planning Commission (or Zoning Board of Appeals) shall render its approval or disapproval and so notify the applicant and the Building Inspector. (e) Revocation: In any case where construction on the planned residential development has not commenced within one year from the date of approval, then the special exception use permit shall be null and void. -19- �APPErmrx - DEFHHTIOfJS �APPENDIX DEFINITIONS Condominium - A housing development (usually of apartments or townhouse units) in which each resident purchases his living unit instead of renting. All "owners" own and manage the common areas of the project jointly. Cul-de-Sac - A street with only one outlet having sufficient space at the closed end to provide vehicular turning area. Density, Residential - Net residential density is a specific number of dwelling units in a specific a~ea of land now used or proposed to be used only for residential purposes. Gross residential density is defined as net residential land area plus traversing streets, alleys and drives, and one-half of bounding streets and one-quarter of bounding street intersections. Flood - A temporary rise in stream level that results in inundations of areas not ordinarily covered with water. Floodfringe - That portion of the regulatory floodplain beyond the floodway. Floodplain - The land areas adjoining any watercourse which is expected to be covered by flood waters as a result of a severe combination of rneterorological and hydrological conditions. Floodproofing - A combination of structural provisions, changes or adjustments to properties and structures subject to flooding primarily for the reduction or elimination of flood damages to properties, water and sanitary facilities, structures and contents of buildings in a flood hazard area. Floodway - The channel of the watercourse and those portions of the adjoining floodplains which are reasbnably required to carry and discharge the regulatory flood. Mobile Horne - A detached residential dwelling unit designed to be transported on streets and highways to the place where it is to be occupied as a dwelling unit complete and ready for yearround and permanent occupancy when connected to required facilities. Mobile Horne Park - A parcel or tract of land not less than 5 acres in size developed with facilities for locating mobile homes, provided each mobile home contains a kitchen, flush toilet and shower or bath. It shall not include a sales lot in which unoccupied mobile homes are parked for the purpose of sale. Mobile home parks shall comply with all requirements of the State of Michigan Mobile Horne Park Act of 1959, as amended. A-1 �I I I Obstruction - Any structure, fill or matter in, along, across or projecting into any channel, watercourse or regulatory floodhazard area which may impede, retard, or change the direction of the flow of water. Open S~ace - Any unoccupied land or water area which is not used for buildings or structures. Regulatory Flood - A flood which is representative of large floods known to have occurred in Kalamazoo County and characteristic of what can be expected to occur once in each 100 year period. Regulatory Flood Protection Elevation - The elevation to which uses regulated by this ordinance are required to be elevated or floodproofed. Screening - A screened area, of not less than twenty (20) feet in width, measured inward from the property line and consisting of either a wall, fence or tree and shrub planting which is compact and maintained in good condition at all times. The height of the screen shall not be less than five (5) feet, except where the screen would interfere with traffic safety, in which case it may be reduced in height to, but not less than, three (3) feet. Townhouse - A multiple-family building, or group of buildings, each of which contains three (3) or more attached one family dwelling units. Each living unit is usually two stories and has its own private entrance and yard. Travel Trailer - A movable or portable unit, to be towed on its own chassis and designed and constructed to provide temporary living quarters for recreational, camping or travel use. A-2 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Amendments-to-the-Model-Zoning-Ordinance_1974 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo County Planning Department, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-09 Title A name given to the resource Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance Description An account of the resource The Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance for Kalamazoo County includes floodplain regulations, mobile home park district site plan review, and planned residential development and was prepared by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department in September 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan floodplains mobile home parks planned unit developments Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/89bfad584198ca7b473cf32ff6949fbe.pdf 898ab6ab4f38fe8d3531a31148b1dff0 PDF Text Text FROM THE LIBRARY OF Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. AMENDMENTS TO THE MODEL ~ONING ORDINANCE OFFICE DISTRICTS Prepared for use by the Cities, Villages and Townships of Kalamazoo County, Michigan KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION August, 1978 �8.18 "O-1" OFFICE DISTRICT, RESTRICTED 8.181 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The "O-1" Office District is intended to permit the integr~tion of offices and/or personal service type uses in certain residential settings along major thoroughfares where existing residential development is experiencing redevelopment pressures. The District may further serve as a transition or buffer between such thoroughfares, other non-residential uses and interior residential areas. In order to minimize incompatibility with adjacent residential development, all buildings in the "O-1" Office District shall possess an appearance of a residential facade. 8.182 • .8.183 PERMITTED USES a. Existing single and two family dwellings b. Home occupations c. Business offices such as: insurance, real estate, accounting, travel agencies and other similar business office uses, excluding any direct sale or exchange of goods or merchandise on the premises. d. Professional offices such as: doctors, dentists, lawyers, architects, engineers, and other similar professional office uses. e. Professional studios such as: fine arts, photography, music, drama and dance. f. Publicly owned and operated buildings . g. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. (NOTE: To be modified) h. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. i. Any use similar to the above SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES a. Personal service establishments such as: barber and beauty shops b. Multiple family dwellings �8.183 · 8.184 8.185 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES Ccont'd) c. Convalescent and nursing homes d. Nursery schools and child care centers e. Essential services SITE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS 1. Site Plan Review - All uses, except single and two family dwellings, in the "O-1" Office District shall be subject to the Site Plan Review procedures as specified in Section 9.10. 2. Off-Street Parking - Off-street parking and loading shall be provided as specified in Section 9.1. As a further condition in the "O-1" District, off-street parking shall be prohibited in the front yard, excepting within private driveways, not exceeding 20' in width. 3. Screening - Screening shall be provided as specified in Section 9.6. (NOTE: To be modified) 4. Residential Facade - All buildings and structures shall be compatible in external appearance to adjoining residential buildings in the area. LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Except as elsewhere specified, herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. Lot, Yard and Area Requirements Minimum Lot Size - Section 13 7,500 sq. ft. Minimum Lot Frontage 50 ft. Maximum Building Height 25 ft. Maximum Building Coverage 30% Minimum Front Yard Setback 25 ft. Minimum Rear Yard Setback 25 ft. Minimum Side Yara · setback 25 ft. �Sign Requirements - Section 9.2 In the "0-1" Restricted Office District, not more than one sign shall be placed on any building or lot. NG sign shall exceed twelve (12) square feet in area or five (5) feet in length. �8.19 "0-2" OFFICE DISTRICT, GENERAL 8.191 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The "0-2" Office District is intended to provide • areas for development of business and professional offices, including other similar personal service uses. Such areas are intended to be situated adjacent to major thoroughfares and more intense use districts in order to separate them from, and to provide a transition or buffer for adjoining residential uses. 8.192 8.193 PERMITTED USES a. Any uses permitted in the "0-1" Restricted Office District b. Medical clinics c. Funeral homes d. Financial Institutions including banks, credit unions, savings and loan institutions and similar uses e. Barber and beauty shops f. Religious, cultural and private educational institutions g. Clubs and lodges, private (not including recreational facilities h. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2 i. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES a. Nursing and convalescent homes b. Veterinary clinics c. Indoor noncommercial recreational facilities d. Nursery school and child care centers e. Essential services �. ,. 8.194 SITE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS 1. Site Plan Review - All uses except two family dwellings, in the "0-2" Office District shall be subject to the Site Plan Review procedures as specified in Section 9.10 • • 8.195 2. Off-Street Parking - Off-street parking and loading shall be provided as specified in Section 9.1. 3. Screening - Screening shall be provided as specified in Section 9.6. LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Except as elsewhere specified, herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. Lot, Yard and Area Reg:uirements Minimum Lot Size Minimum Lot Frontage - Section 13 10,000 sq. ft. 100 ft. Maximum Building Height 25 ft. Maximum Building Coverage 60% Minimum Front Yard Setback 10 ft. Minimum Rear Yard Setback 20 ft. Minimum Side Yard Setback 5 ft. Sign Requirements - Section 9.2 In the "0-2" General Office District, not more than two signs shall be placed on any building or lot. The total area of the two signs may not exceed 36 square feet in area, while any one sign may not exceed eighteen (18) square feet in area or six (6) feet in length. �AMENDMENT TO THE MODEL LONING ORDINANCE RECREATION DISTRICT I Prepared for use by the Cities, Villages and Townships of Kalamazoo County, Michigan KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION September 1978 �8.20 "RE" RECREATION DISTRICT 8.201 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT This diptrict is designed and intended to make the best possible use of open space and natural amenities, such as lakes, streams and the shorelines thereof, pronounced topography, woodlands, wetlands, floodplains, and other natural features; to allow and regulate public and private use of such areas for certain outdoor recreational activities and uses, and to regulate the use, imprcvement and development of such lands so as to preserve the natural environment. 8.202 PERMITTED USES a. Agricultural pursuits, including horse farms and shows; excluding piggeries, food processing, animal slaughtering or packing, other than that intended for consumption on premises. b. Horseback riding stables and bridle paths, hiking trails, skiing, ice skating,tobagganing, golf courses, golf driving ranges, swimming beaches, boat liveries, picnic grounds and similar summer or winter sports facilities. c. Seasonal campgrounds for the accommodation of recreational units, etc.,subject to the administrative rules and regulations as compiled in the State of Michigan Act 171 of P.A. of 1970 and administered by the Michigan Department of Public Health. d. Dwellings used by an owner, operator, watchman or other employees solely as an accessory to a principal recreational use. e. Publicly owned and operated parks, playgrounds and other recreational activities, including community buildings. f. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4, as amended. g. Signs, in accordance with Section 9.2, as amended. • -1- �8.203 8.204 8.205 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES a. Any similar or related recreational uses described above as may be determined by the Board of Appeals. b. Clups, lodges, etc. c. Hotels, motels d. Tourist cabins e. Roadside stands LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS a. Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 8.206. b. Each "RE" Recreation District shall contain at least ten (10) acres. SITE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS 1. Site and development plans of all proposed recreational uses shall be submitted in compliance with Site Plan Review procedures contained in Section 9.10. 2. In order to minimize adverse effects on adjacent residentially zoned or developed properties, all recreational activities and buildings must be setback from all property lines and be screened as prescribed in Section 8.206 for the specific recreational use or as determined by the Zoning Board of Appeals . 3. Each principal recreational use shall have frontage on a thoroughfare having a primary or greater classification and have access thereto by means of a paved entrance. • 8.206 REGULATIONS REQUIRED OF SPECIFIC RECREATIONAL USES a. Seasonal Campgrounds 1. Each campsite shall contain a minimum of 1,600 square feet of area. Sites designed for occupancy by more than one recreational unit shall also maintain a minimum of 1,600 square feet per unit. The overall density of the campground shall not exceed 15 sites per acre. -2- �2. A 75 foot greenbelt or buffer area shall be maintained free of any development except for screening where required as determined by the Zoning Board of Appeals between all campground property lines and the campground proper. Such area may not be utilized to compute campsite areas. 3. A minimum distance of 15 feet shall be provided between all recreational units. 4. Seasonal campgrounds shall only operate during the period between April 1 and December 1, and no recreational units shall remain in the campground from December 1 through March 31. 5. Access roads between the public thoroughfare and the campground proper shall be paved to a minimum of 22 feet. 6. Circulation roads within the campground proper shall be either stabilized gravel or paved. One-way roads shall be at least 12 feet in width and two-way roads shall be at least 22 feet in width. Parking shall not be permitted on any roadway. 7. All permanent type buildings or structures to be occupied by the public shall be set back at least 200 feet from all residentially zoned property or public street right-of-way lines. 8. Dogs and other pets allowed within the campground shall be kept on a leash not longer than 10 feet in length and not allowed freedom upon any campsite other than the one occupied by the owner of said dog or pet. 9. Fires may be built only in picnic stoves or other similar equipment or such areas as designated by the camp manager. It shall be unlawful to start or cause to be started any other fire whatsoever in the campground. 10. No commercial enterprises shall be permitted to operate on the campground, except that a convenience goods shopping building for the use of the occupants is allowed, providing it is clearly incidental to the needs of the occupants while residing in the campground. There shall be no advertising of these services along the public roads. • -3- �.. 11. A common use area shall be provided for each campground at a ratio of not less than 500 square feet of such area per site. This common area shall be developed by seeding, landscaping, picnic tables, barbeque stands ' and recreation equipment (i.e. swings, slides, playground equipment, horseshoe pits, shuffleboard courts and the like) for the general use of the occupants of .the entire campground. The area shall be at least 50 feet from any public road. 12. Any lighting shall be directed away from camping sites and surrounding residential areas - no high-intensity lighting shall be used. All electric lines, telephone lines and gas lines shall be installed underground. 13. The campground shall be kept in a neat and orderly manner. A covered trash and garbage receptacle shall be provided, and the campground shall be kept free of litter, trash and debris. 14. The campground shall post regulations that all radios and other equipment producing a noise shall be turned off or reduced in volume between 11:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. so as not to be audible at other sites or adjoining residential areas. 15. No mobile homes or trailer coaches designed for permanent habitation shall be allowed except for the campground manager . 16. Prior to applying for a building permit to construct a seasonal campground, the developer shall submit the following information to the Zoning Board of Appeals for its approval: • a. A scaled drawing of a site plan of the proposed seasonal campground. b. The drawing shall show the location of the campground entrance, internal road system, parking areas, designated campsites, trails, common use areas, service buildings, sanitary facilities, etc. c. A vicinity sketch showing the location of the campground relative to the local public street system. -4- �- I "' d. A descriptive text of the proposed campground. e. Plans and specification of any buildings to be constructed therein. DEFINITION "RECREATIONAL UNIT" means a tent or vehiculartype structure, primarily designed as temporary liv ing quarters for recreational, camping or travel use, which either has its own motive power or is mounted on or drawn by another vehicle which is self-powered. A tent means a collapsible shelter of canvas or other fabric stretched and sustained by poles and/or other fixtures, used for camping outdoors. Recreational unit shall include, but shall not be limited to the following: a. Travel Trailer b. Folding Trailer c. Motor Home (including van) d. Truck Camper (5th Wheel or Slide-in) TYPICAL SIGN REQUIREMENTS - SECTION 9.2 In the "RE" Recreational District, only one sign may be erected for each separate recreational activity. No sign shall exceed 32 square feet in area or 8 feet in length. -5- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Amendments-to-the-Model-Zoning-Ordinance_1978 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo County Planning Department, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978 Title A name given to the resource Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance Description An account of the resource The Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance for Kalamazoo County includes office districts (August 1978) and the recreation district (September 1978). The amendments were prepared by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan Recreation--planning Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/06b5d6fb9a825d8629ab04dcca440d6c.pdf 0c01ffcdcfcd98911245dd2e7172d507 PDF Text Text AMENDMENTS TO THE MODEL ZONING ORDINANCE AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS EXCLUSIVE RESTRICTED INTENSIVE BUSINESS RURAL RESIDENTIAL Prepared for use by the Cities, Villages, and Townships of Kalamazoo County, Michigan KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION NOVEMBER, 1986 �• • • • • • • • ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. . . . . i Exclusive Agriculture . . 1 Restricted Agriculture. • • 4 • 9 Intensive Agriculture . Agri-Business . Rural Residential . . . • . . • . . . . 12 . . . 16 Summary of Uses . .20 Section 14 - Standards Required of Special Exception Uses . . .22 �INTRODUCTION Agriculture in America has changed dramatically since the Kalamazoo Metropolitan County• Planning Commission adopted its Model Zoning Ordinance in 1962. The size and structure of the agricultural enter- prise is moving from the small, family-owned farm to the large, corporately-owned farm. At the same time, technology has changed so as to render meaningless the phrase "standard farming practice". The five agricultural zoning districts contained in this amendment to the Model Zoning Ordinance are a response to these changes. They seek to protect farmer and non-farm rural residents alike by providing each with standards for coexistence. These districts, when properly applied to the zoning map, will protect the prime agricultural lands from suburban types of development while encouraging single-family dwellings in rural areas not suited to agriculture. The procedural and administrative framework incorporated into the amendments is intended primarily for adaptation to the Model Zoning Ordinance, however, it can easily be modified by local units of government no matter how their ordinance is set up. While the Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission hopes the units of government in Kalamazoo County will find this amendment useful, it cautions that these districts may need to be adapted to fit differ- ' ' ' ing local situations. �I I I I ' ''-~ 101 •A-1• AGRICULTURE DISTRICT; EXCLUSIVE 102 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The purpose of the "A-1" District is twofold; first, to maintain, • preserve and enhance prime agricultural lands which have historically exhibited high crop yields. Such lands are generally covered by Class I, II and III soils as rated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Secondly, the intent of the district is to allow maximum freedom of operations for agricultural pursuits and to protect such uses from encroachment of nonagricultural uses. The highest and best use of these lands is for agricultural purposes and as such, all non-agricultural uses are prohibited. 103 PERMITTED USES 1) Any non-intensive farm or agricultural activities including stock nurseries, animal and livestock raising. 2) The sale of farm or dairy produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold. 3) Existing single family dwellings. 4) Two (2) single family farm dwellings or one (1) two-family farm dwelling for resident owners, those children of resident owners, or farm laborers substantially engaged in conduct of an agricultural use. 5) Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. 6) Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 7) Home occupations. ~ ~ '• • '~ 104 STANDARDS FOR APPLICATION OF THE •A-1• AGRICULTURE DISTRICT In accordance with the description and purpose of this District to maintain agricultural activities, the following criterion shall be considered as a minimum by the local community for initial placement or rezoning of land to the "A-1" Agriculture District. 1) The land shall be considered prime farmland as designated by the community on the official prime farmland maps for the community and are made a part of this ordinance. -1- �I 2) 105 The proposed area shall be designated as agricultural on the community's land use plan. SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES 1) Intensive farming and agricultural operations as outlined in the "A-3" Intensive Agricultural District. I I I -I I I I I '-I -2- I I I �I I I I • ' 106 LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS · Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. SECTION 13 - LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Principal Structure Minimum Lot Frontage (Feet) Single Family 150 Two Family 200 Minimum Lot Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.) Single Family 43,560 Two Family 30,000 Maximum Building or Structure Height (Feet) 30 Maximum Building Coverage of Lot 10 Minimum Floor Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.) Single Family 1,000 Two Family 800 Minimum Front Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 20 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Accessory Buildings Minimum Building Setback (See Section 9.4e) Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 5 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 5 Maximum Building Height (Feet) Maximum Building Coverage (% of Rear Yard) I 15 4/ 5 4/The maximum height requirement shall not apply to silos or other similar structures which are not occupied by persons but are necessary for certain agricultural production, storage, etc. -3- �201 •A-2• Agriculture District; Restricted 202 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT • of the "A-2" District is to preserve, maintain The purpose and enhance agricultural lands historically utilized for agricultural purposes but which are not included within the "A-1" Agriculture District. Lands in the "A-2" District are typically characterized by good agricultural soils and are best suited for smaller farm units, including truck farming, livestock production, orchards, and other similar agricultural-related farming activities. To these ends, the intent of the District is to retain these areas in agricultural use and therefore limit the encroachment and scatterization of non-farm development as much as possible. 203 PERMITTED USES 1) Any non-intensive farm or agricultural activities including stock nurseries, animal and livestock raising. 2) The sale of farm or dairy produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold. 3) Two (2) single family farm dwellings or one (1) two-family farm dwelling for resident owners, those children of resident owners, or farm laborers substantially engaged in conduct of an agricultural use. 4) Single family non-farm dwellings subject to the density limitations and provisions of Section 205. 5) Home occupations. 6) Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. 7) Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. 8) Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with provisions of Section 9.4. �~ 204 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES - Subject to the Conditions and Limitations found in Section 14. 1) Public utility buildings and structures necessary for the service of the community except that: (a) There is no zoning restriction for utilities to be located in public streets or public rights-of-way. (b) Public utility activities of an industrial character such as repair and maintenance yards, storage facilities, or activities which generate electronic interference are prohibited. 2) Veterinarian clinics and facilities for the care and/or boarding of animals including kennels. 3) Single family non-farm dwellings subject to the provisions of Section 205, paragraphs 2 and/or 4. 4) Intensive farming and agricultural operations as outlined in the "A-3" Intensive Agricultural District. 5) Commercial greenhouses. = ~ • • • • • • • • ~ ~ ~ ~ • • �• • • • • • • • • • • '• • • •~ 205 DENSITY REGULATIONS FOR NON-FARM DWELLINGS 1) Permitted Lots: Not more than one (1) non-farm dwelling per quarter of a quarter section area shall be permitted except that additional dwellings may be allo~ed subject to the provisions stated in this section. The density regulations shall apply only to those quarters of a quarter section area. Each nonfarm residential lot shall contain a minimum of one (1) acre • 2) Bonus Lots: Parcels or tracts of land which have not been farmed (tilled) within the past five (5) years prior to the date of the application for a building permit may be permitted one (1) additional bonus dwelling unit upon the granting of a Special Exception Use Permit. The conditions under which the bonus building sites shall be approved are as follows: 3) (a) Presentation of a plan illustrating the location of the dwelling site, location of the septic tank and drainfield, location of the well and access from a public road. Reasonable revisions to the site plan may be required as a condition of approval. (b) When the site is wooded or has other natural or historical features which, in the opinion of the Planning Commission, should be preserved or protected, restrictions on the alteration of the natural features may be required as a condition of approval • (c) When the proposed building site is characterized by steep topography (slopes in excess of twelve percent) or the predominant soils are of a type considered to be limited for septic tanks, a special engineering report may be required of the applicant as a condition of approval. (d) Such other reasonable conditions as may be necessary to maintain the intent and integrity of the "A-2" Agriculture District • LOTS OF RECORD: It is the intent of this section that the total non-farm dwellings per quarter of a quarter section area shall not exceed four (4), except that lots of record on the date of adoption of this Ordinance shall be considered buildable provided all other applicable ordinances are met • -6- �4) Transfer of Development Rights to a Contiguous Quarter-Quarter Section: Contiguous quarterquarter sections under single ownership may transfer development rights for the "permitted lots" with a Special Exception Use Permit into one quarter-quarter section subject to the following conditions: (a) (b) 206 I I I The number of lots on any one-quarter quarter section shall be limited to four according to paragraph (3). (4) Transfer of lots shall meet the conditions of paragraph 2 (a-d). LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Sections 13 and 14. -7- I I �I I I I • • ~ " " II II II • ' ' ' '• SECTION 13 - LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Principal Structure Minimum Lot Frontage (Feet} Single Family 200 Two Family 200 Minimum/Maximum Lot Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.} Single Family 43,560/87,120 Two Family 30,000/87,120 Maximum Building or Structure Height (Feet} 30 Maximum Building Coverage of Lot 10 Minimum Floor Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.} Single Family 1,000 Two Family 800 Minimum Front Yard Setback (Feet} 50 Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet} 20 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet} 50 Accessory Buildings Minimum Building Setback (See Section 9.4e} Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet} 5 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet} 5 Maximum Building Height (Feet} Maximum Building Coverage (% of Rear Yard} 15 4/ 5 4/ The maximum height requirement shall not apply to silos or other similar structures which are not occupied by persons but are necessary for certain agricultural production, storage, etc • -8- ��OPTION A: Treatment of Intensive Agricultural uses via a "floating" zone approach as an option by the owner/operator of the site. 301 ' •A-3• AGRICULTURE DISTRICT; INTENSIVE 302 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT It is the intent of the "A-3" Agricultural District; Intensive to be maintained as a "floating zone" in order to provide for the accommodation of concentrated feedlot operations as well as other intensive agricultural uses in the community. The concept of the "A-3" District recognized such agricultural uses while actual application of the district is an option by a farm operator and/or owner. Application of the district affords additional land use protection to those intensive agricultural operations by prohibiting encroachment of certain new non-agricultural uses within a reasonable distance from the site. Moreover, it is not mandatory to be in an "A-3" District to be able to maintain or continue an intensive agricultural use. 303 304 PERMITTED USES 1) Any intensive farm or agricultural activities. 2) The sale of farm or dairy produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold. 3) Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. 4) Accessory uses or building, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. APPLICATION In the case of an application for rezoning to the "A-3" Agriculture District, the applicant must provide the following information required on the standard rezoning application: 1) A map depicting the location of the actual operation in relation to the bulk of the owner and/or operator's property, as well as the surrounding land use within one-half mile of the site. 2) A statement describing the use of the site, hours of operation, etc. -9- �305 STANDARDS The establishment of an "A-3" Intensive Agriculture District shall be governed by the following standards: 1) 2) Rezoning to the "A-3" Intensive Agriculture District may not be granted if both of the following conditions exist: a) The subject area in question is contiguous to or within 500' of land zoned for residential or commercial use along seventy-five (75) percent or more of its perimeter. b) The property in question is shown as a non-agricultural use on the Land Use Plan of the community and its non-farm development is timely. If said operation entails the confined feeding and/or production of livestock that it meet at least one of the following conditions: a) 300 or more cattle, b) 600 or more swine, goats or sheep, or c) 30,000 or more fowl; d) 4 or more cattle/acre, e) 20 or more swine/acre, f) 700 or more poultry/acre, g) 10 or more sheep or goats/acre. 3) That the subject site is used solely for said operation for a period of at least 180 days per year. 4) That agricultural products, such as but not limited to grain, bedding plants, livestock, etc. that are not raised on the owner's or operator's property are prohibited from being transported to the subject site for commercial processing and/or shipping. 5) That the subject operation have direct access to a County Primary or higher classified thoroughfare. -10- I I I I '• �I I • '• • • • • 306 LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS The purpose of the setback is to separate the homeowner and others from the normal noises and odors which accompany confined feeding operations • 1) All structures and confined lots designed to house or contain livestock should be set back 500 feet from any existing family residence except that of the confined feeding operator. 2) All structures and confined lots designed to house or contain livestock should be set back 1,000 feet from any existing church, business, school, recreational area (public or private) or any public buildings; and 1,300 feet from any area zoned residential or any area that has a recorded residential plot • 3) All structures should be set back 30 feet from the highway right of way. 4) Each "A-3" District shall contain at least 40 acres. If the waste handling facility of an operation is an open earthen pit, the setback distance should be increased to 1,000 feet in statement No. 1 above; 1,500 and 2,000 feet, respectively, in statement No. 2; and 50 feet in statement No. 3. DEFINITION AGRICULTURAL USE, INTENSIVE - Any agriculturally related use liable to negatively influence non-agricultural uses through the emission of noise, odors, or potential groundwater contamination. OPTION B: Treatment of Intensive Agricultural use as a separate zoning district as in Option A, however applied by the local unit of government rather than an option by the property owner. The District regulations would be identical to the ones in Option A. OPTION C: Treatment of Intensive Agricultural uses as special exception uses in one or more Agricultural zoning districts subject to the same conditions, standards, etc • -11- �401 •A-4• AGRICULTURE DISTRICT; BUSINESS 402 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The purpo~e of the "A-4" Agriculture District is to provide for the accommodation and regulation of manufacturing, warehousing, storage, and related commercial activities that are dependent upon or closely allied to the agricultural industry. To these ends the "A-4" District is designed and intended to be applied in either agricultural or industrial areas. 403 PERMIT'l'ED USES 1) Contract sorting, grading and packaging services for fruits and vegetables 2) Canning of fruits, vegetables, preserves, jams and jellies, including speciality foods 3) Production of natural and processed cheese 4) Wet milling of corn 5) Preparation of feeds for animals and fowl 6) Production of flour and other grain mill products 7) Fluid milk processing 8) Production of frozen fruits, fruit juices, vegetables and other specialties 9) Meat packing 10) Poultry and small game dressing and packing, provided that all operations be conducted within an enclosed building 11) Livestock sales facilities 12) Grain elevators and bulk storage of feed grains 13) Commercial greenhouses 14) Fertilizer production, sales, storage, mixing and blending 15) Sales or maintenance of farm implements and related equipment 16) Soil mixing for commercial sale -12- �404 405 406 17) Any farming or agricultural use, excluding intensive farm practices 18) Drying and dehydrating fruits and vegetables 19) Production of sausages and other meat products providing that all operations be conducted within an enclosed building 20) Fruit and vegetable pickling 21) Production of creamery butter 22) Living quarters for watchman and caretaker 23) Veterinarian services 24) Signs when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2 25) Accessory uses or buildings when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES - Subject to the Conditions/ Limitations found in Section 14. 1) Any similar or related agri-business use as described above as may be determined by the Board of Appeals 2) Riding stables 3) Slaughteiing of animals LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS 1) Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 2) Each "A-4" agriculture district shall contain at least five (5) acres. SITE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS 1) 2) Site and development plans of all proposed agribusiness uses shall be submitted in compliance with Site Plan review procedures contained in Section 9.10. Each principal agri-business use shall have frontage upon a thoroughfare having a primary or greater classification and have access thereto. -13- I I I ~ " • • •I ~ I I I • �• SECTION 13 - LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Principal Structure • Minimum Lot Frontage (Feet) 300 Minimum Lot Area (Sq. Ft.) 100,000 Maximum Building or Structure Height (Feet) 35 41 Maximum Building Coverage of Lot (%) 30 Minimum Front Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Accessory Buildings Minimum Building Setback (See Section 9.4e) Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 25 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 25 Maximum Building Height (Feet) 15 4 / Maximum Building Coverage (% of Rear Yard) 10 4/ The maximum height requirement shall not apply to silos or other similar structures which are not occupied by persons but are necessary for certain agricultural production, storage, etc. -14- �SECTION 9.2 - SIGNS: OUTDOOR ADVERTISING STRUCTURES In the "A-4" Agriculture District, only one sign which advertises the business on the site may be erected. No such sign shall exceed 100 square feet in area or 12 feet in length. i I I I • • • -~ ~ ~ ~ -15- • �501 •A-5• AGRICULTURE DISTRICT; RURAL RESIDENTIAL 502 DESCRIPTION OF DISTRICT The purpose of the "A-5" District is to permit the utilization of relatively small quantities of land in predominantly agricultural areas for rural residential use. As a matter of policy, it is intended that this district be applied solely to those rural lands that have marginal utility for agricultural use for reasons related to soil, topogra p hy, other physical or natural constraints, or severence from larger agricultural parcels. It is not intended that this district be utilized to accommodate residential subdivisions as defined in the Michigan State Subdivision Control Act of 1967, as amended. 503 PERMITTED USES 1) Any non-intensive farm or agricultural activities including stock nurseries, except that for the raising or keeping of animals or livestock whether for profit or pleasure, the minimum lot area requirements shall be five (5) acres and a width of not less than three hundred (300) feet for the first two (2) head of livestock. An additional one and one-half (1-1/2) acres shall be required for each head of livestock beyond two (2). There shall be a maximum number of 12 livestock kept on parcels of twenty (20) acres or more. 2) The sale of farm or dairy produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold. 3) Existing one and two-family farm dwellings. 4) Single family, non-farm dwellings, subject to the density limitations and provisions of Section 505. 5) Home occupations. 6) Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. 7) Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. 8) Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. -16- �504 SPECIAL EXCEPTION USES - Subject to the Conditions and Limitations found in Section 14. Public utility buildings and structures necessary for the service of the c_o mrnuni ty except that: 1) 505 a) There is no zoing restriction for utilities to be located in public streets or public right-of-ways. b) Public utility activities of an industrial character such as repair and maintenance yards, storage facilities, or activities which generate electronic interference are prohibited. 2) Churches, cemeteries, schools 3) Golf courses 4) Riding stables, kennels DENSITY REGULATIONS FOR RURAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT 1. PERMITTED LOTS: A density of not more than one (1) dwelling unit per five (5) acres shall be permitted. Each rural residential lot shall contain a minimum of one (1) acre. At the time of adoption of this Ordinance, all parcels will be registered with the Building and/or Zoning Enforcement Officer. Only parcels of five (5) or more acres under the same ownership will be permitted to be divided according to the subject density limitations except as provided in paragraph 3. 2. LOTS OF RECORD: It is the intent of this section that lots of record on the date of adoption of this Ordinance shall be considered buildable provided all other applicable ordinances are met. 3. TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS: Parcels of less than five (5) acres which were created prior to the enactment of this ordinance may be split through the transfer of development rights from a contiguous parcel of land under the same ownership provided that: 1) no new parcel created is less than one (1) acre and 2) that the density limitation for "permitted lots" is met. -17- I I I I -~ • • • • • •~ -~ ~ ~ • �506 LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 'II II I I II II Ill Ill -18- �... I I I SECTION 13 - LOT, YARD AND AREA REQUIREMENTS Principal Structure Minimum Lot Frontage (Feet) Single Family 200 Two Family 200 Minimum/Maximum5/ Lot Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.) Single Family 43,560/217,800 Two Family 30,000 Maximum Building or Structure Height (Feet) 30 Maximum Building Coverage of Lot 10 Minimum Floor Area Per Dwelling Unit (Sq. Ft.) Single Family 1,000 Two Family 800 Minimum Front Yard Setback (Feet) 50 Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 20 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 50 I Accessory Buildings Minimum Building Setback (See Section 9.4e) Minimum Side Yard Setback (Feet) 5 Minimum Rear Yard Setback (Feet) 5 Maximum Building Height (Feet) Maximum Building Coverage (% of Rear Yard) 15 4 / 5 4/ The maximum height requirement shall not apply to silos or other similar structures which are not occupied by persons but are necessary for certain agricultural production, storage, etc. 5/ Maximum applies to non-farm dwellings only. -19- I �- - - - - - _,. Use A~ - A- r - - A-3 - Exclusive Restricted Intensive Accessory buildings and uses P P P Any non-intensive farm or agricultural activities P P -,r-:'4 -- Aqri-bus. ii='3"' P P* Cemeteries SE Churches SE Commercial Greenhouses SE Dwellings - single family - farm - non-farm P P P* v, P P* V) • QJ Dwellings - two family - farm - non-farm Intensive farming and agricultural operations P P -~ P ~ co SE SE P* Golf Courses .;.;-~ s... +> .~ SE Cl N I\.) 0 Home Occupations P P Kennels SE Public Utility buildings and structures SE ~....... P '; SE -~ SE ::, +> a. u c:( Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses, including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds q- J = LL.I LL.I Riding Stables v, Sale of farm or diary produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold P P P Schools SE P SE Signs P P P P Slaughter of Animals Veterinary Clinics .., - 11i0,...nTTi011 - Rural Resid. SE , .. - , p prt1on ,.,- - Penn1t ed. restr1ct:1ons aoo1v \ �DEFINITIONS 1. Agricultural - Substantially undeveloped land devoted 2. Farm - All properties under one ownership which may to the production of plants and animals useful to man, including forages and sod crops; grains and feed crops; dairy and dairy products; livestock, including breeding and grazing; fruits; vegetables; and other similar uses and activities. or may not be contiguous, upon which agricultural activities are undertaken on a commercial basis. 3. 4. Floating Zone - A zoning classification for which regulations have been developed and adopted, but its application to specific properties is to be determined on a case-by-case basis. Hobby Farm - A non-commercial farm operation of 2-15 acres, the income from which is incidental to the total household income. 5. Intensive Farm - 6. Livestock - 7. Stock Nurseries - Agricultural operations which are likely to negatively influence nonagricultural uses through the emission of noise, odors, or potential groundwater contamination, such as but not limited to confined feeding of livestock. Horses, or any animal which is raised for the production of food for human consumption or for the production of fiber. An establishment for the commercial production of trees and/or shrubs until they are ready for sale and transplantation. 21 I I i I I ~ I I I I I I ~ -I I I I I �Section 14. STANDARDS REQUIRED OF SPBCIAL EXCEPTION USES Snecial exception uses shall comply with all of the standar d s as specified herein. ~he Zonina Board of Appeals may add to the standards as provided where it is necessarv to protect adiacent properties, the qeneral neiohhorhooa ann the residents and workers therein. MINIMUM REOUIRED I SPECIAL F.XCEP~ION USF. STANDARDS* Cemeteries • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Churches • • • • • • • r.ornrnercial Greenhouses • • • • • • • • • • • • Golf Course • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Kennel • • • • • • • • Public Utility Ruildinqs & Structures Publiclv Owned ann Operated Builcinas and Uses • • • Riainq Stable Schools; Parochial and Private • • • • • • • • Slauohter of Animals • • • • • • • • • • • • • Veterinary Clinics • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 1,3,Sa 1,3,5b,9 l,1,5c 1,3,Sd,lf; 1,4,Se,l!:i l,4,5a,6,9 l,4,5a,6 4,Sf,13 1,5b l,3,Se,9,10,15 l,4,5c,15 *~he minimum required standards enumerated below are referred to by the numbers followinq each sp~cial exception. 1. ~he use shall have frontaqe on an existing or officially proposed road having a primary or areater classification or a township desiqnatea primary road. 2. ~he use shall have frontage on a state trunkline. ~- ~he use shall have off-street parking facilities to satisfy averaqe parking needs. 4. ~he use shall have off-street parking facilities to satisfy peak parking needs. 5. Buildinqs and activities shall not be closer than the specified number of feet to adjacent residential district or residentially used properties. a. b. c. n. e. f. ?. ~ feet c;n feet 100 feet ?OC't feet 500 feet 1000 f:eet 22 �I.=-- Public utilitv buildings shall, whenever practicable, have an exterior appearance similar to those buildinas in the immediate area. The puhlic utility buildinqs and structure shall have suitable landscaping, screen plantinq ann fencing whenever deemed necessary by the 7ionina Board of Appeals. 7. Gasoline pumps or other service appliances shall be set back at least twenty (20) feet from the lot line. No maior repairs or dismantelina shall be permitten outside of a closed structure. ~he use shall be enclosed by a solia wall, fencina, or compact screeninq of suitable material, not less than six (h) feet in heiqht as determined by the 7-oninq Board of Appeals. i I I I I ~ I 10. ~he minimum size parcel of. land shall be twentv (?0) acres. I 11. Off-street parkina and stanainq space shall be provided on the site of the facility in the ratio of not less than four (4) spaces for each washing stall in a self-service facility and not less than twentv-four (?.4) spaces for each automatic automobile washinq· facilitv. Each space shall be computed at not less than one hunared sixty-two (lfi2) sauare feet in area. l?.. (~he reader is referred to Item 12 on the succeedinq Paaes for the standards, conditions and limitations required herein.) I I I I 11. (~he reader is referred to Item 11 on the succeedinq paaes for the standards, conditions ann limitations required herein.) 14. a. Driveways shall not he located less than sixty {h0) feet from the property line at any street intersection. h. ~he width of two-wav drives may be a minimum of twenty-four (24) feet to a maximum of thirty (30) feet. 23 ~ I I I I I I �' 'I c. a. e. lS. ~he maximum of two (?.) driveways per service station or vehicle wash establishment per street. Drivewavs shall he a minimum • distance of twentv-five (25) feet from adioininq properties. t ~he minimum distance between anv two (2) driveways on a single lot shall he thirty (30) feet. Noise or similar ohiectionahle characteristics incident thereto shall not be aiscernible bevond the boundaries of the lot or premises. (~he reader is referred to Item 16 on the succeeding paqes for the standards, conditions and limitations required herein.) 17. (The reader is referred to Item 17 on the succeeding paqes for the standards, conditions and limitations required herein.) lR. (The reader is referred to Item 18 on the succeedinq paqes for the standards, conditions and limitations required herein.) J_q. (~he reader is referre~ to Item 19 on the succeedinq paqes for the standards, conditions and limitations recruire~ herein.) ?.O. All campgrounds publicly and/or privately owned shall comply with Act 368 of the Public Acts of 1978, Part 125, Sections 1?501 to 1?516 and the Administrative Rules R325.1551 throuqh R325.159q. 21. (~he reader is referrea to Item 21 on the succeedinq paqes for the standards, conditions and limitations required herein.) I I 24 �Item 13. I I Riding Stable Private or Quasi-Public, for rental or membership use of riding horses. Lot, Yard and Area Requirements 20 acres Minimum lot area Setback of buildings and associated activities from property lines-------------- Front Side Rear 400' 200' 200' Clubhouse 100' 50' 50' Paddock or Riding Ring 200' 100' 100' Parking Area 100' 50' 50' Stables and Accessory . Buildings Supplementary Provisions: 1. One identification sign may be erected. The location of the sign shall be limited to the yard area between the principar building a~d the public street, or adjacent to the main drive access to the principal building, which shall set back at least twenty-five (25) feet from the front lot line. The sign shall not exceed twentyfour (24) square feet in area. 2. Buildings and parking areas shall be provided with access from a County primary road or State trunkline. 3. Buildings, paddocks, riding rings and parking area shall not be located closer than one hundred (100) feet to the existing residences under separate ownership. 25 I I I ~ I I I I I -I I I I I �I I 4. Housing of caretakers and employees, who are principally employed at the riding stable is permitted. 5. Noise or similar objectionable characteristics incident thereto shall not be discernible beyond the boundaries of the lot. 6. Any sale of food or beverage shall be limited to vending machines excepting those times when scheduled horse shows and similar equestrian events are being given. 7. Any form of business enterprise other than the provision of horses for hire is prohibited. 8. Areas used for the temporary storage of manure shall be not less than two hundred (200) feet from a public street or any adjoining residence under separate ownership. All accumulation of manure shall be removed periodically to prevent a nuisance or annoyance to adjoining property owners. �Item 16. Golf Courses, Parks and Playgrounds All parks and playgrounds shall be fenced. Tees, fairways and greens within a golf course shall be located not less than fifty (50) feet from adjacent residentially zoned property under separate ownership of fifty (50) feet to a public street. Provided further that any tees, fairways or greens within one hundred fifty (150) feet from property used for residential purposes under separate ownership shall be adequately fenced to prevent trespassing upon said residential property. The Zoning Board of Appeals is hereby given authority to determine upon application to it the adequacy of such fences to prevent trespassing upon adjacent properties. Golf course pro shops and incidental food and beverage sales are subject to the following conditions and limitations: A. The golf course must be a regulation golf course of at least nine (9) holes. B. Pro shops, clubhouses (including the sale of food and beverages), must have a sideline setback of not less than five hundred (500) feet from adjoining residentially zoned land under different ownership, and a front yard setback of not less than one hundred ten (110) feet from the adjoining · highway center line. The side line setback for storage buildings shall be forty (40) feet. i I I I I ~ I I I I C. No overnight accommodations shall be permitted other than for the owner or manager of the facility. I I D. Adequate public rest rooms and other facilities shall be constructed and properly maintained. ~ E. Rubbish disposal shall a manner as will be purpose and avoid annoyance to adjoining F. Adequate off-street parking must be provided equivalent to six (6) parking spaces for each tee plus one (1) space *for each one hundred (100) square feet of the building area used by customers and one (1) space for each employee. 27 be handled in such adequate for the any nuisance or property owners. I I _I I I I �'I I G. Any sale of foodstuff, beverages or merchandise shall be clearly incidental to the needs of the occupants and users of the golf course while on the property; t h e sale of alcoholic beverages shall cease no later than the time stipulated in the applicable liquor license issued to the respective golf course proprietor, and the premises shall close no later than one-half (1/2) hour following the above-stipulated time. H. All night lighting shall be so arranged that it does not produce a glare on adjoining premises and/or highways. I. The general appearance of the buildings shall be compatible with buildings in adjoining area. J. No more than one (1) identification sign shall be allowed on the premises which shall not be lighted and which shall not exceed fifteen (15) square feet in area. '' '~ ~ ~ 28 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Amendments-to-the-Model-Zoning-Ordinance_1986 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo County Planning Department, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-11 Title A name given to the resource Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance Description An account of the resource The Amendments to the Model Zoning Ordinance for Kalamazoo County includes agricultural districts exclusive, restrictive, intensive, business and rural residential. The amendments were prepared by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department in November 1986. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/41168a6f56090bf8a2a781a360fc556c.pdf b9fd42b32c23271563233c8af31e1cd4 PDF Text Text FROM THE LIBRARY OF Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. Model Zoning Ordinance • Prepared for Use by the Cities, Townships and Villages of Kalamazoo County, Michigan Kalamazoo County Planning Commission Price $.50 �Kalamazoo County Planning Commission D. Gordon Knapp, Chairman Meredith Clark, Vice-Chairman F. Joseph Buckley Donald R. Hayward John E. Daley Arthur H. Lee Harvey Enzian Allan B. Milham Mrs. Robert H. Grekin Donald R. Phelps Charles C. Ranney Planning Committee of the Board of Supervisors Louis M. Mongreig, Chairman Robert J. Brown Merritt N. Harper Raymond L. Hightower Wendell C. Hoag John Plantefaber, Ex-Officio Planning Department Staff Bruce A. Watts, Director Ronald A. DeVries Hazel Bonnell Assistant Secretary December, 1962 �Introduction An increasing number of County and local officials, as well as landowners and developers, have been interested in establishing a common framework upon which all local zoning ordinances in Kalamazoo County could be based. At the present time many of the zoning ordinances in the County vary from one another in content as well as in method of presentation. In addition, it is recognized that many of the zoning ordinances are general in nature and do not cover numerous situations that exist or are about to take place. This model ordinance has been prepared with the intention of meeting all foreseeable needs and changing conditions which may come about within the near future. The method of approach and standards suggested in this text, with whatever modifications are appropriate at the local level will provide a sound up-to-date ordinance that can be used by all local governmental units throughout the County. In this way greater uniformity, with appropriate safeguards, can be established. It i!. to be und~rstood that this suggested ordinance is quite broad, and designed to cover a variety of situations. Therefore, it is improbable that every local unit of government will have use for the text in its entirety. However, it is obvious that where a number of local units use the same portions of the text, there will be greater uniformity. Therefore, increased use of this model ordinance will contribute toward the desired uniform zoning throughout the County. This model zoning ordinance was prepared by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department and subsequently approved by the Kalamazoo County Planning Commission on December 27, 1962. On February 19, 1963 the Kalamazoo County Board of Supervisors passed the following resolution: RESOLVED, that the Kalamazoo County Board of Supervisors approve the Model Zoning Ordinance that was prepared by the County Planning Commission for the purpose of improving the standards and uniformity of zoning throughout the County, through its use by Cities, Townships and Villages; and that the Board of Supervisors encourages the use of the Model Zoning Ordinance as a guide by the local governmental units throughout the County. �IND EX Sedion Page 1 Title ............................. ............................................ 1 2 Purpose .............. ........ ......... ................... ... . . .. . . .... ..... 1 3 Resolution .................................................................. 1 4 Definitions ............................................................... 2 5 Administration and Enforcement ................................ Administration ............... ....... ................................ Enforcement ... . . .. .............. ........................ ...... .... ... Violations ...................................... ....................... Penalties ............................................................... 5 5 5 5 Board of Appeals .................................................... Establishment of a Board of Appeals .................... Authority of the Board of Appeals ........................ Limitation of Authority of the Board of Appeals .... Application for Variances, Appeals or Special Exceptions ............................................ 6 6 6 General Provisions .................................................... Interpretation of Conflicting Provisions ................ Limitations on All Land and Structures .................... Limitations on Height ............................................ Limitations on Area .............................................. Building Permit to Erect or Alter Structures ............ Prior Building Permits ........................................... Certificate of Occupancy ........................................ Validity or Severability Clause .............................. Conflict with Other Lawe; ...................................... Boundaries of Zones .......... ....... ........................... 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 6 6 6 8 Zoning Districts and Zoning Map ................................ 8 Zoning Districts .................................................... 8 A-Agriculture District .... ........................................ 8 R-1 Residential District, Single Family .................. 9 R-2 Residential District, Single Family .................. 9 R-3 Residential District, Single & Two Family ........ 10 R-4 Residential District, Multiple Family .............. l 0 R-5 Residential District, High Density Multiple Family ........ .............. .......................... l 0 R-6 Mobile Home Park Dist rict ............................ 11 C-1 Commercial District, Local ............................ 11 C-2 Commercial District, General ........................ 12 C-3 Commercial District, Shopping Center ............ 12 (see other side) �8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 C-4 Commercial District, Highway ...................... 1-1 Industrial District, Restricted .......................... 1-2 Industrial District, Manufacturing .................. 1-3 Industrial District, Service ................................ 13 13 14 14 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Supplementary Regulations ... .. ............ .... .. .. ...... ....... Parking of Motor Vehicles .................................... Signs & Outdoor Advertising Structures ................ Nonconforming Uses ........................................... Accessory Uses or Buildings ................................ Home Occupations ................................................ Screening .............................................................. Setback From Lakes, Ponds, Streams & Rivers ........ 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 18 9.8 9.8 l 9.82 9.83 9.84 Special Exceptions .................................................... 18 Special Exception, Explanation .......................... 18 Special Exception, Filing Request ...................... 18 Special Exception, General Provisions ................ 18 Special Exception, Special Provisions ................ 19 10 Amendment Procedures . . . .. .. .. . ............. ..................... 19 11 Effective Date of Ordinance ........................................ 19 12 Repeal of Prior Ordinance ........................................ 20 13 Schedule of Lot, Yard and Area Requirements .......... 21 14 Standards Required of Special Exception Uses ............ 25 15 Table of Uses ............................................................ 27 16 Suggested Zoning Map Screen and Color Guide ......... 31 • �Model Zoning Ordinance Section One • Title This ordinance shall be known and may be cited as "The Zoning Ordinance of ( __________ )." (name of m unlclpality) Section Two - Purpose In the interest of the public health, safety, and general welfare, the purpose of this zoning ordinance is to prevent the overcrowding of land and buildings, avoid undue concentration of population, provide adequate light and air with due consideration to the character of the zone and its peculiar suitability for particular uses, and with the objective of conserving the value of property and encouraging the most appropriate use of the land. Therefore, Section Three • Resolution Be it ordained by the ( (title or official body) pursuant to the provisions of the State of Michigan Act as amended, that the ordinance heretofore enacted as the zoning ordinance of ( _ _ ) (nn.tne ot municipality) is for; the establishment of zoning districts within which districts the use of land for agriculture, recreation, residence, industry, trade, soil conservation, water supply conservation and additional uses of land may be encouraged, regulated, or prohibited, and for such purposes may divide portions of ( __ ___ ) (name or municipality) into districts of such number, shape and area as may be deemed best suited to carry out the provisions of the Act; and to adopt within each district provisions designating and limiting the location, height, number of stories, size of dwellings, buildings, and structures that may hereafter be erected, or altered, including mobile homes, and the specific uses for which dwellings, buildings, and structures, including mobile homes, may hereafter be erected, or altered; and for the regulation of the area of yards, courts, and other open spaces and the sanitary, safety, and protective measures that shall be required for such dwellings, buildings, and for the designation of the maximum number of families which may be housed in buildings, dwellings, and structures, including mobile homes hereafter erected, or altered; to provide for a method of amending said ordinance; to provide for the repeal of the ( __ __) zoning ordinance (name or municipality) adopted on _ and approved by the electors on __ as subsequently amended; to provide for the administering of the ordinance; to provide for conflicts with other acts, ordinances, or regulations; to provide for the collection of fees for the furtherance of the purpose of this ordinance; to provide for petitions and public hearings; to provide for appeals and for the organization and procedure of the ( __ ·-· ) Board of (name of municipality) Appeals; and to providt for penalties for the violation of said ordinance. �Section Four - Definitions Words used in the present tense include future; words in the singular number include plural number; the word "shall" is mandatory. the purpose of these Regulations, certain terms words are defined as follows: the the for and Building Line: A line beyond which the foundation wall or any enclosed porch, vestibule or other portion of a building shall not project. Care Home: Accessory Uses: Includes rest and nursing homes, convalescent homes and boarding homes for the aged; established to render nursing care for chronic or convalescent patients but excludes facilities for care of active or violent patients such as feebleminded or mental patients, epileptics, alcoholics, senile psychotics or drug addicts . A use of a building, lot or portion thereof, which is customarily incidental and subordinate to the principal use of the main building or lot. Alley: A passage or way open to public travel affording generally a secondary means of vehicular access to abutting lots and not intended for general traffic circulation. Cellar: That portion of a building below the first floor joists at least half of whose clear ceiling height is below the level of the adjacent ground. Such a portion of a building shall not be used for habitation. Apartment House: A building used and/or arranged for rental occupancy, or cooperatively owned by its occupants, having three or more family units, and with a yard, compound, service, or utilities in common. District: An area within which certain uses of land and buildings are permitted and all others are prohibited; yards and other open spaces are required; lot areas, building height limits, and other requirements are established; all of the foregoing being identical for the district in which they apply . Basement: That portion of a building below the first floor joists, at least half of whose clear ceiling height is above the level of the adjacent ground. Dwelling: Boardinghouse: A building or portion thereof arranged or designed to provide living facilities for one ( 1) or more families. A dwelling in which lodging or meals, or both, are furnished to three (3) or more guests for compensation. • Dwelling, Single Family: Boat House: A building contain ing not more than one dwelling A house or shed for sheltering one or more boats. unit. Building: Dwelling, Semi-Detached: A structure havinq one or more stories and a roof, designed primarily for the shelter, support or enclosure of persons, animals or property of any kind. One of two buildings, arranged or designed as dwellings located on abutting lots; separated from each other by a party wall, without openings, extending from the cellar flwr to the highest point of the roof, along the dividing lot line; and separated from any other building or structure by space on all other sides. Building Accessory: A building subo1 dinate to, and located on, the same lot with a main building, the use of which is clearly incidental to that of the main building or to the use of the land, and which is not attached by any part of a common wall or common roof to the main building. Dwelling, Two Family: A building containing not more than two separate dwelling units. Building Height: The vertical distance measured from the average grade at the building to the average elevation of the roof of the highest story. 2 Dwelling, Multiple-Family: A building containing three or more dwelling units, (An apartment house). • �Dwelling Unit: A building or portion thereof arranged or designed for permanent occupancy by not more than one ( 1) family for living purposes and having cooking facilities. ed in function to retail sale of gasoline, oil, grease, anti-freeze, tires, batteries and automobile accessories, and such services such as lubrication, washing, polishing and other minor servicing to motor vehicles. Dump: Any premises used • primarily for disposal by abandonment, discarding, dumping, reduction, burial, incineration, or any other means and for whatever purpose of trash, refuse or waste material of any kind. Home Occupation: An occupation customarily engaged in by residents in their own dwelling, (See Sec. 9.5) Hospital: Any institution, including a sanitarium, which maintains and operates facilities for overnight care and treatment of two or more non-related persons as patients suffering mental or physical ailments, but not including any dispensary or first aid treatment facilities maintained by a commercial or industrial plant, educational institution, convent, or a convalescent home, as previously defined. Excavations, Commercial: The digging of soil, sand, gravel, rock, minerals, clay or other earthen material from a land surface for c.ny of the following purposes: When primarily for carrying on a business or manufacturing operation for the purpose of sale, exchange, processing or manufacture. Does not mean grading or filling incidental to improvement of the land. Hotel: A building occupied as a more or less temporary abiding place of individuals who are lodged with or without meals, in which as a rule the rooms are occupied singly for hire, in which provision is not made for cooking in any individual apartment, except for the management. Facilities and Services: Those facilities and services that are normally accepted as necessary for urban living such as paved streets, public and/or private water supply and sanitary sewer disposal, storm drainage system, schools, parks and playgrounds. • House Trailer: House trailer or mobile home means any vehicle or similar portable structure which was constructed with wheels so as to permit its being used as a duly licensable conveyance upon the public street, whether or not its wheels have been removed, and constructed to permit occupancy as a dwelling. Family: One or more persons living as a single, non-profit housekeeping unit as distinguished from individuals or groups occupying a hotel, club, fraternity or sorority house. The family shall be deemed to include necessary servants when servants share the common housekeeping facilities and services. Junk Yard: Any land or building used for commercial, storage and/or sale of paper, rags, scrap metals, other scrap or discarding materials, or for the dismantling, storage or salvaging of automobiles or other vehicles not in running condition, or of machinery or parts thereof, but not to be used as a dump . Farming: Agricultural activity or the raising of livestock or small animals as a source of income. Floor Area: The total enclosed floor area of a structure used for residential purposes, excluding the floor area of uninhabitable basements, cellars, garages, accessory buildings, attics, breezeways, and porches. For manfacturing, business or commercial activities which, in the case of the latter, includes customer facilities, showcase facilities, and sales facilities. lot: land occupied or to bP. occupied by a building and its accessory buildings, or by a dwelling group and its accessory buildings, together with such open spaces as are required under the provisions of this ordinance for a lot in the district in which such lot is situated, and having the required frontage on a street. Frontage: The length of the front property line of the lot, lots or tract of land abutting a public street, road or highway. Lot Area: The total horizontal area included within lot lines. Where the front lot line is the center line of a street or lies in part or in whole in the street area, the lot area shall not include that part of the lot in use or to be used as the street. Gasoline Service Station: Building or lot, or portions thereof, used and limit- 3 �Lot, Depth of: Shelter, Fall-out: The average horizontal distance between the front lot line and the rear lot line. A structure or portion of a structure intended to provide protection to human life during periods of danger to human life from nuclear fall-out, air raids, storms, or other emergencies. Fall-out shelters constructed completely below the ground level, except for a vent not ext eed ing 30" in height above ground level, may be contained within any yard area. lot, Front of: The side or sides of an interior or through lot which abuts a street; in a corner lot, the side or sides abutting either street may be considered as the front lot line provided that the side selected as the front has the required minimum lot frontage. • Shopping Center: A group of 5 or more commercial establishments planned, developed and managed as a unit, with off-street parking provided on the same property and related in location, size and type of shops in the center. Lot Frontage: That portion of a lot extending along a street line. In odd-shaped or triangular-shaped lots the length of the frontage may be reduced to not less than one-half ( ½) of any minimum frontage herein required and that the actual length of the street line shall be not less than 50 feet. Sign: Any structure, part thereof, or device attached thereto or painted or represented thereon or any ma1erial or thing, which displays numerals, letters, words, trademark or other representation used for di rection, or designation of any person, firm, organization, place, product, service, business, or industry which is located upon any land, on any building, in or upon a window, or indoors in such a manner as to attract attention from outside the building. Lot, Interior: A lot other than a corner lot. lot Width: The average horizcntal width measured at right angles to the lot depth . Sign Area: Mobile Home: The sign area is the surface of the structure used to convey the message exclusive of the necessary supports or any appurtenances required by the building code. The area of open sign structures, consisting of letters or symbols without a solid surface in-between, shall be calculated on the basis of the total area within the perimeter of the group of letters and / or symbols. The area of a double face sign, which is constructed back to back as a single unit, shall be calculated according to the surface area of one side only. (See 'House Trailer") Motel: A group of attached or detached dwellings not more than two (2) stories in height containing guest rooms which are provided for transient occupancy only, including auto courts, motor lodges and tourist homes. Non-Conforming Uses: The use .of a building or of land lawfully existing at the time this ordinance became effective but which does not conform with the present use regulations of the district in which it is located. Sign, Outdoor Advertising: A sign which calls attention to a business, commodity, service, entertainment, or other activity, conducted, sold, or offered elsewhere than on the premises upon which the sign is located. Nursing Home: (See "Care Home") Special Exception: That area required for the parking or storage of one automobile including necessary aisle or driveway space providing access thereto. The granting to a petitioner, by the Board of Appeals, certain uses of land and/or buildings, because of their particular nature and due to certain circumstances, to become established as provided in this ordinance, (See Sec. 9.8). Professional Office: Special Exception Uses: Rooms or buildings used for office purposes by members of any recognized profession, including doctors, dentists, lawyers, accountants, engineers, architects, etc. but not including medical or dental clinics. Uses of land and/or buildings, because of their particular nature and due to certain circumstances are designated as exceptions, and may be permitted to become established within those districts as specified in this ordinance, (See Sec. 9.8). Parking Space, Automobile: 4 • �Yard: Story: Open space on the same lot with a building or group of buildings, lying between the building and the nearest lot or street line, and unoccupied and unobstructed from the ground upward, except for plants, trees, shrubs, or fences. That portion of a building included between the surface of any floor and the surface of the floor next above it, or of the ceiling above it. A basement shall be counted as a story if its ceiling is over six feet above the average level of the finished ground surface adjoining the exterior walls of such story, or if it is used for business or dwelling purposes. Yard, Front: Open space extending across the full width of lot between the front lot line or the proposed front street line and the nearest line of the building or portion thereof. The depth of such yard shall be the shortest horizontal distance between the front lot line or proposed front street line and the nearest point of the building or any portion thereof. Street: A public dedicated right-of-way other than an alle:y, which provides primary access to abutting properties, and over which the public has easement of vehicular access. Structure: Anything constructed, assembled or erected, the use of which requires location on the ground or attachment to something having location on or in the ground, and shall include fences which are more than 50% solid, tanks, towers, advertising devices, bins, tents, lunch wagons, trailers, dining cars, camp cars or similar structures on wheels or other supports used for business or living purposes. The word "structure" shall not apply to wires and their supporting poles or frames of electrical or telephone utilities, or to service utilities entirely below the ground. Yard, Rear: Open space extending across the full width of lot between the rear line of the lot and the nearest line of the building, porch or projection thereof. The depth of such yard is the average horizontal distance between the rear lot line and the nearest point of the building. Yard, Side: Open space between side lot line, the side street line, or the proposed side street line, if such line falls within the lot, and the nearest line of the building, porch, or projection thereof, extending from the front yard to the rear yard or, in the absence of either of such yards, to the front lot line or rear lot line. The width of a side yard shall be the shortest distanre between the side lot line and the nearest point of the building, porch or projection thereof. Use: The principal purpofe for which a lot or the main building thereon is designed, arranged, or intended and for which it is, or may be used, occupied or maintained. Variance: The granting to a petitioner, by the Board of Appeals, permission to vary from the strict application of this ordinance as provided in Sec. 6.2b. Zone: ( See District) Section Five - Administration and Enforcement 5.1 - Administration: on in violation of any provision of this ordinance are declared to be a nuisance per se. Any and all buildings or land use activities considered possible violations of the provisions of this ordinance obs~rved by or communicated to Police and Fire Department employees or to any municipal official shall be reported to the zoning enforcement officer. The provisions of this ordinance shall be administered by such person or persons whom shall be designated by the municipal officials in accordance with the applicable State statute. 5.2 - Enforcement: The provisions of thi~ ordinance shall be enforced by such official as may be from time to time designated by resolution of the municipal officials. 5.3 b. The zoning enforcement officer shall inspect each alleged violation and shall order correction, in writing or by posting the premises, of all conditions found to be in violation of this ordinance. - Violations: a. Buildings erected, altered, moved, razed, or converted, or any use of land or premises carried c. An appeal may be taken to the Board of Appeals 5 �ful order of the zoning enforcement officer, Board of Appeals, or the municipal body issued in pursuance of this ordinance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction thereof before any court having jurisdiction, he shall be punishable by a fine of not to exceed One Hundred ($100.00) Dollars, or by imprisonment not to exceed ninety (90) days, or both. Each day during which a violation continues shall be deemed a separate offense. The imposition of any sentence shall not exempt an offender from compliance with the provisions of this ordinance. The foregoing penalties shall not prohibit the municipality from seeking iniunctive relief against a violator, or such other appropriate relief as may be prohibited by law. by any person alleging error in any administrative order concerning the enforcement of this ordinance. d. All violations shall be promptly corrected after receipt of notifica1ion thereof by writing or by posti ng premises by the zoning enforcement officer. A violation not so corrected shall be reported to the municipal attorney who shall initiate prosecution procedures. 5.4 - Penalties: Any person, corporation or firm who violates, disobeys, omits, neglects or refuses to comply with any provision of this ordinance, or any permit, license or exception granted hereunder, or any law- Section Six • Board of Appeals 6.1 refusal of a permit or any other order, requirement, decision, or determination which conforms to the provisions of this ordinance and which, therefore, is not erroneous; nor to authorize the Board to validate, ratify, or legalize any violation of law or any of the regulations of this ordinance. Establishment of a Board of Appeals: There shall be a Board of Appeals as provided under the applicable State statute, which shall have such powers and duties i'IS prescribed by law. 6.2 - Authority of the Board of Appea!s: a. Hear and decide upon request, the interpretation of the provisions of this ordinance. b. Grant variances from the strict application of the zoning ordinance when by reason of exceptional narrowness, shallowness, shape or topography of specific parcels of property at the time of the original enactment of this ordinance or amendments thereto or where the strict application of these regulatio"s or amendments thereto would result in exceptional or undue hardship upon said property; provided that such relief or variances can be granted without substantial impairment of the intent, or purpose of this ordinance. This provision shall not be construed to permit the Board, under the guise of a variance, to change the uses of land. c. Hear and decide apeals where it is alleged by appellants that there is error in any refusal of building, use, or occupancy permit or in any other order, requirement, decision, or determination made by the building inspector, zoning enforcement officer, or other municipal employee when passing upon an application for a building or other permit, or by any other officer or body in the administration of the zoning ordinance. d. Hear and decide petitions for special exceptions. 6.3 b. The Board shall not amend any portion of this ordinance or the Zoning Map; nor shall such power or authority be vested in the Board. c. A decision of the Board permitting the erection or alteration of a building or other use of land shall be valid for a period of six (6) months, during which time a building permit for such erection or alteration must be obtained and the erection or alteration started. d. No application for a variance or special exception which has been denied wholly or in part by the Board shall be resubmitted for a period of one year from the date of the last denial, except on ground-; of newly discovered evidence or proof of changed conditions found upon inspection by the Board to be valid. 6.4 - Application for Variances, Appeals or Special Exceptions: a. Requests for variances, appeals or special exceptions may be made by submitting an application (or letter) to the municipal clerk. (Optional) A fee of ----Dol lars shall accompany the application to help defray cost of processing said application. b. A site plan, plot plan or development plan of the total property involved, showing the location of all abutting streets, the location of all existing and proposed structures, the types of buildings and their uses, shall be submitted with each request for a variance, appeal or special exception. - limitation of Authority of the Board of Appeals: a. Nothing contained in this chapter shall be deemed to authorize the Board to reverse or modify any 6 �Section Seven - General Provisions 7.1 inafter designated for the zone in which such building is located, except the height limitations of this ordinance shall not apply to church spires, belfries, cupolas, antennas, domes not used for human occupancy; nor to chimneys, ventilators, skylights, water tanks, silos, bulkheads, and necessary mechanical appurtenances usually carried above the roof level, except where in the opinion of the building inspector such may be deemed to interfere with aerial navigation or constitute a fire hazard . Such features, however, shall not exceed in total coverage 20% of the total roof area and shall not exceed a reasona"Jle height to be determined upon reference of all such cases to the Zoning Board of Appeals by the building inspector. - Interpretation of Conflicting Provisions: In this ordinance, words used in the present tense include the future; the singular number includes the plural number and plural, the singular; the word "shall" is mandatory and ~ot permissive, and the word "may" is permissive. Ir. interpreting and applying this ordinance, the requirements contained herein are declared to be the minimum requirements for the protection of health, morals, safety or welfare. This ordinance shall not be deemed to interfere with or abrogate or annul or otherwise affect in any manner whatsoever any ordinances, rules, regulations or permits, or by easements covenants, or other agreements between parties, provided, however, that where this ordinance imposes a greater restriction upon the use of buildings or premises or upon the height of buildings or larger open spaces than are imposed or required by other ordinances, rules, regulations, or permits, or by easements, covenants, or agreements between parties, the provisions of this ordinance shall prevail. Except as hereinafter provided, the following general regulations sha!I apply: 7.2 7.4 a. No building shall be erected, nor shall any existing building be altered, enlarged, moved, or re~ui!t, nor shall any open space surrounding any building be encroached upon or reduced in any manner, except in conformity with the yard, lot, area and building location regulations hereinafter designated for the zone in which such buildings or open space is located, except as otherwise specifically provided. - Limitations on All Land and Structures: a. No building shall be erected and no existing building shall be moved, altered, added to or enlarged nor shall any land or building be used, designed, or arran!=led to be used for any purpose or in any manner other than that included among the uses hereinafter listed as permitted in the zone in which such building or land is located. b. No_ Y?rd or other open space provided about any building for the purpose of complying with the provisions of this chapter shall be considered as a yard or open space for any other building. c. Any lot as defi!"led herein, which was legally recorded at the time of adoption of this ordinance and which was a buildable lot under the Zoning Ordinance in effect immediately prior to the adoption of this ordinance, shall be deemed a buildable lot even though it may have less than the minimum area requirements. b. Every building hereinafter erected shall be located on a lot as herein defined; and, except as herein provided, there shall be not more than one ( l ) single-family dwelling on one ( l ) lot. c. Every dwelling structure shall be built upon a lot with frontage upon a public street, except that any one lot of record created before the effective date of this ordinance without any frontage on a public street but provided with an easement or other right-of-way of no less than 20 feet wide, may be granted a building permit providing all other requirements of this ordinance can be met. 7.5 • Building Permit to Erect or Alter Structures: . No structure shall be erected, altered, or excavation started until a Building Permit for such erection or alteration shall have been issued. 7.6 d. The illumination of any buildings or uses of land shall be designed and operated so that the source of light shall not be directed upon adjacent properties or the public streets. In no event shall the illumination of a building or use of land be permitted to flood upon adjacent residential structures. 7.3 • Limitations on Area: • Prior Building Permits: Nothing in this ordinance shall prohibit the completion of construction and use of a nonconforming building for which a building permit has been issued prior to the effective doJte of this ordinance, PROVIDED that construction is ccmmenced within 90 days after the date of issuance of the permit; that construction is carried on diligently and without interruption for s continuous period so that the entire building shall be completed according to the plans filed with the permit application within two (2) years after the issuance of the building permit. - Limitations on Height: No building shall be erected, reconstructed, or structurally altered to exceed in height the limit here- 7 �7.7 any of the zones as shown on the Zoning Map, the following rules shall apply; - Certificate of Occupancy: a. It shall be unlawful to use or permit the use of any building or premises or part thereof hereafter created, located, erected, changed, converted or enlarged wholly or partly until a certificate of occupancy has been issued for that premises certifying that the structure or use complies with the provisions of this ordinance. S~ch ocupancy permits shall be granted or de~1ed within - - - days from the date that a written application is filed with the building inspector or zoning enforcement officer. a. Zone boundry lines are intended to be parallel or perpendicular to street, alley, or lot lines, unless such zone boundry lines are fixed by dimensions, as shown on said Zoning Map. b. Where zone boundaries are indicated as approximately following street or alley lines or proposed street lines, such lines shall be construed to be such boundaries. c. Where zone boundaries are so indicated that they approximately follow lot lines and are not more than 25 feet distant therefrom, such lot lines shall be such boundaries. d. In unsubdivided property or where a zone boundary divides a lot, the location of any such boundary, unless the same is indicated by dimensions shown on such maps, or described in the text of the ordinance, shall be determined by the use of the map scale shown thereon, and scaled to the nearest foot. e. If all or any portion of any public street, alley, right-of-way, easement or land which is not included in any zone shall ever revert to or come into private ownership or shall ever be used for any purpose other than a public purpose, said land shall be subject to all of these regulations which apply within the zone immediately adjacent thereto, or within the most restricted of the immediately adjacent zones, if there be more than one. b. The issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy shall not be construed as permitting any violation of this ordinance. 7.8 - Validitv or Severability Clause: Should any section, sub-section, clause or provision of this ordinance be declared by the courts to be invalid, such decision shall not affect the validity of the ordinance in its entirety or of any part thereof, other than that portion so declared to be invalid. 7.9 - Conflict With Other Laws: Whenever the requirements of this ordinance are at variance with the requirements of other lawfully adopted rules, regulations, or ordinances, the most restrictive, or that imposing the higher standards, shall govern. 7 .10 - Boundaries of Zones: Where uncertainty exists as to the boundaries of Section Eight - Zoning Districts and Zoning Map 8.1 a. - Zoning Districts: • b. The location and boundaries of the zones established in the municipality shall be shown on a map entitled Zoning Map of the municipality, and as same may be amended subsequent to the adoption thereof; and said map, section or portion thereof, together with all notations, dimensions and other data shown thereon, are hereby made a part of this ordinance to the same extent as if the information set forth on said map were fully described and incorporated herein. c. The official copy of the Zoning Map shall be in the custody of _________ For the purpose of this ordinance _ _ _ __ ____ ) is hereby divided into the following (name of municipality) zoning districts: A- Agriculture R-1 Residential, Single Family R-2 Residential, Single Family R-3 Residential, Single and Two Family R-4 Residential, Multiple-Family R-5 Residential, Multiple-Family, High Density R-6 Mobile Home Park C-1 Commercial, Local C-2 Commercial, General C-3 Commercial, Shopping Center C-4 Commercial, Highway 1-1 Industrial, Restricted 1-2 Industrial, Manufacturing 1-3 Industrial, Service 8.2 - A-Agriculture District: 8.21 - Descriotion of Distriet This district is composed of certain land in outlying areas presently of rural character. Such land is zoned for agricultural use with the intent that agriculture will be the principal land use within the forseeable future. The regulations for this district are designed to stabilize and protect the essential characteristics of 8 • �8.24 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: the district without unduly restricting its use solely to that of an agricultural nature. To these ends, development is limited to a low concentration and to those uses which would not be detrimental to future development. Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Sec. 13. 8.3 - R-1 Residential District, Single Family: 8.31 - Description of District 8.22 - Permitted Uses: This district is composed of certain land in outlying areas presently of a rural residential character where low density single family residential development has occurred or appears likely to occur. The regulations for this district are designed to protect and stabil ize the essential characteristics of these areas and to promote and encourage a suitable and safe environment for family life. To these ends, development is restricted to low density single family residential use consistent with limited rural type facilities and services . a. Single family dwellings, and the accessory structures and uses normally auxiliary thereto, excluding house trailers used for habitation; except that nothing in this section shall prohibit the conversion or alteration of any single family structure, in existence at the time of passage of this ordinance, into not more than two separate dwelling units, provided that such dwelling units shall conform with the following provisions: l . That there shall be no change or alteration of the exterior of the dwelling to change its appearance from that of a single dwelling unit. 2. Any single family dwelling converted under the provisions of this section shall be required to have within the enclosed walls of the original structure a total of not less than 2,000 square feet of habitable floor area for two dwelling units. 3. There shall be a minimum habitable floor area of 800 square feet for each separate dwelling unit within any single family structure which has been converted to house two families. 4. The provisions of this section shall apply only to the conversion of single family dwellings and shall not be construed to permit the construction of two family dwellings. b. Any farm or agricultural activities including stock nurseries, animal and livestock raising . c. The sale of farm or dairy produce which has been raised on the farm from which it is to be sold. d. Home occupations. e . Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. f. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 9 .2. g . Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 9.4 . 8.32 - Permitted Uses: a. Single family dwellings, and the accessory structures and uses normally auxil iary thereto, excluding house trailers used for habitation , as specified in Sec. 8.22a. of the A-Agriculture Zone. b. Home occupations. c. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. d . Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2 . e. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.33 - Special Exception Uses: a. Any special exception use permitted in the A- Agriculture Zone. 8.34 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13 . 8.4 - R-2 Residential District, Single Family: 8.41 - Description of District This district is composed of medium density single family residential areas in the mun icipality where medium density single family residential development has occurred, or appears likely to occur. The regulations for this district are designed to protect and stabil ize the essential characteristics of these areas and to promote and encourage a suitable and safe environment for family life. To these ends, development is restricted to medium density single family residential use, where adequate facilities and services will be provided. 8.23 - Special Exception Uses: a. Churches, cemeteries, parochial and private schools. b. Eleemosynary, charitable and philanthropic institutions. c. Golf courses, private non-commercial clubs. d. Public utility buildings and structures necessary for the service of the community except that: l. There is no zoning restriction for utilities to be located in public streets or public rights- ofway. 2. Public utility activities of an industrial character such as repair and maintenance yards, storage facilities, or activities which generate electronic interference are prohibited. 8.42 - Permitted Uses: a. 9 Single family dwellings, and the accessory structtures and uses normally auxiliary thereto, ex- �eluding house trailers used for habitation. Home occupations. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. d. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. e. Accessory uses, or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.6 b. c. 8.61 - Description of District This district is composed of certain areas within the municipality where multiple family residential development has occurred, or appears desirable to occur. The regulations for this district are designed to protect and stabilize the essential characteristics of these areas, and to promote and encourage a suitable and safe environment for family life. To these ends, development is restricted to multiple family residential use where adequate public facilities and services will be provided. 8.43 - Special Exception Uses: a. Any special exception use permitted in the A-Agriculture District. b. Care Home. c. Hospital or Medical Clinic, excluding veterinary hospitals. 8.62 - Permitted Uses: a. Two family, semidetached, dwellings and the accessory structures and uses normally auxiliary thereto, excluding house trailers used for habitation. b. Apartment houses, boarding houses, garden apartment development and the accessory structures and uses normally auxiliary thereto. c. Business offices in an apartment building for conducting business incidental to the rental, operation, service and maintenance of the apartment building, or buildings. d. Home occupations, limited to existing single family dwellings and to two family semidetached dwellings. e . Publicly owned and operated bu ildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. f. Signs, in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. g. Accessory uses or buildings, in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.44 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Sec. 13. 8.5 - R-4 Residential District, Multiple Family: - R-3 Residential District, Single and two Family: 8.51 - Description of District This district is composed of higher density single and two family residential areas in the municipality where high density single family or two family residential development has occurred, or appears likely to occur. The regulations for this district are designed to protect and stabilize the essential characteristics of these areas and to promote and encourage a suitable and safe environment for family life. To these ends, development is restricted to higher density single family and two fam ily residential use where adequate facilities and services will be provided. • 8.63 • Special Exception Uses: a. 8.52 - Permitted Uses: a. b. c. d. e. f. Single family dwellings, and the accessory structures and uses normally auxiliary thereto, excluding house trailers used for habitation. Two family dwellings. Home occupations. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and publ ic parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. Accessory uses, or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. Any special exception use permitted in the R-3 Res idential District. 8.64 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.7 - R-5 Residential District, High Density Multiple Family: 8.71 - Description of District This district is composed of certain areas within the municipality where high density multiple family residential development has occurred, or appears desirable to occur. The regulations for this district are designed to protect and stabilize the essential characteristics of these areas, and to promote and encourage a suitable and safe environment for family life. To these ends, development is restricted to high density multiple family residential use where adequate public facilities and services will be provided. 8.53 - Special Exception Uses: a. Any special exception use permitted in the R-2 Residential District. b. Children's Day Nursery. 8.54 - lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requ irements shall be as specified in Sec. 13. 10 • �a minimum width of 20 feet. Paved parking spaces for each mobile home site shall be provided in addition to the 20 foot service drive, either by the provision of additional parking lanes, or by parking spaces off the driveway. 8.72 - Permitted Uses: a. Any use permitted in the R-4 Multiple Family District. b . Signs, in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. c. Accessory uses or buildings, in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.73 - Special Exception Uses: a. Any special exception use permitted in the R-3 Residential District. 8.74 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.8 - R-6 Mobile Home Park District: 8.81 - Description of District This district is designed solely for mobile home parks and such accessory structures and uses normally associated thereto, in accordance with those regulations specified by the State of Michigan Trailer Coach Park Act 243, public acts of 1959, as amended, and in accordance with the area requirements specified herein. f. Sidewalks, not less than 30 inches wide, constructed of asphalt or concrete shall be provided extending between individual mobile home sites and the park service buildings. g. Interior drives and walkways shall be lighted at intervals of not more than 100 feet by electric lamps of not less than 100 watts each. h. Each mobile home site shall contain an area of not less than 2,000 square feet and have a width of not less than 30 feet. i. Each mobile home site shall be well drained and be provided with a concrete slab base for the storage of each mobile home. j. No mobile home within a park shall be within 35 feet of a residential district boundary. k. Where individual fuel oil tanks are used above ground level, they shall be placed on permanent masonry foundations of uniform design. 8.82 - Permitted Uses: Mobile home parks and those uses customarily incidental to the principal use. I. Site and development plans of new Mobile Home Parks or additions to existing parks shall be sub~itted to and approved by the municipal board, or ,ts authorized representatives, as such may be designa~ed from time to time by the board, and no Mobile Home Park shall be licensed or licensable unless the plans are _first approved by the municipal board, or its authorized representative. m. Every Mobile Home Park established within the mu_n!cipality_ shall be inspected periodically by an off1c1al designated by the municipal body. The trequency of said inspections, and any fees associated thereto, shall be determined by the municipal body. 8.83 - Regulations Required of Mobile Home Parks: a. Mobile homes used for habitation shall be confined to Mobile Home Parks, which are hereafter limited to Mobile Home Park Districts. b. Mobile Home Park Districts shall have frontage on a primary or major County street, or similarly adequate thoroughfare or a State trunkline. c. Mobile Home Park Districts shall not be less than 5 acres in size. d. The owner of every Mobile Home Park which lies immediately adjacent to a residential district shall provide a screening area separating said Park from the adjoining residential district. The screen shall be in the form of either a wall, fence, or evergreen planting which is compact and maintained in good condition at all times. The height of the screen shall not be less than 5 feet, except where the screen would interfere with traffic safety, in which case it may be reduced in height to, but not less than, 3 feet in height. Adequate landscaping shall also be provided, by the owner of the Mobile Home Park, within the front yard setback area between the mobile home sites and any public street so as to provide an attractive frontage upon said street. e. 8.84 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.9 - C-1 Commercial District, Local: 8.91 - Description of District This district is designed solely for the convenience shopping ?f persons residing in the surrounding residential ~e,ghborhood . The regulations are designed to permit development of the enumerated functions as limited to protect the abutting and surrounding residential properties. 8.92 - Permitted Uses: Retail sales of goods and services such as: a. Bakery and dairy products, retail sales only All interior drives within a Mobile Home Park shall be paved with asphalt or a similar hard surface to 11 �b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. I. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. service facilities . The regulations are designed to permit development of the enumerated functions as limited to protect the abutting and surrounding properties. Banks, savings and loan associations Barber and beauty shops Books, stationery and newspapers Clothing and dry goods Drugs and pharmaceuticals Florist and garden shops Funeral establishments Furniture and household furnishings Groceries and food stuffs Hardware, hobby shop, household appliances Laundromat, laundry and dry cleaning pick-up station Music and dancing schools Offices, business or professional Photography store ., Radio and television, sales an~ service Restaurant or similar eating establishment Shoe sales and repair Signs when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. Tailoring and dressmaking Variety store, antiques, gifts Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. Publicly owned and ope-rated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. 8.102- Permitted Uses: a. Any uses permitted in the Cl-Local Commercial zone. b. Automobile repair garage. c. Automobile sales agency and adjoining outdoor sales area of new or used cars, provided that no dismantling of cars, or storage of dismantled cars shall take place outdoors. d. Boats and equipment sales. e .. Commercial recreation enterprises; indoors. f. Contractors' work shops. g. Greenhouse, nursery. h. Hotel, motel. i. Machinery and heavy equipment sales; indoors. j. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Se::tion 9.2. k. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8. 103- Special Exception Uses: a. Animal hospital and kennel. b. Any general retail use similar to those uses permitted in this section. c. Bar, tavern and night club. d . Bus or truck terminal. e. Commercial recreation enterprises; outdoors. f. Earth removal, excavations; commercial. g . Gasoline service stations. h. Package liquor sales. i. Public utility buildings and structures necessary for the service of the community except that: 8.93 - Special Exception Uses: a. Any retail use similar to those uses permitted in this Section, which is not specifically mentioned in the C2, C3 and C4, Commercial zones. b. Gasoline service stations c. Package liquor sales d. Public utility buildings and structures necessary for the service of the community except that: l. There is no zoning restriction for utilities to be located in public streets or public rightsof-way. 2. Public utility activities of an industrial character such as repair and maintenance yards, storage facilities, or activities which generate electronic interference are prohibited. l. There is no zoning restriction for utilities to be located in public streets or public rights-ofway. 2. Public utility activities of an industrial character such as repair and maintenance yards, storage facilities, or activiti~s which generate electronic lnterference are prohibited. j. Riding stable, race track; commercial. k. Volunteer or municipal fire station. I. Used car lot. 8.94 - Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.10 8.104- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. - C-2 Commercial District, General: 8.101 - Description of District This district is established for the accommodation of community wide needs for general retail sales and 8.11 - C-3 Commercial District, Shopping Center: 12 �,. 8.111- Description of District 8. 123- Special Exception Uses: This district is designed solely to provide for integrated community, or regional shopping centers. The regulations are designed to permit development of the enumerated functions as limited by the standards designed to protect abutting and surrounding properties. a. Any special exception use permitted in the C-2 Commercial Distric.1. b. Automobile repair garage. c. Drive-in theatre. d. Mobile home sales. 8.124- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: 8.112- Permitted Uses: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. a. Any uses permitted in C-1 Local Commercial Zone, when established as an integrated shopping center. b. Bowling alleys and commercial recreation enterprises such as dance halls, skating rinks; (indoors). c. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. d. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.13 - 1-1 Industrial District, Restricted: 8.131- Description of District This Restricted Industrial District is limited to large tracts located along State highways, major County thoroughfares and railroad rights-of-way and/or adjoining residential and/or commercial areas. These regulations are intended to provide standards of intensity of use and standards of external effects or amenities compatible with the surrounding or abutting residential districts. To these ends, development is limited to a low concentration, external effects are limited, and uses are limited to those industrial activities which can be operated in a clean and quiet manner and which will be least objectionable to adjoining residential districts. 8. 113- Special Exception Uses: a. Any special exception use permitted in the C-1 Commercial District. 8.114- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.132- Permitted Uses: a. b. Agriculture Assembly of merchandise such as electrical appliances, electronic or precision instruments, and articles of similar nature. c. Packaging of previously prepared materials. d. Printing, lithographic, blueprinting and similar uses. 8.12 - C-4 Commercial District, Highway: 8.121- Description of District This district is composed of certain land along State highways or major County thoroughfares to servie the residents of the community and for the convenience of those persons in transit and for the purpose of accommodating those commercial establishments which are of a similar nature in their service to the public e. Processing or compounding commodities such as drugs, cosmetics, pottery, plastics and food products. f. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9 .2. 8.122- Permitted Uses: a. Automobile sales agency and adjoining outdoor sales area, provided that no dismantling of cars, or storage of dismantled cars shall take place outdoors. b. Boats and equipment. c. Commercial recreation enterprises. d. Drive-in eating establishments. e. Greenhouse and nursery. f. Motel. g. Restaurant. h. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. i. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. j. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. g. Storage or warehousing of commodities such as hardware, packaged or fresh foods, clothing, drugs (except live fowl or animals, commercial explosives, or above or below ground bulk storage of flammable liquids, or gases, unless and only to the extent that such storage of liquids or gases is directly connected to energy or heating on the premises). h. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. i. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.133- Special Exception Uses: a. 13 Office buildings. I I �8.15 - 1-3 Industrial District, Service: 8.134- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: a. Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. b. 8.151- Description of District This district is composed of certain lands located along State highways, major County thoroughfares and railroad rights-of-way. The district is designed to provide land for activities of an industrial nature placing emphasis on the service type of industry as opposed to the manufacturing type of industry. Because of the nature of the district, it should be located so as to be least objectionable to adjoining commercial or residential uses. Each district shall contain at least 25 acres. 8. 14 - 1-2 Industrial District, Manufacturing: 8.141- Description of District This district is composed of certain lands located along State highways, major County thoroughfares and railroad rights-of-way. The district is designed to provide land for industries of a manufacturing nature where all work is carried on within an enclosed building producing little external effect of an objectionable nature to the surrounding properties. 8.152- Permitted Uses: a. Automobile repair garage. b. Construction and farm equipment sales. c. Contractor's equipment yard. d . Gasoline service station. e. Grain equipment and processing . f. Hardware and building supplies. g. Ice and cold storage plant. h. Lumber, fuel and feed yards. i. Machine shop. j. Public utility buildings and storage yards. k. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. I. Storage and warehousing. m. Truck terminal, maintenance and service yard. n. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. o. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9 .4. 8.142- Permitted Uses: a. Offices and office buildings. b. Manufacturing, compounding, assembling or treatment of articles, or merchandise, where all work is carried on within an enclosed building, and where any outdoor storage is limited to not more than 10% of the lot area, and is maintained within the rear yard area. c. Public utility buildings. d. Signs, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.2. e . Warehouses; fully enclosed. f. Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses including community buildings and public parks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. g. Accessory uses or buildings, when in accordance with the provisions of Section 9.4. 8.153- Special Exception Uses: a. Dump b. Earth removal, excavation; commercial. c. Gravel processing and quarrying . d. Junk yards, building material salvage yard . e. Ready-mix concrete and asphalt plants. f. Slaughter house. g. Any industrial use which meets the intent and purpose of this district which does not emanate noise, vibration, odor, smoke, liquid wastes, or light, to such an extent as to be objectionable to surrounding properties. 8.143- Special Exception Uses: Any industrial use which meets the intent and purpose of this district where all work is carried on within an enclosed building, and which does not emanate noise, vibration, odor, smoke, liquid wastes, or light to such an extent as to be objectionable to surrounding properties. A determination of the Board of Appeals established under State statute and this ordinance shall be conclusive on any question of nuisance or objectionableness of any business or operation under the terms of this section. A determination of the Board of Appeals established under State Statute and this ordinance shall be conclusive on any question of nuisance, or ob;ectionableness of any business or operation under the terms of this section. 8.144- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 8.154- Lot, Yard and Area Requirements: Except as elsewhere specified herein, the lot, yard and area requirements shall be as specified in Section 13. 14 �Section Nine - Supplementary Regulations 9.1 - Parking of Motor Vehicles: a. Every property owner shall provide and maintain at all times an adequate number of off-street parking spaces, and ' the necessary loading and unloading facilities associated thereto, in each district for all the occupants, employees and patrons of said property. b. A plan showing the required parking and loading spaces including the means of access and interior circulation, except for one family and two family dwellings, shall be provided at the time of application for a building permit for the erection or enlargement of any building. c. Parking space shall be provided in the manner and location herin specified. No parking area, parking space or loading space which exists at the time this ordinance becomes effective or which subsequent thereto is provided for the purpose of complying with the provisions of this ordinance shall thereafter be relinquished or reduced in any manner below the requirements established by this ordinance, unless additional parking area or space is provided sufficient for the purpose of complying with the provisions of this ordinance within three hundred (300) feet of the proposed or existing uses for which such parking will be available. l. 2. d. Parking of motor vehicles in residential zones, except those used for farming, shall be limited to passenger vehicles, and not more than one commercial vehicle of the light delivery type, not to exceed ¾ ton. The parking of any other type of commercial vehicle, or buses, except for those parked on school property, is prohibited in a residential zone. 5. Off-street parking facilities in non-residential zones shall be effectively screened on any side which adjoins or faces property in any residential zone by a wall, fence, or compact planting not less than 4 feet or more than 8 feet in height. Plantings shall be maintained in good condition and not encroach on adjoining property. Screening shall not be so placed or maintained as to provide a traffic hazard through obstruction of visibility. 6. All off-street parking areas th lt make it necessary for vehicles to back out directly into a public road are prohibited, provided that this prohibition shall not apply to off-street parking areas of one or two family dwellings. 7. Space for all necessary loading and unloading operations for any commercial, industrial or other use must be provided in addition to the required off-street parking space. All loading and unloading operations must be carried on entirely within the lot area of the use it serves and shall not interfere with pedestrian, or vehicular movement. 8. Requirements for the provision of parking facilities with respect to two (2) or more property uses of the same or different types, may be satisfied by the permanent allocation of the requisite number of spaces for e.ach use in a common parking facility, cooperatively established and operated, provided that the number of spaces designated is not less than the sum of individual requirements and provided further, that the specifications in regard to location, plan, etc. are complied with . 9. The number of parking spaces required for land or buildings used for two or more purposes, shall be the sum of the requirements for the various individual uses, computed in accordance with this section; parking facilities for one use shall not be considered as providing the required parking facilities for any other use. Minimum Required Parking Spaces: Requirements for all parking spaces and parking lots: l. 2. Each automobile parking space shall be not less than 180 square feet nor less than 9 feet wide exclusive of driveway and aisle space. e. All off-street parking facilities shall be drained so as to prevent damage to abutting properties or public streets and shall be constructed of materials which will have a dust free surface resistant to erosion. 3. Any lighting fixtures used to illuminate any offstreet parking area shall be so arranged as to reflect the light away from any adjoining residential lots. 4. No parking space shall be closer than 5 feet from the property line. 15 1. Apartment Houses - l ¼ parking space per family unit. 2. Office buildings - One parking space for each 200 square feet of floor space utilized for work space of employees . 3. Retail stores, super markets, department stores, personnel service shops, and shopping centers. One parking space for each l 00 square feet area in the basement and on the first floor used for retail sales, - and one space for each 150 square feet of floor area on the second floor use for retail sales, - and one space for �foot signs be permitted on one lot, parcel or tract advertised regardless of property area. d . Building contractors and professional persons temporary signs on buildings under construction shall be limited to a total area for all such signs to forty-eight ( 48) square feet. e. In any commercial or industrial district, a sign is permitted only where it advertises a business occupying the same lot or parcel of land upon which the sign is erected. Signs shall meet the building set-back and height requirements, except for, and in addition to, the requirements provided below. 1. In any commercial or industrial district a sign may be affixed flat against the wall of the building, or may project therefrom not more than forty-two (42) inches. Signs projecting over public property shall be at least eleven ( 11 ) feet above the finished grade, or sidewalk. The total sign area shall not exceed two (2) square feet for each foot in length or height of the wall to which it is affixed. No such sign shall extend more than four ( 4) feet in height above the building wall to which it is affixed. each 300 square feet of floor area on the third floor used for retail sales, - and one space for each 400 square feet on any additional floor used for retail sales. 4. Manufacturing Buildings - One parking space for each three employees on the maximum shift. 5. Libraries, museums and post offices - One parking space for each 100 square feet of floor area. 6. Bowling Alleys - Three parking spaces for each alley. 7. Motels and Tourist Homes - One parking space for each separate unit. 8. Theaters, auditoriums, stadiums and churches - one parking space for each four seats. 9. Dance Halls, Assembly Halls, and Convention Halls without fixed seats - one parking space for each 100 square feet of floor area if to be used for dancing or assembly. 10. Restaurants and night clubs - one parking space for each 100 square feet of floor area. 11. Schools; Private or Public elementary and junior high schools - one parking space for each employee normally engaged in or about the building or grounds. Senior high schools and institutions of higher learning - one parking space for each employee normally engaged in or about the building or grounds and one additional space for each five ( 5) students enrolled in the institution. 9 .2 • Signs and Outdoor Advertising Structures: In any residential zone, an incidental sign not exceeding one ( 1) square foot in area to advertise only home occupations or professional services; such sign may be attached to the building, or may be located on the property of such use, but may be no closer to the street than the building set back line. b. In any zone where agricultural use is permitted, an incidental sign advertising the sale of farm products grown on the premises, such sign shall not exceed 48 square feet in area and shall be so located that it will not interfere with the full view of traffic. c. In any zone, one temporary real estate sign not exceeding six (6) square feet in area for each lot, parcel or tract under twenty-five thousand (25,000) square feet in area. Such sign may be increased in size, or additional signs permitted for each additional twenty-five thousand (25,000) square feet of property advertised. No single sign shall exceed 250 square feet in area, and in no event shall more than two such 250 square 2. One identification sign may be erected for a shopping center or other integrated group of stores or commercial buildings. The area of said sign shall be based on one ( 1 ) square foot for each front foot of building, or buildings, for which it is established; however, it shall not exceed four-hundred (400) square feet in area, nor be closer to the front, side or rear property line, than one-half the distance of the required building set-back. 3. One identification sign may be erected for each separate commercial enterprise situated on an individual lot and operated under separate ownership from any adjoining commercial enterprise. Such sign shall not exceed 80 square feet in area, nor be closer to the front, side or rear property line, than one-half the distance of the required building set-back. 4. Outdoor advertising signs (billboards) are permitted only in commercial and industrial zones under the following conditions: a. Except as otherwise provided herein, signs and outdoor advertising structures are required to have the same set-back as other principal structures or buildings in the zone in which they are erected . b. Where two or more outdoor advertising structures are located along the frontage of a single street or highway they shall not be less than 500 feet apart. A double face, (back-to-back) or a Vtype structure shall be considered as a single structure. c. The total surface area, facing in the same direction, of any outdoor advertising structure shall not exceed 500 square feet. a. 16 �I' 9.3 5. No sign or outdoor advertising structure shall be erected at any location where by reason of the position, size, shape or color, it may interfere with, obstruct the view of, or be confused with any authorized traffic sign, signal, or device so as to interfere with, mislead or confuse traffic. 6. Signs of medical practitioners, commercial and industrial establishments and outdoor advertising structures may be illuminated; however, such illumination shall be concentrated upon the surface of the sign and the sign shall be so located and arranged as to avoid glare or reflection onto any portion of any adjacent highway, or into the path of oncoming vehicles, or onto any adjacent premises. 7. In no event shall any sign, or outdoor advertising structure, have flashing, or intermittent lights, or be permitted to rotate, or oscillate. 8. Signs of a public, or quasi-public nature noting special events of general interest such as a County Fair, public or general election, horse show, etc. shall not exceed 80 square feet in area except by special exception. Such sign shall be removed within ten ( 10) days after the event. ings, fences and other structures which are accessory to nonconforming uses not involving substantial buildings, shall be discontinued and the incidental structures removed within five years from the date of passage of this ordinance. All subsequent use of such land shall be in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance. 9.4 - Nonconforming Uses: The following regulations shall control nonconforming uses in existence at the time of passage of this ordinance. a. If the cost of repair or replacement of a nonconforming use or structure, which has been destroyed by reason of windstorm, fire, explosion or any act of God or the public enemy, exceeds 50% of the total replacement cost of the use or structure, such use or structure shall not be continued or rebuilt except in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance. b . Nonconforming uses or structures in existence at the time of passage of this ordinance shall not be extended, added to or altered unless such extension, alterations or additions are in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance. c. If the nonconforming use of any land or structure shall terminate its activity for a continuous period of time exceeding one year, such use shall not be re-established, and any future use of land and structure shall be in conformity with this ordinance. d. If a nonconforming use is changed to a permitted or more restrictive use in the district in which it is located, it shall not revert or be changed back to a nonconforming or less restrictive use. e. The lawful nonconforming use of land not involving substantial buildings, nonconforming advertising signs and structures which are not necessary to the permitted uses of substantial structures, and temporary, movable or makeshift build- • - Accessory Uses or Buildings: Any use which complies with all of the following conditions may be operated as an Accessory Use: a. Is clearly incidental and customary to and commonly associated with the operation of the Permitted Uses. b. Is operated and maintained under the same ownership and on the same lot or contiguous lot to the Permitted Uses. c. Does not include structures or structural features inconsistent with Permitted Uses. d. Does not include residential occupancy, except for living quarters for farm, domestic or other employees having employment on the premises. e. Accessory buildings, other than farm buildings, shall be located only in the rear yard. f. If an accessory use is carried on within the structure containing the Permitted Uses, the gross floor area within such structure utilized by Accessory Uses (except garages and off-street loading facilities) shall be not greater than; twenty (20) per cent of the gross floor area, but not to exceed three hundred (300) square feet, of a single unit dwelling; ten ( 10) per cent of the gross floor area of a structure containing any Permitted Uses other than a single un it dweITing. g . Fall-out shelters are permitted as accessor.y .JJS8$and structures in any district, subject to the yard and lot coverage regulations of the district. Such shelters may contain or be contained in other structures or may be constructed separately, and in addition to shelter use may be used for any accessory use permitted in the district, subject to the district regulations on such use . Fall-out shelters constructed completely below the ground level, except for a vent not exceeding 30" in height above ground level, may be contained within any yard area . 9.5 - Home Occupations: Any home occupation operated in a single dwelling unit may be operated only if it complies with all of the following conditions: a. Is operated in its entirety within the single dwelling and not in a garage or accessory building, and only by the person, or persons, maintaining a dwelling therein. b. Does not have any employees, or regular assistants not residing in the dwelling; except for offices of doctors, dentists or other similar practitioners . 17 �herein set forth, the determination of the Board of Appeals established under the statute and this Ordinance, shall be conclusive on such question. c. That the dwelling does not have any exterior evidence, other than a permitted sign, to indica,te that the building is being utilized for any purpose other than that of a dwelling. d . That the occupation conducted therein is clearly incidental and secondary to the residential use of the build ing. e. That no goods, or services are sold which are not produced by the immediate members of the family therein. f. Dancing or musical instrument instruction, restaurants, beauty and barber shops, and business or trade shall not be considered home occupations. g . Noise or other objectional characteristic incident thereto shall not be discernible beyond the boundaries of the lot. h. Does not utilize more than twenty (20) per cent of the gross floor area, but not to exceed three hundred (300) square feet, in the single unit dwelling. 9.6 9.8 9.81 - Special Exception, Explanation: In order to make this ordinance flexible to meet the needs of changing trends in development and new technology, the Board of Appeals is authorized to approve the establishment of special exception uses . In this way the ordinance does not become a rigid document that cannot be altered, but serves as a guideline upon which the Zoning Board of Appeals may make enlightened iudgments keeping development within the general philosophy of this ord inance. land and structure uses not specifically mentioned in the foregoing text or possessing unique characteristics may be designated as special uses and, as such, may be authorized by the issuance of a special exception with such conditions and safeguards attached as may be deemed necessary for the protection of the public welfare. Certain types of uses are required to secure a permit to allow them to be placed in one or more zones in which their uncontrolled occurrence might cause unsatisfactory results of one kind or another. A few uses, such as dumps and junk yards, are inherently so objectionable as to make extra regulations and controls advisable even in the zone to which they are permitted. Others, such as gasoline stations, taverns, must be located with discrimination in relation to their surroundings. All the items listed are proper uses of land, but have certain aspects wh ich call for special consideration of each proposal. Because under certain conditions they could be detrimental to the health, safety, or general welfare of the public, the uses listed as Special Exceptions are permitted in certain zones only if granted by the Board of Zoning Appeals. - Screening: Hereinafter every commercial or industrial use occupying land immediately adjacent to a residential district shall have a screening area separating the said commercial or industrial use from adjoining residential districts. The screen shall be in the form of either a wall, fence, or evergreen planting which is compact and maintained in good condition at all times. The height of the screen shall not be less than five feet, except where the screen would interfere with traffic safety, in which case it may be reduced in height to, but not less than, 3 ft. in height. U--: Setback from - Special Exceptions: Lakes, Ponds, Streams, Rivers: Any building constructed on a lot abutting a lake, pond, stream, or river shall be set back at least 100 ft. from the high-water line, except; 9.82 - Special Exception, Filing Request: a. Petitions for the grant of special exceptions shall be filed with the (City, Township or Village) Clerk on forms provided therefor. The petitioner shall submit plans and specifications or other data or exploratory material stating the methods by which he will comply with the conditions specified for each grant of special exception. At the time of filing his request for a grant of special exception, the petitioner shall pay to the Clerk the fee required to cover the cost of advertising and of sending notices and other miscellaneous expenses in connection with this petition. b. The Board shall review· the application and after a public hearing shall grant or refuse the special exception, and notify the petitioner and building inspector and/ or zoning enforcement officer. 1. Those buildings in existence at the time of passage of this ordinance. 2. Where the majority of the property abutting said water line within 500 ft. of a vacant lot has been built upon at the time of passing of this ordinance, the setback of any bu ilding hereafter erected on said vacant lot shall not be required to be greater than, nor shall it be less than, the average setback of the improved properties. 3. One story boat houses used exclusively for boating and bathing facilrties may be constructed at the high-water shore line, but not over the water, however docks, together with temporary boat shelters which are dismantled during the winter months, may be constructed out into the lake beyond the said high-water shore line not more than 50 feet from said shore line. ln the event of a controversy concerning the location of the high-water shore line for the purposes 9.83 • Special Exception, General Provisio'ls: In hearing a request for any special exception, the Board of Appeals shall be governed by the fol- 18 �• lowing principles and conditions: a. The applicant for a special exception shall have the burden of proof, which shall include the burden of going forward with the evidence and the burden of persuasion on all questions of fact which are to be determined by the Board. b. A special exception may be granted when the Board of Appeals finds from the evidence produced at the hearing that: 2. The proposed use will not affect adversely the health and safety of residents or workers in the area and will not be detrimental to the use or development of adjacent properties or the general neighborhood; and 3. The standards as may be set forth for a particular use for which a special exception may be granted, can and will be met by the applicant. 1. The proposed use does not affect adversely the General Plan for phyical development of (_____ _ _ _ _ ) as embodied in this 9 .84 - Specia l Exceptions, Special Provisions: The Board of Appeals may, and is hereby empowered to, add to the specific provi~ions enumerated herein, others that it may deem nec~ssary to protect adjacent properties, the general neighborhood, and the residents and workers therein. (na me of municipality) ordinance and in any Master Plan or portion thereof adopted by (_ _________ ); (nam e of munic ipality) and Section Ten - Amendment Procedures lowing: 1. The name and address of the owner of the land. 2. The street number, if any, or if none the location with respect to nearby public roads serving the land which is proposed to be reclassified. 10.1 - Amendment Procedures: a. Such regulations, restrictions, and boundaries established by this ordinance may from time to time be amended, supplemented, or repealed by the municipality as provided by the applicable State Statute. Requests for amendment of this ordinance may be made by any interested person or governmental agency by submitting an application for the proposed amendment, (or a letter) to the municipal Clerk. A fee, to be determined by the (municipal body), shall be charged to cover part of the cost of the necessary advertising for public hearing. If a Planning Commission has been duly established, which is a separate body from the municipal Zoning Board, the municipal Clerk shall, within five days after acceptance for filing an amendment to the zoning ordinance, transmit a copy of the application to the Commission. The Commission shall submit, prior to the public hearing, a written recommendation on the requested amendment to the Zoning Board, which shall be incorporated in the application file, otherwise approval of the Commission of such request shall be conclusively presumed. b. In case of a text amendment, the applicant shall submit, in writing, the proposed text to be added and/or the existing text to be deleted. c. In case of a map amendment, the applicant shall submit a written statement specifying the fol- 3. A description by metes and bounds, courses and distances of the land, or if the boundaries conform to lot boundaries within a subdivision for which a plat is recorded in the Land Records of Kalamazoo County, then a lot, blo.ck, and subdivision designation with appropriate plat reference. 4. An identification plat prepared by a civil engineer, surveyor, or other competent person, and certified thereon by him to be correct and in conformity with this section, showing the land proposed to be re-classified, or if the boundaries conform to lot boundaries within a subdivision for which a plat is recorded among the Land Records of Kalamazoo County, then a copy of such plat, the land proposed to be re-classified appearing in a color distinctive from that of other land shown on the plat. 5. The area of the land proposed to be re-classified, stated in square feet if less than one ( 1 ) acre and in acres if one ( 1) acre or more. 6. The present classification and the classification proposed for such land. Section Eleven - Effective Date Of Ordinance • following passage ________ _ of Kalamazoo County Michigan . This ordinance shall become effective when a true copy of the same is first published in its entirety 19 �Section Twelve - Repeal Of Prior Ordinance and all amendments thereof are hereby repealed effective coincident with the effective date of the adoption of this ordinance. The zoning ordinance adopted by 20 �, • ) Section Thirteen - Schedule of Lot, Yard and Area Requirements Principal Structure MIN. LOT FRONTAGE, LOT WIDTH (FEET) Single Family ____________ Two-Family ________ Multiple Family MIN. LOT AREA PER DWELLING UNIT (Sq. Feet) Single Family ___________ Two-Family ___________________________ Multiple Family ____________ Multiple Family ____ MIN . FRONT YARD SETBACK MIN. SIDE YARD 2/ (FEET) MIN . REAR YARD (FEET) 1/ (FEET) R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 200 200 -- 125 150 100 75 100 70 80 100 60 70 75 30 40,000 40,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 8,000 5,000 35 15 35 20 35 25 8,000 5,000 1,000 75 35 2,000 35 10 8,000 5,000 2,000 50 30 1,200 800 1,200 800 1,000 1,000 700 50 20 50 40 15 40 35 10 35 35 10 30 5 5 15 5 5 15 10 5 5 15 15 5 5 15 20 -- -- -- -- MAX. BUILDING OR STRUCTURE HEIGHT (FEET) MAX . BUILDING COVERAGE OF LOT (%) MIN. FLOOR AREA PER DWELLING UNIT (Sq . Feet) Single Family ______________________ Two-Family ___________________ t,) A --- ---- 800 700 600 30 3 / R-5 R-6 25 30 30 5 / 800 700 500 30 3 / 10 4 / 30 6/ 35 10 5 5 5 15 25 5 5 15 25 25 25 15 20 l O 4/ Accessory Buildings MIN. BUILDING SETBACK (SEE Sec. 9.4e.) MIN . SIDE YARD 2/ (FEET) MIN. REAR YARD (FEET) MAX. BUILDING HEIGHT (FEET) MAX. BUILDING COVERAGE (% OF REAR YARD) NOTE : 5 The figures used above have been selected as a basis upon which further refinements can be made. (See other side) �;1 2/ 3/ for major county streets; (2) - 120' right-of- way for state trunklines; ( 3) - 300' right-of-way for expressways. Where the majority of the frontage along one side of a street within 500 feet of a vacant lot has been built upon at the time of passage of this ordinance, any building hereafter erected on said vacant lot shall not be less than the average setback of the improved frontage. The minimum distance between multiple family buildings within a single project area shall be as follows: On corner lots, the width of the side yard adjacent to the side street shall be equal to the front yard setback of the lot adjoining the rear of said corner lot. When the lot adjoining said corner lot along the rear line, does not front on the side street of the corner lot, the side yard shall not be less than 2/3 the front yard setback required for that district. Or equal the height of the building whichever is greater. 4/ Or 1/2 the height of the building whichever is greater. 6/ Or 3/4 the height of the building whichever is greater. Where property is contiguous to an existing or an officially proposed major county street, state trunkline or expressway, the minimum front, side or rear yard contiguous thereto shall be increased in depth so as to permit a: ( 1 ) - 100' right-of-way 22 l. Where buildings are front to front or front to rear; two (2) times the height of the taller building but not less than fifty (50) feet. 2. Where buildings are side to side, if there are no windows on the side walls; a distance equal to the height of the taller building but not less than twenty (20) feet. 3. Where buildings are front to side or rear to side, if there are no windows on the side walls, one and one-half ( 1 ½) times the height of the taller building but not less than thirty (30) feet. 4. Where buildings are rear to rear and side to side with windows on the side walls; one and one-half ( 1 ½) times the height of the taller building but not less than forty (40) feet. 5. When a roadway is located between two (2) buildings, the width of the roadway shall be in addition to the above minimum distance between buildings. �- ) Section Thirteen • Schedule of Lot, Yard and Area Requirements C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 1-1 1-2 1-3 MIN . LOT FRONTAGE, LOT WIDTH (FEET) None None 200 150 300 150 150 MIN . LOT AREA (SQ. FT. ) None None Principal Structure ·- · -··MAX. BLDG. OR STRUCTURE HEIGHT (FEET) MAX . BLDG. COVERAGE OF LOT (%) MIN . FRONT YARD SETBACK MIN . SIDE YARD 2/ MIN . REAR YARD (FEET) 1/ ------------- ·-·------· 20,000 50,00C 35 100 100 20 30 20 30 30 10 10 50 50 100 50 50 _ None None 25 25 50 25 25 None None 25 25 50 25 25 _____ None None 25 10 25 15 15 None None 25 10 25 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 - 35 3/ 35 50,000 200,000 35 - (FEET) 40,000 3/ 3/ 35 3/ 35 3/ 35 3 / Is) w Accessory Buildings MIN . BLDG. SETBACK (SEE SEC. 9.4 e.) MIN . SIDE YARD 2/ MIN . REAR YARD (FEET) ·-- (FEET) ---·--··--- --- MAX. BLDG. HEIGHT (FEET) _____ MAX. COVERAGE (% OF LOT) - --- ---- Nole: The figures used above have been selected as a basis upon which further refinements can be made . (see other side) �1/ Where the maiority of the frontage along one side of a street within 500 feet of a vacant lot has been built upon at the time of passage of this ordinance, any building hereafter erected on said vacant lot shall not be less than the average setback of the improved frontage. 2/ On corner lots, the width of the side yard adjacent to the side street shall be equal to the front yard setback of the lot adjoining the rear of said corner lot. When the lot adjoining said corner lot along the rear line, does not front on the side street of the corner lot, the side yard shall not be less than 2/ 3 the front yard setback required for that district. district as specified above, or a minimum of 25 feet whichever is greater; and said use or activity shall be effectively screened by compact evergreens, fence or wall, from any adiacent residential district. Where property is contiguous to an existing or an officially proposed major county street, state trunkline or expressway, the minimum front, side or rear yard contiguous thereto shall be increased in depth so as to permit a: ( 1) - 100' right-of-way for major county streets; (2) - 120' right-of-way for state trunklines; (3) - 300' right-of-way for expressways. 3/ The setback or yard area of any commercial or industrial use, or activity associated thereto, maintained on a parcel of land adjacent to a residential district shall be two times that required within the 24 Unless that portion of the building extending beyond 35 feet in height is setback from each lot line one additional foot, beyond the minimum requirement, for each foot in height above 35 feet. �• Section Fourteen - Standards Required of Special Exception Uses is necessary to protect adjacent properties, the general neighborhood and the residents and workers therein. Special Exception uses shall comply with all of the standards as specified herein. The Board of Appeals may add to the standards as provided where it Special Exception Use Minimum Required Standards* An imal hospital & kennel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________________________________ _ Asphalt & concrete ready-mix plant ___________________________ Automobile repair garage _____ _ ___ _________________________ _ Bar, tavern & night club ___________ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _______________________________ _ 2,4,5e 2,4,5f 2,4,5d,8 2,4,5e Bus or truck terminal _ _ _ - - - - -------------------------------------- 2,4,5e Care home __ _________ ____ ______ _ ______ . ___ ---------------- __ _ ____________ _ 3,5a 2,3,5a Cemetery _ Church _ 1,5b --- --------- - - Club, private non-commercial _____ . __ _ ____________________________________ Drive-in theater __ _ ______________ _ _________________________ Dump _ _____________ . _ _ _ _ _________ ____________________________________ Earth removal, excavations commercial ____ _ _______________________________ Gasoline service station _____ _ _____________ Golf courses ___ _____ _____________________ Gravel processing & quarrying _ _ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ Hospital _ _ . ________ -------------------------------__________ . ________ _______________ 1,4,5b 2,5f,9 2,5f,9 2,5e 2,4,5d,7 2,3,5d 2,4,5f 2,3,5c Institutions, charitable, eleemosynary, philanthropic ------------------------------Junk yards, building material salvage yard ------------------------------ _ Kennel ___________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ------------------· ___________________ Liquor, package sale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ----------------------------Medical clinic _ __________ ----------------------------------------Mobile home sales ____ _ _ _ _ ______ _______________ ______ _______ ___________ Nursery, childrens _ _ ____ ____ _______ -----------------------------------Offices & office buildings __ _ ____________ _ _ _ _ ____ _________________ l ,3,5c 2,4,5f,9 2,4,5e 5d l ,4,5a 2,4,5e 1,4,5a 2,4,5a Public utility buildings & structures _________________________________________ l ,4,5a,9 Quarrying __ _ _ __ __ __ _______________________________________ 2,4,5f Recreation, commercial; outdoors __ ______ _ ______________________________ _ 2,4,5e Riding stable; race track; commercial ______________________ -------------------------------- _ 2,4,5f School, parochial and private _______________________________ ____________________ 1,5b Slaughter house ______________________ _ _________________ _ 2,4,5f Truck terminal ________ _________ _______________ _____________________________________ _ 2,4,5e Used car lot __ ----------------------------------- ____________________________ _ 2,4,5e,8 Volunteer or municipal fire station ______________ ________ __ ____ _ _____ _ ______ _ 2,4,5e • * The minimum required standards enumerated below are referred to by the numbers following each special exception use. 1. The use shall have frontage on an existing or officially proposed road having a Primary or greater classification. 2. The use shall have frontage on an existing or officially proposed road having a Major or greater road classification . 3. The use shall have off street parking facilities to satisfy average parking needs. 4. The use shall have off street parking fac:l ities to satisfy peak parking needs. 5. Buildings and activities shall not be closer than the specified number of feet to ad jacent residential properties. a b c d e f 6. 25 - 25 50 100 200 500 1000 feet feet feet feet feet feet Public utility buildings shall, whenever practicable, have an exterior appearance similar to those buildings in the immediate area. The public utility buildings and structures shall have suitable landscaping, screen planting and fencing whenever deemed �mitted outside of a closed structure. necessary by the Board of Appeals. 7. Gasoline pumps or other service appliances shall be set back at least 20 feet from the lot line. 8. No major repairs or dismanteling shall be per- 9. 26 The use shall be enclosed by a solid wall or compact screening of suitable material as determined by the Board of Appeals and shall not be less than 6 feet in height. �- Section Fifteen - Table of Uses X - Permitted Uses S. E. - Special Exception Uses USE A-1 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 C-1 C-2 S.E. Animal hospital and kennel X Apartment houses _ Appliances, household Asphalt and concrete, Ready-mix plants X S.E. - I X 1-2 I I X I I : X X X X X X I S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. X X X X I X X I X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. X I I X S.E. S.E. S.E. -- S.E. X S.E. X X I Care Home S.E. X I Bowling Alleys Bus or truck terminal I X I I X Clothing and dry goods X Clubs, private non-commercial X Construction and farm equipment sales X - Contractor's equipment yard --Contractor's work shops ~ 1-3 S.E. I Boats and equipment sales Books, stationery and newspapers Cemeteries Churches 1-1 I ~ s , savings and loan associations Bar and Tavern Barber and beauty shop " X C-4 ! I Automobile repair garage Automobile Sales room and adjoining outdoor sales area -Bakery, retail sales only "' C-3 products, retail sales only Drive-in eating establishments Drive-in theatre X Drugs and pharmaceuticals X X X X --- X -- X l X X X S.E. - I X X X �USE A-1 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 Dry cleaners, pickup station R-6 C-1 C-2 C-3 X X X C-4 1-1 Earth removal, excavations; commercial S.E. S.E. S.E. X Farm equipment, sales X X Florist and garden shop X X X Funeral establishments X X X Furniture and household furnishings X X X Garden shop X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. X X X Gasoline service stations Gift shop Golf courses S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. 00 X Gravel processing and quarrying S.E. Greenhouse and nursery X X Groceries and foodstuffs X X X Hardware and building supplies X X X Hobby shop X X X Home occupations X X Hospital X X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. Hotel X X Ice and cold storage plant Institutions, charitable, eleemosynary, philanthropic S.E. X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. Junk yards, building material salvage yards S.E. Kennel Laundromat, laundry and dry cleaning pickup station Liquor, package sales X S.E. Grain equipment and processing "-> 1-3 S.E. Dump Farming or agriculture 1-2 S.E. S.E. X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. �USE • ) A-1 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 1-2 1-1 X Lumber, fuel and feed yards 1 Mach ine shop Manufacturing; indoors S.E. Medical cl inic S.E. I S.E. S.E. X Mobile home parks X Night club I S.E. Nursery, childrens S.E. 7 - S.E. Offices and office buildings i Outdoor advertising signs (billboards) I Photography store X S.E. - X ~ X X X X X X X X X X X X X ,--- X Printing, lithographic, blueprinting and similar uses X X X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. I X X S.E. X X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. X Radio and television, sales and service Recreation, commercial; indoors Recreation, commercial; outdoors X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X l-- Restaurant Retail, commercial uses, as provided in the ordinance Riding stable, race track; commercial S.E. S.E. X X X X X I X X S.E. X S.E. ' Residential, two family Schools, parochial and private S.E. S.E. Quarrying Residential, multiple family Residential, single family X X X Nursery, greenhouse Offices, business and professional I X X Mus ic and dancing schools Public utility buildings X S.E. Motel Publicly owned and operated buildings and uses X - I Mobile home sales ,0 X X Machinery and heavy equipment sales; indoors ,..:, 1-3 S.E. S.E. S.E. X X X X S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. - �USE Shoe sales and repair A-1 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 C-1 C-2 C-3 X X X C-4 1-1 1-2 S.E. Slaughter house Stationery supplies X X X Storage and warehousing Tailoring and dressmaking X X X S.E. S.E. Used car lot S.E. S.E. Volunteer or municipal fire station X X S.E. X S.E. c.> Any uses not designated as either a permitted or special exception use in one or more of the above districts, are prohibited, unless they are granted a special exception by the Board of Appeals as provided in this Zoning Ordinance. Note: X X Warehouses; fully enclosed 0 X X Truck terminal Variety store, antiques, gifts 1-3 X X X �• - Section Sixteen Suggested Zoning Map Screen and Color Guide District Screen • A- Agriculture D R- 1 Residential CJlillJ R- 2 Residential R- 3 Residential R- 4 Residential R- 5 Residential - R- 6 Residential C- 1 Commercial C- 2 Commercial C- 3 Commercial C- 4 Commercial 1- 1 Industrial ---~ 11 ~~7~•!•.~ t-~:~ 'l;,'~ hly_:, </ji:lt!'.l• 1if!•,]P.~~-;."~ Pattern Number * Color Pencil Number** Z-444 RP 25 Green 913 BP 3 Yellow 915 BP 29 Yellow 915 BP 18 Yellow 915 BP 35 Yellow 915 BP 28 Yellow 915 BP 109 Yellow 915 BP 34 Red 923 BP 62 Red 923 BP 77 Red 923 BP 83 Red 923 BP 25 Gray 937 BP 52 Gray 937 BP 170 Gray 937 .\~:~-.:. ~~~"::f., 1- 2 Industrial l,Zf-:'0,~\{.=, ~.1:(. ,. ....~ ~l9,, .. , ~,Lr,~1-:ri '> 1- 3 Industrial " .6-J• .,,~, ...."·,.~ ..~J.T,~,j., +;~A';,1:•~•1:••-. ~·.·!·•.•.~~-,.4:! J * Zip-A-Tone or Blue-Zip ** Prismacolor pencils 31 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Model-Zoning-Ordinance_1962 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo County Planning Department, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-12 Title A name given to the resource Model Zoning Ordinance Description An account of the resource The Model Zoning Ordinance for Kalamazoo County was prepared by the Kalamazoo County Planning Department in December 1962. Subject The topic of the resource Zoning--Michigan Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a90eca7928f63b81425622cf823e5668.pdf 0ac96ef948cb33e1e45843015b514a14 PDF Text Text Model Subdivision Ordinance I (/) C: ID C u;< 5 z 0 lJ 0 z ······•·•·····•·· ···•···•···•··· ············•···· ··· ····················· > z 0 m Prepared by: Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission Date: July 1992 �Model Subdivision Ordinance Prepared for Local Units of Government Located within Kalamazoo county, Michigan ICALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION �I KALAMAZOO METROPOLITAN COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION John Conlon, Chair Fran Bell Sonny Damvelt Rodney Dragicevich Gene Rector Betsy Rice Walter Schneidenbach Belden Smith Edie Smith Tim Snow Robert Soltis DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT STAFF Dean J. Holub, Director Richard M. Jones, Senior Planner Steven Leuty, Recycling Coordinator I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ii I �I I I I I I Introduction In June of 1991, work began on revisions to the county's Model Subdivision Ordinance. The previous ordinance was developed in 1965 under different economic and developmental conditions. The Metropolitan County Planning Commission revised the model because it recognized that subdivision development and the legal parameters governing subdivision development have changed. Like other models, this tool attempts to provide standards for subdivision development to avoid and deter haphazard subdivision design and layout. These standards were prepared from a variety of sources and reflect many of the minimum requirements which should be imposed to ensure effective, safe, and aesthetic subdivision development. A subdivision ordinance is only one tool with which local governments can regulate growth and development. Other instruments which indeed have a greater affect upon land uses and their potential locations are the Comprehensive Development Plan (or Land Use Plan) and the municipal zoning ordinance. While the Comprehensive Plan and the zoning ordinance ordain where and under what conditions certain land uses are allowed, subdivision ordinances determine the specifics of how it shall be done. Assistance in the development of this ordinance was provided by planners from the firms of Gove Associates and Wilkins and Wheaton Engineering, the Subdivision Control Unit of the Michigan Department of Commerce, and the law firm of Bauckham, Sparks, Rolfe, & Thomsen. The model was adopted by the Metropolitan County Planning Commission on May 7, 1992. CAVEATS It is the intent of this model to provide general standards for subdivision development. Adoption, in whole or in part, should not occur until the municipality has consulted with its legal counsel. The regulatory intent of the municipality should determine whether this model ordinance should be adopted in its entirety or otherwise. Modifications to suit local conditions should also be considered. Moreover, portions of this model may be used to embellish or strengthen an existing subdivision ordinance. ' ' iii �Table of Contents Article one Section 100.0 General Provisions Tit le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Intent and Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Author i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Planning Commission Authority ••...•••••••••••..•.••.• 2 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Conformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Jurisdiction, Major Subdivisions •.•••••••.•.••....... 2 Jurisdiction, Minor Subdivisions .••••••••••..•.•.•... 3 Interpretation •..••.••.••.••••••••.•.••..••..••.••.•• 3 Issuance of· Building Penni ts. • • • • • . . • . • . • • • • • • . . . • • . . 3 Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Separabi 1 i ty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 4 Amendments • • • • • . • • . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • • • • • • • • . . • • • . . • . • • 4 Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Enactment. • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • • . . . • • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • 4 Article Two Section 200.0 Definitions ...••...•...•.•••••••..........•. 5 Article Three Section 300.0 Administration and Enforcement .•••••........ 11 Violations and Penal ties ....•••..•••.......••..•••.•. 11 Civil Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Variances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Variance Conditions •.•.....••••••.••.•••..••.••••.•.• 12 Variance Procedures ••.•••.••.•••.••••••.•......•..••. 12 Article Four Section 400.0 Preliminary Plat Procedures ••.....•••.•••••. 13 Tentative Preliminary Plat Submission ••••••.••.•..••. 13 Tentative Preliminary Plat Plan Requirements ••••.•.•• 13 Tentative Preliminary Plat Public Hearing •.......••.. 15 Tentative Preliminary Plat Evaluation .••......••.•... 15 Tentative Preliminary Plat Review/Recommendation ..•.• 15 Tentative Preliminary Plat Action •••....•••.....•.•.• 16 Preliminary Plat Submission ••.•••••......•..••.•..•.• 16 Preliminary Plat Plan Requirements •••••.•••.••..•.•.• 17 Preliminary Plat Action ••.••••••••....•.•.•.••••••... 17 Waiver of Tentative Preliminary Plat ••••••...•••.•.•. 17 Submission to Planning Cornmission ••.••..••••..•• 18 Approval by Governing Body ..•••••.•.•...•.•••••• 18 . Final Plat Submission Requirements .••...•••••......•. 19 Final Plat Review and Approval •••••••............•... 20 Article Five Section 500.0 Assurance for Completion of Improvements •••• 21 Acceptable Guarantees ......•.•.••.•.•..•.....•••.•... 21 Remuneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Acceptance of Dedicated Offers ..•.•••••..••••••.•..•. 22 iv -~- -~~- -- - - �Penalties for .Failure to· Complete Improvements •.••••• 22 Acceptance of Escrow Funds ••.....•.••••••••••••••.••• 22 Issuance of Building Permits .•••••••••••••••.•••••••• 23 Issuance of Occupancy Permits •.••.••••••••••.•••.•••• 23 Model Homes • ..•••.•••.•••.•....•.••••••..•...•••••••. 2 3 Article six Section 600.0 Design Criteria .•••••••.•••••.•..•..•••.••.. 24 Street and Road System Design .•••••••••.•••......•... 24 Curb and Gutter . ............•...•••.•...•...•....•... 2 5 Walkways and Bicycle Pathways •..••••.••...•••••.••.•. 25 Lots •••••••.•...........•.....••••••••...•.•••••.•..• 2 6 Blocks ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Utilities . ........................................... 2 7 Article seven Section 700.0 Subdivision Construction Plans ••.••••••...•. 29 Required Improvements ............•••••••••••..••.•.•• 29 Improvement Inspections ..•..••..•.•••••••••...•••.•.. 31 Appendices Flow Charts: Process for Tentative Approval of Preliminary Plat ..• 33 Process for Waiver of Tentative Preliminary Plat .••.. 34 Process for Preliminary Plat Approval .••••..•••..•••. 35 Process for Final Plat Approval ...••••.••••••••.••••. 36 Responsibility Checklist ••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 37 V �I I I II KALAMAZOO COUNTY MODEL SUBDIVISION ORDINANCE ARTICLE ONE SECTION 100.0 GENERAL PROVISIONS 101.0 TITLE The following ordinance shall be known and may be cited as "The Subdivision Ordinance of ( Name Municipality)." 102.0 INTENT AND PURPOSE This Subdivision Ordinance is designed to regulate the division of land within ( Name Municipality) for the following purposes: A. To promote public health, safety, and general welfare. B. To facilitate the orderly development, layout, and use of land and guide future growth according to the Comprehensive Development Plan. c. To require adequate and suitable land for building sites and public improvements while preventing overcrowding of the land due to congestion of population. D. To provide for adequate drainage of land areas, proper ingress and egress to subdivided lots. E. To protect and conserve the value of land throughout the municipality and the value of buildings and improvements upon the land, and to minimize the conflicts among the uses of land and buildings. F. To promote the proper surveying and monumenting of land subdivided and conveyed by accurate legal descriptions; and procedures for subdivisions and resubdivisions of land. G. To provide flexibility and ease of platting on and near environmentally sensitive lands; to provide for public open space, green areas, and recreational areas. H. To provide the most efficient relationship between the uses of land and buildings and the circulation of traffic throughout the municipality, particularly to avoid congestion on streets and highways, and the pedestrian traffic movements appropriate to the various uses of land and buildings, and to provide for adequate connection and accessibility to neighboring lands. I. To prevent the pollution of air, streams, and ponds; to assure the adequacy of drainage facilities; to safeguard ground water supplies; and to encourage the wise use and management of natural resources throughout the jurisdiction. 1 �J. To provide for open spaces through the most efficient design and layout of land. K. To provide for approvals to be obtained by subdivid 7rs prior to the recording and filing of pl~t~; _to provide for the reservation of easements for utilities. L. To provide penalties for violations of the provisions of this ordinance. 103.0 AUTHORITY This ordinance is enacted pursuant to the authority granted by the Subdivision Control Act of 1967, P.A. 288 of 1967 as amended. 104.0 PLANNING COMMISSION AUTHORITY The Planning commission authority for review and enforcement of this subdivision ordinance is enacted under (Name Appropriate Enabling Legislation). 105.0 SCOPE This ordinance shall not apply to any lot or lots forming a part of a subdivision created and recorded prior to the effective date of this ordinance, except for the further division of an existing lot. 106.0 CONFORMANCE All plats under this ordinance shall conform to all zoning ordinance provisions for the district in which the proposed plat is to be located and all other ordinance provisions of the municipality. 107.0 POLICY A. Land to be subdivided shall be of such character that it can be used safely for building purposes without danger to health or peril from fire, flood, or other menace, and shall not be subdivided until proper provision is made for drainage, transportation, water and sewerage facilities, and it can be proven that these amenities presently exist and have adequate capacity to serve the proposed subdivision. B. All attempts shall be made to connect new subdivisions to public water and sewage facilities. New subdivisions located within an existing or proposed service area district for water or sanitary sewer shall be required to connect to those facilities. 108.0 JURISDICTION, MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS T~is subdi~ision ordina~ce_shall a~p~y to all Major subdivisions of land defined herei~, _locat 7d ~ithin the 1 7m7ts of (Name Municipality). No land shall be subdivided within (Name Municipality) until: A. T~e subdivider or its ~g 7nt has submitted a preliminary plat to the municipal planning commission; B. The plat has obtained preliminary and final plat approval from the municipality; 2 I �c. The approved final plat is filed and recorded by the Kalamazoo County Clerk/Register. 109.0 JURISDICTION, MINOR SUBDIVISIONS This subdivision ordinance shall not apply to minor subdivisions of land defined herein and shall also exclude cemeteries, lot splits, partitions, and divisions of land pursuant to court decree in the settlement of a decedents es~ate. (Optional) Minor subdivisions shall be regulated by the municipality pursuant to the Municipal Land Division Ordinance. I I I 110.0 INTERPRETATION In their interpretation and application, the provisions of this ordinance shall be held to be the minimum requirements for the promotion of the public health, ~afety, and general welfare. 111.0 ISSUANCE OF BUILDING PERMITS No building permit or certificate of occupancy shall be issued for any parcel or plat of land which was created by subdividing after the II effective date of, and not in conformance with, the provisions of this .. subdivision ordinance, and no excavation of land or construction of any public or private improvements shall take place or be commenced except in • conformance with this ordinance. ~ 112.0 CONFLICT This ordinance are not intended to interfere with, abrogate, or annul any other ordinance, rule, or regulation, statute, or other provis.ion of law. Where any provision of this ordinance imposes restriction different from those imposed by any other provision of this ordinance or any other ordinance, rule or regulation, or provision of law, whichever provisions are more restrictive or impose higher standards shall control. 113.0 SEPARABILITY If any part or provision of this ordinance or application thereof to any person or circumstances is adjudged invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction, such judgement shall be confined in its operation to the part, provision, or application directly involved in all controversy in which such judgement shall have been rendered and shall not affect or impair the validity of the remainder of this ordinance or the application thereof to other persons or circumstances. The municipal planning commission and the governing body hereby declares that it would have enacted the remainder of this ordinance without any such part, provision, or application. 114.0 SAVING PROVISION This ordinance shall not be construed as abating any action now pending under, or by virtue of, prior existing subdivision ordinance, or as discontinuing, abating, modifying, or altering any penalty accruing or about to accrue, or as affecting the liability of any person, firm, or corporation, or as waiving any right of the municipality under any section or provision existing at the time of adoption of this ordinance, or as 3 �vacating or annulling any rights obtained by any person, firm, or corporation, by lawful action of the municipality except as shall be expressly provided for in this ordinance. 115.0 REPEALER Upon the adoption of this ordinance according to law, the Subdivision Ordinance of (Name Municipality) adopted (Date), as amended, are hereby repealed, except as to such sections expressly retained herein. 116.0 AMENDMENTS For the purpose of providing for the public health, safety, and general welfare, the municipal planning commission or governing body may from time to time amend the provisions imposed by this subdivision ordi~ nance. Public hearings on all proposed amendments shall be held by the planning commission as prescribed by law. 117.0 CONDITIONS Regulation of the subdivision of land and the attachment of reasonable conditions to land subdivision is an exercise of valid police power delegated by the state to this municipality. The developer has the duty of compliance with reasonable conditions laid down by the planning commission and governing body for design, dedication, improvement, and restrictive use of land so as to conform to the physical and economical development of the municipality and to the safety and general welfare of the future plot owners in the subdivision and of the community at large. 118.0 ENACTMENT In order that land may be subdivided in accordance with these policies, this subdivision ordinance are hereby adopted, (see resolution number _ _ _ , dated _____ , signed by the municipal clerk and appropriate elected official). �I I I I I I I I - ARTICLE TWO SECTION 200.0 DEFINITIONS Annlicant: the owner of land proposed to be subdivided or his representative. Consent shall be required from the legal owner of the premises. As-Built Drawings: construction plans revised in accordance with all approved changes made in the field on a site. Bond: any form of security including a cash deposit, surety bond, collateral, property, or instrument of credit in an amount and form satisfactory the governing body. All bonds shall be approved by the governing body wherever a bond is required by this ordinance. Block: an area of land within a subdivision which may contain lots and is usually bounded by a combination of streets, but may be bounded by public parks, cemeteries, other right of ways, shorelines of waterways, or other boundary lines. Building: a structure, of more or less permanent construction, having a roof and intended to be used for sheltering people, animals, property, or business activities. Building Line: a line beyond which any enclosed portion of a building such as a porch or vestibule shall not project, which is more or less parallel to the road right-of-way, shore of lake, edge of a stream, or other property line. Center line: a line marked or painted upon a roadway which separates opposing traffic or where not delineated, shall be an imaginary line equidistant from the face of opposite curbs lines or lateral lines of the roadway. Collector Road: a road intended to move traffic from local roads to secondary arterials. A collector road serves a neighborhood or large subdivision and should be designed so that no residential properties face or exit on to it. These are identified on the Master Plan for Streets and Highways in the Comprehensive Plan of ( Name Municipality). Common Open Space: an area within a subdivision held out of development by the proprietor and designed for the common use or enjoyment of the subdivision residents, which may contain such complimentary features as are necessary and appropriate for the use or enjoyment of the subdivision residents. This may include common open space areas for recreational use, wildlife, plant preserves or nature study areas. Comprehensive Plan: the Master Plan of the municipality. Cul-de-sac: a minor street having only one outlet and a terminal end that facilitates ease of traffic reversal. 5 �Dead end street: a street having only one outlet for vehicular traffic which does not meet the definition of a cul-de-sac. Plats containing such streets shall not be approved. Dedication: the transfer of property from private to public ownership. Detention pond: a facility constructed to impound or retard peak storm water runoff temporarily. Developer: any person who causes land to be divided and developed. Consent shall be required from the legal owner of the premises. Easement: a grant by the land owner to another party for the specific and limited use of that land. Easement. Drainage: an acquired lggal right to use land owned by others for the purpose of construction, operation, or maintenance of storm or sanitary drainage features. Escrow: a deposit of cash with the local government in lieu of an amount required and still in force on a performance or maintenance bond. Such escrow funds shall be deposited with the municipality. Final Plat: the map or plan or record of a subdivision and any accompanying material, as described in this ordinance. Frontage: that side of the lot abutting on a street or which is intended to be adjacent to a street. Floodplain: an area in or adjacent to a waterway or other water channel or drain which is subject to periodic flooding at least once in every 100 years (100 year floodplain) and which area would be adverse to past, current, future construction or prudent land use as to constitute a significant hazard to public health, safety, or welfare. Grade: the slope of a road, street, or other public way, specified in terms of a percentage (rise divided by run times 100). Governing Body: shall be the legislative body of any city, village, or township. Joint Ownership: Joint ownership among persons shall be construed as the same owner for the purposes of imposing this subdivision ordinance. Land: all geographic areas occupied by or with real property. Licensed Engineer: an engineer licensed and registered in the State. Licensed Land Surveyor: a land surveyor licensed and registered in the State. 6 • • • �I I I I I I I I - Local Government: for the purposes of this ordinance, any city, township, or village authorized by law to enforce subdivision ordinances. Local Road: a road intended to provide access to collector roads from ~ndividual properties and as described on the Master Plan for streets and Highways in the Comprehensive Plan of (Name Municipality). Lot: a measured portion of a parcel or tract of land, which is described and fixed in a plat or which serves as a unit of the transfer of ownership or for development. Lot, Corner: a lot which is typically situated at the intersection of two (2) streets, but may be between a street and a public park, waterway, or easement for public purposes. Lot, Depth: the mean horizontal distance between the front lot line and the rear lot line, or the distance between the midpoint of the front lot line and the midpoint of the rear lot line. Lot, Width Minimum: is established in the zoning ordinance based upon the particular zone in which the proposed plat is located, and shall be considered that horizontal distance between side lot lines measured at the setback line. Lot Improvement: any building, structure, place, object, or improvement of the land on which it is situated which constitutes a physical betterment of real property, or which may increase the value of such real property. Lot Line, Front: the line separating the lot from the street. Lot Line, Rear: ordinarily, that line of a lot which is opposite from the front lot line. In a triangular or other oddly shaped lot, the rear lot line shall be determined by the governing body if required. Marginal Acc,e ss Street: a local street which is more or less parallel and adjacent to arterial streets and which provides access to abutting properties and protection from through traffic but does not carry through traffic. Major Subdivision: all subdivisions of five (5) or more lots created within a ten (10) year period being less than ten (10) acres in size, or any subdivision requiring any new streets or the extension of any utilities, or creation of any public improvements. Excluding, however, the following subdivisions: cemeteries; those subdivisions required as part of a judicial settlement or affected by testatory or intestate provisions; the conveyance of land or interest therein for use as right-of-way for any public facilities or pipelines which does not involve any new streets; the sale or exchange of parcels of land between owners of adjoining and contiguous lands if additional lots are not thereby created and the land from which the parcel is sold or exchanged is not reduced below the minimum size required by this ordinance or other applicable ordinance; a conveyance made to correct errors in a prior conveyance. 7 �Master Plan for Streets and Highways: official map and accompanying text which is a part of the Comprehensive Plan, which portrays and classifies all existing and proposed roads, streets, and thoroughfares within the local unit of government. (See official map and text) Master Plan: the Comprehensive Plan or Official Land Use Plan for development within the unit of government, prepared and adopted by the Planning Commission, pursuant to State Law, and including any part of such plan separately adopted, and any amendment to such plan, or parts thereof. Minor Subdivision: any subdivision containing or creating less than 5 lots, which is not in violation of the Subdivision Control Act, or which is not classified as a major subdivision, or which does not involve a new street or road, or the extension of facilities, or the creation of any public improvements, and not adversely affecting the remainder of the parcel or adjoining property, and not in conflict with any provision or portion of the Comprehensive Plan or Maps, Zoning Ordinance, or this ordinance. Nonresidential Subdivision: a subdivision whose intended use is other than residential, such as commercial or industrial. Such subdivisions comply with the applicable provisions of this ordinance. Outlet: when included within the boundary of a plat, means a lot set aside for purposes other than a building site, park or land dedicated to public use or reserved to private use. Owner: any person, group of persons, firm or firms, corporation or corporations, or other legal entity having title to or sufficient proprietary interest in the land sought to be subdivided under this ordinance. Pedestrian Way: a separate right-of-way dedicated to or reserved for public use by pedestrians, which crosses blocks or other tracts of land, or which may connect buildings, structures, or other uses of land for the purpose of facilitating pedestrian access to adjacent street, properties, structures, parking lots, and other uses of land. This may include sidewalks, or other similar walkways constructed of asphalt, wood chips, or other materials. Planning Commission: the Planning or Zoning Board or Planning Commission, or other body responsible for review and recommendations or actions on proposed developments. Plat: a map or chart of the subdivision of land. Preliminary Plat: a map showing the salient features of a proposed subdivision submitted to the municipality for the purposes of preliminary consideration by the municipal planning commission and/or governing body. 8 �I I I I I I I I ' Primary Arterial: a . road intended to move traffic to and from major attractors such as shopping centers, central business districts, regional shopping malls, colleges and universities, military installations and similar traffic generators within the local unit of government, and/or as a route for traffic between neighboring communities, and as designated on the Master Plan for Streets and Highways in the Comprehensive Plan. Private Road. a road not open or dedicated to the public use which may serve more than one dwelling, but which shall be built according to Kalamazoo County Road Commission, or other municipal standards and shall be approved by the municipality prior to final plat approval. Public Improvement: any or all of the following: grading; road; pavement; curb; gutter; sidewalk; water main; sanitary sewer line; storm sewer line; retention and detention areas; leechate basins; curb cut; side walk and driveway entrances; right of way; guard rails; retaining walls; sodding; landscaping and plantings; or other facility for which the local government may ultimately assume responsibility for maintenance and operation, or which may affect an improvement for which the local government responsibility is established. Proprietor: as used herein shall be deemed to include any person, firm, association, partnership, corporation, or any combination of these entities which have ownership rights to property. Right-of-Way: a strip or area of land occupied or intended to be occupied by a street, crosswalk, railroad, electric transmission line, oil, gas pipeline, water main, sanitary or storm sewer main, shade trees or other use. The right-of-way shall not be included within the dimensions of any lot or parcel adjoining such right-of-way. Such right-of-ways shall be dedicated to the public use by the maker of the plat on which the right-of-way is established. Right-of-Way, Width for Roads: the distance between property lines measured at right angles to the centerline of the street. Roads, Classification: the classification of each street based upon its location within its respective zoning district and its present and expected future traffic volume and its relative importance and function as specified in the Master Plan for Streets and Highways in the Comprehensive Plan. The required improvements shall be measured as set forth for each street classification on the Master Plan for Streets and Highways. Secondary Arterial: a road intended to collect and distribute traffic in a manner similar to primary arterials, except that these roads service minor traffic generating areas such as community commercial areas, primary and secondary educational buildings hospitals, major recreational areas, churches, and offices, and/or designed to carry traffic from collector streets to the system of primary arterials. 9 �Setback: the distance between a building or proposed building or structure and the street right-of-way, or where no right-of-way is present, that distance as measured from the building or proposed building or structure to the nearest property line. Subdivision or Subdivide: the partitioning or dividing of a parcel or tract of land by the proprietor thereof or by his heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives,· successors or assigns for the purpose of sale or lease of more than one year, or of building development, where the act of division creates 5 or more parcels of land each of which is 10 acres or less in total area; or 5 or more parcels of land each of which is 10 acres or less in area are created by successive divisions within a period of 10 years. Subdivision Control Act: Michigan Act 288 of Public Acts of 1967, as amended. 10 �i I I I I I I I I . ARTICLE THREE SECTION 300.0 ADMINISTRATION and ENFORCEMENT It shall be the duty of the ( Name Municipal Official ) to enforce this ordinance and to bring to the attention of the ( Name Municipal Official or Attorney ) any violations or lack of compliance herewith. A. No owner, or agent of an owner, of any parcel of land located in a proposed subdivision shall transfer or sell any such parcel before a plat of such a subdivision has been reviewed by the ( Name Municipality), in accordance with the provisions of this ordinance, and filed with the Kalamazoo County Clerk/Register. B. The subdivision of of metes and bounds description with the intent of evading this described subdivisions shall be tained in this ordinance. any lot or any parcel of land, by the use for the purpose of sale, transfer, or lease ordinance, shall not be permitted. All such subject to all of the requirements con- C. No building permit shall be issued for the construction of any building or structure located on a lot or plat subdivided or sold in violation of the provisions of this ordinance. 301.0 VIOLATIONS and PENALTIES Any person, firm, or corporation who fails to comply with, or violates, any of this ordinance shall be subject to a fine of not more than $ _ _ _ , or imprisonment for a period not exceeding _ _ _ _ _ _ , or both. 302.0 CIVIL ENFORCEMENT Appropriate actions and proceedings may be taken by law or in equity to prevent any violation of this ordinance, to prevent unlawful construction, to recover damages, to restrain, correct, or abate a violation, to prevent illegal occupancy, of a building, structure, or premises, and these remedies shall be in addition to the penalties described above. 303.0 VARIANCES Where the governing body finds that extraordinary or practical difficulties may result from strict compliance with this ordinance and/or the purposes of this ordinance may be served to a greater extent by an alternative proposal, it may act upon variances to this subdivision ordinance so that substantial justice may be done and the public interest secured, provided that such variance shall not have the effect of nullifying the intent and purpose of this ordinance; further provided the governing body shall not act upon variances unless it shall make findings based upon the evidence presented to it in each specific case that: A. The granting of the variance will not be detrimental to the public safety, health, or general welfare or injurious to other property; B. The conditions upon which the request for variance is based are unique to the property for which the variance is sought and not applicable generally to other property; 11 �- c. Because of the particular physical surroundings, shape, or topographical conditions of the specific property involved, a particular hardship to the owner would result, as distinguished from a mere inconvenience or . economic hardship, if the strict letter of this ordinance is carried out; D. The variance(s) will not in any manner vary the provisions the Zoning Ordinance, Comprehensive Plan, or Map. E. That conditions requiring the variance were not created by the proprietor. 304.0 VARIANCE CONDITIONS In acting on variances, the governing body may require such conditions as will, in its judgement, secure substantially the objectives, standards, or requirements of this ordinance. 305.0 VARIANCE PROCEDURES A petition for variance shall be submitted in writing by the subdivider at the time when the tentative preliminary plat is filed for the consideration of the planning commission. The planning commission shall make a recommendation on the variance to the governing body. The petition shall state fully the grounds for the application and all of the facts relied upon by the petitioner for the variance. The planning commission shall forward its recommendation on the variance request to the governing body which shall have authority for approving variances. The process for variance consideration shall run concurrently with tentative preliminary plat approval. 12 d �I I l I I I 1 I I I I ARTICLE FOUR SECTION 400.0 PRELIMINARY PLAT PROCEDURE INITIAL PROCEDURES. Proprietors and potential subdividers are encouraged to examine all relevant official maps and plans of the municipality and to become familiar with the approval process of subdividing prior to engagement therein. These relevant official documents include the Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision 'Ordinance, Comprehensive Development Plan and Map, and the Master Plan for Streets and Highways. The developer is also encouraged to consult with the planning commission, staff, or other municipal officials prior to subdivision submittal. This will be beneficial in terms of understanding and becoming familiar with the conditions and ordinance requirements needed for subdivision development. The proprietor is also encouraged to review the Subdivision Control Act P.A. 288 of 1967, as amended. 401.0 TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT SUBMISSION The proprietor or his agent shall submit to the planning commission, or C Name Municipal Official), on a form provided for this purpose, up to ten (10) copies of a proposed tentative preliminary plat for review and tentative and approval. Such an approval shall be accompanied with the associated fee as adopted in the schedule of fees set by resolution by the governing body, for tentative approval of a preliminary plat. Only a complete application shall be accepted by the municipality for review. The official date of submission shall begin with the acceptance by the municipality of a complete application. 4 02. 0 TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT PLAN REQUIREMENTS The proprietor shall prepare and submit a plan for tentative preliminary plat approval. The required plan shall contain the following items: A. Topography of the parcel at a contour interval of 4 feet or less in accordance with National Geodetic Vertical Datum (N.G.V.D.)of 1929, with description and location of at least two (2) bench marks used for contour elevations. State Plane Coordinate data shall also be provided for plat location. B. A scale of not greater than 1 inch equals 100 feet, north arrow, and a general vicinity map at a scale of one inch to one thousand feet (1"=1000 1 ) with the appropriate orientation to the plat showing section and quarter section lines and any general features located in the vicinity of the plat. Whenever possible the top of each sheet should be oriented north. c. I r Location of streets and street classification including rightof-way widths and dimension, and street names. D. Location of all man made and natural features including, but not limited to topography, property lines of adjacent parcels, fence lines, curb cuts, streets, and where possible, other natural and man made features located within 150 ft of the plat boundary. 13 �E. Location of all proposed water main, sanitary sewer, storm water drainage features, with arrows depicting direction of flow and pipe size. If such features are not available at the site a note indicating the location of the nearest water main, sanitary sewer, or stormwater drainage features shall be provided. F. The names and addresses of all owners of real property as listed on the most recent tax roll of the municipality immediately adjoining the prop~sed plat and all owners of real property located within 300 feet of the proposed subdivision as measured from the outermost plat boundary. In areas zoned agricultural or rural residential, the names and addresses of all owners of real property located within one thousand (1000) ft. shall be submitted. G. Location and elevation of any flood plain and or wetland areas that are regulated by the Department of Natural resources or the federal government. Base flood plain elevational data shall be provided as identified by the federal Flood Insurance Study. H. A title block which provides the following information: 1. Name, address, and telephone number of the proprietor(s), engineer(s), or land surveyor(s) which drafted the proposed plat. 2. Date, sheet number, draft number, plat title, township, range, and section number, and appropriate legal description. 3. Official seal of the Professional Engineer and or Registered Land Surveyor which approved or constructed the legal description of the property, plat design, and engineering calculations. I. Location and width of all existing and proposed utility easements and sidewalks. J. Location of all proposed lot irons and monuments with each lot numbered in a consecutive fashion. K. Lot size dimensions regarding length of all proposed lot lines measured to the nearest foot with plat boundary lines in a heavy solid line. L. General site data requirements including parcel zoning minimum lot size, proposed lot sizes, total acreage of the plat, census tract and/or block number, and density in units per acre. M. Location of all soil borings made upon the parcel and description of all predominant soils types located in the plat. N. Building setback lines showing dimensions from all streets. 14 ... "" �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 403.0 TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT - PUBLIC HEARING The planning commission after receiving a complete application shall schedule the tentative preliminary plat for a public hearing. One notice of the public hearing for the preliminary plat shall be -placed in a paper of general circulation within the community not less than five days nor more than fifteen days before the application is to be considered. Notice of the hearing shall also be sent by mail to a~l owners of real property located within three hundred feet of the proposed plat. In areas zoned agricultural or rural residential, the distance required for notification shall be one thousand (1000) feet from the plat boundary. Such notice shall: 1. Describe the nature of the proposed request. 2. Provide a site location map of the property which is subject to development. 3. State when and where the application shall be considered. 4. Indicate where and by what date written comments may be submitted for inclusion in the minutes of the public hearing. 404.0 EVALUATION OF TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT In evaluating the proposed plat for tentative approval the municipality shall take into consideration all the relevant official planning documents of the municipality. Such review and evaluation by the municipality shall also take into consideration the general requirements of this ordinance with particular attention given to the arrangement, location, and width of streets, their relation to the topography of the land, sewage disposal, drainage, lot sizes and arrangement, and the further development of adjoining lands as yet unsubdivided. 405.0 REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATION OF TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT - PLANNING COMMISSION A. The planning commission after hearing comments at the public hearing shall take action on the preliminary plat within sixty (60) days of the date of filing a complete application for tentative approval of a preliminary plat. This review period may be extended up to 1 year by written agreement between the planning commission and the proprietor if the written agreement is completed prior to planning commission action on the plat. If no action is taken by the planning commission within the sixty (60) day period, and no extension is secured, the governing body shall assume the plat has been recommended for unconditional approval by the planning commission. B. If the planning commission determines that there is substantial conformance, it shall recommend approval or conditional approval of the plat. Where it is determined there is not substantial conformance, the planning commission shall recommend disapproval of the preliminary plat and transmit its recommendation together with any conditions or rational for its actions to the governing body. f 15 �406.0 TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT ACTION - GOVERNING BODY A. The governing body shall within ninety (90) days of the submission date of the preliminary plat for tentative approval either approve, conditionally approve, or deny the tentative preliminary plat and set forth in writing its reasons for rejecting the tentative preliminary plat and the requirements for tentative preliminary plat approval. Tentative approval of the preliminary plat by the governing body sha11· constitute authorization to prepare and submit a preliminary plat for final approval and shall confer upon the proprietor for a period of one year from the approval date, approval of lot sizes, lot orientation, and street layout. The governing body may require additional changes as a result of further study of the subdivision final form. 407.0 PRELIMINARY PLAT PLAN SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS - PINAL APPROVAL A. The proprietor shall be responsible for delivering copies of the plat to, and receive approval from, the review agencies listed in Sections 112 - 119 of the Subdivision Control Act. The proprietor or his agent shall submit to the planning commission, or ( Name Municipal Official), on a form provided for this purpose, up to ten (10) copies of a proposed preliminary plat for final review and approval. Such an approval shall be accompanied with the associated fee as adopted in the schedule of fees, for final review and approval of a preliminary plat. Only a complete application shall be accepted by the municipality for review. All applications for preliminary plat approval shall be accompanied by either a letter from the School Superintendent of the local school district in which the proposed subdivision is located indicating that the school district has received a copy of the proposed preliminary plat, or other evidence that mailing of the plat to the school district has occurred. In addition, letters of preliminary plat APPROVAL from the following agencies shall also be required to accompany the application to the municipality: 1. Kalamazoo county Road commission for proposed streets under its jurisdiction, or any other Municipal body for roads under its jurisdiction. 2. Kalamazoo county Drain commissioner indicating that all public . storm water improvements will meet the appropriate standards for control of storm drainage and run off. 3. Kalamazoo County Bureau of Environmental Health indicating that soil conditions in the proposed plat are adequate for septic tank absorption fields and water wells, if public water and sanitary sewer are not included in the plat. 4. Kalamazoo county Department of Planning and community Development indicating that street names in the proposed plat are acceptable and there is no duplication of street names. 5. Michigan Department of Natural Resources regarding the development of, on, or near any designated wetlands, lakes, or streams on the parcel, if applicable. 6. Michigan Department of Transportation for any development that has access to roads under its jurisdiction, if applicable. 16 .... .., �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r 408.0 FINAL PRELIMINARY PLAT_ PLAN REQUIREMENTS A. Prior to application for final preliminary plat approval, all outstanding taxes upon the land proposed to be subdivided shall be paid in full. B. The proprietor shall submit up to (10) copies of the proposed final preliminary plat plans for the subdivision which shall include all items listed in Section 402.0, and which shall conform substantially to the preliminary plat as tentatively approved by the municipality. c. The proprietor shall submit up to three (3) sets of detailed working drawings and calculations showing plans for grading, drainage structures, all proposed utilities, road construction, and soil erosion and sedimentation plans. All plans shall be prepared and sealed by a registered professional engineer. D. The municipality shall transmit these plans to the municipal engineer for review and approval. 409.0 FINAL PRELIMINARY PLAT APPROVAL - GOVERNING BODY A. The governing body shall within twenty (20) days of the submission date approve, conditionally approve, or deny the proposed plat and set forth in writing its reasons for rejecting the final preliminary plat and the requirements for final preliminary plat approval. B. Final approval of the preliminary plat by the governing body shall confer upon the proprietor for a period of two (2) years from the approval date, approval of the lot sizes, lot orientations, and street layout of the proposed subdivision. Notice of final preliminary plat approval shall be given by ( Name Municipal Official). Final preliminary plat approval may be extended beyond this two (2) year period of approval for one (1) year if an extension is applied for by the proprietor and granted in writing by the governing body. C. Approval of the final preliminary plat shall not constitute approval of the final plat, but rather, that final plat approval shall be conditioned on all requirements of final preliminary plat approval being met. D. The proprietor shall have two years from the date of final preliminary plat approval from the governing body in which to make all of the required and necessary improvements, both public and private, to the property, unless and extension is granted as described herein. 410.0 WAIVER OF TENTATIVE PRELIMINARY PLAT APPROVAL The municipality, at its option, may waive the tentative preliminary plat approval process provided that: A. The proprietor has prepared the preliminary plat plan containing all requirements of Section 402.0 of this ordinance. B. The proprietor has applied for and received approval from all of the review agencies pursuant to Section 407.0 of this ordinance and any other agency as required by the Subdivision Control Act. c. The requirements of Section 408.0 (A) (B) and (C) have been met. 17 �410.1 SUBMISSION, REVIEW, AND_ RECOMMENDATION - PLANNING COMMISSION A. Application for waiver of tentative preliminary plat under section 410.0 shall be made to the planning commission or ( Name Municipal Official), and be associated with the required fees for final preliminary plat approval. The planning commission shall then schedule the final preliminary plat for a public hearing pursuant to Section 403.0 of this ordinance. B. The planning commission after hearing comments at the public hearing and consulting with the municipal engineer, shall take action on the final preliminary plat within sixty (60) days of the date of filing a complete application for approval of a final preliminary plat. This review period may be extended up to 1 year by written agreement between the planning commission and the proprietor if the written agreement is completed prior to planning commission action on the plat. If no action is taken by the planning commission within the sixty (60) day period, and no extension is secured, the governing body shall assume the plat has been recommended unconditionally for approval by the planning commission. C. If the planning commission determines that there is substantial conformance with all municipal planning documents, it shall recommend approval or conditional approval of the plat. Where it is determined there is not substantial conformance, the planning commission shall recommend disapproval of the final preliminary plat and transmit its recommendation together with any conditions or rational for its actions to the governing body. 410.2 APPROVAL - GOVERNING BODY A. The governing body shall within ninety (90) days of the submission date of the final preliminary plat either approve, conditionally approve, or deny the final preliminary plat and set forth in writing its reasons for rejecting the final preliminary plat and the requirements for final preliminary plat approval. B. Final approval of the preliminary plat by the governing body shall confer upon the proprietor for a period of two (2) years from the approval date, approval of the lot sizes, lot orientations, and street layout of the proposed subdivision. Notice of final preliminary plat approval shall be given by ( Name Municipal Official). Final preliminary plat approval may be extended beyond this two (2) year period of approval for one (1) year if an extension is applied for by the proprietor and granted in writing by the governing body. C. The preliminary plat the required and property, unless proprietor shall have two years from the date of final approval from the governing body in which to make all of necessary improvements, both public and private, to the and extension is granted as described herein. D. Approval by the governing body authorizes the proprietor to submit for final plat approval. 18 �I All applications for final plat approval shall be in the form, and contain the information, required by the Subdivision Control Act and I include: A. One (1) reproducible copy on mylar or other dimensionally stable material at a minimum of eighteen inches by twenty-four I inches and• ten (10) prints thereof, an eleven by seventeen 411.0 I I I I I I I I FINAL PLAT PLAN REQUIREMENTS AND FILING inch copy of the final plat, and all recording and filing fees shall be deposited with the (Name Municipal Official). B. Title, abstract of title, or other certificate which establishes ownership interests for all land included within the plat, and title insurance in an amount satisfactory to the municipality. c. The proprietor shall provide the municipality with three (3) copies of as-built drawings or final construction plans for streets, water, sewer, storm drainage, sidewalks, utility profiles, and other required public improvements shall be submitted to the municipality in order to make determination as to the conformance of proposed improvements to State, County, and municipal specifications and ordinances. D. Be accompanied by all formal irrevocable offers of dedication to the public of all streets, local governmental uses, utilities, parks, and easements, on a form approved by the municipality; and the subdivision plat shall be marked with a notation indicating formal offers of dedication as follows: "The owner, or his representative, hereby irrevocably offers for dedication to the municipality all public improvements shown within the subdivision plat and construction plans in accordance with an irrevocable offer of dedication dated ______ , and subject to the acceptance of the Municipality." Date By (Owner/Representative) E. The proprietor shall deliver a full covenant and warranty deed to all such lands stated in D above in proper form for recording, together with a title policy for the municipality in a sum acceptable to the municipality. I F. Performance agreement as outlined in Section 500.0, if required, in ·a form acceptable to the municipality in an amount satisfactory to the municipal engineer and the governing body which shall include a provision that the principle of the bond shall comply with all the terms of final plat approval as determined by the governing body and shall include, but not be limited to, the performance all required subdivision improvements, and that all improvements and land included in the irrevocable offer of dedication shall be dedicated to the municipality free and clear of all liens and encumbrances on the premises. 19 �G. No more than ten (10) copies of any proposed restrictive covenants and deed restrictions, or written statement that none are proposed. H. such other information as the municipality shall deem to be reasonably necessary to establish whether the proper parties have signed the final plat. I. A letter from the Kalamazoo County Bureau of Environmental Health, if applicable for those subdivisions requiring individual wells and septic systems, indicating that the proposed final plat is consistent with the preliminary plat as approved by the Bureau of Environmental Health. J. Other such information as the municipal engineer may require to reasonably ensure the extent of completion of any required unfinished public improvements. 412.0 FINAL PLAT REVIEW AND APPROVAL The subdivider shall submit the final plat and required copies with as-built drawings and other data as required herein to the ( Name Municipal Official). A. The governing body shall within twenty (20) days of the submission date for final plat approval act on the final plat and shall either approve or disapprove the plat. If the plat is disapproved, the governing body shall transmit to the subdivider its reasons for denial in writing within ten (10) days. If approved, the board shall instruct the clerk to sign the municipal certificate on the final plat on behalf of the governing body showing the date of approval and record all proceedings in the minutes of the meeting. NOTE: If the planning commission is organized under P.A. 285 of 1931, (Municipal Planning Act), and has taken the necessary steps as required by Sec. 14 of said act, a public hearing is required by Section 15 of that said act, with notices to be sent by registered mail to the owners of land immediately adjoining the proposed plat, at least five (5) days prior to the hearing date. Mpdifications to this model should also be made if the zoning board is organized under the Township Rural Zoning Act. 20 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ARTICLE FIVE SECTION 500.0 ASSURANCE FOR COMPLETION AND MAINTENANCE OF IMPROVEMENTS The construction of all improvements required by this ordinance shall be completed by the subdivider and approved by the governing body prior to final plat approval. In lieu of the actual installation and approval of all public improvements required by this ordinance prior to final plat approval, tHe governing body may, in its discretion for those requirements which are over and beyond the requirements of any other approving agency, or any agency responsible for the administration, operation and maintenance of the applicable public improvements, require the subdivider to guarantee completion of such required improvements in one or a combination of the following arrangements. In each instance where the subdivider is to guarantee completion of required improvements, the municipality and the subdivider shall enter into a written agreement specifying in detail the nature of the required improvements, the time in which these improvements are to be completed, provisions for checking or inspecting the construction of each such improvement to determine its conformity to the submitted construction plans and specifications, and the nature of the financial guarantee of performance which is to be provided by the subdivider for each improvement. 501.0 TYPES OF ACCEPTABLE GUARANTEE Financial guarantees shall be provided by one or both of the following methods: 1. Performance or surety Bond a.) Accrual. The bond shall accrue to the municipality and shall cover the full cost of constructing and installing the specific public improvement and, where applicable, placing the specific public improvements in operation. b.) Amount. The bond shall be in an amount equal to the total estimated cost for completing construction and installation of the specific public improvement, including contingencies as estimated by the municipal engineer and governing body, as well as, where applicable, the total estimate of the cost of placing the specific public improvement in operation, including contingencies as estimated by the municipal engineer and governing body. c.) Term. The term of the bond shall be for such period as shall be deemed acceptable by the governing body. d.) Bonding or Surety Company. The bond shall be written by a surety company authorized to do business in the State of Michigan acceptable to the governing body. 2. Cash Deposit, Certified Check, Negotiable Bond, or Irrevocable Bank Letter of credit. a.) Treasurer, Escrow Agent, or Trust Company. A Cash deposit, certified check, negotiable bond, or irrevocable bank letter of credit, as approved by the governing body, shall 21 �be deposited with the municipality. Such deposit shall be made pursuant to a written escrow agreement between the subdivider and the municipality. The escrow agreement may provide that the deposit will be held by the municipal treasurer. b.) Value. The dollar value of the financial instrument shall be in an amount equal to the total estimated cost of construction and installation of the specified public improvement including contingencies, as estimated by the municipal engineer and governing body. c.) Term. The deposit shall be retained by the municipality for a period to be specified by the governing body. 502.0 REMUNERATION The written agreement between -the subdivider and the municipality may provide for progressive remuneration in various amounts acceptable to the municipality, of the financial instruments outlined in sections 1 and 2 above. The amount of remuneration shall be reduced only upon certification by the municipal engineer that the specific required public improvement has been satisfactorily completed and installed. The amount of remuneration shall be reduced only to the ratio that the public improvement bears to the total public improvements to the plat. At no time, however, shall a performance bond be reduced below twenty-five percent (25%) of the principal amount. 503.0 ACCEPTANCE OF DEDICATED OFFERS Acceptance of formal offers of dedication of streets, public areas, easements, and parks shall be by ordinance/resolution of the municipality. The approval by the municipality of a subdivision shall not be deemed to constitute or imply the acceptance by the municipality of any public improvement shown on the plat. 504.0 PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO COMPLETE IMPROVEMENTS In the event the subdivider shall, in any case, fail to complete a public improvement within a period of time specified in his agreement with the municipality for the completion of said improvements, the governing body may, at its option, proceed to have the public improvement completed. The subdivider shall reimburse the municipality for all costs associated with the completion of said improvement from the bond or deposit provided pursuant to this ordinance. 505.0 ACCEPTANCE OF ESCROW FUNDS Whenever, by reason of the season of the year, any lot improvements required by this ordinance cannot be performed, the municipality may issue a certificate of occupancy, provided there is no danger to health, safety, or general welfare upon accepting a cash escrow deposit in an amount to be determined by the municipality for the cost of said improvements. Any performance bond in effect shall remain in effect. All requirements for which escrow monies have been accepted by the municipality at the time of issuance of a certificate of occupancy shall be installed by the developer within a period of nine (9) months from the date of deposit. Prior to these escrow monies being released, the municipal engineer shall 22 �I I I I I I . I I I certify that the said public improvements have been completely and correctly installed. 506.0 ISSUANCE OF BUILDINGS PERMITS No building permit shall be issued for the final fifteen percent (15%) of lots in a subdivision, or if fifteen percent (15%) be less than two (2), for the final two lots of a subdivision, until all public improvements required by the municipality have been fully completed and dedicated to the appropriate body having jurisdiction. No building permit will be issued for any lot or parcel which does not have facilities for sewage disposal or potable water. Prior to the issuance of any building permits, well and septic permits from the Kalamazoo County Bureau of Environmental Health shall be required for on-site systems or permits from the City of Kalamazoo shall be required for lots or parcels connected to municipal sewer or water systems. 507.0 ISSUANCE OF OCCUPANCY PERMITS The extent of street improvements shall be sufficient for vehicular access by the prospective occupant and by all public protective service equipment, which may include police and fire equipment, prior to the issuance of occupancy permit. Sufficiency of public vehicular access shall be determined by the Municipal Police and Fire Chiefs, and at a minimum shall require a base layer of asphalt or other paving material with adequate compaction to support the weight and movement of public safety vehicles. 508.0 MODEL HOMES I I For the purpose of allowing the early construction of model homes in a subdivision, the municipality in its discretion may issue permits for no more than two (2) lots provided that those lots derive access from an existing city, county or state road or highway, and provided that adequate vehicular access for police and fire equipment exists on a local road serving the proposed subdivision, and provided that adequate facilities for water and sewer are available,. Permits for model homes shall only be issued after the subdivider has received preliminary plat approval and shall be subject to any conditions as may be required by the municipality. I I I t r I 23 �ARTICLE SIX SECTION 600.0 DESIGN CRITERIA The purpose of this section is to provide for reasonable and acceptable standards of subdivision and site design. These standards will foster functional and attractive subdivision -development, minimize adverse impacts of improper design, and ensure that subdivision development remains a community asset. In order to promote this, major subdivisions defined herein shall conform to the following standards which are designed to result in a well planned community without adding unnecessarily to development costs. These standards are considered minimums in terms of acceptability. 601.0 STREET AND ROAD SYSTEM DESIGN The street system shall be designed to permit the safe, efficient, and orderly movement of traffic; to meet the needs of present and expected future populations; to have a simple and logical pattern; to respect natural and topographic features so as to result in useable lots, reasonable grades both for streets and driveways intersecting therewith; and to promote an attractive streetscape. A. Residential street systems shall be designed to meet the needs of the planned neighborhood and to discourage use by through traffic. B. The arrangement of streets shall conform to the Master Plan for Streets and Highways and Comprehensive Plan. c. Streets not shown on the Master Plan for Streets and Highways, shall be arranged to provide for the appropriate extension of existing streets. D. Streets shall be classified in a street hierarchy with design tailored to function. Street characteristics and design requirements are provided in the Master Plan for Streets and Highways. E. Streets shall be constructed in accordance with the standards promulgated by the ( Name Appropriate Agency}. F. Street layout shall not isolate or landlock adjacent or nearby. parcels of undeveloped property from existing public streets. G. Local street intersections shall be at 90 degree angles when possible with a minimum intersection length of 100 feet, but never less than 80 degrees. No more than two streets shall cross at an intersection. Opposing "T" type intersections shall require a minimum separation distance of 200 feet measured from centerline to centerline. H. Cul-de-sac streets are allowed provided that the maximum distance a cul-de-sac extends from an intersection is 1320 feet, measured along the centerline. I. Private streets are unacceptable in most instances. Exceptions will be considered for planned unit developments, cluster, and condominium developments. Approval of private roads shall be granted by the governing body and built to the ( Name Appropriate Agency) standards. 24 �I I I I I I I I 1 I J. Marginal Access Streets may be required when a subdivision abuts or contains a proposed extension of a collector, or arterial street. These are required for adequate protection of residential properties, to afford separation of through and local traffic, and to retain the traffic carrying capacity of the collector and arterial streets. A fifteen (15) foot wide landscaped area shall be required between the marginal access street and the collector or arterial street. This marginal access street shall be dedicated to the public • • K. Where topography and the size of the parcel allow for curvilinear local road layout and design, such design shall be utilized in the full development and subdivision of the parcel and shall be looked upon favorably by the municipality. Straight street lengths for local roads in excess of 1320 feet should be avoided. L. A subdivision or an extension of an existing subdivision which creates a total of 50 or more lots shall require two or more points of access to publicly dedicated primary roads built to ( Name Appropriate Agency) specifications. 602.0 CURB AND GUTTER (Optional) Curb and gutter shall be required for the purposes of drainage, safety, prevention of unnecessary maintenance, and delineation and protection of the pavement edge in all major subdivisions. A variance from this requirement may be allowed for subdivisions in the agricultural or rural residential zoning categories. A. Curb style and requirements shall vary according to street hierarchy as outlined in the Master Plan for Streets and Highways. B. Curbing shall be designed to provide for ramps for bicycles and wheelchairs at street intersections and other areas as may be required by the governing body. C. Curbing shall without exception be either concrete or asphalt and shall constructed in accordance to the specifications of the municipal engineer. I I I I I I D. A minimum distance of two feet shall separate curbs from walkways and bicycle pathways. 603.0 WALKWAYS - BICYCLE PATHWAYS (Optional) Pedestrian walkways shall be required for safety and located where necessary to reduce or eliminate potential vehicle/pedestrian conflicts. A. Pedestrian walkways shall be required for all major subdivisions. A variance from this requirement may be permitted for subdivisions located in the agricultural or rural residential zoning categories. 25 �B. Pedestrianways snall be placed on one side of the street and parallel to it within the dedicated nonpavement right of way, with exceptions permitted to preserve natural features or where slope makes pedestrian systems impractical. They shall also conform to construction requirements of the municipal engineer and shall be 4 foot in width and made of concrete or asphalt. These pedestrian walkways shall have a ramp flared to a width of 5 feet where they intersect streets. c. Bicycle Pathways shall be required in subdivisions in accordance with the overall bicycle pathway system as indicated in the Master Plan and shall be constructed of 7 foot wide concrete or asphalt material in accordance with the specifications of the municipal engineer. These shall be located with the dedicated nonpavement right of way. D. For walkways and bicycle pathways established outside of the dedicated nonpavement right of way, the governing body may require a ten (10) foot wide perpetual unobstructed easement be located on the plat. 604.0 LOTS Lots shall conform to the requirements of the municipal zoning ordinance for minimum square footage and· lot frontage for the zoning district within which the plat is located. A. Corner Lots shall exceed by a minimum of ten (10) feet, the width requirements of the municipal zoning ordinance in order to accommodate the additional setback requirements. B. Residential lots shall not face onto a freeway right-of-way, arterial or collector street, or other non-residentially zoned property, but may front upon a marginal access street. Lots on a cul-de-sac which opens onto a major street and which may front non-residentially zoned areas or freeway right-of-way, arterial or collector street may be allowed. C. All lots shall abut, with their entire frontage, on a dedicated public street, or private street as approved by the governing body. D. Lots extending through a block and facing two streets are prohibited, except where a lot may back up to a freeway right-of-way, arterial or collector street, or non-residentially zoned area, provided that a twenty (20) foot wide landscaped buffered area separates the lots from a freeway right-of-way, arterial or collector street, or non-residential land use. E. For lots abutting lakes, streams, other water bodies, and dedicated open areas such as parks, that portion of the lot facing that amenity may be designated on the plat as the front, provided that the setback from the street is equal to the setback required for the front. In no case, however, shall the front setback be less than that required by the zoning ordinance. F. Lot lines shall be perpendicular to the street right-of-way and radial from curvilinear streets. Side lot lines should be straight unless made impractical by natural features or street curves. Variations shall be allowed by the governing body where variation from these requirements results in a better arrangement of lots. 26 11111 11!111111111111 �G. Lots shall not be platted within the floodplain of any water body located in the municipality, or upon other lands as in the opinion of the governing body would increase the danger to health, life, or property, or increase flooding hazard. These lands shall be set aside for other uses such as parks or open space. 605.0 BLOCKS Blocks shall have sufficient width to provide for two tiers of lots of appropriate depths. Exceptions to this provision may be made for blocks adjacent to non-residential uses, arterial and collector streets, freeway right-of-ways, railroad rights-of-way, river, and/or other open water courses. A. Blocks shall be not less than 400 feet from centerline to centerline of intersecting streets. B. Blocks shall not have a length greater than 1000 feet from centerline to centerline of intersecting streets. 606.0 UTILITIES A. Storm Water Facilities: No plat shall be approved by the municipality which does not adequately provide for storm and flood water management features including, but not limited to, detention and retention areas, piping, runoff channels, and basins, and no subdivision shall be approved unless adequate drainage will be delivered and provided to an adequate drainage watercourse or facility. Such facilities may be required by the municipal engineer to be oversized to accommodate upstream drainage or minimize the impact of the proposed subdivision on the downstream drainage area. 1. The location of storm water utility lines where practical shall fall within the dedicated right-of-way of existing and proposed streets according to the specifications and standards of the municipal engineer. 2. Where public storm sewers are available, the applicant shall install storm sewer facilities and be required hook up to these existing facilities. However, where such public facilities are not available, adequate provision shall be made on site. 3. On-site retention and detention areas shall be separate from platted lots within the subdivision. 4. Culverts and other drainage features shall in each case be large enough to accommodate potential runoff from the entire upstream drainage area, whether inside or outside of the proposed subdivision. such sizing shall be based upon accepted standards and specifications promulgated by the municipal engineer. 5. Drainage features on site shall also take into consideration down stream water course drainage and shall be designed so that additional runoff to down stream facilities shall not be overburdened. 27 �6. Low-lying lands, wetlands, and lands along watercourses which are subject to flooding or overflow during storm periods, whether or not included in areas for dedication, be preserved and retained in their natural state as drainage areas. such lands subject to periodic flooding shall not be computed in determining the number of lots to be utilized for average densities, nor for computing the area requirements for lots. 7. Drainage easements incapable of inclusion in the road right-of-way shall be perpetual and unobstructed having a minimum width of twenty (20) feet, have satisfactory access to the road, run parallel with the lot lines where practical, and be acceptable to the Kalamazoo County Drain Commissioner. a. Storm sewer design shall be based upon a five (5) year storm of twenty (20) minute duration with an impervious area of thirty (30) percent. B. Water and sewer: All transmission lines for water and sewer utilities shall be located within the street right-of-way. Where such transmission lines run between subdivisions, and or are extended from an existing subdivision or to a proposed subdivision, easements shall be located between and run parallel with property lines. Easements shall be unobstructed and shall be a minimum of twenty (20) feet in width, or ten (10) feet on each side of a property line. C. Gas, Wire and Cable Utilities: All lines for telephone, electrical, television, and other services distributed by wire or cable shall be placed underground throughout the subdivision. Required above ground servicing equipment of underground distribution lines is exempt from this requirement. This may include, but not be limited to, surface mounted transformers, power terminal pedestals, meters and meter boxes, street lights and street light poles. D. Easements for all underground utilities listed above in item c, shall be located within a ten (10) foot easement provided by the proprietor on each side of the street. Such easements shall be so located as to not interfere with the use of any lot or other part of the subdivision, and shall be perpetual easements located immediately adjacent to the street right-of-way. E. Lights shall be installed in all major residential subdivisions prior to occupancy of any structures within the proposed subdivision. Lighting for safety shall be provided at intersections and along walkways. Spacing standards shall be equal to five (5) times the height of the standard. Height shall not exceed the maximum building height allowed by zoning ordinance for the particular zone in which the plat is located, nor shall the height be less than twenty-five (25) feet. Lighting for subdivisions located in the agricultural or rural residential zoning categories may be waived by the governing body. 28 �I I - ARTICLE SEVEN SECTION 700.0 SUBDIVISION IMPROVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PLANS It shall be the responsibility of the subdivider of every proposed subdivision to have prepared by a registered Professional Engineer of this State, a complete set of as-built drawings including but not limited to profiles, cross sections, specifications other supporting data for all required improvements and other facilities as deemed required by the governing body. such as-built plans shall be based on the preliminary plans which have been approved with the preliminary plat, and shall be prepared in conjunction with the final plat. A. No grading, land filling, land removal, removal of trees or other vegetation, construction of improvements, or other material changes except for that which is required by any of the reviewing agencies for the purpose of aiding in their review of the preliminary plat, shall commence on the subject property until the proprietor has: 1. Received written notice from the governing body or its designee that the municipality has issued approval of the preliminary plat. 2. Deposited with the municipality a bond or other form of security required by this ordinance for the provision of improvements and inspections. 3. Received written approval of the submitted engineering plans for each improvement from the municipal engineer of each improvement to be installed prior to final plat approval. 701.0 REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS Every subdivider proposing to make a major subdivision as defined herein shall be required to install the following public and other improvements. Where the rules of this ordinance are in conflict with those of any other agency, the rules of this ordinance shall prevail. All of the required improvements listed below are subject to financial guarantees of performance established in Section 500.0 of this ordinance. A. Monuments and lot irons shall be set in accordance with the State .Subdivision control Act and the rules promulgated by the State Department of Treasury. B. Streets and roads shall be constructed in accordance with the standards and specifications outlined in this ordinance and those rules promulgated by the C Name Appropriate Agency} having such responsibility £or approving streets and roads. c. Where required, curb and gutter shall be located along all streets within the plat in accordance with this ordinance and the rules promulgated by the municipal engineer or other municipal body or agency with responsibility for approving such. D. Installation of public utilities including but not limited to telephone, cable, water, and sewer, shall be installed underground and shall be installed in accordance with this ordinance, the Subdivision Control Act, and those rules promulgated by the Michigan Public Service Commission, as amended. 29 �E. Driveway openings and curb cuts as specified by the Michigan State Department of Transportation for state and federal roads, and the { Name Appropriate Agency), or if applicable the municipality having .. jurisdiction, for all other roads within the municipality. • Ii. F. storm Drainage: An adequate storm drainage system including the necessary storm sewers, drain inlets, manholes, culverts, bridges, and other appurtenances, shall be required in all subdivisions. These requirements shall conform to this ordinance and those standards required by the Kalamazoo County Drain Commissioner. G. Water supply systems and appurtenances shall be provided to each lot where public water is available or may be required by the governing body where public water supply is reasonably proximate or is planned to be installed. All construction shall conform to the specifications and standards of the municipal engineer. All easements and improvements for such systems shall be dedicated to the public for administration, operation, and maintenance. Individual wells shall be permitted where such public facilities not available, reasonably proximate, or planned, and shall conform to those installation requirements set forth by the Kalamazoo county Bureau of Environmental Health. H. Sanitary sewer systems and appurtenances shall be provided to each lot where sanitary sewer is available or may be required by the governing body where the sanitary sewer is reasonably proximate or is planned to be installed. All construction shall conform to the specifications and standards of the municipal engineer. All easements and improvements for such systems shall be dedicated to the public for administration, operation, and maintenance. Individual septic systems shall be permitted where such public facilities not available, reasonably proximate, or planned, and shall conform to those installation requirements set forth by the Kalamazoo County Bureau of Environmental Health. I. Where oversized facilities are required by the municipality, the proprietor shall be responsible only for his share of the costs associated with the proposed subdivision based upon some land measure, service area, population, or some other proportionate measure. The amount of proprietor responsibility and the means of allocating costs shall be agreed upon prior to final approval of the preliminary plat by the municipality. J. Where required, pedestrianways and bicycle pathways shall be constructed in accordance with the specifications provided by the municipal engineer. K. Public areas where provided shall be dedicated to the public prior to final plat approval by the governing body board. L. Where required, street lighting shall be located and installed by the proprietor along all roads in accordance with this ordinance. 30 �702.0 INSPECTION OF IMPROVEMENTS All improvements required by this ordinance shall be inspected by the municipal engineer, except for improvements made under the jurisdiction of other governmental agencies responsible for their own inspections. Where these inspections are made by other agencies, the municipal engineer shall obtain a report of final inspection from those agencies indicating that the required improvements have been completed. f A. It shall be the proprietors responsibility to notify the municipality or any other public agency responsible for inspections when an inspection is desired. a 1 • 11111 • Ill' · ~ ~ B. The proprietor shall bear the final responsibility for the installation and construction of all required improvements according to the provisions of this ordinance and to the standards and specifications of other public agencies. c. Approval of installation and construction shall not constitute acceptance by the municipality of any improvement for dedication purposes. o. The proprietor shall pay all inspection costs incurred by the municipality according to the schedules of fees adopted by the municipality for said inspections, by deposit to an escrow account held by the municipality for such purposes prior to final plat approval. Any funds not used by the municipality in its inspections shall be refunded to the proprietor when the subdivision, or phase thereof, is completed. The proprietor shall pay to the municipality an amount by which the cost of inspection exceeds the deposit fee. E. The proprietor shall be responsible for removal of all equipment, material, and general construction debris from the subdivision and from any lot, street, or public way or property therein or adjacent thereto. 31 �APPENDIX 32 �I I I I - Process for Preliminary Plat - Tentative Approval Subdivider meets with staff/ municipal officials/PC* to review official planning ' documents and procedures ....,_----i Subdivider prepares plat diagram containing all items in Sec. 402.0 ....,_----i Subdivider submits a complete application for subdivision approval to the Municipality Begin 60 day PC review period PC takes action on the plat, forwards recommendation to Governing Body i------i Public Hearing, with possible PC action. ~------1 PC schedules a public hearing, notifies property owners and publishes notice in paper Begin 30 day GB review period GB reviews comments from Public Hearing & PC GB takes action on the plat DENIED The plat is denied, GB issues reasons for denial and requirements for approval APPROVED Subdivider has one year approval of lot sizes, orientation, and street layout Subdivider is authorized to submit for final plat approval *Note: PC=Planning Commission, GB=Governing Body Governing Body must act upon the plat within 90 days of the submission date to the municipality �~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -Process for Preliminary Plat, Final Approval Section 410. 0 Waiver of Tentative Approval Subdivider meets with staff/ municipal officials/PC* to review zoning ordinance, official planning documents and procedures ---- Subdivider prepares plat diagram containing all items in Sec. 402.0 1.- Subdivider has received approvals from agencies in Sec. 407. 0 and has met requirements of Sec. 408.0 Begin 60 day PC review period I --------, Subdivider submits to Public Hearing, with PC schedules a public hearing possible PC action. ...,____. pursuant to Section 403.0 PC takes action on the plat, forwards recommendation to GB I i----i municipality for final approval of preliminary plat and waiver of Tentative Plat Approval Begin 30 day GB Review GB reviews PC recommendation, Public Hearing record and takes action on plat DENIED The plat is denied, GB issues reasons for denial and requirements for approval APPROVED Subdivider has two years to construct all public improvements, or provide security for completion pursuant to Article 5 Subdivider is authorized to submit for final plat approval *Note: PC=Planning Commission, GB=Governing Body Governing Body must act upon the plat within 90 days of the submission date to the municipality • • �I I I I I I - Process for Preliminary Plat - Final Approval Subdivider has received tentative preliminary plat approval from municipality Subdivider has received approvals from agencies in Sec. 407.0 and has met requirements of Sec. 4,08.0 Subdivider submits to municipality for final approval of preliminary plat Begin 20 day GB Review GB* reviews and takes action on plat DENIED The plat is denied, GB issues reasons for denial and requirements for approval APPROVED Subdivider has two years to construct all public improvements, or provide security for completion pursuant to Article 5 Subdivider is authorized to submit for final plat approval "'Note: PC=Planning Commission, GB=Goveming Body Governing Body must act upon the plat within 20 days of the submission date to the municipality �I Process for Final Plat Approval Subdivider has completed all public improvements and has providedallitemsinSec.411.0 Subdivider submits for final plat approval Begin 20 day GB review GB* reviews final plat for conformance GB acts upon final plat DENIED The plat is denied, GB issues reasons for denial and requirements for approval APPROVED Final plat is approved, clerk signs municipal certificate Clerk sends final plat to County Plat Board for approval *Note: PC=Planning Commission, GB=Goveming Body Governing Body must act upon the plat within 20 days of the submission date to the municipality �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 Responsibility Checklist for Model Subdivision Regulations Item Responsibility Tentative Preliminary Plat Approval Review of Official Planning Documents prior to subdivision design and layout Developer Initial information/process consultation with local planning/zoning/municipal officials Developer Preparation of Preliminary Plat drawing containing all items in Sec. 402.0 Developer Submission for Tentative Preliminary Plat approval Developer Transmittal to Planning Commission Municipality Public Hearing Municipality Tentative Preliminary Plat approval/denial by Planning Commission Municipality Transmittal to Governing Body Municipality Tentative Preliminary Plat approval/denial by Governing Body Municipality Letter of approval/denial sent to developer Municipality If approved, developer has a one year guarantee on lot arrangement, lot size, and street pattern layout. Developer is authorized to submit for final approval of the preliminary plat. Final Approval Preliminary Plat Tentative Preliminary Plat approval received from municipality Developer Contact and receive approval of preliminary plat from other review agencies listed in Sec. 407.0, and fulfill requirements of Sec. 408.0 Developer Submission for final preliminary plat approval Developer Transmittal to Governing Body Municipality Final Preliminary Plat approval/denial by Governing Body Municipality Letter of approval/denial sent to developer Municipality �If final plat is approved, developer has two years within which to complete all the required public improvements. once improvements are complete or security for improvements has been obtained, the developer is authorized to submit for final plat approval. Final Plat Approval Final preliminary plat approval is obtained from municipality Developer Public improvements are completed or security for completion is obtained Developer Preparation of Final Plat drawing with all items provided in Sec. 411.0 Developer Submission for Final Plat approval Developer Final Plat approval/denial by Governing Body Municipality Letter of approval/denial sent to developer Municipality Final plat certificate is signed by clerk Municipality Transmittal to county Plat Board Municipality The final plat is approved and lots within the Subdivision may now be sold . .... • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo-County_Model-Subdivision-Ordinance_1992 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-07 Title A name given to the resource Model Subdivision Ordinance Description An account of the resource The Model Subdivision Ordinance for Kalamazoo County was prepared by the Kalamazoo Metropolitan County Planning Commission in July 1992. Subject The topic of the resource Ordinances, municipal Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f135a25cbf675a6f08d4acb017458e5e.pdf af15327478e1f4d7f638252a7623b8e0 PDF Text Text ��Acknowledgments City of Kalamazoo City Commission Members Mayor Francis P. Hamilton Vice Mayor Robert D. Dunbar Edwin L. Walters Caroline R. Ham Dr. Raymond L. Hightower Patricia Cayemberg Moses L. Walker The Kalamazoo Planning Commission Dr. Richard Schreiber, Chairperson Robert Hannah, Vice Chairperson The Rev. Braxton V. Burgess, Member Ann Gerould, Member Brooks Godfrey, Member Martha Moffet, Member Helen Nelson, Member Henry J. Schaberg, Member Judy Shamu, Member Past members: Patricia Michael Willie Mae Pierson William Rae City Manager Robert C. Bobb The Department of Community Development G. Michael Conlisk, Director Evan M. LeDuc, Head Planning Division Gary Niemeck, Chief Planner Allen White, Senior Planner Eileen Davis, Associate Planner Mark DuBay, Associate Planner James Visser, Associate Planner Carrol Deweese, Secretary Jerrie Dierks, Secretary Linda Robinson, Secretary Other Contributors: Sheryl Sculley Brian Chase Preparation and Financing The Kalamazoo Planning Commission Preparation of this report was financed in part through the urban planning grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, under provisions of Section 701 of the Housing Act of 154, as amended. The study was prepared for the City of Kalamazoo, December, 1976. ��June 1977 iii City of Kalamazoo - Preface - The Comprehensive Plan represents a synthesis of information and ideas produced as a result of data collection and analysis, position papers developed from neighborhood public meetings, and numerous meetings of the Planning Commission, both formal and informal. The plan is intended to provide a context for determining policies needed to preserve and enhance the quality of life in Kalamazoo, as well as to serve as a practical working guide for City Commission decisions. It allows the City Commission to present to the community a unified picture of long-range policies, and it enables the community to understand and anticipate Commission decisions in the context of long-range planning. Although Kalamazoo's plan is designed as a guide to the city's development through 1990, changes in the patterns of human activity require that the plan be flexible and adaptable. While planning lends stability, continuity, and rationality to change, no plan is ever rigidly fixed. Kalamazoo's plan ensures that the impact of change will be beneficial to the community; at the same time, it allows the city to adapt to the naturally changing forces of human activity. Finally, the plan is a neighborhood-oriented document. Although this summary reflects a citywide analysis of land use, transportation, community facilities, etc., it is oriented toward meeting neighborhood as well as citywide needs. The constant involvement of neighborhood and community residents will be required as the plan is continually refined and adapted to changing conditions, and as the tools needed to implement the plan are fashioned. The success or failure of the plan as a practical guide for preserving and enhancing the living environment of Kalamazoo hinges on the support of the people of Kalamazoo. This summary of the Comprehensive Plan is divided into major technical sections: Land Use, Transportation, Utilities, and Community Facilities. A glossary of terms has been provided at the end of each section for the convenience of the reader. The sections are made up of summaries of several lengthy and detailed technical reports which constitute the Comprehensive Plan. The summary also contains sections describing planning goals, strategies, and potential implementation techniques and areas of special concern related to the plan. Although the summary is quite lengthy, the Planning Commission favors a comprehensive report that provides usable substance. Advance Planning Section, Department of Community Development �Table of Contents iv Comprehensive Plan iii viii Preface Introduction 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Goals, Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniqu_e_s_ __ I ., I ~ I Fundamental Goals of Kalamazoo's Plan 3 General Goal for Land Use Planning 5 ---------------- ----------------_ 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _G _e _n_e_r_a_l G~~r Tr_a_ ns_,p_o_rt_a_t_io_n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ General Goal for Community Facilities 15 - - - - -- --------- -- ----------General Goal for Water Management 19 Use Component 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - -Land --- -~-----------------Residential Element 27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- Scope 27 Recommendations 29 -----------------Housing Element 30 30 Scope 32 Recommendations 33 Commercial Element - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - 33 Scope -'-----------------------34 Recommendations --------------35 Cent r aI Business District 35 Sco_p~ __ _ 38 Recommendations ----39 Industrial Element ----- --- 40 Scope 41 Recommendations - - - - -- - - - - - - - 42 0 pen Space Element ---42 Scope 42 Recommendations -------43 FI o o d Plain Element 43 Sco~- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - 44 Recommendations --- - - - - - - -- - - - -- - -44 Fiscal Impact - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 46 Land Use Glossary 72 Transportation Component --------------~--------------75 Streets and Highways Element 75 Scope 77 61 81 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - -Ra i I roads Element Scope Recommendations Metro Transit Element Scope Recommendations Airport Element Scope Recommendations - -- - - - - -- �Table of Contents V City of Kalamazoo 88 94 Transportation Glossary Community Facilities Component Mun icipal Admin istrative C~nter, Police and Court Facilities Scope Recommend ations ----Fire Facilities --Sco pe Recomm end ations -Library Facilities --Scope Recommendations -Health Service Facilities Scope Recommendations Neighborhood Centers School Facilities Scope Recommendations - - - - - ----- - - Cultural/Fine Arts Amenities Scope Recommendations 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 102 103 103 103 108 109 109 109 122 ~_!ilities Co~p~nen~ 125 Wate.!:__Utility Element 126 Scope 127 Recomm endations -------128 Storm Drainage Element 128 Scope 129 Recommend ations 130 Wastewater Treatment Element 130 Scope 132 Recommendations -------------------------132 Semi-Public Utilities 134 Utilities Glossary 142 Special Areas of Concern ---------------------------145 Population and Employment Profile 149 Citizen Involvement 152 Historic Preservation Statement ------------------------153 Environment aI Consideration Statement ------------------------------156 Energy Consideration Statement 157 Equal Opportunity Statement ---"-----------------157 Needs of Handicapped Residents ---------------164 Tech n i ca I Studies Bibliography - �Guide to Tables vi Comprehensive Plan Table Subject Page 1 Comparison: Current Zoning and Land Use to Proposed Land Use 65 2 Comparison: Current and Future Residential Land Use 65 3 Comparison: Future Population to Potential Housing Units 66 4 Median Annual Income for Families 67 5 Comparison of National Standards to Kalamazoo's Commercial Land Use 68 6 Suggested Alternatives: Commercial 69 7 Summary of Annual Fiscal Impact Results for Redevelopment Alternative A 70 --------------- 70 Summary of Fiscal Impact Results for Redevelopment Alternative B ---------------------------------70 9 Summary: Annual Fiscal Impact Results New Growth Area -Alternative A 8 Summary: Annual Fiscal Impact Results New Growth Area -Alternative B 11 118 Kalamazoo Area School Enrollment Trends ----- ----- --------118 1976 Enrollment by Public School Type 12 13 • 70 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 Projected Kalamazoo Area School Enrollment Trends 118 ------Elementary School Inventory 119 Junior High School and High School Inventory --Kalamazoo County Population Projections 120 161 1976 Vacant Acreage to be Developed Residentially 161 ------162 Net Change in Dwelling Units: Based on Density Measures - ----Population and Employment Growth Rates in 162 Kalamazoo County �Guide to Figures vii City of Kalamazoo Figure 1 Subject Page Proposed Land Use 49 2 Census Tracts 50 3 Housing Deficiencies - - ---------- 51 ----------------4 --- Area Retail Centers 52 5 Potential Sites for Commercial Development within the CBD 53 6 Existing Housing in the CBD 54 7 Amenities in the CBD 55 8 Proposed Residential Development Areas within the CBD 56 9 New Reutilized, and Abandoned Industrial Sites 57 Areas Targeted for Industrial Redevelopment 58 11 Entryway Greenspace Corridors 59 12 Recreational Trails 60 13 100-Year Floodplain 61 14 Possible Redevelopment Areas Tested for Cost-Revenue Consequences 62 15 Possi bIe Residential Development Area Tested for Cost-Revenue Consequences 63 63 16 Arter i aI Designation 89 Proposed Traffic Flow: CBD 90 Phase I Short-Range Rail Solutions 91 Existing Route Structure and ¼ Mile Service Area 92 10 ---- ----~-- ------ ---- ---------------- 17 --------- ------------------- ---~------ 18 19 ------- 20 Fire Stations and Travel Distances 21 Library Facilities 111 -----------112 Health Care Facilities 113 23 Kalamazoo Public School District 114 24 School locations 115 25 Institutions of Higher Education 116 26 Growth of the Service Area 136 27 Projected Service Districts 137 28 CBD Water Main Upgrading 138 29 Proposed Channel Work 139 30 Wastewater Planning Area 140 31 Census Tracts 159 22 --- �Introduction viii Comprehensive Plan Section six of Michigan Public Act 285 (1931) charges the Planning Commission with legal responsibility to "make and adopt a master plan for the physical development of the municipality." This introduction briefly explains the characteristics, purposes, and goals of contemporary planning, and the particular goals of Kalmazoo's Comprehensive Plan. The Purpose and Functions of Planning Section seven of the same state law describes the general purpose of the plan as guiding a coordinated, adjusted, and harmonious development of the municipality and its environs which will, in accordance with present and future needs, best promote health, safety, morals, order, convenience, prosperity, and general welfare, as well as efficiency and economy in the process of development. The purpose of this plan is to protect the health, safety, and well being of community residents through the promotion of a harmonious and efficient pattern of urban growth and development. Preserving and enhancing the quality of the urban living environment requires using imagination in planning what the city could be. An effective plan will preserve and expand the city's assets in order to make the city more beautiful, peaceful, exciting, and innovative as a place to live. • The quality of the urban environment depends upon many things: cleanliness of air and water, beauty and function of aspects of the urban landscape (buildings, streets, parks, and open spaces}, and diversity of life styles enjoyed by the residents. Historical, cultural, educational, and recreational assets are all considered within the Comprehensive Plan. Fundamental to the successful preservation of these desirable assets is the city's economic base, dependent upon energy and utility resources and the transportation network. Housing supply is a critical element in any consideration of urban living environments. Planning, therefore, must be realistic about needs and about the potential for meeting those needs; it must develop practical guides to action, it must be comprehensive; it must provide flexibility; and, most important, it must serve rather than dominate the many varieties of human needs and activities. All human activities are linked to one another in some fashion, and a change in one activity pattern affects other human activities. A truly comprehensive plan, then, not only accounts for a wide range of human activities, but also recognizes how activities are linked. �Introduction ix City of Kalamazoo ------ - -- ---------- The recognition that human activities are linked, however, cautions that limits must be placed on the comprehensiveness of planning. While public planning ensures that the lives of citizens will be enhanced, their rights and privacy must be preserved. This plan will enable Kalamazoo's residents to make rationally guided improvements in the city's environment which enhance their ability to conduct their own private affairs successfully and in harmony with one another. The plan must be flexible not only because human activities are constantly changing, but also because human behavior is unpredictable. A rigid document having no provision for amendment becomes quickly obsolete. Yet, a plan that lends stability and continuity to the city's development is essential. This plan permits adaption to the changing forces of human activity while ensuring that the impact of change is beneficial to the community. The Planning Commission recommends, within the plan, a five-year update to ensure adaptation to change. State Act 285 and City Ordinance 340 allow the Planning Commission to amend or adopt portions of the Comprehensive Plan. The public is provided with opportunity to participate in the amendment procedure through a required public hearing. The Planning Commission is also charged with preparing, each year, a capital improvement program that projects needed public improvements six years into the future. The legal amendment procedures of the plan lend stability and continuity to Kalamazoo's development. Although this plan is meant to be a general guide to future development, no serious deviations from it may be undertaken without the approval of at least six of the nine members of the Planning Commission. Major land use changes, for example, must be considered according to the degree of conformance to the Comprehensive Plan. If the land use change results in amending the provisions of the plan, a two-thirds vote of the Planning Commission is needed to honor the request. By city ordinance, the City Commission retains final authority for approving the plan before it goes into effect. State law grants the City Commission authority to overrule any recommendation (including amendments) of the Planning Commission. Both actions require a two-thirds vote of the City Commission. Planning is oriented toward developing goals, cataloging needs, and proposing courses of action in order to approach the future with a clearer idea of what lies ahead. Planning must constantly monitor the patterns of urban activity and prepare for the impact of change on the lives of urban dwellers. Because Kalamazoo will continue to grow and develop, planning will help guide the change for the well being of all the community's residents. ���Goals and Strategies 3 City of Kalamazoo The overall goal of this Comprehensive Plan is to improve the quality of living for every Kalamazoo resident. To achieve this primary goal, the Planning Commission has defined eight fundamental planning goals and potential strategies for attaining them. Fundamental Goals 1 To Improve the Residential Environment by eliminating substandard housing; stabilizing residential neighborhoods through effective land development controls; increasing the variety of housing choice; expanding recreation and open space areas; providing design standards to ensure compatible land uses within residential areas; prescribing reasonable densities required for prevention of overcrowding; ensuring reasonable traffic volumes on residential streets; encouraging development of new residential areas which provide for land-use mixtures on a planned basis; and encouraging a proper mixture of compatible land uses required to produce an interesting and functional residential living environment. 2 To Strengthen and Diversity the Economy by renewing and expanding industrial areas; improving transportation facilities, strengthening the central business district; establishing and encouraging outlying shopping areas to serve neighborhood needs; supporting expansion needs of institutions for higher learning, research and medical care; providing incentives for industrial and commercial location and expansion within the City of Kalamazoo; and implementing and accelerating, through educational and special training programs, the development of resources to assure an adequate work force for industry, business, commerce and the professions. 3 To Strengthen and Enhance the Environmental Quality by identifying areas of unique environmental value and preserving them in their natural state; preventing use of the flood plain for intensive urban development; placing reasonable controls on the use of signs, promoting visual responsibility through design ordinances and cooperative programs with business and industry; making greater public use of the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creek; and providing open space in all areas to serve as urban breathing spaces. 4 To Enlarge Human Opportunities by increasing employment opportunities and ensuring equal opportunity; improving public services; supporting freedom and equality of housing choice throughout the city; and increasing the variety of housing choice within residential neighborhoods. 5 To Develop Safe and Efficient Transportation Systems by improving air and rail services for the region; continuing promotion of a multi-modal transportation center in the central business district; encouraging the compatibility of air and rail service with other land uses; alleviating rail/highway conflicts; �Goals and Strategies 4 Comprehensive Plan promoting rescheduling of local train and auto traffic to reduce peak hour traffic loads; providing public mass transit systems; implementing park-and-ride, car pool and incentive-parking programs; encouraging the separation of high-speed through and local traffic; improving the operational characteristics of arterials; discouraging through traffic within neighborhoods; and protecting the community against dominance by auto-related land uses. 6 To Develop, Maintain, and Plan for Adequate Community Facilities by encouraging the development of adequate energy sources for present and future needs at the lowest possible cost; providing efficient utility systems which fulfill present and future developmental needs; developing a fire protection system that meets response-time requirements with ease; encouraging the establishment of a cooperative emergency service system; providing for the present and future space needs of the city's police and district court operations and administrative offices; maintaining and improving citywide public health services and facilities; providing recreational facilities both on a neighborhood and on a community-wide basis; promoting the multiple use of educational facilities for all age groups; and encouraging an adequate library system to meet the needs of all segments of the population. 7 To Meet Areawide Planning Needs by cooperating on issues of mutual concern, especially in the areas of residential, commercial, and industrial development to ensure the proper utilization of the region's resources. 8 To Ensure Efficient Use of Areawide Energy Resources by conserving energy through reduction of waste in private and public use; adjusting thermal-efficiency standards for new construction; encouraging innovative, energy-saving approaches to building design and construction; encouraging home winterization; incorporating rational land use and transportation elements into this plan that result in reducing energy waste; utilizing liquid and solid refuse-derived fuels for city facilities and/ or for sale to private users; and cooperating in a regional solid-waste recovery program. �Goal and Land Use ----------------■ 5 -- --------- City of Kalamazoo tiff �Goals and Strategies 6 Comprehensive Plan To ensure the safe, healthy, aesthetic, and efficient development of the city's physical, social, cultural, and economic systems through the promotion of harmonious land-use relationships. Residential Land Use Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques Protect, preserve, and improve the quality of the residential environment, ensuring the availability of land and the balanced and harmonious future of residential development. 1 Protect viable residential neighborhoods from the intrusion of adverse land use and intensity of use through: a correction of existing incompatible or potentially incompatible land uses by rezoning and other techniques, b amending the zoning ordinance to ensure reasonable neighborhood intensities, c encouraging harmonious new development. 2 Upgrade and improve residential neighborhoods showing signs of deterioration through: a rezoning where adverse land uses have affected the viability of the residential area, b rehabilitation of residential structures to protect the neighborhood environment, c capital expenditures on streets, curbs, gutters and sidewalks to enhance the residential environment. 3 Increase the amount of land available for residential purposes by: a abolishing substandard units, b reuse of excess commercially and industrially zoned land for residential purposes, c rezoning unneeded industrially zoned land for residential use, d rezoning suitable vacant land for residential purposes. Housing Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques Protect, preserve, and improve the quality and quantity of housing, ensuring availability and choice for area residents. Preserve the existing housing inventory and ensure its value by: 1 a providing continual neighborhood improvements to extend housing life, b encouraging housing maintenance for individual structures, c requiring reasonable housing densities, d strictly enforcing an equitable housing and building code. 2 Upgrade the deficient housing stock by: a rehabilitating and/ or redeveloping blighted or declining housing, b requiring occupancy permits for rental units, c strictly enforcing housing and building code requirements. �Goals for Land Use 7 City of Kalamazoo 3 Increase the supply and broaden the choices of the city's housing through: a effective use of funding mechanisms designed to stimulate private construction, b adoption of policies to aid in reduction of home construction costs, c encouraging new and innovative forms of residential development, d allowing some mixed-use development (re idential with limited commercial/office) in residential areas adjacent to existing commercial centers or along major arterial streets. 4 Widening housing oppo'rtunities for low-income households by: a encouraging formation of an areawide low-income housing program, b ensuring the construction of housing for low-income families in dispersed locations, citywide, c encouraging adoption of federal or other rent subsidy programs for those in need. Commercial Land Use Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To provide for the commercial needs of area residents through the planned development and redevelopment of varied and convenient shopping areas. 1 Better utilization of commercially zoned land by: a limiting commercial expansion to designated commercial centers or within multi-use developments as future demands dictate, b encouraging planned unified development of neighborhood, community and regional shopping areas, c designating nonviable commercial uses with little potential for rehabilitation as a noncompatible land use, d permitting existing viable neighborhood or community-oriented individual commercial uses as an allowable noncompatible land use, e establishing a new wholesale and warehouse district, meeting the locational need to be close to commercial centers. 2 Preservation and strengthening of existing commercial centers by: a encouraging variety and intensity of activities in commercial areas so they properly relate to the neighborhood and/or community, b limiting commercial centers to convenience shopping, c developing design standards and criteria insuring compatibility with surrounding land uses, d aiding the private sector to develop and enhance commercial centers, incorporating such features as: i) common parking areas and circulation designs, ii) landscaping for visual appearance and buffering effects, iii) sign design to fulfill a function without creating unnecessary visual blight, �Proposed historic commercial district, Michigan Avenue �Goals for Land Use 10 Comprehensive Plan iv) architectural design qualities which blend in and complement the surrounding land uses, v) restricted curb-cuts and traffic access lanes. 3 Encourage maintenance and growth of the Central Business District (CBD) by: a retaining and attracting central city functions such as professional and commercial offices in the CBD, b encouraging retail growth which will ensure that the CBD remains the commercial focal point of the city, c encouraging medium and high density residential development intheCBD, d retaining the city's administrative offices in the CBD, e maintaining and improving the design quality of the CBD f ensuring access from all parts of the city to the CBD especially the Mall and Bronson Park areas - by auto, metro, and area transportation. Industrial Land Use Goal Implementation Techniques Strategies and Potential Encourage maximum industrial development of the city in order to supply employment for its residents and improve Kalamazoo's tax base. 1 Better utilization of industrially zoned land by: a curtailing non-industrial development in industrial districts, b ensuring availability of all utilities, i.e., power, water and sewer in industrial districts, c improving and maintaining the industrial transportation system, i.e., rail, highway and air service. 2 Preservation and augmentation of the existing industrial areas by: a developing design standards and criteria that ensure compatibility with surrounding land uses, b implementing programs for redeveloping abandoned and deteriorated industrial sites in properly located and well serviced areas, c aiding in the consolidation of industrial redevelopment sites by the vacation of streets and alleys to accommodate large industrial redevelopment, d encouraging industrial redevelopment through economic means available to the city, such as Act 198, Industrial Revenue Bonds, and all other ways possible. 3 Promote economic growth and increase Kalamazoo's industrial tax base by: a establishing city bonding for industrial development, b extending utilities to new areas through cooperation, c encouraging retraining programs to ensure an appropriately skilled labor supply, Open Space Goal To encourage proper expansion, growth, maintenance, and programs for the open space, parks, and recreation systems in Kalamazoo. �Goals for Land Use 11 City of Kalamazoo Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques 1 Encourage the wise use of land, water and human resources. 2 Preserve quality open space lands. 3 Carry out an extensive program of tree maintenance and planting. 4 Develop and expand river front areas for open space, parks and recreational activities. 5 Establish a trail and bike path system connecting major parks throughout the city. 6 Develop neighborhood parks and playgrounds in each neighborhood. 7 Establish written policies for the implementation of the park/school systems. 8 Improve maintenance of all area facilities. 9 Evaluate the total system and its subcomponents for effectiveness. 10 Identify environmentally unique areas. Flood Plain Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To ensure judicious utilization of the flood plain while minimizing potential flood damage. 1 Improve utilization of floodplain areas by: a Establishing effective floodplain management standards which protect new construction from future flooding, b Rezoning to limit floodplain users to purposes which do not unduly suffer from the action of floods, with such uses based upon performance standards in the flood fringe and flood way. 2 Assist existing uses in the floodplain by: a Publicizing and encouraging participation in the floodplain insurance program. 3 Encourage the enlargement of open space areas in the floodplain by: a Targeting high flood-hazard areas for open space uses, b Assisting in the redevelopment of these areas through the acquisition and demolition of deterioriating structures, c Capitalizing upon the aesthetic assets of the city's water bodies to obtain funding to acquire land and monitor open space areas. �Goals for Transportation 13 City of Kalamazoo Streets and Highways Goals Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To develop a safe and efficient multi-modal transportation system while preserving the integrity of the neighborhoods. To minimize the widening of existing streets within Kalamazoo, except where operational improvements require widening at intersections; and to limit the construction of new facilities to those that ensure a more efficient and balanced circulation system. 1 Improve the operational characteristics of artP.rials by: a implementing a detection system for timing traffic signals, b removing on-street parking, c limiting left hand turns, d contra-flow e relieving 90 degree turns, f improving connections to the Central Business District (CBD} and all areas of the city, g continuing to monitor data concerning traffic demand and to develop other implementation techniques. 2 Increase vehicle occupancy by: a implementing car and van pooling programs, b implementing incentive-parking programs, c distributing peak-hour traffic over a longer time frame by staggering work hours in major employment centers. 3 Reduce traffic deficiencies by: a increasing auto occupancy, b increasing bus ridership. 4 Discouraging through traffic within neighborhoods by: a working with each area to determine collector streets, b developing certain controls to channel locally generated traffic to the arterial network, c designating intra-city truck routes. 5 Provide adequate pathways for pedestrian traffic and ensure the rights of the pedestrian, particularly on major arterials such as West Michigan, West Main Street and Westnedge Avenue. Railroads Goal To continue and to improve rail service in Kalamazoo, and to coordinate it with other means of transportation. 1 Solve the rail/highway conflict within the CBD and other problem areas by: a coordinating track relocation and improving connections to reduce auto-rail conflicts and improve operations, b supporting operational projects intended to monitor local auto/rail traffic, c promoting the rescheduling of local train traffic to non-peak hours of auto traffic, �Goals for Transportation 14 Comprehensive Plan d seeking financial assistance from state and federal sources for the construction of rail improvements needed to alleviate rail/highway conflicts. 2 Promote the upgrading of rail trackage in Kalamazoo by: a remaining active in the evaluation process of essential/ non-essential track designations through: i) discouraging the abandonment of essential lines, ii) considering the purchase of abandoned rights-of-way, b coordinating an ongoing inventory system of all rail lines in the city including ownership, status and condition, c coordinating the preparation of a complete inventory of all rail-highway crossings, d coordinating an ongoing priority program for crossing upgrading with concurrence of the two railroads, e seeking financial assistance from state and federal sources to accomplish the upgradings. Metro Transit Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To expand the use and continue development of an attractive, comfortable and dependable mass transit system, which moves citizens to their desired destinations. 1 Provide better and expanded bus service by: a modifying existing routes where proven necessaryfor example: peripheral service, b implementing the limited demand/response service. 2 Improve the perception of Metro Transit as a transportation choice by: a surveying existing patronage and latent demand, b adjusting service to meet changing needs. 3 Continue to serve the elderly and handicapped with specially equipped vehicles. 4 Continue to investigate innovative means of mass transportation in Kalamazoo. Airport Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To provide air facilities and services that are safe, adequate, convenient, well regulated, and of an appropriate quality. 1 To provide noise abatement and safety measures in the interest of an improved airport environment. 2 To improve only as necessary the operational capabilities of the Kalamazoo Municipal Airport. 3 To decrease the adverse environmental effects perceived by the residential areas surrounding the Kalamazoo Municipal Airport. �Goals for Community Facilities 16 Comprehensive Plan To attain a satisfactory aesthetic and functional relationship between public facilities, transportation, and residential neighborhoods. Administrative Center Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To assure the accessibility of municipal offices to the people they serve, while meeting the space requirements demanded by increased administration. 1 Maintain the existing city administrative center by: a developing a detailed urban design plan of the area, b encouraging a complementary relationship with any additional municipal facility constructed in the vicinity of City Hall, c ensuring the availability of public transportation and parking in the area. 2 Accommodate the existing and future space needs of Kalamazoo's administrative center complex by: a expanding City Hall through the construction of a municipal office annex, b encouraging the continued modification of city office organization and efficiency. Police and Court Facilities Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques Fire Protection Facilities Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques Library Facilities Goal To accomplish the basic mission of providing efficient police and court service within the City of Kalamazoo. 1 Accommodate the serious space deficiencies of both police and court operations by: a expanding the existing building at its present site, b encouraging relocation of the District Court, c ensuring the availability of public transportation and parking in the area. To provide adequate fire protection to all areas of the city, with facilities, manpower, and equipment distributed according to need. 1 Develop a fire protection system which places every point of Kalamazoo within a response time roughly equivalent to a one-and-one-half-mile service radius by: a providing for the most appropriate and efficient locations for fire stations, b coordinating new site selections with the improvement plan for major streets, c encouraging area-wide fire service agreements between the city and adjacent townships. To develop a system of facilities located to encourage library use and to offer service to all age and interest groups. �Goals for Community Facilities 17 City of Kalamazoo Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques 1 Continue to improve the availability and accessibility of library facilities by: a relocating branches to serve existing needs better, b locating libraries in businss centers, c expanding branches in areas currently lacking service. 2 Accommodate the space deficiencies of the present central library by: a expanding the existing building at its present site, b encouraging the location of a parking structure within the immediate area. Health Service Facilities Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To assure that the entire spectrum of modern health services and facilities is readily available to all Kalamazoo citizens. 1 Maintain and improve citywide health facilities and services by: a encouraging a continuous dialogue between major providers of health services concerning area needs and potential programs, b continuing the availability of health services to all residents of Kalamazoo through proper location of potential clinic programs. 2 Minimize the adverse effects of expansion or new construction of medical facilities on the surrounding neighborhood by: a encouraging land-banking programs for future development, b recognizing hospitals as major traffic generators within the city's traffic circulation system, c providing adequate parking for both employees and visitors under carefully specified conditions such as: i) special set-back, ii) landscaping, iii) off-street parking, iv) screening requirements. School Facilities Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To meet the physical needs of the Kalamazoo educational system through a combination of programs, physical improvements, and administrative techniques. 1 Provide a basis for continued coordination of school programming and physical development. 2 Develop a system for multiple use of school buildings and recreation areas which meets educational needs and is flexible in use by: a coordinating site selection within a park-link system, b encouraging the continued evening and weekend use of schools, c combining indoor and outdoor recreation facilities for use by both park and school systems. �Goals for Community Facilities 18 Comprehensive Plan 3 Promote the reuse of abandoned school facilities for other appropriate uses such as neighborhood centers. 4 Provide advice and assistance to private schools seeking new locations or having expansion needs. 5 Continue the coordination of planning activities between the city, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo College, and Nazareth College. Cultural/Fine Arts Amenities Goal Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques To encourage the retention and expansion of existing cultural/fine arts amenities in Kalamazoo. 1 Coordinate expansion of cultural amenities facilities to: a reduce negative conditions restricting facilities growth, b minimize potential traffic, parking and other neighborhood problems resulting from amenities growth. 2 Encourage reutilization of vacant school facilities to house fine arts amenities. �Goals for Water Management - - - - - - - - 19 City of Kalamazoo I I �Goals for Water Management 20 Comprehensive Plan To manage Kalamazoo's water resources and uses in order to ensure an adequate supply of quality water resources, proper use of those resources, and an environmentally safe distribution and disposal of those resources. Water Utility Goal Strategies and P,otential Implementation Techniques To encourage cooperative water resource management in the Kalamazoo Metropolitan Area, so that adequate and responsive service and high water quality is provided to the consuming public at the lowest reasonable cost. 1 Continue to provide a water supply and distribution system to serve adequately and responsively the existing and projected population by: a ensuring a highly efficient and effective management of the city's pumping operations. b maintaining the capability to provide adequate water flow through planned maintenance, renovation, and expansion of the city's pumping facilities, c maintaining operations through continuous collection of relevant data, and preparation of engineering, planning, and financial reports. 2 Maintain the purity and quality of Kalamazoo's water as set by federal or more stringent standards. 3 Safeguard our natural water resources from overuse and pollution by: a preserving the environment around our water supply through proper land use practices, b planning for and acquisition of water supply sites as needed preserves for the present and the future, c monitoring water quality data continuously and preparing annual reports for guidance and planning, d cooperating with recreational agencies to ensure that multiple uses of water resource areas are environmentally compatible. 4 Continuing coordination of water utility planning and management through cooperation with all Kalamazoo area governments and water agencies by: a developing mechanisms for cooperation in current water utility management activities, b developing mechanisms for planning for future area-wide water utility needs, c coordinating water utility, storm water drainage, and wastewater management and planning. Wastewater Treatment Goal To enhance public health and welfare through providing an adequate and environmentally safe method of wastewater collection and treatment in the Kalamazoo Metropolitan Area. �Goals for Water Management 21 City of Kalamazoo Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques 1 Provide environmentally safe sewage treatment through: a strict adherence to state and federal requirements regarding wastewater treatment, b continuous monitoring of the demand on the capacity of Kalamazoo's treatment facility, c enlarging the treatment facility to ensure adequate treatment on a predictable demand basis, d minimizing the potential for ground water contamination. 2 Ensure comprehensive and coordinated coverage of a logical service area within the metropolitan area by: a continuing to lead in the development of a consolidated area-wide collection and treatment system, b continuously monitoring area-wide growth and responding with extension of the service systems within guidelines established in Kalamazoo's Comprehensive Plan, c coordinating where possible the scheduling of wastewater, storm water, and street and road construction. 3 Assure the citizens of the City of Kalamazoo an equitable user-charge system by: a equalizing any new construction costs fairly throughout the service area, b ensuring that operation and maintenance costs are shared proportionately by all service recipients. Storm Water Drainage Goal To enhance public health and welfare by providing an environmentally sound method of channelling and retaining storm water to minimize flooding. Strategies and Potential Implementation Techniques 1 Provide storm sewers of sufficient size to handle runoff by: a constructing relief sewers where necessary, b requiring short duration on site storage in new construction, in accordance with state law. 2 Maintain and improve natural drainage courses by: a utilizing retention facilities to prevent siltation, b cleaning and rechannelling stream channels to allow for maximum flow and capacity. 3 Require the use of all storm water retention and recharge basins by: a purchasing and developing property needed for such use, b encouraging private developers to utilize temporary storage facilities before releasing runoff into the public storm-sewer system. �Goals for Water Management 22 Comprehensive Plan 4 Encourage land uses that reflect environmentally sound drainage needs by: a encouraging the use of streams, valleys and flood plains as park or natural areas, b encouraging significant open space, pervious surfaces, or other storm water disposal techniques in the development of apartment, commercial, and manufacturing complexes. 5 Provide mechanisms of cooperation and coordination in storm water drainage systems by: a cooperating with other area governments and agencies to control storm flows of those streams in the city whose tributary area is in part outside the city, b coordinating water utility and storm drain management to make better use of storm runoff as a water resource, c cooperating with other area governments and agencies to purify and treat storm water where necessary in accordance with state law. ���Land Use Component 27 City of Kalamazoo Introduction ll The Land Use Component of the Comprehensive Plan designates the amount and location of land to be used for future residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes within the City of Kalamazoo (see Figure 1). The Plan, in depicting how, where, and to what degree future land development and/or redevelopment should occur, is a step toward the achievement of the community's fundamental planning goals, as adopted by the City Planning Commission. These goals include the improvement of Kalamazoo's residential environment, the strengthening and diversification of the local economy, the enhancement of the city's environmental quality, and the expansion of opportunities for area residents. The Land Use Component contributes to the realization of these goals by allocating land to meet the city's current and projected needs for particular land uses, by arranging land in an efficient and rational manner and by minimizing the intermixture of land uses which might have adverse effects upon one another or upon the community as a whole. The plan stresses the importance of protecting the integrity of Kalamazoo's viable residential neighborhoods. The Land Use Component of the Comprehensive Plan consists of four separate elements or plans: residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational. A series of technical reports have been prepared in conjunction with the development of each of the plans. These reports analyze in great detail the city's current land use in relation to area-wide socio-economic trends as a means of isolating community needs and/or problems with respect to land use. Using the analyses in the reports, alternative solutions have been formulated to remedy community problems and recommended strategies have been developed to meet community needs. Many of the recommended strategies and alternative solutions are discussed in the following summary of the Land Use Component. (Table 1 compares current land use to the proposed land use plan.) Residential Element Based on an extensive statistical analysis of current neighborhood conditions and a series of neighborhood meetings conducted to gather citizen input, the Planning Commission adopted policy positions concerning future neighborhood development and/ or redevelopment. On the basis of the neighborhood policy positions, the Residential Element of the Land Use Component was formulated. The major purpose of this element is to allocate currently vacant land for future residential use and to recommend changes, if necessary, in previously developed residential and nonresidential areas. Scope The Residential Element of the Land Use Component designates not only the amount and location of land intended for residential use, but also its probable density and intensity of use. Density is defined as the number of residential units per acre of land; intensity of use, on the other hand, reflects the physical character �28 Land Use Component Comprehensive Plan of the residential development. A density classification of low, medium, and high was used in the residential land-use planning process: 1-4 dwelling units per acre (du/a) is low; 5-10 du/a is medium; and 11 du/ a or more is considered high. Table 2 compares the current residential land use to the proposed residential land use plan. The results indicate that the proposed plan would expand the amount of residential land by some 1,369.53 acres. Most of the land increase would be targeted for low-intensity development, permitting multi-use construction within the required 1-4 du/ a. This would allow the city to accommodate 5,000 more residential structures than existed in 1975 (see Table 3). Given this data, the city's ability to hold additional housing units or, more technically, its residential "holding capacity" was found to have an upper limit of 33-34,000 housing units. Comparing the holding capacity to the projected Kalamazoo population, it is apparent that the proposed residential land use will accommodate potential growth through 1990. To ensure that all those who wish to live within the Kalamazoo area are able to find adequate space for their housing needs, the city plan promotes the adoption of a Regional Housing Policy by all local governments within the planning area of the Southcentral Michigan Planning Council. Such a policy, if adopted, would speak to the issue of a more equitable distribution of housing opportunities throughout Kalamazoo's metropolitan area. -Neighborhood Analysis -- ---- The Residential Element documents the analysis of the city's current residential zoning and land use patterns. This analysis was conducted as a means of isolating current problems of incompatible land uses and excessive residential densities. In reviewing statistical descriptions of current neighborhood conditions, it was found that portions of the Northside, Edison, Central City, and Eastside neighborhoods contain deteriorated housing. A mixture of residential, commercial, and industrial land uses has prevented these areas from remaining viable residential neighborhoods. Their proximity to the Central Business District and established industrial zones demands that portions of these neighborhoods be redeveloped and used for more productive commercial or industrial purposes. Other portions of these neighborhoods are suitable for residential use, but require extensive residential rehabilitation and, to some degree, redevelopment. To safeguard potential private/public investment, many residential areas within these neighborhoods must be rezoned from their current industrial designation to recognize their residential character. The residential land use analysis revealed further that many of the older inner-city neighborhoods, among which Vine is a prime example, suffer from problems caused by excessive residential densities. In these areas, most of the street network includes �Land Use Component 29 City of Kalamazoo ------ extensive patterns of narrow places and courts where singlefamily structures were developed with minimal yards. A high degree of conversion to multiple units has also occurred in the core area, causing greater transiency and serious incidents of deterioration. These factors, coupled with more cars, have placed an extraordinary strain on the inner city's residential environment. While Kalamazoo is a residentially-mature city, there are still some 1,754 acres of currently vacant land available for new-homes construction. Recent trends have shifted housing preferences from single-family dwellings to more economical multipledwelling units. This trend encourages land owners, especially those along major thoroughfares, to develop their properties for multiple-family use. Although many single-family neighborhoods have felt the growing presence of new apartment construction, the trend has been of particular importance in high demand areas like those adjacent to Western Michigan University. Constructing apartment complexes in close proximity or within well established single-family neighborhoods can often adversely affect the character, value, and viability of such neighborhoods when good design standards are not followed. Recommendations It is the intent of the plan not to significantly change existing area densities except where specifically designated for increases due to new redevelopment. In developing areas the plan proposes to protect surrounding or adjacent single-family neighborhoods from the intrusion of large scale multiple dwelling development. In both instances a simple density designation would not fully represent the proposed action inherent within the Comprehensive Plan. The intensity designation for residential areas within the Comprehensive Plan represents a relationship between existing and/or proposed density, the characteristics of a given site and its location in the anticipated community land-use pattern. Intensity takes into consideration the relationship between any given proposed development and the structural mass (building bulk} and open space of surrounding or adjacent developed property, as well as the Planning Commission's stated goals for an individual neighborhood. The proposed Residential Element of the Land Use Component recommends that the amount of municipal land devoted to residential use be expanded from its current 38.8 percent to 47.0 percent once the plan is fully implemented. Most expansion will result from the residential development of the vacant land, noted above. A majority of all currently vacant land is located in residential areas which are predominately single family in character. Residents of these areas have expressed their concern at public meetings and through other channels of communication that the character of their neighborhoods may be impaired if �I Land Use Component 30 Comprehensive Plan apartment complexes and other similar high intensity residential uses continue to be constructed within their boundaries. Because market trends indicate that multiple dwelling units will continue to be in high demand in coming years, their development cannot and should not be limited. To minimize their impact on existing single-family neighborhoods, the plan encourages the development of residential areas which provide land use mixtures on a planned basis. This allows construction of a full range of activities and housing types within single-family neighborhoods (including mid-rise apartments of three to six stories), but reduces the possible deleterious effects by ensuring low overall residential intensity. To assist the city in improving the quality of life within its existing residential neighborhoods, the plan recommends utilization of a number of implementation techniques. Foremost among such strategies are those that stimulate neighborhood preservation, stabilization, rehabilitation, and/ or redevelopment. Neighborhood deterioration results from the interaction of numerous complex socio-economic variables. The Housing Element, which is summarized in the following discussion, analyzed Kalamazoo's housing market in terms of local supply and demand. Certain attributes of each were found to be responsible for causing, at least in part, the deterioration of many older, inner-city neighborhoods. Strategies include the rezoning of land where incompatible land uses currently exist, and amending the city's zoning ordinance to ensure reasonable neighborhood densities. Housing Element In 1949, Congress declared that every American family should have a "decent home." Since then, numerous federal programs have been designed and implemented to meet this elusive goal. This element of the Comprehensive Plan was written in compliance with current federal requirements to evaluate the condition of Kalamazoo's existing housing stock, to analyze the current and projected housing needs of area residents, and to establish policy in light of community goals for the preservation, renewal, and expansion of the existing housing supply. The intent of this study is to promote the betterment of Kalamazoo's residential environment through the reduction or elimination of identified problems and the adoption of realistic planning policies to guide the responsible development of future residential areas. Scope To determine whether Kalamazoo's housing supply is currently meeting the needs of area residents and to determine the likelihood of its meeting community needs in the future, an analysis of housing supply-and-demand characteristics was performed. Included in the analysis were supply statistics descriptive of present housing quantity, quality, type, age, density, value, cost, occupancy, and tenure. These statistics, �Land Use Component 31 City of Kalamazoo which were presented on a census-tract basis, were related to the socio-economic characteristics of area residents (see Figure 2 for a map of census tract boundaries). The findings from this analysis suggest that the city suffers from three distinct but interrelated problems. The first stems from the fact that area developers are unable to construct low-cost housing profitably within the City of Kalamazoo. In recent years, newly constructed single-family homes have been typically constructed for sale in a median price range of $35-40,000, while the median rent in large, privately-built apartment complexes ranges from $192 to $294. Household income statistics suggest that while Kalamazoo's relatively affluent families can afford such costs, many others are simply priced out of the new housing market. The second problem, the concentration of low-income and minority groups within the city's older inner-city neighborhoods, results in part from the first. Because competitively-priced homes are difficult to locate in Kalamazoo's newer residential areas, many low-income families are forced to buy or rent homes in the city's older, less expensive neighborhoods, particularly those adjacent to the Central Business District (see Table 4 for the distribution of median income by census tract). Stuart, Douglas, Central City, and the Northside neighborhoods have become less attractive in terms of home ownership since 1960 and, as a result, have experienced an increase in the number of neighborhood rental units. Large single-family homes have, in addition, been converted to accommodate high student demand for rental properties within these areas. These conversions have caused problems of excessive residential densities, increased traffic, front-yard parking, inordinate amounts of trash, and a noticeable lack of home maintenance. The physical deterioration of Kalamazoo's current housing supply is considered the city's third major housing problem (see Figure 3). While 4.2 percent of all housing units within the city were declared deficient to some degree in 1975, parts of the Northside, Central City, Edison, and Vine neighborhoods had, in the same year, housing deficiencies in excess of 10 percent. While age and, in some instances, soil construction are factors responsible for physical deterioration in many of the city's older neighborhoods, such deterioration has been accelerated by the financial inability of home owners to provide or renters to induce the provision of proper home maintenance. The Housing Element of the Comprehensive Plan also includes a discussion of the results of 19 neighborhood meetings conducted earlier this year. Citizens at these meetings, in describing current neighborhood conditions, reinforced the findings of the statistical analysis performed in isolating the stated problems. Physical �- a Land Use Component 32 Comprehensive Plan deterioration, tenant abuse, landlord neglect, the conversion of single-family homes, and the problems related to excessive residential densities were cited most frequently by residents of inner-city neighborhoods as being prime detriments to the quality of life within these areas. Citizen complaints from many of the city's newer outlying neighborhoods emphasized the lack of capital improvements like sidewalks, street lighting, and curbs/gutters rather than the quality or condition of housing within their neighborhoods. Recommendations It is recommended that Kalamazoo approach the solution to the city's current housing problems in three ways. First, the city must adopt and utilize techniques which will promote the preservation of currently sound residential areas and encourage the rehabilitation of those displaying signs of physical deterioration. The Community Development Department has recently completed a comprehensive study of the city's code-enforcement program. Improved procedures should permit the employment of a new and intensive code-enforcement program as a primary means of attaining neighborhood preservation, stabilization, and rehabilitation. This approach, by requiring individual homeowners and landlords to maintain their properties to specified standards, should improve the quality of Kalamazoo's residential environment but, at the same time, require the city to expend few public funds. A loans-and-grants program m1;1st, however, be coupled with an approach to reduce the cost burden for low-income families. Without such a program, many families will simply be unable to afford the repairs necessary to bring their homes up to the standards specified within the city's building code. Such a program must be a cooperative effort between the public and private sectors. A second strategy recommends the expansion of the city's total housing supply. Kalamazoo can achieve an expansion of its housing supply through the vigorous use and promotion of federal programs and agreements with financial institutions intended for this purpose, and the development of a cooperative agreement between the city and the private housing industry. By encouraging an increase in the number of available housing units, the city would ensure greater opportunity for all citizens to locate in units of preferred quality, cost, type, and style. An abundance of available housing units would, in addition, permit the removal of substandard units, encourage more competitive pricing practices within the market, and promote an overall upgrading of the city's housing stock. A third recommended public strategy suggests the expanded use of federally-funded rent subsidy programs. By providing rent subsidies to low-income residents, the city would encourage landlords to improve the quality of their rental properties as they �Land Use Component 33 City of Kalamazoo -----------------compete for the expanded resources of low-income families. This should not only induce the rehabilitation of deteriorated rental units and promote continued maintenance, but should also permit low-income families to choose more freely the location of their homes. Commercial Element In the last several decades, the number and nature of commercial establishments within Kalamazoo has increased and changed dramatically. The most significant change in commercial development has been the growth of three regional shopping centers outside the city's corporate limits. The emergence of these regional centers, in raising the level of competition for the consumer dollar, has adversely affected many of Kalamazoo's older and perhaps less efficient commercial areas. The Commercial Element of the Land Use Component analyzes Kalamazoo's numerous commercial districts in order to assess their present viability and to determine their probable future need. The major purpose of this element is to target land for future commercial activity and to recommend policies to guide and strengthen Kalamazoo's broad commercial base. Scope To determine Kalamazoo's present and future commercial needs, an analysis was made of present commercially zoned land, current commercial land use, the absorption of land into commercial use, and business turnover and vacancy rates. Kalamazoo has twenty-eight major/minor shopping areas excluding the Central Business District (CBD). The following is a discussion of these areas. A summary of the CBD analysis is presented separately. A comparison of Kalamazoo's commercial land use distribution with national standards revealed that, for a city of its size, Kalamazoo has much more land zoned for commercial purposes than is thought necessary by good design practice. Over 70% of the 441 acres currently in commercial use are located in unplanned commercial areas, a majority of which are classified as strip-commercial developments. Despite an overabundance of land zoned for commercial purposes, Kalamazoo's need for neighborhood shopping centers has not been met. (see Table 5). Large amounts of unplanned commercial land use causes inefficiencies and problems such as increased traffic and traffic accidents, unnecessary air and noise pollution, and a wasteful use of valuable energy and land resources. While absorption rates indicate that much of the city's commercially zoned land could be absorbed into commercial usage over the next twenty years, business turnover and vacancy rates suggest that many existing commercial areas are already unstable and in need of revitalization. Allowing commercial activity to increase without renewing or redesigning older commercial areas will serve only to reinforce growing commercial decay. �I - Land Use Component 34 Comprehensive Plan An important part of the Commercial Element included an analysis of the city's twenty-eight major/minor shopping areas to permit the isolation of problems specific to each. In reviewing the full range of existing problems, it was found that five techniques, used either alone or in combination, may prove to be effective in ameliorating, if not solving, problems currently found or anticipated in commercial areas. These techniques and their definitions are as follows: 1 Zoning Reassessment/where existing commercial zones are not being used 2 Consolidation/where stable commercial areas should have easier access and better service 3 Aesthetic Planning/where use of green spaces would enhance commercial areas 4 Improvement of auto/ pedestrian traffic/where access for cars and pedestrians is improved 5 Preservation/where the area in question needs little or no change Figure 4 displays the location of the twenty-eight areas analyzed, while Table 6 indicates the alternate techniques suggested for use in each. Recommendations It is recommended that the amount of land zoned for commercial use be reduced in accordance with current/projected community and neighborhood needs. Future commercial expansion should be permitted to occur only in those areas proved viable or targeted within the Comprehensive Plan, and the Central Business District should be maintained as the principal commercial center in Kalamazoo. Commercial land uses which have been found to be of marginal value and which shows little potential for rehabilitation should be designated as non compatible land uses and ultimately removed. Unplanned commercial sites which are scattered throughout neighborhoods should be allowed to remain only if they provide substantial service to neighborhood or community shoppers. It is recommended that such unplanned but viable commercial areas be used as a basis for future commercial development within an area and that such areas be redeveloped to meet the standard definition of neighborhood or community shopping areas. Many problems between existing commercial development and surrounding residential areas stem from poor site-planning and/ or design. The adoption of workable design standards and criteria to ensure the proper development of future commercial sites and the potential redevelopment of existing areas is recommended. In redevelopment of existing areas, private �Land Use Component 35 City of Kalamazoo individuals will be encouraged to enhance the beauty and use of their commercial properties by incorporating such features as common parking areas, improved circulation patterns, and landscaping, including signs, utility lines, and service areas, to buffer adjacent areas from possible adverse effects. In order to incorporate necessary flexibility within the plan and to meet community needs, it is also recommended that commercial development be allowed within multi-use developments in areas located on major arterials or adjacent to existi g stable commercial centers. The plan views the City Market as an asset to Kalamazoo and recommends that such a facility be maintained. Central Business District Before World War II, Kalamazoo's Central Business District (CBD) served as the sole regional shopping center for the metropolitan area. In the last decade, however, three additional regional shopping centers have emerged: Maple Hill, West Main, and Southland. These enclosed malls, which are outside the city's corporate limits, have significantly raised the level of competition for the consumer dollar. Kalamazoo's downtown mall has, in recent years, lost its place as the number one retail area. The Maple Hill and West Main Malls, according to the 1972 Census of Business, had the highest sales volume of any commercial district in the metropolitan area. A consumer market survey has shown further that the Maple Hill and West Main Malls are preferred by nearly one-half of all shoppers within the City of Kalamazoo. Despite this shift in area-wide shopping preferences, Kalamazoo's Central Business District continues to play a crucial role in the city's economic life. The following statistics suggest its importance. While the CBD accounts for only 1.1 % of the city's total land area, it generates 6.4% of the total tax revenue for the city and the school system. It also generates no less than 10% of Kalamazoo's sales revenue and perhaps up to 25% of its total yearly receipts (approximately $154.1 million in 1972, according to the Upjohn Institute). Currently a fourth regional shopping center is being planned south of Southland Mall in Portage. The development of another commercial center within Kalamazoo's market area will undoubtedly impact both the existing enclosed regional malls and the CBD. When this fact is coupled with area market and population projections, the possibility of the Central Business District's maintaining its current sales levels seems remote unless steps are taken to bolster its market position. Scope It is vital to Kalamazoo's local economy that the CBD remain healthy. The development of new commercial areas within the CBD may prove to be the greatest stimulus for continued economic growth and viability in the Kalamazoo area. Figure 5 indicates that portion of the CBD which has been suggested as a potential area for new commercial development and/ or �I - a Land Use Component Comprehensive Plan redevelopment. Analyses showed several other existing factors which could potentially influence the direction of growth within the CBD. These include specifically housing, parking and the rail/highway conflict. Housing The construction of quality residential units within the CBD could help not only to stabilize existing fringe residential areas, but could also provide an excellent clientele for downtown merchants. Currently, as the following statistics indicate, residential uses make up only 2.5% of the total uses in the CBD. This figure would be considerably less if the fringe CBD blocks on the western and southern edge of the Central Business District were to be excluded. Square Footage by Use in CBD CBD Square Footage Net Retail* 1,470,119 18.8% Net Service* 584,238 7.5% Net Office* 660,812 8.4% Manufacturing 287,982 3.7% Vacant Space 240,178 3.1% Storage 959,027 12.2% Public 446,418 5.7% Residential -------Parking 192,400 2.5% 1,002,149 12.8% 619,000 7.8% 1,076,288 13.7% 298,059 3.8% ----- Bronson Hospital ----- ----Upjohn Co. Vacant Lots Total 7,836,670 sq. ft. % ofTotal 100.0% * Less area devoted to storage or vacant space. As part of the study to determine the potential for new CBD housing, the Community Development Department analyzed the existing condition, location, and types of residential structures within the CBD. The analysis revealed the existence of four major categories of housing types. (See Figure 6 for their location) 1 Single-family and conversions ( converted from single-family homes to two or more) 2 Older multiples (3 or more units) 3 Older hotels (institutional and group quarters) 4 Modern hotel-motels. 36 �Land Use Component 37 City of Kalamazoo - - -- - - - - Generally, it was found that the structure and/or site conditions of all housing within the CBD is in need of major improvements both to bring it up to code and to provide residents with a quality residential environment. A consumer market survey conducted by the Community Development Department revealed that certain socio-economic groups would be interested in locating their homes within the CBD if quality housing units were available. Many of those interested work in the downtown area. By socio-economic group, those who fall into the professional/managerial level and those who are in the retired and low-income classification make up the bulk of those who would consider living downtown. In terms of structural type, new townhouse developments were stated most frequently as preferred by upper and middle-income groups. Among potential low-income CBD dwellers, apartment living was the preferred choice. Through conversations with people interested in downtown housing, it became clear that many of these people see Kalamazoo's Central Business District as offering many civic and cultural advantages. Indeed, the CBD has an excellent concentration and variety of very desirable amenities that are not available in other residential areas of the city. Social and cultural institutions, such as churches, library, museum, and art center with their varied activities and displays are easily accessible. Entertainment and recreational activities exist in the form of theaters, night clubs, restaurants, convention centers and movie theaters. Public parks and tree-lined streets exist for passive activities. Health facilities, police and fire protection are provided within blocks of any area of the CBD. Shops providing items for any need are located along the Kalamazoo Mall or the CBD's many commercial streets. (See Figure 7) Parking While the construction of additional housing within the CBD may bolster the economic expansion of Kalamazoo's downtown area, the lack of sufficient parking may act to inhibit such growth. Because Kalamazoo's main retail competition, the enclosed regional malls, provide free parking, it is imperative that sufficient parking spaces be made available within the CBD. The cost of such spaces may discourage a few potential shoppers from the onset, but their inability to find convenient parking spaces on a regular basis may, in the long run, be much more damaging. A lack of some 965 parking spaces within the South Mall area already exists while a lack of 177 spaces potentially exists in the North Mall area, as soon as the Kalamazoo Center and other North Mall structures become fully occupied. Future needs tor additional parking within the Mall area could also be affected by such potential developments as a new County Building, expansion of businesses on the Mall or a large scale project constructed on one of the several city-owned lots. Consideration should be given to �Land Use Component 38 Comprehensive Plan the construction of other parking ramps so as to provide needed parking spaces without using large areas of prime space within theCBD. ------- Rail/Highway Conflict Another factor which may influence the economic growth of the CBD is a problem known as the rail/highway conflict, most visible when trains block intersections. The ConRail main classification yard is located immediately east of Kalamazoo's downtown area. Local movements are arranged in accordance with the production schedules of local industry. Since these schedules fluctuate, movements can occur during peak hour auto traffic. The problem becomes intensified as a result of two additional factors: 1) the tracks which are in poor condition are constructed with a curve which slows rail movements, and 2) backing movements are frequently necessary to get a train onto its destination track. A single train may block major arterial streets two and three times before leaving the city for its final destination. {Please refer to the Railroad summary in the Transportation Component for a more complete review of this problem.) Although Kalamazoo residents have lived with the rail/highway conflict for many years, the long term continued economic vitality of the city's CBD may, to some extent, depend upon its immediate solution. As competition for the consumer dollar increases, it becomes more important to provide a shopping environment which is free from both hassle and unnecessary delay in arrival and departure. Recommendation The plan recommends that the CBD be reinforced as the city's major commercial center. To this end, specific consideration has been given to commercial and residential development, parking and traffic circulation. In order to maintain the CB D's vitality it is recommended that increased commercial development be encouraged in a controlled form that allows for multiple uses such as retail, office, and residential functions. Any CBD residential development is viewed as desirable for it will supply an additional market for downtown merchants and stabilize the area's tax base. New housing in this area could replace deteriorating structures and create open space through the functional design of apartment buildings with proper site consideration. It is recommended that new housing should preserve existing residential scale, street trees, and limit nonresidential blight. The location of future housing in the Central Business District is recommended in five special areas as shown in Figure 8. The number of each area indicates priority with one, being the most desirable and five, the least. Housing development is recommended to be limited north of Michigan Avenue in the CBD because of nonresidential character of the area and lack of sufficient �Land Use Component 39 City of Kalamazoo ------- amenities. Area Vis seen as a housing rehabilitation or new midrise area. Area IV was selected because of its proximity to the Central Business District and the availability of a possible site where there are large expanses of surface parking lots. A large site could be developed to provide open space not currently provided. Housing types seen in this area are mid-rise with possible high-rise. Areas Ill and II are seen as mid-rise apartment developments to match the mid-rise character of surrounding buildings. The sites are located close to all amenities. Urban open space fringes the area with Bronson Park and the Kalamazoo Mall. These sites are currently vacant or used for parking and are located close to major downtown employers. With respect to parking, it is recommended that serious consideration be given to several strategies that would free spaces for retail customers in the CBD. It is recommended that the potential need for parking be met with the construction of parking structures in both the north and south mall areas. Because the city-owned lots take up such a large area in the CBD, it is recommended that some means for landscaping these areas be found to enhance the central environment of the CBD. Please refer to the Railroad summary within the Transportation Component for a comprehensive review of these recommendations. lfff l-- 1H 1 Industrial Element It is also recommended that traffic flow to the CBD from the south be improved through the operational improvements on Burdick. These improvements would be linked to the proposed circulation pattern within the CBD and the proposed parking structure on the South Mall. The industrial goal of the Comprehensive Plan is to encourage maximum industrial development in the city to supply employment for its residents. Proposed implementation techniques will ensure an improved industrial base without detrimental effects on the environment or the character of adjacent neighborhoods. Based on national land-use standards provided by urban design criteria and an analysis of current industrial land use and zoning within Kalamazoo, the city has an extensive amount of land zoned for industrial purposes. Two reasons account for such extensive industrial zoning: first, Kalamazoo zoned an inordinate amount of land along the river for the anticipated growth of the paper industry. Second, in the late 1950's, as industrially zoned land was annexed, no reassessment was made of Kalamazoo's industrial districts. In addition, considerable industrial development has occurred outside the city, due to lower land costs and increased use of private auto. �Land Use Component 40 Comprehensive Plan Scope While the city has 3,896 acres of industrially zoned land, only 862 acres are actually utilized for industrial purposes. The city's absorption of industrially zoned land into industrial use has been relatively low over the last five years. This and other trends suggest that industrial growth within Kalamazoo will continue to be slow in coming years and will, perhaps, never require the amount of land currently zoned for industrial purposes. Large portions of Kalamazoo's industrially zoned land are either vacant or being used for nonindustrial purposes. This situation is due primarily to the industrial zoning of residential areas near the river and the use of industrially zoned land for commercial development. To determine which industrial areas are most viable and which therefore, should be eligible for retention as industrial zones, an analysis was conducted in which the city was divided into four separate districts: A, B, C, and D. The boundaries of District A correspond to those of the Eastside neighborhood. District B includes the northern portions of the Central City and Edison neighborhoods and the eastern portion of the Northside neighborhood. District C includes the Milwood neighborhood in its entirety, the southern portion of the Edison neighborhood, and eastern portions of the Parkwood and South Westnedge neighborhoods. District D includes all of the Stuart and the western half of the Northside neighborhoods. Each district was compared in terms of the number of industrial building permits issued for the district in the last seven years, the dollar value of the permits and the ability of the districts to attract and retain industry. The latter test of viability was measured by subtracting the number of industries which ceased to function within the district from the number which relocated from outside the city into the district. Using the above stated criteria, it was found that districts A and Dare nonviable industrial-growth areas. Both these districts account for only 9.3 percent of the total number of industrial permits issued for the entire seven-year study period. The value of the developments within these districts, when compared to the values of districts B and C, was found to be insignificant. District A was unable to attract any new development during the study period with an assessment greater than $100,000, while District D lost two of the seventeen industries which have left Kalamazoo since 1950. It was discovered that several areas within or adjacent to District B require as well as merit industrial redevelopment (See Figure 10). Redevelopment advantages which are currently in effect within these areas include the availability of wastewater and rail facilities at all locations, recently improved streets in some locations, relatively close proximity to the Central Business �Land Use Component 41 City of Kalamazoo District, and many sound, multi-storied structures which, although currently in disrepair, could provide suitable quarters for many types of industries when properly rehabilitated. Potential advantages which could encourage redevelopment within these areas include improved north-south access via the relocation and improvement of the U.S. 131 Business Route, the potential transfer of gas allocations from abandoned facilities to those targeted for redevelopment, and the solution to the rail/highway conflict. A factor which may inhibit the redevelopment of these areas is the expense and difficulty of aggregating contiguous parcels of land. Most industries, today, require large amounts of floor space on a single level to accommodate large-scale, continuous-flow production techniques. Conflicting uses of land, such as industrial and residential, are freely intermixed throughout the suggested redevelopment areas. Numerous small residential lots and many well maintained residences intensify the dual problems of costs and aggregation. Further analysis indicated that District C contains some of the city's largest sites currently zoned for industrial development. These sites are presently being subdivided into smaller lots for such purposes. Because District B already contains sites ideal for small industrial plants, the city should adopt policies to encourage smaller industries presently locating in District C to choose, instead, sites within District B. Such policies will promote the redevelopment of District B while leaving larger sites within District C free for larger industrial development. Recommendations It is recommended that industrial areas being used for other than industrial purposes be rezoned according to their predominant use. The creation of a wholesale district is recommended with the industrial portion of the Edison neighborhood where commercial/ service uses predominate. Residential areas within industrial districts should, likewise, be rezoned in accordance with projected needs for and absorption of industrial land. In addition, open access between the Central Business District and the Northside is proposed within the light industrial redevelopment area north of the Metro Transit Facility. The Comprehensive Plan proposes 2,021.27 acres of industrial land use, removing large areas of land currently being utilized for other purposes, and allowing 1,008.46 acres for future industrial development. This provides the city with opportunity to eliminate the downgrading of viable residential or commercial areas previously targeted for industrial development while maintaining Kalamazoo's ability to attract new industry. The industrial plan will ensure the availability of all water and sewer in industrial areas, and an improved overall transportation system including rail, highway, and air service. It also recommends �I Land Use Component 42 Comprehensive Plan the curtailing of nonindustrial development in industrial districts to reserve available large vacant parcels for industrial use. Special emphasis is given to development of abandoned and deteriorated industrial sites through the proposed programs to aid in the consolidation of property, including acquisition and demolition of dilapidated structures to preserve existing industrial areas. To implement these strategies, the city will have to take an aggressive role in stimulating industrial development through continued use of financial incentives and the county's overall economic development authority. Encouraging retraining programs to ensure an appropriately skilled labor supply will also help to attract new industry to the area. Open Space Element The Comprehensive Plan recognizes open space as an essential land use. Open space provides city residents with fresh air, sunlight, and an opportunity for physical exercise. It is the intent of the open space plan to preserve unique areas of natural interest and improve overall landscaping to create a more positive environment for the residents of Kalamazoo. This will be accomplished through the proper expansion of recreational programs and careful maintenance and growth of the city's open space and park system. Kalamazoo presents a unique opportunity to create a quality urban environment. The city is well endowed with natural physical beauty preserved in park land, tree-lined streets, rivers, and lakes. Attempts to preserve and enhance these qualities have resulted in the creation of Crosstown Parkway, the improved water quality of the Kalamazoo River, Kleinstuck Preserve, and the Asylum Lake area. Scope In preparing an outline for its Master Plan, the Department of Parks and Recreation extensively inventoried park land and facilities throughout the city. Included within the outline were standards and criteria used in classifying future recreational needs both on a city-wide and a neighborhood basis. Apparent deficiencies were noted and plans for their correction suggested. The findings and recommendations of the Parks and Recreation Master Plan have been incorporated, in their entirety into this document. These include the priorities for acquisition of property for recreational use in Westwood, Oakwood, and Arcadia neighborhoods. Specific additions to the inventory include a proposed entryway beautification program and a system of recreational trails (see Figures 11 and 12). Recommendations Building on this sound base, the open space plan emphasizes significant physical improvements in deficient residential areas. It also recommends continued preservation and improvement of the total visual appearance of Kalamazoo. �Land Use Component 43 City of Kalamazoo Assessment of deficient residential areas on the Northside, Edison, Central City, and Eastside have resulted in strategies to reduce the adverse effects of improper land use development. Commercial and industrial site design, reduction of large-scale signs and large, open, paved parking areas are seen as means to promote an improved visual environment. In addition to enhancing the general environment of Kalamazoo the open space plan proposes increased park land on a neighborhood basis through redevelopment and rehabilitation of existing park and school sites. Necessary acquisition would be minimal and developed on a strict priority basis. Extensive streettree planting programs and entryway beautification projects are recommended. These would be carried out in conjunction with the transportation plan. Landscaping along major arterials would not only provide aesthetic entrances to Kalamazoo but would also buffer residential areas, screen industrial uses, and add harmony to strip-commercial areas. Utilizing the Kalamazoo River, its tributary creeks, lakes, and marshes as active and passive recreational focal points, a system of recreational trails has been proposed. By linking existing park areas, vacant city-owned property and institutional lands with these natural amenities, neighborhood access would be provided throughout the city's total park system. An opportunity to walk or bike to recreational activities or scenic areas would be provided to all residents of the community. I& Preservation of Kalamazoo's areas of unique environmental value such as the city's water bodies- its lakes, creeks, ponds, and river; its water recharge areas; Kleinstuck Preserve and the Hull Estate constitutes a primary emphasis of the Comprehensive Plan. Flood Plain Element The floodplain located within the City of Kalamazoo is comprised of the Kalamazoo River and its tributaries- Portage and Axtell Creeks and the land adjacent to their channels (Figure 13). Approximately 708 acres or 4.5% of the city's total acreage is in the floodplain with the greatest amount of land and the highest intensity of development in the Crosstown Parkway area. The intent of the Floodplain Component of the Comprehensive Plan is to examine the intensity of development within the floodplain and to recommend policies to regulate land use therein. Scope The floodplain is divided into the floodway and flood fringe areas. The floodway is a high flood-hazard area and generally there is very little development there. The flood fringe contains 439 or 91.5% of the 480 structures in the floodplain with land uses diversified among residential, commercial, industrial, and vacant land uses. Residential uses number 216 or 45% of all structures in the floodplain with 99 structures utilized for industrial purposes. Several industrial structures are located in the floodway. �I I Land Use Component 44 Comprehensive Plan Recommendations In order for a community to qualify for the National Flood Insurance Program, the Community must commit itself to floodplain management which protects new construction from future flooding. Floodplain management is an overall program of corrective and preventive measures for reducing flood damage including emergency preparedness plans and regulations such as portions of zoning, subdivision, building, or floodplain ordinances. Zoning is the most widely used tool to regulate land use within floodplains. It is recommended that the city utilize performance standards for permitted uses in the flood fringe and floodway. Such zoning techniques would insure judicious use of the land compatible with the overall goal of minimizing potential flood damage. Fiscal Impact Scope To assist in selecting the most economically viable Land Use Component, cumulative fiscal impact relationships of proposed new development and redevelopment areas in the city of Kalamazoo were analyzed. All land use alternatives were examined in terms of public expenditure and revenue impact upon city finances. Figures 14 and 15 show the five areas studied in the cost-revenue analysis. Two alternatives were analyzed for each area, with the existing development pattern compared to the pattern outlined in the Land Use Component for the four redevelopment areas located in central city neighborhoods. The four redevelopment areas identified in Figure 14 are described as follows: 1 The eastern portion of the Northside neighborhood comprising 54 acres of mixed uses proposed for industrial redevelopment; 2 A 13-acre site of commercial and industrial uses within the Central Business District, proposed for commercial development; 3 A 66-acre site of commercial and residential uses in the Vine and Central City neighborhoods, proposed for medium and highdensity ·residential redevelopment; and 4 A 154-acre site of mixed uses in the Edison neighborhood, proposed for commercial-wholesale redevelopment. Tables 7 and 8 summarize the annual fiscal relationships for the four redevelopment areas, with Alternative A representing existing conditions, and Alternative B representing the desired end results. �Land Use Component 45 City of Kalamazoo Alternative A represents potential development at an intermediate density and larger population: Alternative B represents the density targeted in the Land Use Component and emphasizes predominantly low-density development. Tables 9 and 10 outline projected fiscal relationships for the area targeted for new residential development. Recommendations The five proposed alternatives outlined in the Land Use Component would result in a projected annual surplus balance of $374,105, delineated as follows: $329,405 Central city redevelopment areas 44,700 New residential development area $374,105 Total When implemented, the four Central City redevelopment proposals targeted in the Land Use Component are expected to produce a net annual increase of $495,560, compared to public service costs under existing conditions. At present, a 60 percent deficit exists between projected city revenues and expenditures for these areas. Under the redevelopment proposal, a surplus of $329,405 or 32 percent would accrue annually to the City of Kalamazoo. In the residential area proposed for greatest growth in population and service demands, the residential alternative emphasizing low-density development is more cost effective than the intermediate-density proposal. The $193,000 difference is in large measure, however, due to the disparity in average assessed valuation between single-family homes and townhouses or apartment units. It is recommended that the four Central City redevelopment proposals and the low-density residential alternative fodhe Arcadia-Knollwood-Westwood areas be implemented as designated in the Land Use Map due to their projected cost effectiveness for the City of Kalamazoo. �Land Use Glossary 46 Comprehensive Plan Census Tracts small areas into which large cities and adjacent areas are divided along neighborhood lines and for which detailed census data are gathered. Central Business District (CBD) a major commercial and/or industrial sector located in or near the geographic center of the city. Commonly referred to as "downtown", the CBD usually contains retail stores, offices, banks, and the seat of the city's government. Code Enforcement a program to insure that all structures within the city's corporate limits are maintained to the minimum standards specified in municipal building and housing codes. Owners of those in violation must correct the defect within a given amount of time. Density the number of dwelling units per acre of land. Flood Fringe that portion of the floodplain beyond the limits of the floodway. Floodplain flood hazard areas within a community. Floodplains are composed of floodway and flood fringe areas. Floodway unobstructed portion of the floodplain consisting of the stream channel and overbank areas capable of conveying a selected flood discharge. Household one or more persons who occupy a housing unit. Housing Unit a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Intensity a relationship between existing and/or proposed density, the characteristics of a given site and its location in the anticipated community land-use pattern. Industrial Absorption the annual rate at which acreage of all new industrial construction is added to the city's total of industrially used land. Industrial Redevelopment the process of aggregating or disaggregating existing industrial land and restoring, modifying or clearing structures located thereon for purposes of making it suitable for more productive industrial use. Land Use the utilization of land for a specific purpose. The activity or development characteristic of a given parcel of land. Loans and Grants a combination of public {federal, state or local) and/ or private loan programs and outright grants to eligible homeowners to upgrade the physical condition of their homes. Eligibility restrictions may vary but primarily include the age and type of structure and income levels. -- - - - - - -- �Land Use Glossary 47 City of Kalamazoo Median Income the point which divides all income amounts into two equal groups. One level being above the median and the other below. Multi or Mixed Use Development development that is predominantly residential but contains limited commercial and/ or office uses if the area to be developed is adjacent to an existing commercial center or along major arterials. Neighborhood Preservation to maintain the current neighborhood condit on and to protect it from any adverse intrusion such as external traffic flow or incompatible developments. Neighborhood Redevelopment to develop areas in accordance with a recommended land use or intensity of use which may be indicated by the zoning district. Neighborhood Rehabilitation to improve the present neighborhood condition through the physical improvement of individual properties. ---- -- ------------------Neighborhood Stabilization to prevent environmental change; to maintain by the development of programs which tend to restore, improve and monitor the current condition without drastically changing the present character of the neighborhood. Rent Subsidy a program to financially support eligible low-income renters by paying a portion of their monthly rent out of private or public funds through federal or state programs. Section Eight, Community Development Act a new lower-income housing assistance program sponsored by the federal government to replace some older programs of the same nature. Unplanned Commercial Development commercial areas that develop without regard to overall planning of building location, design, parking, street entrances, etc. Often, unplanned commercial development occurs in "strips" along one or both sides of major streets or roads. �-~ ....... ... Proposed office development at Rose and South Street. �Land Use Component 49 City of Kalamazoo Proposed Land Use Figure 1 A LArio B G A 11 Legend ABCD- Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential High Density Residential Commercial EFG- Industrial Public Semi-Public Parks Open Space Central Business District/CBD �Land Use Component 50 Comprehensive Plan Census Tracts Kalamazoo, Michigan December, 1976 Figure2 ------------------------•-----TKalamazoo Twp Part \ Pa,chrnea, , 15.01 I 13 , , .,.... ' ,_,. .. a: I I L Kalamazoo Twp Part i 14.02 <( 2 <( _J ,, <( NORTH I I 5 4 15.05 18.03 HOWARD w 11 10 ALCOTT "' w 0 ... LANE "'w ;: 16.01 .... MILLER CORK w 0 z<( "'w 0 _____ _ ---, .. 16.02 _J "" <( 0 17.01 <( u. 18.01 WHITES I (I u INKSTER 12 PARKVIEW ----.4!..I ,. a: 0 2 I I ,--~✓ N 15.03 I I I I I I , ;-'.. J 0 0 2 11 L_., ... ~ \ 3 14.01 .. ] I ·4'-, .--J ,_z "';: w J ,, &i ... -.. 17.02 a:. a: u "- __ .,,. .,, J ' ,-, I .... 18.02 I I I I r-.r-J 1,J1 11..1 I l11:i., I ~ I I I II L.1 �Land Use Component 51 City of Kalamazoo Housing Deficiencies Figure3 ---------------------------Kalar,1azoo Twp Part 15.01 Kalamazoo Twp Part 14.02 15.03 15.02 .z ..I C, u. '"' RIVER 18.03 Deficient Structures Per Block 0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 - 9-10 - 11-12 Source: 1974 Parcel Survey Statistics, City of Kalamazoo �52 Land Use Component Comprehensive Plan Area Retail Centers Figure4 1 TwJ toper Twp Oshtemo Twp Kalamazoo Twp --• --i I --l\ -.&:-~----I amo I Cooper Tw~Richland rwp azoo Twp Comstock Tw I I -.. J--- I I 1 I ----1-!--Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Comstock Twp I Pavilion Twp ---►--­ ' l!:' I rI ., I I Portage Twp Portage Twp I I I \ I A w l.1 Regional Shopping Centers Community Shopping Neighborhood Shopping Spot Commercial Development �Land Use Component 53 City-of Kalamazoo ------- -- Potential Areas for Commercial Redevelopment within the CBD Figure 5 Metro Transit Bu1id1r1g Site Inter modal T1ansportation Center 111111111111 Commercial �Land Use Component 54 Comprehensive Plan -----------Existing Housing in the CBD Figure 6 11111111111 Single Family- Conversions Old Multiple Old Hotel - 2nd Floor Apartments Modern Hotel-Motel Source: Planning Division, 1976 �Land Use Component 55 City of Kalamazoo ---- Amenities in the CBD Figure 7 - IIll 11111111 ~ Public- Semi-Public Cultural Parks Entertainment Grocery- Drug - Laundry Source: Planning Division, 1976 �Land Use Component 56 Comprehensive Plan Proposed Residential Development Areas Within the CBD Figures CBD ~h Development Area Source: Planning Division, 1976 �Land Use Component 57 City of Kalamazoo New, Re-occupied and Abandoned Industrial Sites Figure 9 Kalamazoo Twp Part 15.01 ~-,. .. ~ ... -, PR'OUTv Kalamazoo Twp Part I I ..... 2 3 ...i I C 0 '~ er NORlH 14.02 0 Cl I I ~-.l'LI ''--,.r.1 I I I I L.... .__ _-. -,_ 15.05 A,--1.-AK_l_ _•.o(' ,.. I 11 uJ Cl .... 16.01 12 "'"'s: ~ ·•.!. ALCOTT fNKSTER MILLER ■ 18.01 WHITES PARKVIFW ~ --- 10 <., 0. P. _00 RIVER 7 ,s.03 llOWARO 0 uJ 7 KALP.~ CORK I I (I _____ _ ----,.16.02 17.01 ..... J ,, 17.02 18.02 -, I ,-, New Industrial Sites Since 1971 Sites Losing an Industry Since 1950 - Now Vacant and Abandoned Source: Planning Division, 1976 I .I l J1:i. Sites Losing - Then Gaining an Industry Sites losing an IndustryThen Gaining Other Use 1,J1 IL.I I p I I I , .. r-J --..,. .,, J I , I \. I I I II L..a �Land Use Component 58 Comprehensive Plan Areas Targeted for Industrial Redevelopment Northern Industrial District B Figure 10 /11111111111 Light Industry ~/h Heavy Industry December, 1976 �Land Use Component 59 ---------------- ------ --- -- --------- - City of Kalamazoo Entryway Greenspace Corridors Figure 11 -L-~TwJI.... -amo looper Twp Oshtemo Twp Kalamazoo Twp ---~I ... Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Portage Twp Kalamazoo Twp 1rr I' I Comstock Twp I Pavilion Twp ---►--­ Portage Twp 1 ,.J I --------+-------tt----+---+--- - I ., \ I tJ II I �Land Use Component 60 Comprehensive Plan Recreational Trails Figure 12 1 TwJtoper I\ ---r-1 i. I -~-~... -amo Oshtemo Twp I Cooper Tw~Richland Twp Twp zoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Comstock Tw I I ---~-Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp I ...• Kalamazoo Twp K I Portage Twp 1 ,.I r 1rr I....._....,_--+---+----+--+------, II ..... tll1l1fW \ I tJ Separate Recreational Bike Hike Path Improved Combination Bike Hike Path Open Space- Parks - I Comstock Twp -•-1!----• Portage Twp I Pavilion Twp Water Recharge Areas II I �Land Use Component 61 --- City of Kalamazoo Special Flood Hazard Area Map Figure 13 100 Year Flood Plain MOS[ AVE 131 B.l NORTH KA A AZOO "I,~ MILi t;,i Wl-'IT CORK ~ Q w 2 I- t/; ""u 6 a: ~ w ;; CITY \MTS I I I �Land Use Component 62 Comprehensive Plan Possible Redevelopment Areas Tested for Cost-Revenue Consequences Figure 14 9'/A 1 Industrial 111111111111 2 Commercial 3 High-Density Residential 4 Wholesale-Warehouse �Land Use Component 63 City of Kalamazoo Possible Residential Development Area Figure 15 Tested for Cost-Revenue Consequences ._ _______ _ .. �Land Use Component 65 City of Kalamazoo Table 1 Comparison: Current Zoning and Land Use to Proposed Land Use a Proposed Land Usec (3) Difference (Column 3 less Column 2) 6,095.22 4,214.28 1,222.91 658.03 7,464.75 5,528.67 1,333.24 602.84 1,369.53 1,314.39 110.33 -55.19 967.50 751.05 88.84 --- - - - - 127.61 850.73 596.53 163.46 90.74 -116.77 -154.52 74.62 -36.87 Current Zoning (1) 10,631.68 Residential Low Intensity ---------Medium Intensity High Intensity Commercial Retail/Service ----Wholesale Office Industry Light Heavy Current Land Useb (2) 1,276.58 3,896.33 1,012.81 2,021.27 -----219.43 708.73 -----793.38 1,312.54 ---- 1,226.39 Parks 1,908.50 1,008.46 489.30 519.16 862.11 a Expressed in acres. b With the exception of Residential Land Use, does not include Streets, Rail, Lakes and Streams. c Generalized statistics. Source: Planning Division 1976 Comparison: Current and Future Residential Land Use Table2 Density Current Acres Percent of Total Proposed Acres Percent of Total Low 4,214.28 1,222.91 658.03 6,095.22 69.1 20.1 10.8 100.0 5,528.67 1,333.24 602.84 7,464.75 74.1 17.8 8.1 100.0 Medium High TOTAL Source: Table developed by the Community Development DepartmentPlanning Division (October, 1976) �66 Land Use Component Comprehensive Plan Comparison: Future Population to Potential Housing Units Table3 1 Vear 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2 3 4 5 6 Population a within Households Estimatedb Persons Per Household Estimated Number of Households Number of Housing Units Difference (Column 5 Less Column4) 2.84 2.62 2.49 2.42 2.39 25,799 27,865 31,483 33,326 34,449 27,167C 28,640d 73,202 73,007 78,392 80,648 82,333 Table prepared by the Planning Division, 1976 33,774e 33,774 33,774 1,368 775 2,291 448 -675 a Based on an averaging of population projections prepared by the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Michigan Department of the Budget and the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. NOTE: Does not include persons residing within group quarters. b Based on statistics developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. c As estimated for 1970 by the U.S. Census Bureau. d Based on building and demolition statistics on file with the Community Development Department, Building Division. e Includes the 1975 housing unit count plus a potential of 5,134 additional units as estimated through a "holding capacity" methodology (See the Residential Land Use Element for discussion). �Land Use Component 67 City of Kalamazoo Median Annual Income for Familiesa Table4 1969 1959 -- Census Tract 1 2 3 4 5 Median Percent of CityWide Median 5,673 4,081 5,505 4,906 6,265 5,613 89.1 64.1 86.4 77.0 98.4 88.1 5,195 4,945 6,212 5,976 11,579 7,074 81.6 77.6 97.5 93.8 181.9 111.1 6,167 96.8 7,066 111.0 7,497 117.7 6,555 7,899 6,365 102.9 124.1 100.0 Median Percent of CityWide Median Percent Change 87.5 52.1 8,626 -62.8 51.7 6,190 -42.1 79.3 7,822 -15.5 4,145 42.0 --- - ---33.1 8,336 84.6 - -78.7 38.2 7,759 ~lb 8 9 10 11 12 14.01 15.04l 15.05 C 16.01 16.02 C l 11.01 l 17.02 C 18.01 18.02 City-wide Table prepared by the Planning Division, Department of Community Development, 1976 a 7,932 8,135 9,217 9,022 16,678 10,615 6,671 11,163 18,087 9,879 12,966 10,481 11,254 12,312 9,852 ~-- 80.5 82.5 93.5 91.5 169.2 107.7 67.7 113.3 183.5 100.2 131.6 106.3 114.2 124.9 100.0 52.7 64.5 48.4 51.0 44.0 50.1 71.7 55.9 54.7 Selected Population, Housing and Economic Characteristics in Kalamazoo County by Tracts: 1960-70. The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research March, 1973. b The boundaries for census tract 7 correspond to those of the Kalamazoo State Hospital. c Tracts aggregated (15.04 and 15.05, 16.01 and 16.02, 17.01 and 17.02) to illustrate a subdivision of tracts for 1970 census. �Land Use Component 68 Comprehensive Plan Comparison of National Standards to Kalamazoo's Commercial Land Use Tables A Neighborhood Shopping Center (4 acres per 5,000) 1 5-20 stores within neighborhood 2 neighborhood service/ convenience good oriented B Community Shopping Center (10 acres per 10,000) 1 15-40 stores of wide range of goods 2 accessible to several neighborhoods C Regional Shopping Center (60 acres estimated) 1 30-60 stores 2 several major tenants with many small shops 1 2 3 Standard Land Use Allocation Present Land Use Amount Zoned 68Acres 21 Acres 399.45 Acres (5, SA, SB) 87 Acres 73Acres 730.85 Acres (Zone4) 60Acres 27.4Acres 146.28 Acres (Zone 3) -------------- 0 Unplanned Commercial Strip Commercial Neighborhood service areas Scattered site Miscellaneous *TOTAL 320.39 Acres 203 Acres 24 Acres 15 Acres 78.39 Acres 215 Acres 441. 79 Acres 1276.58 Acres Table prepared by the Planning Division, 1 Standards taken from Planning Design Criteria Community Development Department, 1976 Kalamazoo population is estimated 86,800 in 1976 2 Commercially-used land within commercial zones. An additional 525.71 acres of commercially-used land is found in noncommercial zones. Lakes, streets, and railroads are excluded from these figures. 3 Includes lakes, streets, and railroads. �Land Use Component 69 City of Kalamazoo Suggested Alternatives: Commercial Table& 1 Zoning Reassess. 1 Portage-Lakeway-Milham 2 Corkland Shopping Center 3 Burdic~ South of Cork 4 S. Westnedge-Garland to Liberty 5 Kilgore at S. Westnedge - 6 Oakwood Plaza-Parkview and Oakland - 7 Parkview Hills Shops 8Stadium Dr.-DrakeRambling Road 9W. Michigan-Drake to Lancaster 10 w--:-Michigan at Howard St. 11 W. Michigan at Burrows 12 Westwoocf Plaza Area 13 N. Westnedge-N-orth Side 14 Patterson at Burdick St. 15 Alamo-Douglas Intersection 1EiDouglas-North Street 17 1-94 at Sprinkle 18 Stadium Dr. at W. Main 19 Locust and Davis Areas 20 S. Westnedge-Vine Street Village to Crosstown Crosstown and Howard 21 Burdick - Walnut to Alcott 22 Portage -Vine to Bryant 23 Portage - Alcott to Miller 24 Riverview Dr. - Mosel to Paterson 25 Riverview Dr. - South of Gull Road 26 E. Main - Roosevelt 27 Miller Rd. - Commercial Areas 28 Mt. Olivet - Commercial Nodes Source: Planning Division, 1976 X X X 2 Consolidation 3 4 5 Aesthetic Plan Improve. of Auto-Pedest. Preservation X X X - X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X �Land Use Component 70 Comprehensive Plan Summary of Annual Fiscal Impact Results for Redevelopment Alternative A Table7 Alternative A 1 2 3 Total 4 Redevelopment Area Projected Revenues Projected Expenditures Annual Fiscal Balance (Deficit) Percent $ 52,300 $20,020 $104,000 $101,200 $277,520 124,000 43,800 114,650 161,550 444,000 ($ 71,700) -137% ($23,780) -119% ($ 10,650) -10% ($ 60,~50) -60% ($166,480) -60% Source : City of Kalamazoo Planning Division; Barton-Aschman Associates Summary of Annual Fiscal Impact Results for Redevelopment Alternative B Tables 1 2 Total 3 4 $208,900 $190,400 $495,200 145,700 141,600 --- -- - 175,950 223,225 $ 14,450 8% $271,975 55% Redevelopment Area Projected Revenues Projected Expenditures Annual Fiscal Balance (Deficit) Percent $121,380 - ($ 24,320) -20°/c_o __ $ 67,300 32%- - --- - $1,015,880 686,475 --- $ 329,405 32% Source: City of Kalamazoo Planning Division; Barton-Aschman Associates Table 9 Summary: Annual Fiscal Impact Results/New Growth Area Alternative A Projected Revenues Projected Expenditures Annual Fiscal Balance (Deficit) Percent - $757,000 905,300 ($148,300) -20% Source: City of Kalamazoo Planning Division; Barton-Aschman Associates Summary: Annual Fiscal Impact Results/New Growth Area Alternative B Table 10 Projected Revenues Projected Expenditures Annual Fiscal Balance Percent - $724,000 679,300 - f 44, 70=-c0c--- - 6% Source: City of Kalamazoo Planning Division; Barton-Aschman Associates ���Transportation Component 75 City of Kalamazoo The general goal of the Transportation Component is to develop a safe and efficient transportation system that meets the demands of the increased movement of people and goods in a way that has minimal environmental impact. Utilizing a multi-modal approach incorporating pedestrian, bike, private auto, bus, train, and air transport, with emphasis on people rather than vehicular movement, the plan is based upon energy conservation and neighborhood preservation. The functional goals appearing in the report provide direction for future decisionmaking on transportation issues. The Transportation Component is divided into four topics: streets and highways, metro transit, railroads, and the airport. Individual technical reports address past, present, and future issues in each of the four topics. The research involved in these analyses includes a working relationship with the Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study (KATS) staff and various committees working to complete a transportation plan for the urban area. The city of Kalamazoo plan supports continued cooperation with KATS. Streets and Highways Element Policy recommendations concerning thoroughfares are based upon a limited new-construction approach: discouraging the widening or building of roads when other improvement alternatives are available. The typical major street plan outlines its system based upon physical characteristics necessary to accommodate expected traffic. The Transportation Component, on the other hand, outlines a system based upon transporting projected numbers of people, goods and services on existing roadways. To achieve the general goal of the Transportation Component, the functional goal of the major street plan is twofold: 1) to minimize the widening of existing streets within Kalamazoo, except where operational improvements may require widening at intersections; and 2) to limit the construction of new streets, except where no other alternative will serve the needs of the community. Scope The major street plan is based upon the analysis of statistical data related to neighborhood concerns throughout the city. It is evaluated in relationship to the Land Use Component of the Comprehensive Plan in an attempt to reduce land-use/ transportation conflicts. Mileage of Kalamazoo streets is illustrated on the next page. This classification is defined by the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (MDSH&T) in "Uniform Criteria for Major Streets." �Transportation Component 76 Comprehensive Plan Type Average Right-ofWay State Trunklines not Maintained by City 200' 5.11 123.88 State Trunklines Maintained by City 100' 11.97 145.09 Major and Local Streets 66' 249.08 1,992.64 Private Streets 20' 5.44 13.18 271.60 2,274.79 Total Miles Acres Source : Public Works Department, City of Kalamazoo, June, 1976 Truck traffic within Kalamazoo is not restricted to particular roadways. Although weight restrictions are posted on various local streets, the city does not have designated truck routes. Freight zones exist on various streets which prohibit loading and unloading cargo during certain hours. Statistics concerning existing roadway capacities and 1995 projected person trips are taken from the Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study Deficiency Analysis issued by the MDSH&T in September, 1974. The KATS boundaries outline an area somewhat less than the county limits. By applying mathematical equations to future land use and socio-economic factors within the KATS limits, future trip generation and distribution is estimated. This approach accounts for the development of areas outside of the city of Kalamazoo and their impact on the Kalamazoo street network. The Deficiency Analysis reports that while the northern portion of the city of Kalamazoo generally shows enough capacity to handle the 1995 demand, trip crossings in the southern portion, specifically the north-south movement, show a significant deficiency. The following example illustrates this point. Northsouth arterials (i.e. Oakland Drive, Westnedge Avenue, Burdick Street, Lovers Lane, and Portage Street) have a current total capacity of 97,500 person trips per day. However, 1995 projections indicate that 132,500 person trips are to be expected to utilize these five facilities. The 1995 residual deficiency is 35,000 person trips. Other arterial streets in Kalamazoo exhibiting 1995 deficiencies include West Main Street and portions of Drake Road, Stadium Drive, Howard Street, Crosstown Parkway, Alcott Street, Mills Street, Riverview Drive, Portage Street, and Douglas Avenue. If nothing is done by 1995 to accommodate the 1995 traffic projections, the level of service on deficient roadways will deteriorate. Level of service standards assigned to particular roadways reflect the quality of traffic flow. Such standards are outlined below. Level of service "C" is used by the MDSH&T in evaluating 1995 Kalamazoo street deficiencies. �Transportation Component 77 City of Kalamazoo -- - -- - - -- --- Level of Service Condition of Traffic Flow A Free flowing Stable flow, medium to low density Stable flow, ranging toward high density_ Approaching unstable flow _ Unstable flow, street at capacity --'"'------Forced flow B C D E F Kalamazoo citizens have stated that they do not choose to widen the roads within their neighborhoods to handle the projected deficiencies caused by development outside the city limits. However, if the Central Business District (CBD) is to remain viable and continue to redevelop, some type of roadway improvements are necessary to provide and maintain accessibility to downtown. The following program approach outlines the potential means to accomplish both objectives. Recommendations Better utilization of the current street network can be achieved through the following strategies, which emphasize transporting more people in fewer vehicles on existing roadways. Traffic flow on arterial streets may be improved in several ways other than street widening. Examples of operational improvements include a detection system for timing signals, the removal of onstreet parking, the prohibition of left-hand turns, allowance for better transitioh between varying pavement widths for capacity consistency, and contra-flow. An increase in vehicle occupancy will accommodate future person trips through such programs as car and van pooling. Cooperation can be encouraged by implementing incentive parking programs which reward those who commute with three or more persons per car. An increase in bus patronage is another means to handle expected person trips through concepts such as park and ride, limited demand-response, express buses, and the peripheral spoke-pattern looping system. Staggering work hours within major employment areas, for example the CBD, is another approach to dealing with future person-trip deficiencies. Approximately 10,000 people are employed in the Kalamazoo CBD, or 20 percent of the total number employed within the city limits. If CBD work trips can be distributed over a longer peak hour, additional person-trip deficiencies can be handled. If some eight-hour work days began at 7:30 a.m. and others at 8:30 a.m., peak traffic would be spread over more time. An additional consideration is the physical and operational improvement of Burdick Street, which is not shown as over capacity in the 1995 projections. If, for example, some of the 90-degrees turns are improved, Howard Street is extended �Transportation Component 78 Comprehensive Plan eastward, and a better connection in the CBD is provided, Burdick Street will attract more trips. It is necessary to note, however, that any of these potential techniques alone cannot solve the existing and future problems of Kalamazoo roadways. A combination of these programs is necessary for success. Not only policy determinations are involved, but commitments from the local citizens of the Kalamazoo area, as well. It is also recommended that surveillance data concerning street characteristics, i.e. capacities, signalization, traffic counts, surface condition, etc., be collected and monitored for the entire network. This information should assist city staff in the solution of a number of traffic management problems including the designation of intra-city truck routes to remove unnecessary through trips from residential streets. In addition, an ongoing program to evaluate future suggestions and consider other implementation systems is necessary. An investigation of new forms of transportation as they become cost effective will be included in the analysis process. This total approach is necessary to make possible inventory, analysis, and evaluation of all improvements. Special consideration will be given to improved pedestrian safety throughout the city, particularly where community facilities like schools and parks increase foot traffic. The plan views pedestrian traffic and the rights of the pedestrian as an integral part of Kalamazoo's total transportation system. Street Designations It recommends improved pedestrian safety and adequate pathways throughout the city, particularly where community facilities like schools and parks increase fast traffic. It is recommended for the purposes of priority improvement budgeting and for encouraging the usage of designated streets for through traffic movement, that thoroughfares be defined as follows: Expressways/Provide for rapid and efficient movement of large volumes of through traffic between urban areas; not intended to provide land-access service. Arterials/Provide for through traffic movement in excess of 10,000 vehicles per day on a statewide, regional, metropolitan, and local basis with controlled direct access to abutting property.* Collector Streets/Provide for traffic movement between arterials and local streets with direct access to abutting property; should not form a secondary street system. �Transportation Component 79 City of Kalamazoo Local Streets/Provide for direct access to abutting land for local traffic movement; through traffic on these streets should be discouraged. *Controlled direct access refers to design standards which discourage excessive numbers of curb cuts which impede traffic flow. Examples of the streets as defined are illustrated below: SUN VALLEY DA LOCAL STREET a: 0 0 z <( ...J "" <( 0 1-94 EXPRESSWAY According to the above definitions, expressways and arterials are graphically represented on Figure 16. Specific new construction improvements are also indicated. Five improvements are recommended, below, based upon needs of and benefit to the community. 1 Exploration of the feasibility of an off-ramp connection east onto U.S.131 Business Route for exit by northwest U.S.131 traffic. 2 Relocation of the U.S. 131 Business Route on Park Street and Westnedge Avenue to Riverview Drive connection via Mosel Avenue. The Riverview connection appears most feasible because a) a select-link analysis on the Business Route between Douglas and Westnedge avenues indicates that nearly 50 percent of that traffic travels to and from Mosel Avenue; b) the County Road Commission plans to reconstruct the Mosel Avenue bridge in the near future; c) East Main, East Michigan, Gull Road and Riverview Drive intersection areas, shown as deficient in 1995, require some type of improvement; and d) the smallest number of residential property acquisitions would be involved. These improvements are seen as the first stage in the development of a limited access business loop through or around the northeast quadrant of the city. 3 Extension of Howard Street via a corridor to the 1-94 Business Loop in the area of Alcott and Bryant streets. Although Reed �Transportation Component 80 Comprehensive Plan Street has been recommended as the eastward connection of Howard Street, the planning analysis shows that a connection in the industrial area near Alcott Street is more desirable because it would interfere less with residential areas. The Bryant Street corridor is recommended, due to existing vacant land on the south side of the street which parallels the railroad tracks. Because of the amount of land in this area, housing could be screened from the improved roadway. A computer analysis shows this particular connection contains the potential for relieving downtown traffic on Michigan and Kalamazoo avenues by some 13,000 vehicles per day. 4 The widening of Drake Road from Stadium Drive to Parkview Avenue, with a grade separation at U.S.131 connecting Drake Road where it currently dead ends at Parkview Avenue. Drake Road is indicated as deficient in the 1955 projections. The land adjacent to the suggested widening appears resistant to change because there is no development on the street. This is not to suggest that the area be developed, but that the road can be widened without disrupting the area. 5 An improved connection from Lovers Lane to Burdick Street. Because Burdick Street is not shown as deficient in 1995, better utilization of this facility rather than the construction of a new roadway is recommended. Operational improvements which are being considered on Portage Street, Westnedge Avenue, and Oakland Drive should also be considered for Burdick Street. Because sufficient data is currently unavailable, collector streets within neighborhoods will be designated following detailed analysis of each area. This research, in conjunction with continued neighborhood input, may prove that a traffic control approach is necessary to redefine circulation patterns and eliminate through traffic on local streets. Designated collector streets with certain controls can channelize locally generated traffic to the arterial network. Cul-de-sacs, traffic diverters or traffic circles can be constructed to modify the grid street pattern to reduce through traffic and conflicts on local streets. CBD Considerations Central Business District (CBD) traffic patterns have been examined with respect to commercial and industrial redevelopment, existing flow problems, access to parking, and railroads. Figure 17 depicts the future network. Specific changes from the existing system include the following: 1 Return Michigan Avenue to two-way traffic from the intersection of Kalamazoo and East Michigan avenues to West Main Street at Douglas Avenue. �Transportation Component 81 City of Kalamazoo 2 Reverse the direction of traffic on Kalamazoo Avenue from Michikal to Riverview Drive. (Traffic west of Michikal on Kalamazoo Avenue would become two-way.) 3 Upgrade Ransom Street to handle westbound traffic from Gull Road to connect with Michikal, which would become two-way. 4 Designate Harrison Street as one-way south as part of a traffic circle (Gull Road, Riverview Drive, Kalamazoo Avenue). 5 Designate Riverview Drive as the U.S. 131 Business Route and improve the Riverview/ Ampersee arrangement including the intersection of Kalamazoo Avenue, Riverview Drive, Mills Street, in conjunction with further studies regarding the inadequacies of east-west arterials. 6 Connect South Pitcher Street to Portage Street between Lovell and Gibson Streets. Pitcher Street would become two-way and serve the industrial corridor along the western side of the river. 7 Relocate Burdick Street from Cedar Street to connect with Henrietta between Lovell and South Streets. The project will also include the consideration of one-way traffic on Burdick and Rose Streets north of Crosstown Parkway. Rose Street would remain one-way south, south of Cedar Street. 8 Extend Lovell Street eastward to King Highway to provide access from 1-94 to the CBD area. This is necessary because Kalamazoo Avenue will become eastbound. Railroad Element The City of Kalamazoo is serviced by two interstate carriers: The Grand Trunk Western (GTW) connecting Port Huron, Lansing and South Bend with a branch line from Pavilion Township into Kalamazoo; and ConRail, the primary rail line of Kalamazoo. ConRail freight traffic generally flows in a north-south direction (Grand Rapids-Kalamazoo-Elkhart). Although there is some freight traffic, the primary purpose of the east-west line is to provide the link in the Detroit-Chicago passenger (AMTRAK) network. The functional goals of the railroad portion of the Transportation Component are to continue to improve rail service while solving rail/highway conflicts within the Central Business District and other problem areas, and to promote the upgrading of rail trackage throughout Kalamazoo. Scope The analysis of the railroad problems and issues is based upon a review of the area rail network including the identification of directional flow patterns, abandoned lines and industrial/ commercial rail users. It also includes a review of past rail reports as well as results of a series of meetings with ConRail and Grand Trunk Western personnel. �Transportation Component 82 Comprehensive Plan The National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) operates its Chicago-Detroit passenger line through Kalamazoo. On this route, the Depot, located south of the former Penn Central railroad tracks between Rose and Burdick streets, is part of the multi-modal transportation center being developed by the City of Kalamazoo. The historic AMTRAK station is being renovated with the financial assistance of the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. ConRail serves some 73 industrial rail users in the city of Kalamazoo, while Grand Trunk Western serves a total of 19 companies. Trailer-on Flatcar (TOFC) Service Trailer-on-Flatcar or piggyback service operates in Kalamazoo from the ConRail Mosel Yard location. Piggyback freight service transports highway trailers on rail flatcars. Once loaded on flatcars, the piggyback freight travels by rail to a designated regional TOFC ramp. The remainder of the journey is completed by truck delivery. This service provides access to rail transportation for companies not located directly on a rail line. Piggyback service is also more efficient for shipping high value and foreign goods. Rail/Highway Conflict Over the past eight months, city staff have worked closely with ConRail and .Grand Trunk Western railroads as well as federal, state, and local officials in developing a consolidation plan which eliminates rail/highway conflicts for a number of years. In April of 1975, a report entitled the East-Central Rail Highway Study was completed by Commonwealth Associates of Jackson, Michigan. Under contract with the City of Kalamazoo, the consultant outlined strategies for relieving the existing problems. However, the proposals were not funded for implementation. In an effort to complete a Comprehensive Plan for this city, the Kalamazoo Planning Commission began discussion of the railroad issue in the spring of 1976. City planning staff conducted several meetings with ConRail and Grand Trunk personnel over the summer months. In September, the City Manager became actively involved and, with planning staff, met with the Northern Region General Manager of Con Rail and the Vice President of Grand Trunk Western Railroad to formulate solutions to the rail/highway conflicts. Alternatives were discussed in November and preliminary engineering of the proposed solution was presented by Con Rail to the City of Kalamazoo in January of 1977. Other interested parties who have participated in the series of rail meetings over the past eight months include the Rail Division of the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study, Kalamazoo County Chamber of Commerce, and the City of Portage. �Transportation Component 83 City of Kalamazoo Statement of Problem The rail/highway problems within the City of Kalamazoo are due to a number of factors, the first of which is the proximity of the ConRail main classification yard (Botsford Yard) to the Central Business District (CBD). North-south and east-west ConRail mainlines also intersect in the CBD and cross several major streets and state trunklines. Two of the most critically affected roadways blocked for extended periods of time are important access routes to the CBD. Such blockage not only strains vehicular movement, but causes hardships on nearby businesses and discourages shopping in the CBD. The problem is further complicated by the fact that there are three parallel north-south rail lines in the downtown area which are inadequately connected to the east-west mainline and Botsford Yard. These north-south lines include the former Pennsylvania Railroad or Grand Rapids and Indiana (GR&I); the former New York Central Railroad, currently known as the Kalamazoo Branch; and the former Chicago, Kalamazoo, and Saginaw Railroad (CK&S). To move to and from Botsford Yard, trains are required to back out of the classification area on a section of track constructed at 14 degrees of curvature. Trains travel 15 miles per hour on a 1O degree curve and 25 miles per hour on an 8 degree curve, according to ConRail. The following examples of freight movement through Kalamazoo illustrate many aspects of the existing problems. Each day, a freight train leaves Elkhart, Indiana for Grand Rapids via Kalamazoo. North of Gibson Street, the railroad tracks are constructed at 14-degree curvature and the train must slow down at this point. After the cars are reassembled in Botsford Yard, the same train must back down the Kalamazoo Branch past the GR&I connection and switch to the GR&I to continue north to Grand Rapids. When the freight travels south on the way back to Elkhart via Kalamazoo, the process is reversed. While most of the Con Rail freight traffic moves in a north-south direction, Grand Trunk Western (GTW) Railroad shipments usually end at Michigan Avenue. Only one GTW train per day travels north of Kalamazoo and Michigan Avenues. This train contains fewer than 10 cars. The GTW railroad has a small classification yard at Mills Street and King Highway; GTW movements, however, do not create any rail/highway conflicts in Kalamazoo. Another problem concerning the railroads is the general condition of all rail crossings in Kalamazoo. Of 123 rail crossings, 111 are Con Rail and 12 are Grand Trunk. The city has applications under consideration for federal assistance in upgrading these crossings. �Transportation Component 84 Comprehensive Plan Recommendations To accomplish the functional goals of the railroad system, the following strategies are outlined. Potential Implementation Techniques Passenger and industrial rail service can be better maintained if the city remains active in the process of evaluating essential and nonessential track in Kalamazoo. The city must discourage the abandonment of essential lines and service, and purchase abandoned right-of-ways for such uses as bike paths and roadways. The rail/highway conflict can be alleviated if the city promotes the rescheduling of local train traffic during nonpeak hours of vehicular traffic and supports operational programs intended to monitor local and through train traffic, such as the Centralized Traffic Control. The city can promote the upgrading of railroad tracks in Kalamazoo by coordinating: 1) development of an ongoing inventory system of all lines in the city; 2) preparation of an inventory of conditions of all rail lines and rail/street crossings; 3) a priority program for crossing improvements in conjunction with the two railroads; and 4) financial assistance to accomplish the upgradings. The best available approach at this time for accomplishing the rail goals includes a short range plan addressing rescheduling issues and limited construction projects. However, as other or more satisfactory solutions are developed, they will be reviewed in relationship to the plan's overall goals and incorporated as necessary. Present action included within the plan are the upgrading of the road-rail crossings on a prioritized basis and four new, improved connections and/or relocations: 1 The relocation of the Kalamazoo Branch north of Gibson Street to connect with the Chicago, Kalamazoo & Saginaw Branch (CK&S) at Kalamazoo Avenue, including a direct connection eastward into Botsford Yard, preferably at a less-than-10-degree curve. 2 A connection from the east-west mainline north to the CK&S to allow direct access to and from the north and the east. 3 Utilization of the GTW tracks at Gibson Street as opposed to the CK&S tracks between Gibson Street and Kalamazoo Avenue. 4 A connection of the GTW and GR&I north of Mosel Avenue where the tracks begin to parallel west of the river. Construction and relocation of the projects, shown on Figure 18, will eliminate the present backup movements within Kalamazoo as well as allow trains to travel at faster speeds through the city. It will also consolidate the existing three north-south crossings on Kalamazoo and Michigan Avenues into one crossing. �Transportation Component 85 City of Kalamazoo This move would include consolidation of the Mosel (piggyback) Yard to the new location south of the main line. Trains would then travel from the south into the classification yard via the GTW tracks at Gibson Street and across the river. An upgrading of the existing bridge at this point would be necessary, as well as the construction of a Gibson Street connection joining the Kalamazoo Branch to the GTW just south of the Clarage Fan Company. Safety precautions were also discussed for future consideration, in terms of higher train speeds. Metro Transit Element The Metro Transit goal of the Comprehensive Plan is to encourage the increased ridership and continued development of a mass transit system designed to move citizens to their desired destinations. Public ownership of the Metro Transit system began in 1967 upon recommendation of a majority of the citizens of Kalamazoo. Federal legislation has provided for financial assistance to the bus system for capital and, recently, for operating expenses. Such assistance has also provided for newly implemented services and promotional programs. In response to the federal dollars made available in 1974, the City of Kalamazoo completed a Transit Development Plan (TOP) for the urban area in March of 1975. The plan outlined anticipated improvements in transit service for a five-year period. The original problems outlined in the 1975 TOP have been refined and expanded in an effort to improve and maintain better bus service. Scope In addition to present operational levels, the analysis of Metro Transit service includes review of the proposals outlined in the TOP and subsequent revisions. At present, bus patronage constitutes only 5 percent of all person trips generated in Kalamazoo. The current cost of each ride is subsidized 80 percent by local, state, and federal funds. Metro Transit now includes seven bus routes on a cross-city pattern. All routes converge at a central transfer point in the Central Business District (CBO). Each route is double-ended, running from one outbound point to the CBO and continuing to an outbound point at the opposite side of the city. (Refer to Figure 19 for the current route structure.) The city has installed new shelters throughout the city to provide bus patrons with shelter from inclement weather. Metro Transit has also launched an advertising campaign to attract a larger clientele. The advertising is intended not only to promote transit, but also to explain new concepts and programs. �Transportation Component 86 Comprehensive Plan To modify and maintain adequate routes as well as to meet latent demands, the Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study (KATS) and Metro Transit staffs plan to conduct surveys that will provide data to evaluate the existing route structure. Metro Transit plans to use a number of small 25-35 passenger buses, featuring hydraulic lifts and removal seats for persons in wheelchairs. Other strategies include construction of the new bus garage in the CBD, and maintenance of a fleet of large buses with an average age of less than five years. Implementation of peripheral service through experimental looping will provide area citizens the service they have been requesting. A limited demand-response program will also provide area citizens with additional service. Nine mini-buses will operate in nine zones on a door-to-door basis as feeders to the regular routes. Finally, a new bus garage to store and maintain Metro Transit buses is expected to be completed in the fall of 1977. The new facility is located within the CBD on Ransom Street between Rose and Burdick streets, across from the AMTRAK Depot - an area already well developed as the city's multi-modal transportation center. The center will link intra-city buses with inter-city buses, trains, and possible limousine service. Recommendations T Airport Element Recognizing the importance of Metro Transit within the multimodal approach to Kalamazoo's transportation system, several strategies to increase patronage are outlined in the Comprehensive Plan. If the limited construction approach to streets and highways is to be successful, use of Metro Transit as an alternative transportation choice must be increased. To provide better bus service and meet changing needs, the plan recommends continual evaluation of route patterns and monitoring of service demands. The plan also endorses specific techniques, such as park-and-ride programs, limited demandresponse service, and implementation of experimental looping as a means of promoting increased use of Metro Transit and of providing more person trips in fewer vehicles. Since technological changes occur rapidly, the plan recommends that the city continue to investigate innovative means of mass transportation in Kalamazoo. Airways Engineering Corporation of Washington, D.C. is currently completing a Southwest Michigan Regional Airport Study at the request of the City of Kalamazoo. The purpose of the multi-phased report is to identify the need for and guide the development of a regional airport serving Southwestern Michigan, centered around the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek metropolitan areas. �Transportation Component 87 City of Kalamazoo Scope Aviation use of the site currently called the Kalamazoo Municipal Airport began in 1923. In the mid-1920's, the Kalamazoo Airport Association was formed as a nonprofit Michigan Corporation. Community leaders requested designation as a scheduled stop on the commercial air route from Detroit to Chicago to St. Paul in 1926. In August of the same year, the airport was formally dedicated, "Indian Fields Park." In 1929, an Airport Advisory Board was created and the City acquired full title to the land, making Kalamazoo the first city in Michigan to have a statelicensed municipal airport. The Kalamazoo Municipal Airport covers 541 acres of land and includes three runways and associated taxiways. General aviation hangar/apron facilities are divided into three main areas, including five conventional hangars for public use and eight T-hangar buildings with a total of 85 stalls. Kalamazoo Municipal Airport is used primarily by small aircraft: light twin-engine and single-engine planes. Some business jets and turbo-props also use the facility. Service presently includes 17 daily flights, with 5 flights direct to Chicago; 4 additional Chicago flights stopping in South Bend, Indiana; 5 direct flights to Detroit; and 3 additional Detroit flights, stopping in Jackson, Michigan. Scheduled passenger trips for 1974 totalled 101,256. Recommendations Prior to completion of the Comprehensive Plan for Kalamazoo, the City Commission determined to complete the runway extension at the Kalamazoo Municipal Airport to accommodate DC-9 aircraft. To date, the Environmental Impact Statement concerning the runway extension has been approved by the State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Noise levels expected as a result of the runway extension and DC-9 aircraft meet EPA standards. Federal approval of the Environmental Impact Statement is still pending. The Comprehensive Plan recognizes the need for commercial air service in the Kalamazoo area. It recognizes, too, the concern of the residential area adjacent to the airport and, therefore, strongly supports the city's development of a noise abatement program in conjunction with the runway extension. �Transportation Glossary 88 Comprehensive Plan Amtrak National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Capacity the maximum number of vehicles which can pass over a particular section of roadway during a specific period of time under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions. Capacities can generally be expected to approximate 2000 vehicles per lane per hour under ideal conditions. Centralized Traffic Control a device used by railroads to monitor train traffic throughout the city. ConRail plans to implement such a system in Kalamazoo in 1977. Conrail Consolidated Rail Corporation; a semi-public corp. structured to consolidate bankrupt but potentially profitable lines in the Northeast Region of the United States. Contra-Flow a traffic operations methodology whereby a majority of the street lanes are used to transport traffic into an area in the a.m. rush hour and out of the area in the p.m. rush hour. e.g. given a four lane facility, three lanes into the Central Business District and one lane out of the Central Business District during the a.m. rush hour and the opposite during the evening. "Deadhead" Time the time a bus spends on the road traveling from the bus garage to the Central Business District where its route begins each day; no revenues are generated during this time. Exact Fare Policy Metro Transit bus patrons must pay with exact change, otherwise 25¢ bus passes are issued as "change". This policy was implemented in September, 1976. Level of Service a qualitative measure of operating conditions that may occur on a given lane or roadway when it is accommodating various traffic volumes. Limited Demand-Response a Metro Transit program in which buses operate in zones on a door-to-door basis transporting riders to a central point for bus transfer. "Looping" Concept a form of peripheral bus service whereby loops are formed at the enss of the spoke-like routes, e.g. the West Main bus would travel from the Central Business District to Drake Road and travel back to the Central Business District via Drake Road to Parkview Avenue to Oakland Drive. Peak Hour that daily hour in the a.m. and p.m. whereby traffic demand is at its highest. -- ------- ---------- Trailer-On-Flatcar (TOFC) a form of transport whereby truck trailers travel on rail flatcars to regional delivery points. The remainder of travel is made by highway. �Transportation Component 89 City of Kalamazoo - - - - - - - - Arterial Designation Figure 16 I\ 1 TwJ -.&:-~1---amo Oshtemo ..-w, ---r-• . I toper Twp Coopur azoo Kalamazoo Twp 1 I Tw;f'R ch 3nd T "" ,vp Comstock Tw .. I I I II 1--13a I 4 ---~-Oshtemo Two Texas Twp I 1s.a1arnazoo Twp I Po,tage rw I 94 I Expressways Arterials •·--- Potential Improvements Source: City Planning Commission, Kalamazoo, Michigan �Transportation Component ----------------■ Comprehensive Plan Proposed Traffic Flow: CBD Figure 17 90 �Transportation Component 91 City of Kalamazoo Phase I Short-Range Rail Solutions Figure 18 �Transportation Component 92 Comprehensive Plan ------------------- Existing Route Structure and ¼ Mile Service Area Figure 19 1 I -.&::-~----I lamoTwJtoperTwp Oshtemo Twp Kalamazoo Twp ---~-Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp I Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Portage Twp 1-94 I Existing Routes Looping Route ¼ Mile Service Area I Comstock Twp r --- ►---1fr::"T"' rwmooTw, I \ I II &.J I I ���Community Facilities Component 97 City of Kalamazoo The Community Facilities Component of the Comprehensive Plan refers to the public use and ownership of buildings. The term is generally applied to those physical elements associated with the delivery of community services. Kalamazoo's community facilities analysis includes schools, libraries, fire stations, city administration, police and court facilities, and health service facilities. Many of these facilities are not under direct control of city government but still provide public services. For this reason the collection and analysis of current and anticipated need has been closely coordinated with the various controlling agencies. In this manner, a balanced and accurate relationship of the Community Facilities Component can be made to both the Land Use and the Transportation components. Municipal Administrative Center, Police and Court Facilities The analysis of Kalamazoo's City Hall, police, and court buildings represents an initial step toward setting operational policies concerning the expansion and location of municipal offices. This report analyzes the existing and future space needs of the city administration in relation to the natural demand for increased services. Scope The City of Kalamazoo has enjoyed a long history of good municipal administration. As the demand for municipal services has grown and the complexity of administration has increased, the city organization has been modified and modernized as necessary. In 1970, the City of Kalamazoo undertook a study of the organization and management of municipal government. Many of the resultant proposals have been implemented. In 1972, the city prepared a long range study of the expansion of administrative buildings in Kalamazoo. The latter projected space needs for City Hall, the Police Department, and the District Court through the year 1990. These reports and studies formed the basis for the analysis contained in the Municipal Administrative Center, Police and Court Facilities Report. Future municipal administrative space requirements are seen as an outgrowth of increased government employment in response to demands for municipal services. Because of increased services related to noncriminal activity, Police Department responsibilities outstripped population growth in the city and urban area. For example, minor cases which include public accidents, home accidents, dog bites and the like, the general conditions which include lost property, found property, trouble with neighbors, etc. have increased. This has resulted in the extreme overcrowding of the present police facilities. Every available space is now being used, including, in some cases, the open hallways. Significant increases in district court workloads have also �Community Facilities Component 98 Comprehensive Plan occurred in the past ten years due to a change in organizational structure and operational emphasis. One solution to the present overcrowding caused by these changes is the possible state financing and reorganization of district courts. Recommendations Of all the recommendations, the most significant is the consideration given to maintaining a concentration of city administrative offices in the Central Business District. General location and design issues are given careful consideration in the expansion of Kalamazoo's existing civic center grouping around Bronson Park. These items include the quality of urban design, evaluation of long-range parking facilities and increased evening activities. Specific projects recommended are the expansion of City Hall and Police facilities. Fire Protection Facilities The Kalamazoo Fire Protection Facilities Study analyzes existing and projected population needs as they relate to delivery of fire protection. The study area approximates the boundaries of the City of Kalamazoo including Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo and Nazareth Colleges, and the Kalamazoo State Hospital. Scope Major topics of the study include an inventory of existing facilities, fire protection and insurance ratings; and the need to improve fire facility locations in relationship to service areas. Kalamazoo is serviced by seven fire stations. The existing distribution, based on one-mile and one-and-one-half-mile travel time distances from existing facilities, provides good protection to most mature and middle-city areas. However, outlying new and developing areas, such as in the western portion of the city between Parkview and Grand Prairie, and along Westnedge Avenue between Cork Street and Kilgore Road are covered by a limited number of large-response assignment areas. In response to this need, the Kalamazoo Fire Department is investigating the possibility of reciprocal fire protection agreements with adjacent townships. Adequate fire flow or the number of gallons of water per minute that would be required to extinguish fires, is maintained throughout the city. This includes both existing and proposed high value districts of existing high density residential, commercial, and industrial development. Recommendations A major recommendation regarding fire protection in Kalamazoo is to continue the present evaluation process of fire facilities and service areas on a citywide basis. Station-by-station monitoring provides information on changes in service demand and allows replacement and consolidation of existing fire facilities in an equitable manner. These actions therefore are seen as improving the efficiency of the Kalamazoo Fire Department without altering its fire response capabilities. �Community Facilities Component 99 City of Kalamazoo Currently the Eastside, Douglas, and Cork Street fire stations are undergoing an assessment process to examine utilization of equipment and/or personnel. Within the context of the Comprehensive Plan it is recommended that current levels of fire protection be maintained and expanded as growth occurs. It also encourages area-wide fire service agreements with adjacent local governmental units as necessary. Figure 20 locates the existing and proposed fire stations as well as travel distances. Library Facilities The library portion of the Community Facility Analysis examines the Kalamazoo Public Library system, its function and the factors that affect it. The goal of the library report is to encourage better library service for all of the citizens of Kalamazoo through the analysis of existing and future library needs. The report presents an initial step in the formation of operational policies and guidelines for locating future facilities. Scope In an effort to determine existing and future library needs the report presents an inventory of library services within the metropolitan area. At present the Kalamazoo library system operates five area libraries, three within the city (the Central Library, the Powell Branch and the Washington Square Branch). The library system maintains circulating and reference collections for children, young adults, and adults. It also operates a district bookmobile and a county bookmobile, and houses a museum and a planetarium within the main building. Figure 21 locates the five libraries. The old concept of the library as a facility to serve children and scholars is no longer true. Facilities and programs have been expanded to include music, art, special seminars, exhibits, bookmobiles, films, cable television, microfilming, reproduction, etc. Service to young adults in Kalamazoo is increasing. In the past this age group almost ceased using the library shortly after leaving high school. Today, with increasing educational attainments and more leisure time available, the young adult is using the library to continue his education. The demand for library services for adults is also increasing with the realization that the library is a source of technical information. Not only must services be available for recreational and educational reading, but libraries are often used by groups with special interests, such as businessmen, industrialists, and farmers. Recommendations New approaches to library planning and programming are evident in Kalamazoo. The consortium of Kalamazoo libraries is one example: this system of cross-library use provides community access to academic, public, and special libraries. An expansion of this type of programming is encouraged as a means of broadening the opportunities for the citizens of Kalamazoo. The most significant recommendation is that, in general, future sites for branch libraries should be located in or adjacent to community �Community Facilities Component 100 Comprehensive Plan or medium sized shopping centers. Based on projected need, a specific recommendation is made to expand the present Central Library within the next five years. Health Service Facilities Scope The City of Kalamazoo does not provide municipal public health services. However, the health needs of Kalamazoo's citizens are more than adequately met by private physicians, hospitals, and specialized institutions. These activities, supplemented by state and county public health agencies, provide health care beyond what is normally expected for a community this size. The goal of this report is to encourage the continuation of the innovative and comprehensive health care presently available to the community. The Health Service report analyzes health care provisions in Kalamazoo. Four kinds of facilities are covered: 1) general hospital facilities, 2) community mental health facilities, 3) family health centers, and 4) nursing homes. rKalamazoo is served by two major general hospitals, Borgess and Bronson. The two hospitals have been in competition for many years. However, this competition has been beneficial to the community. Refer to Figure 22 for location of health care facilities. General Hospital Facilities Borgess Hospital is a 473-bed acute-care hospital located on Gull Road. The hospital is sponsored by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Nazareth, Michigan. Located on the Gull Road property are a main 366,000 square foot hospital, a companion physicians' office building, a companion ambulatory care building, some houses on Shafer Street, and an interns' residence. The original hospital building was constructed in 1917, with substantial additions made in 1929, in the 1950's, and in 1971. Recently constructed was a 22,000 square foot emergency and trauma center located adjacent to the 1971 North building, and the former nursing residence was remodeled for use as an ambulatory care clinic. Both of these projects were completed and operational in late 1976. In addition to the projects currently under construction, the hospital has proposed the construction of a 35-unit physicians' office building on the east end of the property. The hospital has also proposed the addition of four stories to the North building to house additional patient beds, a surgical and radiology department, a remodeled pharmacy, and a central sterile supply department. Bronson Hospital is a 461-bed general hospital located on East Lovell Street in Kalamazoo's Central Business District. The hospital stands on land purchased by the Kalamazoo Hospital Association in 1900. Currently located on the hospital property are a main hospital building, an incorporated physicians' office building, and a multi-story automobile garage. A school of nursing is operated at the facility. Bronson Hospital has expanded its facility in a staged program of development. The current structure can be divided into four sections, or service stacks, all J �Community Facilities Component 101 City of Kalamazoo in various phases of maturity. The past policy of the hospital has been to build new bed space while converting the obsolete areas into administrative office space. Off-street parking is currently deficient at the hospital. Employee parking presents the most trouble because of the necessity of overlapping shifts. The hospital is currently served by a 350-car three-story enclosed parking ramp, which has vertical expansion capability to contain 1,000 cars. However, expansion of this parking facility would be expensive. The hospital administration would prefer entering into a long-term leasing arrangement with the City of Kalamazoo which could be coordinated with implementation of the current South Mall Parking Study. The hospitals of Kalamazoo serve the needs of a relatively large population in a geographic area half-way to Battle Creek and, for a greater distance, toward the smaller hospitals and smaller towns of Plainwell, Allegan, Paw Paw, Vicksburg and Three Rivers. Within this area, 80 percent or more of the population comes either to Borgess or Bronson Hospital. Within the Kalamazoo core area, including the cities of Parchment, Portage, and part of Comstock, 95 percent come to the local hospitals. Discussions with hospital planning personnel of the Michigan Department of Public Health indicate that the growth of Borgess and Bronson Hospitals in the future will be largely tied to the overall growth of population in the Kalamazoo metropolitan area. Mental Health Facilities Although Borgess Hospital maintains the Delano Clinic, a hospital attached to the Community Mental Health Center, the major mental health facility in Kalamazoo is the Kalamazoo State Hospital. This facility serves an 11-county area in Southwestern Michigan. The hospital's activities are directed through the State of Michigan Mental Health Department. Currently, the hospital houses 850 patients, and hospital planning personnel foresee a stabilized patient population for the future of approximately 600. As a result of the state's plan to decentralize mental health care, the Kalamazoo State Hospital is expected to be used in the future for intensive psychiatric care and services not available at local community mental health centers. The Kalamazoo State Hospital has under its jurisdiction 260 acres within the city, and represents a major land use. The property includes two sites, the largest being the 250-acre main facility located on Oakland Drive. The second parcel is a ten-acre northwest site located on Blakeslee Street. This 200-bed unit is scheduled to be abandoned within the next two years. This action will leave the State Hospital with only its main facility. As a result of the trend toward community-based treatment rather than institutionalization of persons requiring supervised residential care, licensed foster care facilities are permitted in all �Community Facilities Component 102 Comprehensive Plan residential zones under State of Michigan law. Currently, there are 44 adult foster family homes in the city housing a maximum of six adults apiece and 14 adult foster group facilities housing between 7 to 20 persons apiece. Family Health Centers Kalamazoo currently has one family health center located on West Paterson Street which provides comprehensive health services to any low-income resident of Kalamazoo County or the north Kalamazoo community regardless of income. Fees are charged for specific services needed, but may be reduced in relation to a family's ability to pay. The Kalamazoo Family Health Center is supported by fees, individual and foundation contributions and grants. The center has 5,500 registered members, 4,000 of which are considered active. Seventy percent of the membership is from the northside community. Nursing Homes Licensed nursing homes and licensed homes for the aged are an integral component of the total health services in Kalamazoo. They present special planning problems because they very often exist within or in close proximity to residential neighborhoods containing private homes. Kalamazoo presently has five licensed nursing homes, and two licensed homes for the aged. Licensed nursing homes range in size from the 24-bed Smith Memorial Home, to the 180-bed Ridgeview Manor. The city currently has a total of 513 nursing home beds or a ratio of 6.0 beds per 1,000 population (based on 1970 population). Recommendations Currently, area health programs are coordinated through the South Central Michigan Health Planning Council. A continual dialogue is maintained on a local level through the City of Kalamazoo Medical Planning Commission. Recommendations in the Community Facilities Plan encourage this form of cooperation among Kalamazoo's major health care institutions. It is recommended that because Bronson Hospital is in the downtown area and Borgess Hospital is in a developing residential district in northeastern Kalamazoo, special consideration be given in each case when expansion is planned; particularly in relation to parking, traffic generation, and potential residential development. It is further recommended that both institutions carry on land-banking programs for expansion and parking; and that hospital-related housing be explored. Provisions for this type of housing are made in the Land Use Component. The City of Kalamazoo supports continued improvement in the delivery of health services to city residents. These services can be provided through existing health care facilities. Where need for physically locating services in a given �Community Facilities Component 103 City of Kalamazoo neighborhood is clearly established, it is recommended that available structures, such as school buildings, be used rather than new facility construction. Recommendations are also made concerning the development of health care facilities in close proximity to residential districts. These recommendations detail requirements which will protect the quality of the surrounding neighborhoods such as: adequate parking, landscaping and screening requirements. The Comprehensive Plan also recommends that the licensing of additional adult foster care facilities includes consideration of nearby residents and that a balance be sought between communitybased treatment and legitimate neighborhood concerns. Neighborhood Centers The City of Kalamazoo supports the concept of neighborhood community centers where the individual neighborhood defines such a need. Community centers can provide a cohesive function in a neighborhood and contribute to its stability and improvement. Because of recurring concerns about funding for construction, maintenance, utilities and staffing, the Comprehensive Plan recommends the maximum utilization of available structures such as schools which offer both office and recreational facilities. School Facilities The school facilities portion of the Kalamazoo community facilities analysis is a broad statement of intentions and strategies within the context of a general approach to educational facilities planning. The aim of the school facilities report is to encourage the development and maintenance of public educational facilities that best provide intellectual, cultural, and vocational opportunities to the whole spectrum of the community as well as to their student population. The primary objective of the school facilities analysis is to provide a basis for coordination of school programming with the projected plans of other public agencies involved or related to school activities. A secondary objective is the delineation of existing facilities, possible new construction, future obsolescent and possible abandonment of educational facilities. Scope In an effort to determine the present and future capacity of Kalamazoo's educational facilities, an analysis was made of the existing and projected school enrollment and an inventory of all school facilities, both public and private, was taken, including primary, secondary, and post-secondary institutions. Primary and secondary school location, classroom size, and gross physical structure were evaluated for each facility in relation to present and future demands. Figure 26 outlines the Kalamazoo Public School District. �Community Facilities Component 104 Comprehensive Plan Projected Kalamazoo Area Primary and Secondary School Enrollment Trends Public and private school enrollment in the Kalamazoo area has declined significantly during recent years as shown in Tables 11 and 12. This reflects a national trend attributable to significant changes in family composition, e.g., relatively large numbers of small families, single persons, and young married couples without children. The impact of this trend on the City of Kalamazoo's long-term growth potential is uncertain at this time. Kalamazoo area school enrollment trends for the years 1975 through 1995 are projected in Table 13. Trends are indicated for public school and nonpublic school enrollment. The public school enrollment projection is based on separate elementary school, junior high school, and senior high school projections. The projections contained in Table 13 were based on three primary factors: 1) Kalamazoo area population growth, 2) anticipated long-range school-age population levels, and 3) past school enrollment trends. Nonpublic school enrollment projections contained in Table 13 are based on the assumption that such enrollment will represent approximately 18 percent of total enrollment. This is consistent with the average ratio of public school enrollment to total school enrollment evidenced during recent years. However, long-term trends suggest that nonpublic school enrollment could decline to a slightly smaller proportion of total school enrollment. The school enrollment projections contained in Table 13 reflect the interaction of two demographic trends: 1) moderately increasing population levels, and 2) steadily declining proportions of school age persons to total population. The projections indicate school enrollment is expected to decline steadily through 1985, and then begin to increase slightly through 1995. Total public school and nonpublic school enrollment was projected to be 15,800 in 1975 and 17,200 in 1995. Public school enrollment is expected to decline from 14,800 in 1975 to 13,000 in 1985, then increase to 14,100 by 1995. Considerable fluctuation is projected in the relation between public elementary, junior high, and senior high school enrollments. This fluctuation is attributed to the movement of different sized age cohorts through the population over the twenty-year period between 1975 and 1995. Because these fluctuations are self-adjusting over time, detailed planning of elementary, junior high, and senior high school needs should be met with a balanced and flexible school inventory. Existing Public School Facilities The school board feels at this time its present inventory of facilities can meet future demands. Currently the system contains 23 elementary schools, 5 junior high schools, 2 senior high schools and 3 special education facilities. (Refer to Figure 24) �Community Facilities Component 105 City of Kalamazoo Elementary School Facilities Table 14 contains basic data on elementary schools derived from the educational facilities survey. Table 14 shows an inventory of generally old elementary schools. Median age for all 23 schools is 44 years. Eight of the 23 schools are over 50 years old and at least ten of them are old enough so that kindergarteners who entered them in the fall of 1975 may be using the same classrooms their grandparents used in elementary school. No new elementary schools have been built during the past ten years. Only nine schools, those 11 to 23 years old, can be considered in the prime of their functional life. There is only one interme iate-aged elementary school, the Lakewood School, built 37 years ago. Most of the older elementary schools are located in the mature city or the middle city. The median age for mature and middle-city elementary schools is 52 years. A few older elementary schools are located in the new city, the developing city, or outside the city limits. These can be found along major arterials which were the paths for advancing urbanization. Junior High School and High School Facilities Table 15 contains basic data on junior high schools and high schools derived from the educational facilities survey. The table depicts a large, fairly new inventory. The median age for the seven junior and senior high schools is 17 years, and the oldest of the seven, South Junior High School, is only 25 years old. The junior and senior high schools are relatively large facilities. The median building size of the junior high schools is 100,000 square feet. The two high schools contain 303,000 square feet and 321,000 square feet. Considering projected population trends and the age of existing facilities, none of Kalamazoo's junior or senior high schools should need replacing before the second or third decade of the 21st century. Community Education Center The school system's old Central High School is being utilized as a community education facility which accommodates a broad range of activities and services including community education, County Health Department clinics, public recreation facilities, and School Board functions. The old Central High School in which the Community Education Center is located is 62 years old and has an addition 51 years old. The basic structure of the facility is reported to be sound and the school board has adopted the policy of preserving it for future use. However, extensive remodeling is needed. The total size of the building is 119,000 square feet. It contains 50 classrooms of approximately 570 square feet each. This is small by current standards, but adequate to serve the class sizes typical of the community education programs. The Community Education Center is located on a small site (3.89 acres) and parking is severely inadequate. Special Education Programs and Facilities The Kalamazoo Public School System operates special education programs for approximately 650 students. Six specific programs �Community Facilities Component 106 Comprehensive Plan are designed for: 1) trainable mentally impaired, 2) educable mentally impaired, 3) physically or otherwise health-impaired, 4) emotionally impaired, 5) learning disabled, and 6) hearing impaired. Most of these programs are carried out within regular elementary, junior high, or senior high school facilities. However, about one-third of the students are accommodated in three special education centers: the J. F. Kennedy Center, the Upjohn Center, and the Lakeside Center. Community Use of Public School Facilities Community use of public school facilities is fostered by the Community School Executive Board. The board is made up of members from the Board of Education, the Upjohn Institute, the Kalamazoo Parks and Recreation Department, and other agencies. The board operates the community school program in five elementary schools and three junior high schools distributed throughout the city and outlying portions of the school district. These schools are: 1) Lincoln Elementary, 2) Edison Elementary, 3) Washington Elementary, 4) Indian Prairie Elementary, 5) Chime Elementary, 6) South Junior High, 7) Milwood Junior High, and 8) Northeastern Junior High. The community school program provides for a broad range of neighborhood activities and offers a variety of enrichment programs for all age groups. The community schools contain neighborhood drop-in centers, designed to foster a stronger sense of neighborhood identity. Each community school has a local advisory council which organizes and coordinates neighborhood-related activities. Although the community schools are specially designated centers for intensive community use, other Kalamazoo area public schools are also available to community organizations. Respondents of a facilities survey indicate 25 of the 28 elementary, junior high, and high schools are used by community organizations. Ten of the city's public schools are utilized for the Kalamazoo Parks and Recreation Department summer program. The program includes outdoor recreation activities such as softball, badminton, and cricket, as well as craft activities such as batik, macrame, and painting. The 10 schools are: 1) Arcadia Elementary, 2) Burke Acres Elementary, 3) Greenwood Elementary, 4) Oakwood Elementary, 5) Parkwood Elementary, 6) West Main Street Elementary, 7) South Westnedge Elementary, 8) Spring Valley Elementary, 9) Vine Elementary and 10) South Junior High School. These schools were selected to provide recreation programs in neighborhoods where City Parks and Recreation Department facilities are not available. Phased-Out School Facilities There are six public school buildings in the city which are no longer utilized by the Kalamazoo Public Schools: Grand Prairie, �Community Facilities Component 107 City of Kalamazoo Pleasant Park, Peter Pan, Hillcrest, Fairview, and Roosevelt schools. Declining enrollment has eliminated the need for the classroom space these facilities provide and the busing program has eliminated the role they played as neighborhood schools. There are several reasons why these facilities have been phased out: 1) they were too small to permit efficient operation, 2) they needed substantial rehabilitation in order to bring them up to modern standards and 3) they are located away from the city's main concentrations of elementary age students. The school board would prefer to avoid demolition of phased-out schools whenever possible; it has adopted a policy of seeking alternative public or private uses. Four of the six vacant facilities have been leased to public institutions in the Kalamazoo area. The Grand Prairie and Pleasant Park Schools are utilized by the Kalamazoo Valley Intermediate School District. Services of the Kalamazoo Valley Intermediate School District The Kalamazoo Valley Intermediate School District (KVISD) is an outstanding service agency meeting various needs of the Kalamazoo area. A service agency for public school districts, KVISD currently provides four special service programs and four educational programs to client school districts. KVISD presents a strong potential for design and implementation of educational programs needed to improve housing and neighborhood conditions in Kalamazoo's older neighborhoods. Such educational services could be provided either directly through KVISD or through public school districts with the technical assistance of KVISD. Colleges and Western Michigan University One university and three colleges exist in the Kalamazoo area. While Western Michigan University and Kalamazoo and Nazareth colleges are located within the city limits, Kalamazoo Valley Community College is located in Oshtemo Township. Figure 25 pinpoints each of these institutions. Western Michigan University's campus consists of two areas divided by the Con Rail (Amtrak) Railroad, Stadium Drive, and athletic fields. The East Campus is the site of the original school founded in 1903. Land to the northwest of Stadium Drive was purchased in 1946. All recent expansion has occurred in the West Campus which has become the main campus. A Western Michigan University Campus Development Plan was completed in 1970 based on a maximum anticipated enrollment of 20,000 full-time equated students. According to the plan, these enrollment objectives can be met within an area generally bounded by: a) Stadium Drive and ConRail (Amtrak) Railroad on the south, b) Howard Street on the west, c) existing residential areas beyond the residence halls on the north, and d) Kalamazoo College on the east. A major facet of the development plan included closing Michigan �Community Facilities Component 108 Comprehensive Plan Avenue through the campus to ensure a pedestrian campus. Vehicle circulation was examined in terms of access for faculty, staff and students living off campus. Ease of arrival and departure and parking for public events on campus were also considered. Western Michigan University's present enrollment totals 19,000 full-time students. The university expects no significant growth during the coming years. The Board of Trustees revised housing policies two years ago to allow all students the choice of living on or off campus. Kalamazoo College, on the other hand, requires its students to reside on campus with few exceptions. Kalamazoo College Trustees maintain an on-campus housing capacity maximum of 1,375 students. The 1975-76 enrollment totalled 1,496 students. With the possible exception of a parking ramp, Kalamazoo College anticipates no expansion south of Lovell Street. The college would like to develop perimeter parking. If property could be acquired, Kalamazoo College would like to construct a parking lot between West Michigan Avenue and the Amtrak line. The college is also interested in closing one of its campus streets, e.g., Academy, Carmel or Catherine. In terms of capital improvements, Kalamazoo College plans to rebuild its gymnasium on one of two alternative sites: 1) rebuild on same site with Catherine Street closed, or 2) build on the corner of Academy and Catherine Streets. An expansion of the college's library is envisioned for 1980-85. The college would like to add two more tennis courts if Carmel Street were to be closed. The school's heating system may also be changed. Nazareth College proposes no physical development through 1990. The only change it foresees will be the Dillon Hall senior citizens complex. The 1975 enrollment totaled 457 students. The 1990 enrollment projection totals 700 students. Recommendations Primary and Secondary Schools The school facilities recommendations consist of general statements regarding site acquisition, new buildings, additions, improvements, and abandonments. Because of the reduced enrollment trends, specific recommendations are also made on possible redevelopment of phased-out schools. These alternatives include residential development, park-playground, neighborhood, social or health service centers, and other compatible uses. Each alternative is qualified by its compatibility with residential areas and possible traffic implications. During recent years, the busing of students to achieve racial balance in the schools has caused the reevaluation of the neighborhood school as an activity or social center for the immediate residential area. The degree to which the neighborhood school continues to serve as a community �Community Facilities Component 109 City of Kalamazoo focal point will be determined by cooperative programming for the school facility by school board, municipal departments, and other agencies for school use. The report encourages year-round use of schools, especially for recreation, special education, and preschool and summer school programs as means to retain neighborhood identification. Institutions of Higher Education Recommendations concerning Western Michigan University and the area colleges emphasize continued coordination and cooperation between those institutions and the City of Kalamazoo. Major development on any of the campuses affects surrounding neighborhoods and city operations. Similarly, changes planned by the city may affect the campuses. It is therefore recommended that these matters of mutual interest be cooperatively developed. Cultural/Fine Arts Amenities The cultural/fine arts amenities portion of the community facilities analysis inventories the range of amenities available in Kalamazoo. The goal of this report is to encourage continued development and expansion of the fine arts amenities through analysis of present offerings and projections of expansion or reduction of services. Scope The analysis of current cultural/fine arts amenities covers three categories: 1 theaters/ auditoriums 2 art galleries 3 museums Only those organizations which can be classified as nonprofit are included. Profit-making associations involved in the fine arts are considered to be business establishments. Recommendations The abundance of cultural/fine arts amenities in Kalamazoo represents a strong, positive force for attracting people and business to the community. Another benefit is the increased stabilization of neighborhoods because of public reinvestment in the area. Expansion of these amenities is encouraged, as they .are assets to the urban environment. The primary recommendation is for coordination of expansion efforts which would lessen the negative conditions restricting growth and, also, the possible adverse effects resulting from further development. Traffic generation and parking problems are foreseen as possible conflicts to be resolved. Reutilization of vacant school buildings for the housing of fine arts amenities is also recommended. �,; .,... .. . :' ' \ ... ·. ~ ·--~ . ... - '11 t l .. --' ... :f,, ! ...,_;;;;:_ I :::-:: ~ 1:_Jl., ' ?f'IJ - ..Jl/f.i1 l-1l ;[!if rtllf/J I 4 ,... ~. ' ..,, (' ' \. . ~ ... w ) ' ~L. ~ij\11; Proposed South Mall project ' ._ /;;' �Community Facilities Component 111 City of Kalamazoo Fire Stations and Travel Distances Figure20 I\ ---r-1 i. I -1-~I.... -amo TwJ Oshtemo Twp I Cooper Tw~R,chland Twp toper Twp azoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp Comstock Tw ... I I I ---~---Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp I Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Comstock Twp --- ►--r;:.r:e I I Portage Twp Twp 1.. I --, I \ I I Fire Stations Proposed, Pending Final Evaluation One Mile Travel Distance One and One-Half Mile Travel Distance tJ Pavilion Twp I I I �Community Facilities Component 112 Comprehensive Plan Library Facilities Figure21 I TwJLper amo - Twp _.i:;_~ .... - I Oshterno Twp Kalamazoo Twp l\ -- --Cooper Twp I Richland Twp Comstock T U.s IJ? 6 A. ---~--Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp I l~r Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Comstock Twp -•-I-!"--• I I Portage Twp Portage Twp r-lI I 'I I \ I ~-----+----+-----+---+-- - - , Possible Existing One-Half and One-Mile Travel Radii 1 Main Library 2 Powell Branch 3 Washington Square Branch 4 Eastwood Branch 5 Oshtemo Branch tJ Pavilion Twp II I �Community Facilities Component 113 ----------- ----- City of Kalamazoo ---------------------- Health Care Facilities Figure 22 1 TwJ toper Twp Oshtemo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I\ ---r-• i. I -~-~ .... -,a,,io I Cooper Tw~R,chland Twp zoo Twp I Comstock Tw .. I I I ., :, ---~--Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp I Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twp I Comstock Twp I ---►--· ' r II I Portage Twp Po,tage Twp I Bronson Hospital County Health Department Family Health Center Borgess Hospital State Hospital l..... I --, I \ I tJ Pavilion fwp I �Community Facilities Component 114 Comprehensive Plan Kalamazoo Public School District Figure23 US-131 OAKLAND DOUGLAS SC a: u 0 WESTN~DGE BURDICK LOVER 'S LANE PORTAGE .- RIVERVIEW OR L--SPR INKLE z - ~ ;:; Kalamazoo City Limits School District Boundaries ... <I) <t w �Community Facilities Component 115 City of Kalamazoo School Locations Figure24 I\ -~-~----I lamo TwJ Lper Twp OsMcmo Twp I ---r-• Cooper Tw~Richland Twp Twp Kalamazoo Twp I .. Comstock Tw I I ■ 24 ---~--Oshtemo Twp Texas Twp ---~--'I II 1rr I Kalamazoo Twp Kalamazoo Twr, I Portage Twp Portage Twp I Elementary Schools 1-23 Ele!T'entary Schoois Junior High Schools 1- 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 to 23 years old Arcadia Oakwood Winchell Indian Prairie Northglade Spring Valley Greenwood Chime Westwood 10-15 10 11 12 13 14 15 34 to 49 years old Lakewood Brucker Burke Acres Woodrow Wilson South Westnedge West Main Senior High Schools and Community Education Center Special School Facilities Private Schools --,, I II a.J 16-23 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 51 to 54 years old Vine McKinley Edison Parkwood Lincoln Milwood Woodward Washington 24-28 24 25 26 27 28 Junior High Schools Milwood HIiiside Northeastern Oakwood South I Comstock r wp_ I Pav•l,on 1wp· I 29-30 Senior High Schools 29 Central 30 Loy Norrix 31-33 31 32 33 Special School Facilities J. F. Kennedy lake Side Upjohn Center 34 Community Education Center �Community Facilities Component 116 Comprehensive Plan Institutions of Higher Education Figure 25 a s" z "'< 0 Western Michigan University Kalamazoo College Nazareth College Kalamazoo Valley Community College �Community Facilities Component 118 Comprehensive Plan Kalamazoo Area School Enrollment Trends Table 11 Non-Public School Enrollment Public School Enrollment Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 --1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 -----1974 1975 --- - - 1976 Percent Change Annual Change Number 17,676 18,018 -----18,097 18,378 18,997 19,150 18,908 18,782 17,908 16,812 15,978 --15,473 15,168 14,551 14,119 342 79 281 619 153 --- Annual Change Percent Change 1962 4,961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 165 5,126 5,421 295 -----118 5,303 -135 5,168 -312 4,856 3.3 Number Year 1.9 0.4 1.6 3.40.8 5.8 -2.2 -2.5 -6.0 -5.1 4,610 -246 1968 -403 -8.7 1969 4,207 -2.6 -108 1970 4,099 -0.5 4,078 -21 1971 -3.9 -161 1972 3,917 -- · ----261 -6.7 1973 3,656 -----4.0 1974 -148 3,508 1975 5 3,513 +.001 - - - - -- - -· + 1976 Not available as of 12-76 -1.3 -242 -0.7 -126 -874 -4.7 -1,096 -6.1 -834 -5.0 ----505 -3.2 -2.0 -305 -4.0 -617 - ---3.0 -432 Source: Table by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Inc., based on data supplied by the Kalamazoo Public School Administration. Updated by the Kalamazoo Planning Division, December, 1976 Note: Does not include special education students. 1976 Enrollment by Public School Type Table 12 Elementary School Junior High School Senior High School --TOTAL Note: Does not include special education students. Students Percent 7,831 3,144 3,144 --- 14,119 - 55.50 - - 22.25 22.25 100.00 ----- Source: Table by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Inc., based on data supplied by the Kalamazoo Public School Administration. Updated by the Kalamazoo Planning Division, December, 1976 --- - Projected Kalamazoo Area School Enrollment Trends Table 13 1975 Total Public School and Non-Public Enrollment Public School Enrollment Elementary School ·---Junior High School Senior High School Non-Public School Enrollment 18,100 14,800 7,990 - - -3,550 3,260 3,300 1980 - 16,800 13,800 7,460 -3,310 -- 3,030 3,000 1985 1990 1995 15,800 13,000 7,020 3,120 2,860 16,100 13,200 7,130 3,170 2,900 17,200 14,100 7,620 3,380 3,100 2,800 2,900 - 3,100 Source: Table by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Incorporated, based on data supplied by the Kalamazoo Public School Administration, August, 1975 - �... ~ Community Facilities Component 119 ---- City of Kalamazoo - - Elementary School Inventory Table 14 Schools 11 to 23 Years Old Arcadia Oakwood Winchell Indian Prairie Northglade Spring Valley Greenwood Chime Westwood Median Age ol Building (Years) Age of Newest Addition 11 6 n.a. n.a. 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 18.5 10 15 3 1 9 8 Site Size (Acres) Building Size (Sq. Ft.) Number Average of Classroom ClassSize (Sq. Ft.) rooms Indoor Recreation Area (Sq. Ft.) Enrollment Capacity 2,400 2,400 447 330 10.00 4.53 9.60 12.00 11.84 25.92 8.49 3.59 10.20 10.1 34,000 26,000 22,000 29,000 33,000 29,000 18 15 14 13 13 13 11 10 14 13 780 450 950 n.a. 1,000 750 800 800 800 3.29 11.87 6.86 2.81 8.99 2.28 5.07 23,000 9 36,000 10 21,000 11 35,000 14 47,000 13 -30,000 13 33,000 12 820 900 1,000 700 850 n.a. 850 33,000 29,000 37,000 n.a. n.a. Number Number of Parking of Teachers Spaces Total Enrollment n.a. n.a. 3,000 2,400 n.a. 2,400 2,400 447 40 20 316 13 22 -- 13 n.a. 349 28 13 50 350 350 12 30 400 341 390 319 13 n.a. 20 390 261 9 300 213 12 n.a. 450 357 14 90 ---13 30 390 345 n.a. 4,150 2,400 2,440 2,925 2,400 2,440 300 300 330 350 400 750 333 n.a. Schools 34 to 49 Years Old 37 43 44 Burke Acres -Woodrow Wilson 46 South Westnedge 48 West'Main 49 - - -Median 45 Lakewood Brucker 10 6 8 21 14 10 172 233 260 272 344 300 266 7 95 14 10 14 -12 11 n.a. 23 29 25 0 18 24 Schools 51 to 54 Years Old Vine McKinley Edison Parkwood Lincoln Milwood Woodward Washington Median 51 51 52 53 53 54 54 54 53 12 35 6 19 6 28 14 12 13 39,000 2.26 2.73 40,000 7.36 72,000 -- -32,000 2.33 177,000 6.98 21.00 28,000 57,000 9.60 3.40 54,000 5.19 56,000 21 n.a. 10 n.a. 20 800 12 690 -n.a. 52 30 875 27 n.a. 23 700 750 22 2,400 630 360 2,400 308 252 n.a. 500 410 --2,320 425 357 n.a. 700 531 2,400 750 551 n.a. 650 456 4,400 700 503 2,400 640 433 14 11 - 30 16 - n.a. n.a. 13 12 --- n.a. n.a. -- - 27 100 ---27 43 26 41 20 36 Source : Table by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Inc., August, 1975, based on data supplied by the Kalamazoo Public School Administration �Community Facilities Component 120 Comprehensive Plan Junior High School and High School Inventory Table 15 Schools Junior High Milwood Hillside Northeastern Oakwood South Number of Classrooms Aver•£• Clossroom Size (Sq. Ft.) Indoor Recreation ArH (Sq. Ft.) Ago of Age of BulldinE Newest Site Size (Years) Addition (Acres) Building SIN 16 17 22 23 25 128,000 38 100,000 30 80,000 27 -78,000 20 140,000 40 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 303,000 321,000 n.a. n.a. 27 21.45 20.25 9 -15.11 9 21 (Sq. Ft.) n.a. 625 742 n.a. --- 6,000 5,000 Enrollment Capacity Total Enrollment 900 832 950 862 557 600 ------ 600 600 1,200 742 Number Number of of Parkin& Teachers Spaces 275 156 45 43 29 33 45 n.a. 83 85 1,000 700 80 120 High Schools Central 3 ------Loy Norrix 15 - 4 61.84 55 77 73 10,000 12,000 2,200 2,200 1,667 1,586 Source: Table by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Inc., August, 1975, based on data supplied by the Kalamazoo Public School Administration ���Utilities Component 125 City of Kalamazoo Provision for adequate utilities is an important criterion for any active and vital community. Every citizen is directly concerned with electricity, gas, telephone, water and sewage disposal as basic to daily life. The growth of any community is dependent upon these services. Because the provision of water, storm drainage and sewage treatment systems are under direct public control, they form the principal elements of the Comprehensive Plan's Utility Component. Semi-public utility systems, such as electricity, gas, and telephone are planned, primarily, by each of the respective companies serving the Kalamazoo area. Before action is taken to modify current systems, however, proposed plans are extensively coordinated with those of all local governments within the affected area. The purpose of the Utility Component of the Comprehensive Plan is to describe Kalamazoo's existing systems and examine some of the major problems now being observed. This process, because of its technical nature, requires a close working relationship with the city's utility departments. The City of Kalamazoo is fortunate that ongoing utility-planning activities are maintained by both the Water and Public Works Departments. This has helped to facilitate specific problem evaluation and to recommend solutions based on available resources. The "Comprehensive Plan" accepts the expansion and extension of Kalamazoo's utility systems, as outlined in the "Fifty-Year Water Utility Management Plan" of 1975; the "Master Plan of Storm Drainage", 1976; and the "201 Segmented Facilities Plan, Volume I, City of Kalamazoo", 1976. Recognizing that expansion and extension of the utility systems will increase the development potential outside the city, however, the Comprehensive Plan also encourages an areawide commitment to maintaining the City of Kalamazoo as a vital urban center in terms of residential, commercial, and industrial growth. This commitment should be reinforced at every opportunity in the interaction between Kalamazoo and adjacent local governments. To this end, it is recommended that when the city considers utility improvements that benefit areas outside the city, consideration should also be given to the willingness of those areas to undertake cooperative actions. Such actions include: 1) cooperating in planning for the use and impact of the utility on all areas served, 2) aiding the city in solving potential problems connected with utility improvements, and 3) equitable sharing of the costs of constructing and using the improved utility services. Water Utility Element All of the water used domestically or for other purposes in the Kalamazoo urban area is ground water. The water supply system is managed principally by the cities of Kalamazoo, Parchment and Portage. �Utilities Component 126 Comprehensive Plan The City of Kalamazoo's service area includes the city and, through franchise agreements, several surrounding areas, including the townships of Kalamazoo (excluding the City of Parchment), Comstock, Cooper, Oshtemo, Richland, and Texas, and a portion of the City of Portage north of 1-94 and Branch Creek. The entire area, currently, is not being serviced (refer to Figure 26). Both Parchment and Portage operate water systems within their corporate limits. Scope The entire water system is an integrated whole made up of well fields (source of supply), pumping stations, storage reservations, booster-bleeder stations, and distribution piping systems that link all the components. Kalamazoo's service area is divided into 5 pressure districts (see Figure 27). Within these districts, the city operates 20 pumping stations and 5 storage tanks. At present, water is supplied from 104 deep wells, grouped in 21 well fields. It is distributed through an extensive network of pipelines ranging in size from 2 inches to 30 inches, at an average pressure of 55 pounds per square inch (psi) with a range of 35 psi to 110 psi. Replacement needs in this distribution system exist, for the most part, in the Low Service District and, particularly, in the Central Business District (CBD), as shown in Figure 28. A program for upgrading in the Low Service District is proposed. The upgrading and replacement program should be scheduled with other public works projects, such as street widening and/ or relocation and sewer construction. In addition, coordination with any major private construction should be sought. An appraisal of all aspects of the present pumping operation has been made. The appraisal was conducted in light of proposed capacities, so that programs could be formulated in response to identification of deficiencies. Treatment The raw water is treated at each of the pumping stations with applications of chlorine, fluoride, and sodium hexametaphosphate. Sodium hexametaphosphate is used to sequester the iron present in Kalamazoo's water. The treatment method differs from most municipal water systems in that Kalamazoo does not have a single water source or treatment plant. This is not seen as a problem, due to proposed automatic controls now being tried on an experimental basis to determine effectiveness. Usage and Resources A simplied summary of the past development of service and volume is delineated below: 1925 45,000 Number of Customers 11,050 Miles of Main in Service 118.5 ·Average Day M.G.D.,. 4.4 - - Population Served - Maximum Day M.G.D. *Million Gallons Per Day 1950 65,000 17,270 215.9 9.6 18.3 1975 115,000 29,300 439.0 18.1 40.0 �Utilities Component 127 City of Kalamazoo All existing well fields have been extensively tested to determine their ultimate sustainable annual yield, as well as Peak Daily Pumping Capacity. These determine the practical supply limits within the Kalamazoo City and Township area. Wells are generally in good condition by present standards. All are located and constructed to meet Michigan Health Department standards and are given frequent, careful maintenance. The well field environment has, in several cases, been given strong protection, such as the Al Sabo Land Preserve Land Use Ordinance and the Sanitary Control Ordinance for the central pumping station well field. Recommendations The Fifty Year Water Utility Management Plan is not a physical plan in the traditional sense; it is, instead, a management plan: a tool for problem solving. The report was prepared by the Water Department to define the interrelationships among the variables that affect the growth and development of the City of Kalamazoo Water Utility. The plan is a model of the growth that will probably occur in the next 50 years. The recommendations included in the plan, therefore, are made for a series of pdtential alternatives rather than for a specific course of action. The plan highlights future questions and points out the problems which must be solved in the near future. Those areas considered are: 1 Pumping (adequate pressure) 2 Purity and quality 3 Quality and Quantity (firefighting) 4 Commercial service (meter readers, billing) 5 Business management 6 Planning (extension of service) 7 Maintenance of existing system 8 Provision of service to new customers 9 Expansion of water service for long-term needs There is no conflict between the Fifty Year Water Management Plan and the proposed elements of the Comprehensive Plan. The flexibility expressed by the Utility Element will meet the various projected demands of population and land use. �Utilities Component 128 Comprehensive Plan Coordination between utility planning and community planning are necessary and, in the future, will help to ensure Kalamazoo's ideal growth. To this end and for the purposes of ensuring the quality and quantity of the Kalamazoo water supply designated as areas of public improvement within the water utility element are the water recharge areas, water well sites and water pumping stations. Storm Drainage Element The existing storm sewer systems in the older sections of the city have been installed and functioning for a considerable number of years. There are large deficiencies throughout these systems. In spite of the small capacities and large deficiencies, these systems have, to a degree, been performing their function by removing storm water before massive flooding occurs. Scope The Master Plan of Storm Drainage of the City of Kalamazoo, Michigan, prepared by Jones and Henry Engineers Limited, was presented to the City of Kalamazoo in April, 1976. The study and its recommendations cover analysis, design, proposed construction and cost estimates of the plan components. The study provides data essential to determining the nature of future drainage plans. There are many areas in Kalamazoo in a state of transition to apartment, manufacturing or commercial land use. In the Jones and Henry study, the following assumptions were made: 1 Total transition by new construction to a land use with a high percentage of impervious surface may never occur. 2 The present trend in urban land management is to allow for significant open space and pervious surfaces in the development of apartment and manufacturing complexes. 3 The high rates of runoff from impervious surfaces to a storm sewer system can be controlled by the use of short duration, on-site storage of runoff. As a result, the values selected were intermediate between present land use and zoned land use with considerable weight being given to present land use characteristics. The purpose of the comprehensive plan for storm drainage in Kalamazoo is to enable the city to schedule, design, and construct future projects in an orderly and integrated manner. The report includes: 1 A basis of design for the various components of the drainage system; 2 An analysis of the various existing storm sewer systems showing capacities and identifying deficiencies; �Utilities Component 129 City of Kalamazoo 3 Proposed facilities to alleviate existing deficiencies and to provide for future development; and 4 Cost estimate of the proposed facilities. This information is crucial to the Comprehensive Plan and its components. Damage from storm water runoff may pose a hazard to existing and future land uses. The land use component must reflect a knowledge and understanding of the hazards of storm water drainage. The Master Plan of Storm Drainage identifies areas needing correction and improvement. Storm Sewers/Design A detailed analysis was made of all existing storm sewers not studied and reported by Jones and Henry in 1957 and 1959. A careful study was then made of the most economical method to achieve relief. Existing sewers were considered to be adequate if the hydraulic grade line (water surface elevation) remained below the ground surface elevation during the design storm. Relief sewers were sized and located to make maximum use of the capacity of the existing sewers. The existing local storm sewers and the proposed relief sewers will be adequate for a five-year storm event. There is no surplus capacity designed into the systems. More intense storms may cause local, short-duration ponding of surface runoff. Cost estimates of proposed relief sewers are presented in the discussion of each of the various storm sewer systems in the city. Stream Capacity A detailed analysis was made of the major streams conveying surface runoff through the city with the exception of the Kalamazoo River. Design flows and proposed improvements for these streams were determined for a 100-year storm event. There is a separate section in the report for Arcadia Creek, Axtell Creek, Portage Creek, Davis Creek and Spring Valley. Most of the area tributary to these streams is outside the city. Future storm flows from these areas to and through the city will increase as urbanization occurs. Methods to control the magnitude of these increases are discussed in the report. Stream Rechanneling Projects of stream rechanneling are proposed for Arcadia and Portage creeks. The rechanneling is through an underground conduit that would parallel the ConRail track north of Kalamazoo Avenue. The design and timing of construction should take into account proposed development for the area. Preliminary contacts have been made with ConRail regarding the amount of time necessary to procure easements from them, and the time-span seems to be approximately one year for easement finalization at this time (see Figure 29). Recommendations It is the goal of the Storm Drainage Element to ensure both the collection and carrying of drainage waters to adequate outlets, �Utilities Component 130 Comprehensive Plan and the appropriate retention of storm water to minimize flooding. Because of the nature of storm water collection in the Kalamazoo area, it is recommended that any implementation of the Master Plan for Storm Drainage be coordinated with adjacent local units of government. Additional recommendations center specifically on construction of sewers of sufficient size to handle runoff, including relief sewers and on-site storage in new construction, where necessary. Maintenance and improvement of natural water courses through retention facilities, cleaning and rechanneling are also encouraged. Wastewater Treatment Element The first step toward meeting the water pollution control need of the Kalamazoo Metropolitan Area is the preparation of a facilities plan. The purpose of such a plan is to identify the specific needs in the area and to recommend the most cost-effective means of satisfying them for the duration of the planning period. The Segmented Facilities Plan covers the collection system requirements and some improvements to the treatment plant that would be required regardless of the ultimate utilization/ disposal system selected. The planning period for this study is assumed to extend to the year 2000. The planning area, as delineated by the State of Michigan in consultation with representatives from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and local officials, encompasses an area of approximately 505 square miles in Southwestern Michigan. Included in the planning area are the Cities of Kalamazoo, Portage, Parchment, and Galesburg; the Villages of Augusta, Climax and Richland; the Townships of Alamo, Charleston, Climax, Comstock, Cooper, Kalamazoo, Oshtemo, Pavilion, Richland, Ross and Texas in Kalamazoo County; and the townships of Barry and Prairieville in Barry County (see Figure 30 ). Because the planning area is large, the segmented facilities plan is divided into several volumes, each of which contains the detailed information on a particular political jurisdiction. Volume 1 specifically deals with the City of Kalamazoo. Much of the background information, applicable to the entire planning area, is contained in Volume 1 of the facilities plan and many of the conclusions of separate portions of the Facilities Plan are summarized in Volume 1. The conclusions of this study constitute a master plan by which the area can plan a pollution abatement program. The study has been conducted in accordance with U.S. EPA regulations to permit federal funding of the design and construction of the recommended facilities under Public Law 92-500. Scope As a result of long-term contracts, the City of Kalamazoo is obligated to operate wastewater treatment facilities serving the cities of Galesburg and Portage and the townships of Comstock, �Utilities Component 131 City of Kalamazoo Kalamazoo, Oshtemo, and Texas. The City of Parchment operates a separate system. Within the City of Kalamazoo, Allied Paper Company operates a treatment facility. Efforts to provide adequate sanitary sewer facilities in the Kalamazoo area began in 1881 with the construction of the first sanitary sewers in the Village of Kalamazoo. Since then there has been extensive expansion and improvement of sewer facilities in the city. Existing System The existing wastewater treatment facilities of the City of Kalamazoo include primary and secondary treatment with phosphorus removal. The treatment process at the Kalamazoo plant differs from that of most municipal wastewater plants in that the secondary treatment phase processes approximately twice the total volume of the procured flow in the primary phase. Waste from several paper companies receive primary treatment at the source and the effluent from this treatment is conveyed by means of an industrial sewer to the Kalamazoo plant. At this point the industrial waste joins the city's primary treatment waste stream. Both streams receive secondary treatment and phosphorus removal prior to being discharged into the Kalamazoo River. The original Kalamazoo sewage treatment plant was completed in 1955 and has a design capacity of 34 million gallons per day (mgd) with a maximum capacity of 70 mgd. Current flows are estimated at32 mgd. The Kalamazoo River downstream from Kalamazoo is designated for tolerant warm water fish. The minimum daily average of dissolved oxygen (do) under this designation is 5.0 milligrams per liter (mg/I), and no single do volume may be less than 4.0 mg/I. Presently, the river does not meet water quality standards. The present draft NPDES Permit proposes to restrict the maximum daily discharges during the summer to 10 mg/I biochemical oxygen demand (bod) and 2.0 mg/I ammonia (nh3-n). During the winter the restriction is 30 mg/ I bod. The average monthly discharge of suspended solids (ss) is limited to 10 mg/I and 30 mg/I during the summer and winter respectively. Phosphorus concentrations are not to exceed 1.0 mg/I. Projected Demand Approximately 53.3 mgd of wastewaters are expected to require treatment in the year 2000. The wastes will consist of about 15 mgd of paper mill flows and 38.3 mgd of domestic and miscellaneous commercial and industrial wastes. The plant will receive flows from the Cities of Galesburg, Parchment and Portage; from the Villages of Augusta, Richland and Vicksburg; and from the Townships of Alamo, Charleston, Comstock, Cooper, Kalamazoo, Oshtemo, Pavilion, Richland, Ross, Texas, Barry and Prairieville. Both the Village of Climax and Climax Township are expected to remain without sewers. �Utilities Component 132 Comprehensive Plan The paper mill wastes are expected to contain about 250 mg/ I ss and 200 mg/I bod. The remaining wastes are expected to contain approximately 280 mg/I ss and 380 mg/I bod. The total loading to the plant will average about 120,700 lbs. ss and 146,400 lbs. bod. Recommendations The segmented facilities plan covers the installation of sewers to serve presently unserved areas, construction of relief interceptor sewers, infiltration/inflow analysis, construction of pumping, preliminary and primary treatment facilities, as well as the addition of final clarifier capacity at the existing plant. The Comprehensive Plan accepts the proposed segmented facilities plan; recognizing, however, that areawide coordination is necessary to implementation. The plan recommends, therefore, that commitment to maintaining the City of Kalamazoo as a vital urban center be reinforced at every opportunity in any action between Kalamazoo and adjacent local governments. It also recommends that the impact of the extension of any service line be fully assessed, and solutions to potential problems be cooperatively sought by all areas served. '' The Comprehensive Plan further recommends that research be continued to determine appropriate uses for solid waste residue and components of wastewater treatment. Semi-Public Utilities Electricity The Electric Division of Consumers Power Company provides the chief source of electrical power for the Kalamazoo area. Power is supplied through a series of fossil fuel and nuclear generating plants located in this region. The Consumers Power system has a capacity of two million KW minimum and four million KW maximum, and its capacity is expected to be increased in the near future. Consumer's extension of service is based on a ratio of cost of construction to anticipated revenue, and the company feels, at this time, that it would have no trouble meeting anticipated demand. Telephone Telephone service within the Kalamazoo area is provided by the Michigan Bell Telephone Company. The system's current total exchange capacity is approximately 90,000 units. This estimate includes residential, business, and coin-operated phones, in addition to Centrex and Watts leased lines. Demand is projected to increase by an additional 30,000 units by the early 1990's. The company expects to have little difficulty in meeting this demand, if economic conditions remain favorable for such expansion. Natural Gas Natural gas service is furnished through the Kalamazoo area by Consumers Power Company. As a result of the recent energy crisis and the ever-increasing demand for gas service, Consumers has received federal permission to limit the consumption of natural gas. Consumers now has the right to refuse service to new �Utilities Component ----- - -- 133 -- - - City of Kalamazoo industrial or commercial development, as well as service for expansion of existing facilities. Aside from longer-range solutions to the gas shortage, which involve development of alternative sources of fuel, a short-range solution for the Kalamazoo area may be reutilization of existing fuel allocations. Consumer's present policies allow for remodeling and/ or transfers of allocations of gas use only if the previous loads are not exceeded and provided the service equipment is operable and was in use within the previous two years. At the present time, Consumer's gas usage is restricted to existing users. No new commercial or industrial accounts or permits for increased service levels have been issued since April of 1975. The gas restrictions are eased somewhat for customers who operate more than one business, since existing commercial and industrial customers may transfer their gas service from one location to another if there is no change in the service level. Customers requesting a transfer of service must be owners of the equipment and must maintain an active account. Commercial and industrial users wishing to reactivate their existing gas accounts are eligible to do so if the previous account was deactivated less than two years previously, and provided the previous service levels are not exceeded. Consumers will provide gas for new users of existing accounts at existing service levels if the request is made for a building presently serviced by Consumers or actively serviced within the last two years. In light of these current restrictions, it will be necessary for new commercial and industrial businesses to utilize alternative energy sources. ----- Recommendations --- The Comprehensive Plan encourages coordination between semipublic utilities and local governments prior to modification of existing systems. The plan recommends that underground telephone and electric lines be used in new developments. In addition, it is recommended that in view of the current energy crisis, an area-wide energy conservation program be instituted, which would promote maximum utilization of existing resources like natural gas. �Utilities Glossary 134 Comprehensive Plan Design Storm, Capacity and Flows storm sewers are usually designed on an assumption that their capacity will be exceeded an average of once in a certain number of years. It then becomes a problem of design to choose the number of years, the design storm , that will provide sewers of a size adequate to meet the estimated needs of the area. The flows to be conveyed by the sewer during the design storm are then referred to as the design flows. Infiltration/Inflow infiltration/inflow is the water in a sanitary sewer system that should not be there. Infiltration is groundwater while inflow is generally surface or storm water. It is considered excessive if it is more economical to eliminate or prevent 1/1 from getting into the system than it is to convey and treat it. Interceptor Sewer a collector sewer that receives water flow from a number of other sewer mains directing the flow to a point of treatment. Peak Daily Pumping Capacity flows through a sanitary sewer are not constant during a 24-hour period. Certain periods of the day produce flows in excess of the average and are referred to as peak flows. Pumps are generally designed with the capacity to pump these peak daily flows in order to prevent flooding damage to upstream residences and businesses. --------- - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - Relief Sewer a sewer built to carry flows that exceed the capacity of an existing sewer. Storm Event local rainfall records provide a history of storms with varying intensities of rainfall. From these records probable recurrence intervals can be established for use in designing storm sewers. For example, in Kalamazoo there is a 20% chance that in any given year 1.65 inches of rain will fall in one hour. This is referred to as a 5-year storm event or a rainfall predicted to occur 20 times during a 100-year period. ----- ---- �Proposed commercial office, Michigan Avenue �Utilities Component 136 Comprehensive Plan Growth of the Service Area Figure26 I I 1925 11111111111 1950 }\:::\\ 1975 2020 �Utilities Component 137 City of Kalamazoo Projected Service Districts Figure27 A-Low B- Intermediate C-High D- East Side High E- Super High �Utilities Component 138 Comprehensive Plan CBD Water Main Upgrading Figure28 ':; ."""' +- :, MSC z ..J < ;: 8 RN.JAM Existing Mains ••••• Mains to Be Upgraded Relocated Mains Mains to Be Abandoned �139 Utilities Component City of Kalamazoo Kalamazoo, Michigan Storm Drain Report Location of Proposed Channel Work Portage Creek and Arcadia Creek Jones & Henry Engineers, Limited, Toledo, Ohio Figure29 "' (.J i5 "...a: "' W MAIN \ •••: UNIVERSITY , POND AREA \ .t••••••~ UNIVERSITY. AREA '' OIKESLAKE ..... ~ Proposed Channels Drainage Basin Divide Sub Area Boundary • New Bridge Required ,._ Modify Existing Bridge a: :, "';i PROPOSED ARCADIA CREEK RELIEF DRAIN �140 Utilities Component Comprehensive Plan Figure30 City of Kalamazoo, Michigan Facilities Planning Wastewater Planning Area Jones & Henry Engineers, Limited, Toledo, Ohio ���Special Areas of Concern 145 City of Kalamazoo Population and Employment Profile Two studies that are considered preparatory as well as fundamental to the Land Use Planning process are employment and population. The former, by analyzing the structure and vitality of the urban economy, determines the number of employment opportunities which the economy can support and provides a means by which the growth potential of the urban area may be gauged. For this informatioQ to be of value in the land planning process, however, it must be converted and expressed in terms of population. A discussion of Kalamazoo's employment profile as well as its projected population follows. Two techniques for projecting future population size were used in Kalamazoo's planning process. The first was based on an averaging of population projections prepared by the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Michigan Department of the Budget and the W. E. Up john Institute for Employment Research. These projections and their average appear in Table 12 entitled Kalamazoo County Population Projections. Because the projections were initially completed on a county-wide basis, projected percentages were applied to each municipality. The resultant projections for the City of Kalamazoo on a five year increment are shown below. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 85,555 87,798 88,852 91,108 92,795 95,415 98,916 Through this approach, 92,795 people can be expected to reside within the City of Kalamazoo by 1990 representing an 8.5% increase over 1970 levels. Technicians applying the various projection techniques for each of the above mentioned organizations have assumed certain levels of in-migration. These migration rates imply that persons currently living outside Kalamazoo will, over the next 15 years, move their residences to the city as a result of increased educational and/ or economic opportunities. Interviews with the city's three institutions of higher education and the area's largest employers, however, revealed that no significant expansion of either enrollment or employment were scheduled for the foreseeable future. Therefore, if area population projections are to be accurate, in-migration must necessarily be generated by new sources of opportunity moving into the area. With the existence of several organizations dedicated to the inducement of new economic development within Kalamazoo, population projections based on moderate levels of economic expansion, as are those mentioned above, may not be unreasonable. The second population projection technique was based on the desired development of Kalamazoo's proposed residential land use plan to its maximum. When this was done, a specific number �Special Areas of Concern 146 Comprehensive Plan of persons could utimately be expected to reside within the city. Briefly, the technique required the conversion of land area targeted for residential use into a projection of future dwelling units. Once an estimate of dwelling units was made, this data was further converted into a projection of future population by applying a factor specific to the number of persons expected to reside per dwelling unit. Through use of this methodology, it was determined that the population holding capacity of the City of Kalamazoo, given static 1976 boundaries and the characteristics of the Residential Land Use Plan as currently envisioned, falls within a projected population range of 101,100 to 102,900 persons. The projection ranges are based on a low range of 2.39 persons per household and a high range of 2.61 persons per household. Individual census tracts may have an average household size outside of the ranges projected for Kalamazoo. Census tracts with significant concentrations of single-person households such as census tracts 6 and 8 may have smaller than average household sizes while other areas such as Tracts 14.01 and 16.01 generally have larger average household sizes. Such ranges in household size indicate areas with differing housing and service demands. Potentially the largest increases in population will take place in census tracts 15.05 and 16.02. (A census tract map appears on Figure 29.) These tracts contain 50% of the City's 1754.13 vacant acres targeted for residential development as shown in Table 13. Demands for increased services thus will center on those open land portions as indicated by census tract. Estimates of future development have targeted 1,543.84 acres or 88.0% of the total vacant acreage for low-density residential use. The majority of the low-density residential development is expected to be in single-family units although Planned Unit Developments or other housing forms which meet the intent of the density ranges could be developed. Based on net acreage and density changes, an additional 6580 dwelling units are projected for the City of Kalamazoo as depicted in Table 18. This will constitute a 24.27% increase in the city's housing supply in comparison to the 1970 Census enumeration of 27,160 dwelling units. Low-density dwelling units dominate the projected residential development with a net loss in high-density development. The most significant loss in high-density residential development is targeted for Census Tracts 2 and 11 where significant changes in land use are projected. The largest increases in housing supply will take place in Census Tracts 15.05, 16.02 and 12. Employment A major product of a city's industrial development potential is its ability to attract employment opportunities for its citizens. There is a cause and effect relationship among the factors of population growth, growth in industrial development, and the growth in job opportunities. As industrial development occurs (i.e., as new ., �Special Areas of Concern 147 City of Kalamazoo industry is attracted, thereby absorbing industrially zoned land) the number of job opportunities increases and growth then occurs in the city's total population. Present and projected business and employment growth patterns, then, are indicative of the need for industrial development and the directions it should take. The following data analysis highlights some of the economic indicators that point to industrial development needs in Kalamazoo. Data for this analysis was provided by the Upjohn Institute for Employment Research and the Michigan Employment Security Commission (MESC). Three major characteristics of the productivity and employment changes now occurring in Kalamazoo County are potentially indicative of the direction industrial development is and should be taking. These characteristics are: 1) the extent to which the Kalamazoo area is retaining its ability to produce goods and services for export and local consumption, 2) the extent to which the area is able to retain its job opportunities, and 3) the nature of the area's industrial base. Of the total 1975 labor force in Kalamazoo County, 88,700 people were employed while the unemployment rate was 8.7%. Inside the city limits, 37,600 people were e,mployed and the rate of unemployment was 10.6%. In both the city and county, the unemployment rate steadily increased between 1970 and 1975 and then began to decline to 9.5% and 7.8% respectively during the first six months of 1976. The unemployment rate in the Kalamazoo area fluctuates in the shortrun with changes in the national and regional economies. Kalamazoo's gain or loss in the number of jobs available to its citizens, however, is a more long-term result of the community's economic health. Between 1960 and 1970, the population of Kalamazoo County increased by 18.8%. The number of employed Kalamazoo County residents, however, increased by 26.1 % during that period. As indicated in Table 19, growth in employment has increased more rapidly than population growth since 1960. The rate of employment growth between 1970 and 1975, however, was less than one-half of the growth recorded in the previous decade. This occurred primarily because during that period, the nation suffered its worst recession since the 1930's. In addition, the difference between population and employment growth rates has been narrowing since 1950. This largely reflects changes in the composition of our population; a greater proportion of Kalamazoo's residents is of working age today than in the 1950's. Kalamazoo is continuing to increase its employment opportunities but at a slower pace than in the past, and at a decreasing ratio to population growth since 1960. * �148 Special Areas of Concern Comprehensive Plan Overall Economic Development Program Federal legislation and local initiative prompted the creation of an Overall Economic Development Program (OEDP) for Kalamazoo County. The OEDP planning process is designed "to create employment opportunities, foster more stable and diversified local economies, improve local conditions, and provide a mechanism for guiding and coordinating the efforts of local individuals and organizations concerned with the economic development of their area.'' Expected to be submitted to the federal government in 1977, the OEDP document will outline strategies for development action for Kalamazoo County on a prioritized basis. It will also provide the basis for meeting the legal criteria that public works and business development projects funded by the federal Economic Development Administration (EDA) be consistent with an approved overall program for the economic development of the area. One of the prerequisites for official designation of an area as targeted for redevelopment is EDA approval of the OEDP. Approval of the annual OEDP by EDA continues the area's eligibility for program benefits provided under the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, as amended. An ad hoc committee of local city and county officials as well as representatives of business, industry, finance, agriculture, the professions, organized labor, utilities, education, public health agencies, racial or ethnic minorities and the unemployed or underemployed are developing the Kalamazoo County OEDP. The OEDP document is submitted on an annual basis. However, it must include a minimum two year action program to facilitate necessary cooperation and federal assistance. It is intended that the impact of such a development plan will have a positive effect on the local economy. *Kalamazoo's ability to produce goods and services for export and local consumption, and the nature of its industrial base are not summarized here. See the Industrial Land Use Technical Report for a discussion of these concerns. Population & Employment Glossary Holding Capacity Industrial Absorption ------ -- - - ---- -------in terms of population, desired development of proposed residential land use to its maximum. - - - -- -----------see industrial land use glossary. �149 Special Areas of Concern City of Kalamazoo Citizen Involvement The structure and method of citizen participation outlined here has been accepted by the Planning Commission as an integral part of the planning process for the forseeable future. It assumes continual dialogue between citizens, the Planning Commission, and the Planning Division staff. This outline clearly pinpoints the major organizational components of citizen involvement, the channels of communication between citizens and city government, and the nature of citizen activity in the planning process. Citizen input is provided by both individual residents and organized groups using these channels of communication and engaging in the activities outlined in this statement. The comprehensive planning process is divided into three interrelated phases. The first phase consists of creating the Comprehensive Plan (now completed with this document) and updating it at regular intervals. The second phase consists of special area planning specific to neighborhood needs and goals. Phase three includes the development of specific tools and techniques for implementation. Organizational Components The Comprehensive Plan The following groups have been involved and will continue to be involved in this phase of the planning process: 1 The City Planning Commission functioning as both an official planning body and a citizen advisory body to the City Commission. 2 The Joint Neighborhood Council functioning as an umbrella organization made up of participating neighborhood organizations. The JNC's function is to express the concerns of all neighborhoods and to help coordinate neighborhood activities, particularly those related to planning. 3 Organized neighborhood groups functioning to represent neighborhood residents in the planning process. 4 Business, labor, institutional and professional organizations functioning as representatives of special concerns in the city. Channels of Communication Four channels of communication expedite citizen-city contact in the planning process: 1 Direct contact with Planning Division staff and Planning Commission members. 2 Formal liaisons between citizen organizations and Planning Commission members (and Planning staff). 3 Informal public meetings either sponsored by the Planning Commission and/or Planning staff, or requested by citizen groups. �Special Areas of Concern 150 Comprehensive Plan 4 Formal Planning Commission public hearings to allow final citizen input prior to official action. Citizen Activities The kinds of citizen participation include: 1 Voicing neighborhood concerns and desires and recommending goals and courses of action. 2 Reviewing and commenting on the preliminary Summary of the Comprehensive Plan adopted in January, 1977. 3 Reviewing and commenting on the final Plan prior to adoption. 4 Reviewing and/or initiating subsequent changes in the Comprehensive Plan. Special Area and Neighborhood Planning Organizational Components and Channels of Communication The organizational components and communication channels described above will be utilized during this second phase of the planning process. Citizen Activities Citizen participation will include the following activities: 1 Aiding in the determination of neighborhood and special area goals and objectives. 2 Aiding the planning staff in surveying present neighborhood conditions. 3 Aiding the Planning Commission and staff in keeping citizens informed as to progress. 4 Aiding in the coordination of special area and neighborhood planning among all areas of the city. 5 Reviewing and commenting on special area and neighborhood plans prior to adoption. Development of Implementation Techniques Organizational Components In this phase two additional citizen bodies will be included in the organizational structure utilized in the first two phases of the planning process: 1 Citizen Advisory Boards The City Commission has created numerous citizen advisory bodies to give advice concerning city operations and policies. �Special Areas of Concern 151 City of Kalamazoo The development of implementation techniques will require the participation of these bodies in the planning process. 2 Community Development Act Ad Hoc Advisory Committee This citizen organization must be included in the implementation planning phase because of its function in regard to Community Development Block Grant funding. Channels of Communication The channels of communication utilized in the first two phases will also be used in this phase of the planning process. In addition, direct contacts between citizen and city boards, commissions and administrative departments provided by ordinance or administrative procedure will be maintained. Citizen Activities Citizen activities in the implementation phase include: 1 Voicing concerns before city advisory boards and commissions. 2 Voicing concerns about implementation priorities, the techniques to be used, and funding. 3 Reviewing and commenting on the impact of implementing the Comprehensive Plan and special area/neighborhood plans. 4 Continuing the planning dialogue that now exists between citizens and the Planning Commission and staff. Required Comprehensive Plan Reassessment The Comprehensive Plan and all special area and neighborhood plans must be reassessed at regular intervals not to exceed five years. The purpose of this reassessment is to update planning in light of changing conditions and attitudes in the community. It is the desire of the Planning Commission to insure that active citizen participation is incorporated in the reassessment process. �152 Special Areas of Concern Comprehensive Plan Historic Preservation Consideration Statement The City of Kalamazoo is engaged in an active program of historic preservation. It has established an Historical Commission and an Historic District Commission, both of which are pursuing the city's goal to make historic preservation an essential part of community development. Historic District Commission South Street Historic District I Among the projects which the city has undertaken to preserve Kalamazoo's history is the establishment of the South Street Historic District. Homes within the district display classic examples of late nineteenth century architectural design, and all are subject to special codes regarding their exteriors. The Historic District Commission is the regulatory body enforcing those codes. Stuart-Woodward Area Historic District/The Stuart-Woodward neighborhood displays an architectural quality similar to that of South Street. This district is subject to the same code regulations as the South Street Historic District and is monitored by the same Historic District Commission. Historical Commission As of February 10, 1976, four structures in Kalamazoo are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: 1 Michigan Central Depot 459 Burdick Street 2 Kalamazoo State Hospital Water Tower Oakland Drive 3 Ladies Library Association Building 333 South Park Street 4 Charles E. Stuart House 427 Stuart Avenue The Kalamazoo Ladies Library Association has already undergone restoration with the use of funds from the Michigan History Division and the American Revolution Bicentennial Committee. The Kalamazoo Water Tower was saved from demolition by citizen action and is presently being restored. Plans have been made for restoration of the Michigan Central Depot and its incorporation into a multi-modal transportation center. Coordination of these various projects is through the Historical Commission. The City Planning Commission regards an inventory and assessment of the city's historically and architecturally significant structures as an integral part of the continuing planning process. A partial inventory of these structures was conducted several years ago through the city's Historical Commission. Recently, the Michigan Historical Division has indicated the possibility of funding an update and expansion of the inventory. If the inventory is redone, data will be placed in a format which will allow its computerization, thus facilitating its use in all future planning analysis and evaluation. It should be noted that any activity generated by the Comprehensive Plan which would affect �Special Areas of Concern 153 City of Kalamazoo properties contained within the proposed inventory will be assessed in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the National Environment Policy Act of 1969, as are all properties now contained within the National Register of Historic Places. Environmental Consideration In order to enhance the quality of life in Kalamazoo for the present and future, the City Commission adopted an environmental policy on March 3, 1975. The adopted policy incorporates environmental consideration for proposed land use changes and major construction projects. It also attempts to ensure a minimum adverse impact on the city's visual environment. Residential The City's Comprehensive Plan emphasizes significant physical improvements in residential neighborhoods in order to upgrade the visual appearances and promote consistent attractions in urban design. The city's fundamental planning goals for the residential component include enhancing the neighborhoods' environmental quality. A residential assessment analysis found portions of the Northside, Edison, Central City and Eastside Neighborhoods contained deteriorating housing. Portions of these neighborhoods require extensive rehabilitation and redevelopment. The Preliminary Summary of the Comprehensive Plan describes Kalamazoo's third major housing problem as one of physical deterioration of the current housing supply. Such deterioration has been accelerated as a result of low-income homeowners being financially unable to provide proper home maintenance. The Plan recommends the city adopt and utilize techniques to promote preservation of the currently sound residential areas and encourage rehabilitation of homes displaying physical deterioration. A new and intensive code enforcement program should improve the city's residential environment by requiring individual homeowners and landlords to maintain their properties to specific standards. The city will enforce standards for rental units to assure the units are up to code for subsidized renters. These standards will apply equally to the low-income housing market and will eliminate many structures that are not up to code. The removal of safe or unsanitary structures promises to eliminate unsightly houses, keep the neighborhood property value up, protect children from dangers of unsafe structures and prevent possible fire hazards. The city's plan to enhance the residential environment includes landscaping private lots and preserving the existing natural qualities and street trees. Coupled with house painting and other structural repairs, the city encourages residential landscaping in an effort to preserve property values and maintain local environmental attraction. �Special Areas of Concern 154 Comprehensive Plan Existing residential roads will be kept at their present capacity and size in order to prevent increased traffic noise, gas fumes and increase pedestrian safety. Commercial The Commercial C()mponent of the proposed Master Plan encourages preservation of the city's environment through improving existing commercial sites. With respect to future commercial development, private individuals will be urged to enhance the beauty and utility of their developed properties by incorporating common parking areas, improved circulation design and landscaping for visual appearance. The Plan recommends the amount of land currently zoned for commercial use be reduced in accordance with current and projected needs. Unplanned commercial sites which are scattered throughout a neighborhood would be allowed to remain only if they provide a substantial service to neighborhood shoppers. The plan recommends these unplanned but viable commercial areas be used as a basis for future commercial development to meet the standard definition of the neighborhood shopping area. Poor site planning and urban design have created many problems within existing commercial areas. The adoption of workable urban design standards will assure proper development of future sites and potential redevelopment of existing areas. The Plan includes several recommendations for site designs relative to maintaining the commercial environment in a more natural scheme. The recommendations emphasize reducing overscaled signs and large buildings, eliminating large paved areas and decreasing traffic noise. The visual impact of these strategies will promote an improved environmental appeal and urban design qualities essential to commercial growth. Industrial An extensive rezoning program matched with strategies for industrial redevelopment reflect urban environmental considerations illustrated in the city's Summary of the Comprehensive Plan. Because Kalamazoo is over-zoned industrially, many non-industrial uses have been and are being developed within the industrial districts. The Plan recommends that industrial areas being used for other than industrial purposes be rezoned according to their predominant use. To rezone land to match its use will prevent the existing land use conflict in terms of environmental urban design. For both new construction and industrial redevelopment the Plan recommends better site design. The Plan encourages better site design to preserve the environment, lessen industrial noise, and allows for increased visual appeal. The Plan recognizes that the quality and quantity of utilities and transportation systems which service induustrial areas play a �Special Areas of Concern 155 City of Kalamazoo ------- prime role in attracting and retaining industry. It is recommended that these services be upgraded within existing industrial areas and that the city take an active role in acquiring and razing deteriorated structures to enhance the industrial environment. Open Space It is the city's intent to preserve unique areas of natural interest and increase overall landscaping to create a more positive and uniform environmental appeal. Open space provides city residents with fresh air, sunlight, and an opportunity for physical exercise. The Plan recognizes open space as an essential part of the land planning process and actively implements this theory while designing future land uses. The city's Department of Parks and Recreation suggests plans for "Entryway" beautification and a system of recreational trails. These proposed improvements may be accomplished in conjunction with transportation improvements by providing landscaping along major arterials. The landscaping will not only protect and buffer residential areas, screen industrial uses, add harmony to inconsistent commercial areas, but create aesthetic entrances to Kalamazoo. The recreational trail system for hikers and bike riders will be incorporated into the city's existing parks, vacant city-owned properties and institutional lands. In order to help naturalize the city the Comprehensive Plan suggests more street trees in the city by initiating an extensive program of tree maintenance and planting. �Special Areas of Concern 156 --------- Comprehensive Plan Energy Consideration Statement In order to contribute to the national goal of energy conservation and self-sufficiency, the City of Kalamazoo has adopted as a goal the conservation and efficient use of area energy resources. Promoting the development of new, basic energy sources is a complex, international task not likely to be greatly affected by policies implemented by the City of Kalamazoo. City policies that focus on conserving and reutilizing existing energy resources, however, are likely to have a more productive impact on the energy crisis. With energy conservation as a goal, the Comprehensive Plan suggests several strategies and implementation techniques designed to cut waste and greatly improve energy efficiency during the next two decades. The Comprehensive Plan supports the creation of an areawide energy conservation program. Such a program should be created through combined city, county, and private action to promote and coordinate energy conservation efforts. These efforts should focus on at least the following elements: 1 Promotion of energy efficiency in the heating, cooling, and lighting of government and private buildings. 2 Promotion of energy efficiency in governmental, private business, and residential operations. 3 Revision of city ordinances, where necessary, in order to remove provisions that inhibit energy-saving innovations and to incorporate energy-performance rather than rigid prescriptive standards for building design and construction. 4 Expansion of both city and county home-winterization programs. 5 Utilization of property tax incentives to encourage energyconserving home improvements. The Comprehensive Plan calls for the adoption of transportation and land use policies and programs which should significantly reduce energy consumption within the city. The Transportation Component recommends the use of various strategies that should, in concert, save energy by increasing auto-occupancy, reducing private vehicular use, and encouraging the utilization of existing mass transit facilities. The rail improvements encouraged by the plan should reduce the conflict between rail and highway traffic and the resulting energy-consuming delays. Patterns of land use advocated in the plan should result in a more rational relationship between land use and transportation uses. Energy efficiency will be enhanced by the proposed location of new industrial and commercial development and redevelopment near major transportation routes and facilities. �Special Areas of Concern 157 City of Kalamazoo The city will also continue its present efforts in exploring the feasibility of recycling waste for new supplemental energy sources. Kalamazoo is currently pursuing involvement in a regional solid waste management program, which may include the burning of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) as a new energy source. Should regional cooperation fail, the city is prepared to explore utilization of liquid and/ or solid RDF as an energy source for the wastewater treatment facility and/ or sale to private customers. Nonenergy byproducts derived from this process should be reclaimed for reuse as raw materials or other products. Equal Opportunity Statement Any results of the policy programming activities involved in the proposed plan are in compliance with the Municipal Code of Fair Practices for the City of Kalamazoo. Such activities are geared to eliminate any discrimination in the housing situation in Kalamazoo, as well as in the citizen participation process. Kalamazoo has also developed an Affirmative Action Plan. The goal of the plan is to establish and maintain an integrated and balanced work force throughout the city. It is intended that the various methods be employed through which the concept of equal employment opportunity for minority groups and women can become a reality. Although the many elements of the Comprehensive Plan are of a policy programming nature, the results of such activities will reflect a non discriminatory approach. Needs of Handicapped Residents The City of Kalamazoo recognizes the need for continuous growth in serving the handicapped citizen. The city encourages implementation of essential services to provide necessary and safe mobility. Convenient transportation and parking and barrierfree access to public and private facilities are vital elements in serving the needs of the handicapped individuals. The city supports the full integration of such programs to allow the city's handicapped residents to pursue a happy and productive life. In order to achieve success of such programs the city will uphold the ongoing communications between representatives of the handicapped citizens and the city. Barrier-free housing, recreation and employment are factors necessary to the daily life style of a handicapped person's pursuit of independence. The fulfillment of this relies upon the city's responsibility to provide convenient transportation. Metro Transit has initiated service to the handicapped on a demand/response basis through the Helen Coover Center. Barrier-free housing regulations as required by state and federal statutes are enforced by the city's Building Division. �Special Areas of Concern 158 Comprehensive Plan ------------------ 1n a effort to maximize the mobility of the handicapped, the city will promote future projects to serve their needs. Housing In this area, the city expects compliance with the state law requiring new and remodeled residences with more than two living units in buildings with 3 to 25 units to supply at least one barrier-free unit. Also, any existing building which undergoes a change in use, such as an older home containing two apartments that adds another must provide at least one barrier-free unit. The city's Building Division is required by law to investigate whether the owner is living up to the law each time it issues a building permit. The city encourages the construction or rehabilitation of a sufficient supply of sound housing units which offer barrier-free access for handicapped people. The city also supports the initiation of rent subsidies so that handicapped residents may obtain housing which would encourage independent living habits. Commercial The city expects the commercial compliance with the state law in order to promote and increase mobility and independence. Under the law, the handicapped people are entitled to elevators where necessary, outside ramps, low toilets, wash basins and grab bars, and wide entrance ways. The city recognizes the probable added expense to commercial outlets in order to provide these essentials, but enforces the requirements in equity to handicapped residents. Transportation The City's Metro Transit Department has provided a transport service for handicapped people on a demand/response basis through the Helen Coover Center. A pending state law may require Metro Transit to equip all new and, perhaps, currently owned buses with wheelchair lifts and stanchions. New bus purchases are being withheld by the state until resolution of this legislation later this Spring. If enacted, these equipped buses will be run on mainline routes. Recreation The city's center of recreation for handicapped residents is primarily serviced by the Helen Coover Social-Recreation Center. The building provides programs for those with special recreational needs with a great emphasis on the swimming pool often used for recreational and therapeutic purposes. The city encourages the growth of new programs provided by the Helen Coover Center, neighborhood schools and organizations in order to accommodate the recreational needs of Kalamazoo handicapped citizens. The city supports the necessary transportation services in order to encourage full participation in these programs. �159 Special Areas of Concern City of Kalamazoo Census Tracts December, 1976 Kalamazoo, Michigan Figure 31 -----------------------•-----T- l> ."' " "' r-J ,1 Kalamazo Twp Part _._,. ...~4'-, --.I I I I I I I I I I I ' ,... r '-J I ) 2 ~-J L ct • '11 ,nazoo Twp Pa, t :E <: 4 " NORTH :; '-<11,v :ii 5 4 15 05 IOWARO 10 11 "' 16.01 12 ~ lNK~TER ----~!.. I ALCOTT MILLER 18.01 Cr'EV Wl➔ ITE,1 I (I I 0 0 N <! 15.03 "' "2Cl l- I I , . . - ... , "' a: 3 r_. : > PROUTY 1401 ,L-., . . . ffi 15 02 I ,3 15.01 COt":!< "" _____ _ 16.02 "z ex: 17.01 w l- "'!;! . ~ 0 17.02 (.) -,.,, J--~' ...-, I .... LJ1:i., I �Special Areas of Concern 161 City of Kalamazoo Kalamazoo County Population Projections Table 16 U.S. Census ---- - 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 MDSH&T MOB Upjohn* Average 227,692 242,500 256,585 269,761 289,285 307,102 209,678 222,130 235,390 248,493 261,862** 275,950** 208,676 217,101 227,111 235,773 242,873 248,873 215,349 227,244 239,695 251,342 264,673 277,308 201,550 *Projections from Series II population projections by Rodger S. Lawson of the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research in "Population of Kalamazoo County, Michigan," August 1975 • *Projections for 1975 and 2000 derived from average rate of projected population figures between each five year period from 1970- 1990 Table Prepared by Kalamazoo County Planning Department, 1976 1976 Vacant Acreage to Be Developed Residentially Table 17 Census Tracts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Low Density Medium Density High Density Total 29.82 .73 73.30 16.45 6.46 46.27 .73 79.76 2.93 39.95 29.23 5.43 2.20 32.16 47.58 24.82 16.15 1.76 42.73 12.04 5.87 16.89 34.80 100.33 95.77 5.87 6.61 112.81 95.77 519.43 130.15 326.26 84.76 48.91 34.81 19.83 1,543.84 (88.0%) 29.82 18.66 2.35 7.34 17.92 1.46 551.60 148.81 326.26 93.56 66.83 34.81 39.95 1,754.43 (100.0%) 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 14.01 15.04 15.05 16.01 16.02 17.01 17.02 18.01 18.02 20.12 179.32 (10.2%) 31.27 (1.8%) Source: Table developed by the Community Development Department Planning Division, 1976 �Special Areas of Concern 162 Comprehensive Plan Net Change in Dwelling Units: Based on Density Measures Table 18 Tract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Low Medium 17 -149 152 -25 -95 -18 373 -568 417 -220 334 335 99 -98 40 -31 401 383 128 -626 59 -348 25 2,078 521 1,305 339 196 139 79 5,333 298 187 High Total Change Dwelling Units Very High 71 -525 158 273 236 Percent Change 461 -1,242 569 -87 28 603 38.4 -123.3 29.8 -16.0 51.0 19.4 187 -995 309 -239 525 383 13.9 -129.4 11.5 -11.3 41.5 36.9 2,435 708 1,305 603 425 36 280 6,580 117.1 92.2 142.5 44.1 37.9 2.5 17.1 24.2 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 14.01 15.04 15.05 16.01 16.02 17.01 17.02 18.01 18.02 -40 -271 210 140 99 59 242 229 -36 201 1,080 22 -67 -338 505 Source: Table developed by the Community Development Department Planning Division, 1976 Population and Employment Growth Rates in Kalamazoo County Table 19 Years 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1975 Table prepared by the Planning Division, 1976 Ratio Population Employment Growth Rate Increases Percent Increases Percent Difference Percent Employment To Population 33.9 18.8 6.8 27.5 26.1 8.4 6.4 7.3 1.6 .81 1.38 1.24 Sources: Upjohn Institute, July 1972, Michigan Employment Security Commission, July 1976; Southcentral Michigan Planning Council, August, 1976 �Propose d residential townhouses, south Street �Technical Studies Bibliography 164 Comprehensive Plan Planning Division Technical Studies This bibliography is a listing of the technical source materials used by the Planning Commission and its staff to write this Summary of the Comprehensive Plan. These technical reports are available to the public for reading at the Planning Division, City Hall. Land Use Component Residential Element (October, 1976) Housing Element (August, 1976) Commercial Element (January, 1977) Commercial Areas Study CBD Technical Studies Economic Value Land Use Residential Development Parking Traffic Circulation Cost-Revenue Analysis (Barton-Aschman: June, 1977) Industrial Element (December, 1976) Open Space Component See: City of Kalamazoo Parks and Facility Master Plan Outline (Department of Parks and Recreation October, 1975, June, 1976) Transportation Component See the following reports: Streets and Highways: Problems, Issues and Alternatives (October, 1976) Functional Classification of Street Networks: Trip Generation by Neighborhood (July, 1976) Report on the Kalamazoo Transportation Study Deficiency Analysis (July, 1976) Report on the US 131 - BR to 194- BL Connector Feasibility Study (August, 1976) Report on Short Range Plan of Metro Transit (August, 1976) Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment Report: Kalamazoo Municipal Airport (Williams & Works, Inc., 1976) Southwest Michigan Regional Airport Study (Airways Engineering Corp): Report No. 1: Inventory and Forecast (November, 1975) Report No. 2: Demand/Capacity Analyses and Facility Requirements (February, 1976) Report No. 3: Site Recommendations (May, 1976) Overview of Kalamazoo Region Rail Systems (May, 1976) A Report of the Problems, Issues and Alterations of the Railroads (October, 1976) �Technical Studies Bibliography 165 City of Kalamazoo Community Facilities Component See: Kalamazoo Community Renewal Programming System, Community Facilities Analysis (Gerald Luedtke & Associates, 1975) Utilities Component See: City of Kalamazoo Water Utility Management Plan Kalamazoo City Utilities, February, 1975) City of Kalamazoo Master Plan of Storm Drainage (Jones and Henry, Inc., April, 1976) 201 Facilities Plan, Kalamazoo Metropolitan Area, Vol. 1: City of Kalamazoo, Segmented Plan (Jones and Henry, September, 1976) Demography Demographic Analysis (January, 1975) Neighborhoods Neighborhood Position Papers (February, 1976) Goals and Planning Documents of City Kalamazoo City Planning Commission Goals and Policies Planning Documents Guidelines for Community Development: Pre-Public Hearing (November, 1974) - - ---Guidelines for Community Development: Post-Public Hearing (November, 1974) Goals and Objectives for the Comprehensive Planning Policy (November, 1974) Fiscal Impact Fiscal Impact Evaluation Proposals The Comprehensive Plan Development (Activity No. 4; Barton-Aschman Associates: March, 1977) Flood Plan Flood Plain Report (Planning Division: August, 1976) Other Source Materials Profiles of Change (R. L. Polk and Co., 1975) Bureau of the Census U.S. Department of Commerce: Block Statistics: Kalamazoo, Michigan Urbanized Area (1970) Census Tracts: Kalamazoo, Michigan SMSA (1970) Metropolitan Area Statistics (1970) Business Conditions Business Conditions in Kalamazoo, Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (See especially the issues of July, 1972, April, 1974, October, 1974). See also: Population of Kalamazoo County, Michigan: Estimates as of July 1, 1973 and Projections to 2000 (Up john Institute, August, 1975) Annual Planning Annual Planning Report for Kalamazoo-Portage SMSA: Fiscal Year 1977 (Michigan Employment Security Commission, Received in November, 1976) �166 Technical Studies Bibliography Comprehensive Plan :,,___.,, Housing City of Kalamazoo Housing Assistance Plan (February, 1975) Housing Analysis: Part I (Southcentral Michigan Planning Council 1975) Code Enforcement Study (Mullin and Honey, Consultants: August, 1976) Capital Improvement Office of the City Manager: Five Year Capital Improvement Program: 1973-1977 (Tentative Draft) (Revised, April, 1973) Transportation Kalamazoo Area Transportation Study Reports: Street Inventory and Capacity Analysis: Technical Report No. 3 (Vorhees and Associates: April, 1969) Prospectus and Unified Transportation Work Program; Kalamazoo Urban Area, Fiscal Year 1977 (November, 1975) Kalamazoo Federal-Aid System: Existing Street Network, and Future Alternative Networks City of Kalamazoo US 131 - BR to I 94- BL Connector Feasibility Study: Draft Report (Gilbert/Commonwealth, Inc., July, 1976) City of Kalamazoo, East-Central Rail/Highway Study (Commonwealth Associates, April, 1975) City of Kalamazoo Thoroughfare System Plan (Ad Hoc Committee, March, 1971) Preliminary Major Thoroughfare Plan: City of Kalamazoo and Environs (Kalamazoo City Planning Commission, December, 1950) Feasibility Study of a Regional Airport for the Southwestern Michigan Area (prepared for the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Joint Regional Airport Study Committee by Ralph H. Burke Associates, 1969) Fiscal Impact Fiscal Impact Analysis of the Comprehensive Plan, Studies prepared for Kalamazoo by Barton-Aschman Associates Comprehensive Plan Alternatives: Outline of Proposed Work Program (October, 1975) Activity No. 1: Cost/Revenue Data Need (June, 1976) Neighborhood Reconnaissance: Central City Area (July, 1976) Activity No. 3: Cost/Revenue Methodology (July, 1976) Neighborhood Development Program (September, 1976) Community Renewal Kalamazoo Community Renewal Programming System Studies, prepared for Kalamazoo by Gerald Luedtke and Associates, Inc.: Technical Working Paper 100.5: Planning and Programming Analysis (July, 1973) Technical Working Paper 100.1: Analysis of Historical Growth Patterns and Trends (October, 1973) �Special Areas of Concern 167 City of Kalamazoo Technical Working Paper 100.6: Citizen Participation Analysis (October, 1973) Design Resources Inventory (November, 1973) - --- --- ------------- Technical Working Paper 200.1: CRPS Parcel Survey Manual (November, 1973) - - ---------------- Technical Working Paper 300: Information System Requirements For Community Renewal Programming and Comprehensive Policies Planning (June, 1974) ---- Technical Working Paper 300: Information System Requirements for Community Renewal Programming and Policies Planning (July, 1974) Technical Working Paper 200.3: Data Utilization Strategy (Part IV) (October, 1974) ---------- Work Program for Preparation of the Kalamazoo Comprehensive Policies Plan (March, 1975) Statistical Evaluation of Kalamazoo Parcel Survey and Recommended Future Validation Procedures of Staff Use (July, 1975) ---- --- ------------------Community Facilities Analysis (August, 1975) ------See also: Attendance Pattern Study (Kalamazoo Public Schools, February, 1976) --------Hospital Facilities Planning Survey (Planning Division, interviews with and materials supplied by hospital officials, May, 1975) Technical Working Paper 500.2: Rehabilitation Costs Analysis (October, 1975) Technical Working Paper 500.2: Residential and Non-Residential Rehabilitation Analysis (November, 1975) Feasibility Feasibility Study Report: Kalamazoo Central City Area (Kalamazoo City Planning Commission, February, 1963) Neighborhood Analysis Neighborhood Analysis: Kalamazoo Urban Area (Kalamazoo City Planning Commission, August, 1963) Planning Documents Planning Documents from Kalamazoo County and Other Communities in the County Comprehensive Plans Comprehensive Planning Reports prepared for the Kalamazoo County Metropolitan Planning Commission by Schellie Associates: A Comprehensive Plan for Kalamazoo County - 1970 to 1990 (Summary) (proposed June, 1970) Comprehensive Planning Program: Plan Elements, 1970-1990; Land Use (May, 1970) ------------------ Comp re hens ive Planning Program: Plan Elements, 1970-1990; Transportation (May, 1970) �Technical Studies Bibliography 168 Comprehensive Plan Comprehensive Planning Program: Plan Elements, 1970-1990; Community Facilities (May, 1970) Comprehensive Planning Program: Plan Elements, 1970-1990; Implementation (May, 1970) Open Space Open Space, Kalamazoo County Michigan (Rober.t L. O'Boyle Associates, September, 1971) City Plans City of Portage, Master Plan (1970) City of Parchment, Zoning Map (1974) City of Galesburg (land use planning in progress) Township Plans Alamo Township, Land Use Plan Map (1971) Comstock Township, Use District Map (1977) Cooper Township, Land Use Plan Map (1977) Kalamazoo Township, Interim Land Use Plan (1976) Oshtemo Township, Master Land Use Plan (proposed, 1976) Pavilion Township, Existing Zoning Map (1967) Richland Township, Use District Map (1975) ----Texas Township (land use planning in progress) ��Land Use Plan Prepared by the City Planning Commission Kalamazoo, Michigan 1977 City of Kalamazoo Low Density Residential ---- - Expressways Medium Density Residential Arterials High Density Residential • Commercial - - - City Limits Heavy Industry Public, Semi Public Parks, Open Space Light Industry ■ -- • Potential Improvements Land Use Plan Boundry Wholesale/Warehouse Office WHITES PARKVIEW �;.. '} ,n "'2.-I m 0 Cl m This plan was adopted by the City Planning Commission on the lM day of v~ , ~~~;£ G. Michael Conlisk, Secretary map revised 1977 ;,;: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalamazoo_Comprehensive-Plan-Summary_1977 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo Planning Commission, City of Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-10-11 Title A name given to the resource Comprehensive Plan Summary Description An account of the resource The Comprehensive Plan Summary for the City of Kalamazoo was prepared by the Kalamazoo Planning Commission and the Department of Community Development. The Plan Summary was approved by the City Commission on October 11, 1977. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Department of Community Development (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Kalamazoo (Mich.) Kalamazoo County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5a7edf27c5eb33803de09390e75f8c48.pdf f068ad2869739b8b66c6d16810448054 PDF Text Text ala azoo MAY 25-627, 1e73 CAMP ROTA--KIWl\N Texas Drive KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN all EVERYONE WELCOME ] SYLVESTER Y/ARRIOR and the PONCA SINGERS ·OPEN DRUM. VISITING DRUMS WELCOME. REGISTRATION $1.00, INCLUDES 2 DINNERS. ADDITIONAL MEALS FOR SALE ON POWWOW GROUNDS. SATURDAY AND SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING INSTRUCTION SESSION FOR NEW DANCERS. EXCELLENT CAMPING AREAS. LARGE DINING HALL. SHOWERS. or MOTELS NEAR BY. TRACERS $10.00 SET UP FEE FOR ELECTRICITY, TABLES, AND CENTRAL CAMPSITE. KALAMAZOO VALLEY POWWOW COMMITiEE For More Infonnation Contact: 9519 CORDUROY STREET PORTAGE, MICHIGAN 49081 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_kalamazoo-valley-pow-wow_1973-05 Title A name given to the resource Kalamazoo Valley Powwow, May 1973 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-05 Description An account of the resource Kalamazoo Valley Powwow flyer, Kalamazoo MI, May 25-27, 1973, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalamazoo Valley PowWow Committee Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/73b67f2192746abf5e90f1b9e9fe4970.pdf be1e6bba3e8babbe01b6a0145ed2a2ef PDF Text Text KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER RECREATION PLAN Submitted to: Robert L. Couvreur Recreation Services Divisi State of Michigan Dept. of Natural Resour~eE August 1985 Approved: October 1985 MDNR �I LETTER OF TRANS~ITTAL FROM: Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Boa 1 Kalkaska, Michigan 49646 DATE: January 8, 198,5 TO: Kalkaska County Board of Commissioners The Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board hereby submits the attached "Community Recreation Plan" for review and consideration for adoption by the Kalkaska County Board of Conmissioners. Upon adoption the Plan will be filed with the Department of Natural Reosurc~s, the Northwest Michigan Regional Planning and Development Commission and the County Planning and Zoning Board. The Plan will be subject to future review and update as deemed necessary by the Kalkaska County Board of Commissioners. Chairman of the Board ~ /~- ~~,1 ~ (;Ji_~ �RESOLUTION Adoption of the Kalkaska County Recreation Plan WHEREAS, The Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board was organized as an advisory body to the Kalkaska County Board of CoITTTiissioners, and WHEREAS, The duties of this body shall be to develop a County Recreation Plan, and WHEREAS, With this authority the Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board has completed and submitted for review and adoption the Kalkaska County Recreation Plan, NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Kalkaska County Board of CoITTTiissioners go on record as adopting the above stated County Recreation Plan. Adopted:_~J=an=u=a=r~y........,8~t=h~.~1~2~8~S_____ Moved by: Michael Cox Supported by,: __E_l_"'_i_n_H_al_l_______ Attested by:~.1...:.:=.,,.,1--......:,w~~=--;,~'...!--- ' "------ STATE Of ~ll CH J GAN) ) COl!NTY OF KALKASKA) Patr Clerk I, Patricia Rodgers, Clerk of the 46th Circuit Court of the Count y of Kalkaska and County Clerk of the County of Kalka~ka, do hereby CERTIFY that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of the origi thereof on file in my office. Signed ·and sealed at Kalkaska, Michigan this �INDEX Page Introduction and Purpose ••••••••••••••••.••••••.•••.••••• 1 Comm u nity Description .•••••••.••••••••••••••.••••..•••••• 3 Characteristics : Population •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Age ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Transportation •••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• 7 Water Resources•••·•••·•·•·••·•·•····•····•·••·• 8 Forest Resources·••··••·•·••••··••·•·••••··••••· 9 Recreation Inventory •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 13 Administrative Structure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 Recreation Deficiencies •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 34 Short Range Goals & Objectives ••••••·····•••••••··•••i··•39 Long Range Goals & Objectives ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 Action and Financial Program ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58 �l KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION PLAN INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE �r-- ... 2 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION PLAN INTRODUCTION ANO PURPOSE The County of Kalkaska is situated in the northwest portion of Michigan's lower peninsula, an area noted for it's recreational opportunities both public and private. The majority of Kalkaska's land holdings, at present, reside in the public domain. This factor, and the realization that this county's population has more than doubled, places a high priority on the importance of recreation and the quality and quantity of re·c reation presently being provided to the residents. The cause for the population increase has been the discovery of oil and natural gas in Kalkaska County. Following this discovery, came energy exploration and development, providing a substantially stable economic base for which the county has nurtured and enjoyed. The purpose of this plan, therefore, is to ensure that ade~uate, responsible attention is given to the recreational needs of persons who have chosen to reside here, as well as those choosing to vacation here. This is to be accomplished through both facility design, construction and maintenance, and planned recreational offerings. Special attention must also be placed on the fragility of the natural resources and efforts which must be made to protect these resources. This plan addresses the particular needs of Kalkaska County and the measures which must be undertaken to alleviate the deficiencies and to expand the leisure offerings. The basis for the recormiendations made herein result from a survey conducted by the Kalkaska County Economic Development Corporation during the summer of 1983. 324 Kalkaska residents were randomly selected for participation in a telephone survey, in which they were asked 13 questions concerning recreation deficiencies and highlights. These results, and responses from the local governmental units within the county, form the basis of the recormiendations for improvements. �., 3 ,.. •. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION -- �4 _... ( COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION In the 1970 1 s, Kalkaska County was named Hichigans fastest growing county in population, income, employment, and new business. evident when census data is compared. This statement becomes In 1970, Kalkaska County had a population base of 5,372 while a short ten years later the county's population more than doubled to 10,952. That is a 104% positive change in Kalkaska county's population growth. What brought about this rapid transformation in an otherwise rural, Northern Michigan community? The oil and gas industry. It is not an accident that the oil and gas industry decided to build in Kalkaska. The Niagaren reef is 100 miles long in the north and spans more than a dozen fine_ Northern Michigan communities. The strategic location of Kalkaska with reference to rail transportation', highways, and the Traverse City Airport were important economic factors, along with the proximity of the routes of the oil and gas pipelines. Along with being one of Michigan's largest oil and gas centers, Kalkaska county is also a prime recreation location. It is crossed by 273 miles of fishing streams, dotted with 86 lakes, houses over 75,000 acres of public land, and is within one hour of 21 downhill and cross country ski resorts which makes this area attractive not only to full-time residents, but also to seasonal residents and transients. 7 �i1 5 I POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION GROWTH * Percent of Change LOCATION 1970 1980 Kalkaska County 5,372 10,952 104.0 Bear Lake Township 186 433 132.8 Blue Lake Township 238 300 26.1 Boardman Township 310 903 191. 3 Clearwater Township 884 1,531 73.2 Coldsprings Township 321 942 193.5 Excelsior Township 232 580 150.0 Garfield Township 214 366 71.0 Kalkaska Township 1,964 3,544 80.4 136 241 77. 2 1,475 1,654 12.1 Oliver Township Village of Kalkaska POPULATION PROJECTIONS ** Location Kalkaska Countv * Source ** Source 1990 1995 2000 15,300 17,900 20,600 - 1980 Census of Population - 1979 Michigan Statistical Abstract �6 AGE DISTRIBUTION 1980 0-4 Years 5-14 Years 15-24 Years 25-44 Years 1,466 2,919 2,644 4,427 65+ Years 45-64 Years 3,108 . . - ~- . KALKASKA COUNTY 2,019 - · - 46 81 80 138 190 100 Bear Lake 19 29 313 128 140 115 Blue Lake 153 24 7 269 340 221 115 Boardman 238 393 348 623 412 296 Clearwater 98 235 197 306 3 71 210 Cold Springs - ·- - , 77 1 1~ 3 155 282 172 88 Excelsior 33 117 48 133 118 95 Garfield 48 3 1,008 920 1,528 826 595 Kalkaska 39 69 67 82 65 33 Oliver 106 233 190 336 224 86 Oran12:e 84 163 152 249 134 73 Rapid River 90 201 180 282 235 127 Springfield Source: 1980 Census of Population - - �12 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION MASTER PLAN DATA SHEET Tota 1 1and area: Total water area: Total forested area: State forest land: Military 1and: Federal land: Average annua 1 preci pita ti on: Average annual snowfa 11: Average temperature: Source: 365,066 acres 7,356 acres 82% of total land area, 299,400 acres 151,486 acres 15,984 acres 315 acres 30 inches 110-120 inches 43.1 degrees 1978 Kalkaska County Recreation Master Plan .. �7 RAILROAD PASSENGER AND FREIGHT ROUTING Mainline Local Line - - - - - * Kol kosko I I I I \ '' ' '_, \ I \ J / \ ... �N 8 _,. WATER SURFACE --- LAKE c::::::::, RIVER STREAM - --- - - --- -- MARSH - --- - - - 2 0 3 4 5 -r------ CLEARWATER =l__--/ 1--'""'l C? _J o 0 -- "\.. - -- - - -- =----=- _j;;::= I () (? (J I -- ----- 0 (- -=--=--= - - 0 SOURCES: USGS QUADRANGLE MAPS COUNTY ROAD MAP f GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC . ENGINEERING l<ALKASKA I CADILLAC SURVEYING I GAYLORD 6 �N GENERAL LAND USE MAP STATE FORESTS Bf{,;%~$) I UTILITIES : I ii ! □ HIGH DENSITY ! :- ·.-:-:::::::1 GROUP ~' ~ :~j HOLDINGS DRI VATE 0 2 3 4 5 I LANDS f I .:.. .......,...;.+1,1= --+- _K_A__._,_~.:....;. \-:.;;.J _ _ _ _ ..,.,. .... ::c :rSI II'"\• i-. :-. . d' I BOARDMAN ----- GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC. SOURCES: COUNTY ROAD COUNTY PLAT ENGINEERING MAPS BOOK SURVEYING KALKASKA, CAOILL AC, GAY LORD E, �N GENERAL SOILS MAP I. ORGANIC 2. SAND PLA I_N 3. SAND HILL 4 . HILLY C=:J SOI LS c=J SOI LS SOI LS I==~:·-~::::;•:•I ['::.-':_.·:,:) UPLAND f. v\'j SOILS UPLAND 5. MOD . LEVEL SOILS 0 3 2 4 ~ 6 .. .............. ,.9.;•;J ·••,•:-•: : ... :{:·;~!~~~-~: ./tf.liiill. .. c P• SOURCES: KALKASKA DISTRICT .,;};r:i,,,.·......, ,1:. i~r•4,;·•r:~.~:.:::::;::::::: 1:-,\9\~~•u:,:.•::•:•~•::;:••=~• .. ·:::;;::-:;:.:: r•, .•,. • ::,:::::;:•~ GRANGER ENGINEERING, INC . SOIL CONSERVATION GENERAL SOILS II.AP ENGi NEE RING-SURVEYING KALKASKA, CA 01 LL.AC, GAYLORD �11 , (/) ~ z :i w ll .._::: .., ~ !I' z a: z (/) < z> CD 0 6 CI) w z < < c., 2 ...J 0 I I- u (/) ~ 0 (l_ w 0 ., N J: I- 0 > C u.J -=> u.J C 0 .0 0 u.J c.:, ....J 5 u C ~ C 0 ~ LU C, E E a z w z z < a:: < c., < z . c JC C C ... C, .; .,:;:. (/) C. C, ~ ~DD -.•• a: C ~ & .2 z ,.~ ~ II �13 RECREATION INVENTORY �...: ....... -·-I O(P,lATM[NT 0, NATURAi. KALKASKA ll[SCUICII COUNTY " I + + ---·---···-----···· -------....... -... -... -~ --·-·---·-· "" • __ i =• ,,!, - · -, _ - , ___ . ____.. . . -·-·--·· ·-··--·- __ =·--=-·------~- -- - ··· --·---.. ---·---1·-., .-.,.----..-----·__.·----,._-_,._,, , • ---.. ---~••c..•""'" A ~ . ,_,_,.. _,. __ -•--•- •---- -·-- ®+·---· I ,.., .. - - • ••••- •U- •• - -•--.u -U• • fU--.. ...• --·--------,t::::; . ---~·---· ------·.. --·--- --- + j_ �14 PRIVATE RECREATION AREAS Map Reference #1 - KOA Campgrounds located on M-72 East has approximately 75 campsites, shower facilities, toilet facilities, a store and is open during the summer months and has exoerienced a great deal of activity. Map Reference #2 - Boardman River Campground, 30 sites. Map Reference #3 - Northwoods Christian Retreat, supported by the Church of Christ with a surrrner camp and camping facilities available. Map Reference #4 - Au Sable Trails owned by Taylor University and located at Twin Lakes as a surrrner campsite. Map Reference #5 - Camp Tenuga, a Jewish surrrner youth camp located at Manistee Lake. Map Reference #6 - Camp Tapiko, a Boy Scout Camp, located on Grass Lake in Excelsior Township. Map Reference #7 - Lake Valley Camp, located on the sou~h edge of Grass Lake in Excelsior Township. Map Reference #8 - The Calvary Baptist Church in the Village of Kalkaska has a gymnasium for their own use but is available on a rental basis to other organized groups. Map Reference #9 - Sky Valley Ranch, located to the east of the Village of Kalkaska, in Excelsior Township, a 420 acre natural area with a restaurant and trail rides on a fee basis. Map Reference #10 - Rapid River Campground, located to the North of the Village of Kalkaska, in Rapid River Township. Hap Reference #11 - Flowing Wells Trout farm, located north of the Manistee River in Excelsior Township, has 10-15 rental units and trout ponds. Map Reference #12 - Camp Gan Israel is a camp located in Bear Lake Township on Upper Black Lake. �INVENTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS OF KALKASKA COUNTY Guernsey Lake Recreation Area on the west side of Kalkaska Township which emcompasses, in part, t he Sand Lakes Quiet Area as well as the Guernsey Lake swirrrning and fishing facility. There is a transient campsite with 36 sites, pit toilets, boat launch, and water is available. Smithville canoe launch and camping site on M-66 south of Kalkaska on the Manistee River. This site is quite remote and has 19 sites available for transient campers with access to the Manistee River. CC Bridge, on the Hanistee River, located almost to the border of Crawford County is a state campsite featuring 4 canoe camping areas, 36 regular sites, and 2 canoe launches into the Manistee River. Pickeral Lake, in Coldsprings Township, has 12 sites, available water, pit toilets, a boat launching area and a cycle trail. Little Blue Lake near US-131 and Log Lake is a designated state forest campground which attracts transient campers and is close to the Village of Kalkaska. The Sands Lake Quiet Area, as it is referred to in #1, contains 2,700 acres, partly in Kalkaska County and partly in Grand Traverse County, where vehicular traffic is limited, backpacking and hiking, cross country skiing and access to a number of lakes and streams is available. Rapid River Trail Camps, situated on a cross state riding and hiking trail, open area camping with no designated sites. At the south end of Round Lake, the Skegemog Lake natural area is presently being developed. Cross state hiking trail and ~oresback riding. .. �18 INVENTORY OF STATE AND FEDERAL RECREATION AREAS OF KALKASKA COUNTY STATE CYCLE TRAILS o Kalkaska Cycle Trail - O.R.V. stickers required, road licensing not required. Trail length - 89 miles. o Leetsville Cycle Trail - O.R.V. stickers required, road licensing not required. Trail length - 26 miles. o CCC Cycle Trail - State wide trail. and road licensing required. O.R.V. stickers STATE SNOWMOBILE TRAILS o Blue Bear - 40 mile groomed and marked trail. o Miss-Kal - 70 mile groomed and marked trail that covers two counties. 0 Boardman Valley - 25 mile groomed and marked· trail. �,. TRANSPORTATION ALL ,;.· (A "':' '1(R BITU'-' N OUS, G~AYEL, R Ot.JS SYSTEM ~r LOCAL PR l ~Aqy LO C t . L - - - - - - - - :::R I MAR'!' 0 2 3 4 !> F;A I LROAJ I I +---- F .: ~-~ f--t-- - ,r - I _ ,_ I •I I I ' GIf SOURCES: COUNTY ROAD COUNTY PLAT MAP BOOK GRAN G ER EN G IN E E R·l N G, INC ENGIN£ER!NG-SURVEYl~G KALKASKA, CADILLAC, 8AYLORO 6 �,, ·"' 6 21 28 ANlST 33 ,._ . , ''L4K£ SA/\,·OS 11'··· ' · ~/tP, F-3RK ' 1 c:i 4 " ct ~~ 3 Lost L 1=----, ~ ;! / ct 16 , I},;:_( -,,.,, "I (:) 22 21 . I, === =~;-=;. ~-:· KALKASKA STATE KALKASKA SCALE IN 0 FOREST COUNTY MILES 2 40-59 �---,- -------7' ~ OC• ~ JENNI Ir \', ~1 11l•II• \ I .. D' I d -;.""· ' . ,, . 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FOLLOW ORANGE ,0, TRIANGLES , ALONG TRAIL·' / /. . . - · . -- -- - · K -.U ti. ,u,t -.r n 0# Un:. Al l"f1DOk.tS . C.UT°"'-UNl(. •SUYICU /(u1•w• IIAT,8't0. . •• l . �KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATION ACTIVITY INVENTORY w w :::> ----LLJ t!) t!) Z:, c:( c( ,-., LLJ __J V) >- __J __J w ::,.,:: LOCATION u 0 :c w L.) ,-., :1earwater Twp. c( a:: w co I- LLJ L.) L.) ::,.,:: 0 c:( V) (/) co 0 X ...... z ILLJ _.J co c:(· t- :::> w w >- a:: V) ...... LLJ z z w t- LLJ c:( co _J t- a:: ...... c:( c:( X LLJ t-"- V) co _J >- z :c I- :::> a:: __J _J c:( co LLJ LLJ co V) c:( c:( co co X )range Twp. 0 Kalkaska Twp. 0 X X X X X X Rapid City School Cherry St reel: E1ernen ta ry Schoo 1 X X ...... a I- ...... z: I- :::> ::E c:( L.) Community Ed. X KEY: X X I- >-W L.) L.>W co 0 I.L ...... c:( V) a:: >- w It-W z: I.L :::> c:( :c (/) t!) z: :c ...... It!) t- ...... I.L w~ '.3:_J ~ a:: t!) t!) t- ...... __J __J z ,-., ~~ 0 z: ...... ~ V) 0 zw t- (/) ----- t!) X co - LLJ I- ~ ~ L.) ...... (/) t- a:: :::> :E c:( X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X = L.) >- X X X X F:XISTING _J :E :::> 00 X X ----w X X Forest Area School Kalkaska Middle School \ __J _J _J :c L.) l u X X PLANNED FOR THE FUTURE= 0 X X �24 KALKASKA COUNTY RECREATIOtl FACILITY INVENTORY • w V) I- UI- z: -u.. ~ a:: V) _J z: _J _J ct'. 0 ...... v, - ct'. V) 3 0 I- :c ~ ~ - 0 0 NAME Log Lake Park . ......... . ......... c::c w 0 I- _J V) ::.::: V) • - u .__. LJ... V) ::><'. 1-Z a::- ct'. a::: LJ... I.J..J • uo -V) _J .__. c::: a:: V) => ::.::: I- z: c:t:z a:: FREEDOM PARK BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARWATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK ' SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ') ORANGE TOI-JNSHIP OLIVER TO\✓ t6H L IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHE RRY ST REET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. I j I I I I I I KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL I I '.'I �25 INDOOR CENTERS . u . I..... L...J 0::: __J __J < NM1E < c::: ::::, 0::: L...J I- L...J ::::, z c.:: __J u u a::: L...J V) V) 0.. 0.. :l: :::E: < u ::::, ::::, ..... . ..... ILL 0 ..... V) z: z: :::E- :: 0 c.:i- c.:i- 0::: ..... L...J V) --= 0 < I V) < z < z >-= . __JV) __J 0 < 0::: CO< 1-0 w ~ 1 >- (./) << co c::i 3200 2 BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS I DE CLEARWATER COMPLEX . WILLOW PARK SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TOlmSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL 1 9600 6 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELEMENTARY 1 2500 2 1 2400 2 BIRCH STREET ELEMENTARY 1 N/A KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL 1 N/A 1 N/A RAPID CITY SCHOOL FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELEMENTARY KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL I ~ VlU Log Lake Park FREEDOM PARK c:i V) I0::: ::::, 0 u __J __J < 3: �<..:: >- - Vl u __J < 0.. < u 0 0 0.. CJ z a:: w NAME Log Lake Park w...--.. 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V) V)- WVl w _; Vl V) c::: _J _JQ _J _J c::· C'.l t-· C) Cl I.J. . < ::::io o= 0:: c:l< I- 0 wee :::.::: :::.::: t...: u... LI.. 0 _J VlU << cc c:l o= t.'.J- :::.::: u < 0:: I- V) I- c::: ::::, 0 u t.'.J - z: z: z: ::) c::: Vl z: zL.:J 1 FREEDOM PARK 1 1 BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M-72 ROADSIDE CLEARWATER COMPLEX WILLOW PARK ' SANDS PARK RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOHNSHIP OLIVER TO\-JNSH IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCHOOL 2 2 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. 2 1 KALKASKA MIDDLE SCHOOL KALKASKA HIGH SCHOOL 1 1 1 4 ') '- 1 = I-..._,. 2 �29 . _ ......... ......... 0.. :=i -- -= 0 0:: c..:, ......... w = c.. :=i- Vl V) wz I- er: ,_ w 1-...... ::::E VlO V) ...... ::::E < u ~ ...... ::::E 0.... a:: ::::E o.. <l'. u Log Lake Park FREEDOM PARK Vl 0 V) , - 0....0 0.... 0:: <l'. < u ::::E::::E u 0::: WI- Vl.....,. 0 w >- WII- ...... Q.. Cl: o= o::c..:, -w > Vl.....,. wz I- 0::: ...... w V) NAME > -= ......... ::::E 0.. Cl: 1 0 _J c::) 0 :=i I- >0 :=i IVl w w 0::: 0:: :=i :=i I- < z 1 I- < z V) ......... - = V) 54 1 • c..::: w ......... = _J V) c:i 0 < I- u ...... z I- < w V) = .. :=i z _J _J 0 Lu c..:, V) er: >- u ...... < _J 0.. 0.. 75 1 16 1 :::c a z ct co 0 I- z w 0.. c..:, oz ...... 01- zz <l'. ::::> _JI X BIRCH STREET PARK CEDAR STREET PARK M- 72 ROADS IDE CLEARHATER COMPLEX WI LLO!t-1 P.A.RK . SANDS PARK 5 I I i I RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TO\·JNSH IP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH 1 SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL 1 1 FIFE LAKE ELEMENTARY CHERRY STREET ELE. 1 BIRCH STREET ELE. 1 1 KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. 1 1 KALKASKA HIGH SCH. NATURE STUDY BUILDING* -·· SQ. FT. �30 . 0 ""' < w a:: < LL 0 w N ...... ~ z: 0 I...... 0 z: u NAME Log Lake Park 40a 1 FREEDOM PARK 20a 1 BIRCH STREET PARK 3a 1 CEDAR STREET PARK 3a M- 72 ROADS IDE ½a CLEARWATER COMPLEX 20a WILLOW PARK n/a SANDS PARK 7a RUGG POND BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TQ\,JNSHI P OLIVER TOlvNSHIP FOREST AREA HIGH SCH SOUTH BOARDMAN ELE. RAPID CITY SCHOOL FI FE LAKE ELE. CHERRY STREET ELE. BIRCH STREET ELE. KALKASKA MIDDLE SCH. KALKASKA HIGH SCH. * CONDIT ION 1-GOOD 2-FAIR 3-POOR V1 RESTROOMS 0 1 z: V1 LL w 0::: I- LL < z w IV1 :,<'. er:::: z t.:i - w er:::: < 0... _J < er:::: w I- cc ::E I- z 0 z LL I- er:::: w -- 0 0 z: u 0 C: C: < c:i w w 0 V1 V1 w I z: z w 0 I- z 0 w u z: - I- V1 L.:..I u c:: 0 w 0 0 z: w CL 6 3 12 2 1 6 2 2 X 2 2 X z: w w C. w- LL v , WV1 z I- - V1 LL w 0 Vl w er:::: . z: 0 z: a:: w z: >w~ D C LL - c::w :,<'. I WW c::::o::::u Z: LL I o-u zc::- X X X X 3 X ' 1 20 ,., f... 3 i I I I �(1) Village of Kalkaska - Mill Pond Picnic Area This picnic area is used, for the most part, by the children from the residential property right across the street from the site as a play area and, on some occasions, by transient picnicers. The mill pond in the rear of this site has been considered for deepening and possibly stocking with trout to make a public recreation fishing site. �(2) The Kalkaska Village US-131 Picnic Area Located directly to the south of the Village downtown area, on the east side of this site is the railroad and on the west side is US-131. At the present time, this area is used as a storage for certain drainage structures which will be put in place during the summer of 1978. This park generally will attract transient picnicers during the summer months. �(3) View of the present men's softball facility, located at the corner of M-72 West and US-131, behind a restaurant. This is not a public facility, but rather the site has been donated by the restaurant owner for the use of the softball players for a period no longer than the season ending in 1978. In 1979, other facilities for softball play will have to be located. There are 20 teams, more or less, presently using thfs facility with 2 games played each evening, five nights a week, and some Saturday and Sunday use. Adequate parking is available at this unlighted site. �:,~~~1;~{~,~7~~~·~f:-~;-~~,· ..._.._ ... (3a) -_~:.~-..;:..,~:~.. This is another view of the softball facility located behind the restaurant on the corner of M-72 and US-131. The maintenance and care of this area is in the hands of the softball leagues. �. I , ' . . ' ! ' . I' . ! ,l '; , , f I /1/r: .. ·-~:~--.'-~tr ........ ··.~ . ' / / . _.._ _ ~-~ - ----------·- -·-- . ~ .. - ... -=--_- ... . ~:..:...-~ - . : .. --,. ~ '~ . ~~~~'3~~---- -.. -~~ ~· -- .•F~_,.,:-_ /,. ~ . . --· - -- .. .. .,. _: _~~.~~ ;2.~-:~~~: ·_ ~:-~~~~;_ ;~;---~-_;_ . (4) This is pavilion structure at the Log Lake Picnic Area site in Kalkaska Township. This site is a joint effort between the Township and the County Parks and Recreation Commission. There is a 40 acre facility which has available a beach area on Log Lake, a picnic area with two pavilions and picnic tables for events inside the pavilions on a scheduled basis. There is one softball diamon·d, transient camping facilities for approximately 60 campsites. There are toilet facilities, a changing area and, of course as mentioned, a swimming beach. This site has been a popular spot over the years for visitors to Kalkaska County bur, as in all recreation facilities, must be maintained with the utmost care to cleanliness and control of waste. The use of this area is growing in popularity druing the spring, summer and fall. �-. i~~-------•11Ss.iaa..a;.·tfrWll.:11'P?Mf~i.a.:'31¥!11:11~-----i...:ar________..,__._.-=:-=a-.,,,- - - - - (5) Another view of the picnic pavilions at Log Lake Park. �.. .:-::. ·. t1G~f} ~~--t'~~i.~~ (6) The changing areas available at Log Lake swimming beach. �:-, (7) A view of the Clearwater School tennis courts in Rapid City. This facility was recently completed adjacent to the school grounds and useage is substantially prescribed by the school's use rules. �-, .. .. (8) View of the softball diamond in Boardman Township; adjacent to this softball diamond is a picnic area and toilet facilities along with the concession stand. While Township funds have been committed to the construction and maintenance of this site, there is also a certain involvement in an association of non-governmental entities which provide some of the scheduling and maintain to some extent the concession activity at this softball and picnic area. This is the only lighted softball diamond in Kalkaska County and presently is used during the softball season by most of the women's leagues on a six or seven evening a week basis. �--, .. .. ~--~~- - ~1b~~~,, - ~~~0~},. -.·~- (9) ;;;;.;~~~~~~ The horse show rink at the County Fairgrounds and Recreation Area facilities . This rink was constructed by the Kalkaska Lions Club and is lighted and during the winter months is flooded and maintained by the Kalkaska Volunteer Fire Department as an ice skating rink. The access to the Corrnnunity Building,which is _close by, is open and available during the winter skating periods. During the summer months, various livestock activities are conducted on this site. �--, .. (10) Recently constructed Kalkaska Connnunity Building which was put in place in large part by funds provided through the Fair Board's activities and other interested parties, along with certain State funds. The Senior Citizens and many_ other ·groups use this building virtually on an around the clock basis. Its location, while off M-72 West, is maintained and open during the winter months. �: .. . (11) View from west to east of the drive into the 40 acre proposed softball and recreation facility presently under consideration by the Kalkaska County Parks and Recreation Commission in conjunction with Kalkaska Township This is the site of present concern in developing a first class general recreation area with three softball diamonds, a picnic area, tennis and concession areas. ; -Phase 1 of this project has been completed. �..... : (13) Spillway at the County's Rugg Pond site, which is an 80-90 acre open space recreation area to the north of Kalkaska along Valley Road. This area is substantially untouched at this point but a variety of hiking, fishing and other open space recreation activities are being considered for this area. �.i , ...,·,-:- · 1 ::. r· . , \i,...:: . ·>. .,,· /. _, ...J.I ,·.; .·: · -~ .. ,:: • ' I' .. ,.""' .. • I ' :. '• ~- -~~· (14) A view along the northern bank of Rugg Pond, indicating the walkway into a variety of very pleasant fishing sites. At the present, there is very little in the way of parking facilities or other facilities at this site, however, modest preparation of this site could provide outdoor recreation for many individuals. �-, .. ( 15) Looking back along the same walkway shown in (14), we have a view of the parking area and the general area at the Rugg Pond site. �.. ,;; . ... ~ "" -~· .- ~-i? ~- . :;:.-") ~~ ~~ ~.; . __ ,-:: .. _ :. -.... . .. - ..•- --:-~ . - _, -- - -~r-~ - :... ...:.,: __ . . - . . -.I! . _ : •'. -~- .. -·· - - - --- - - -·- - (16) · · -::' ♦- ~ The lighted tennis courts at the Kalkaska Elementary School in downtown Kalkaska. There are two lighted tennis courts in operation which were resurfaced in 1977. These courts are experiencing very heavy use and expanded tennis facilities appear to be warranted due to the popularity of tennis and the increased population in Kalkaska. �.. :\ .. (17) Another view of the tennis facilities at the Kalkaska Elementary School. There are no other public tennis facilities in the Village of Kalkaska. �,. . . .. ;;_~{:. -. -- ' ,. . - ---- .~~- --:'!"- ........ . , . ,-:;::..-: -. 1 . lliCf (18) Basketball area with backboards and poured slab surface located in South Boardman. At this time, it is unknown who provided the construction funds and continues to maintain this site. However, it is located in a residential area and within walking distance of most of the residents of the community of South Boardman. .. . . �.: . . ,. (19) Orange Township's East Lake picnic area and fishing site. Toilet facilities are available at this site as well as ample parking and fishing access to East Lake. As in most organized picnic and recreational areas, the maintenance problem to Orange Township has been significant in past years. �.. (20) Entrance to Orange Township's East Lake picnic area and fishing site off Spencer Road just east of Lodi. �31 .. . ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE �.. At time of Plan adoption 1985. .. . 32 KALKASKA COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS . Harry Hall, Chairman Margaret Burghardt Michael Cox Edward Phillip Goethals Robe rt Hardy Lloyd Hofstetter Lorraine Williams KALKASKA COUNTY PARKS & RECREATION COMMISSION Duane Mccullen, Chairman Bethe 1 Larabee Harry Hall Kenneth Burke Edward Phillip Goethals Irv Fry ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE The Kalkaska County Parks and Recreation Corrmission was adopted pursuant to Act 261 of the Public Acts of 1965; MCL 46.351, as amended, and has used a functional administrative method. �jj KALK.AS KA COUNTY . . PARKS AND RECREATION FUND ----..· -ADMINISTERED Parks and Recreation Commission AUTHORIZATION County Board of Commissioners under Act 261, Public Acts of 1965, as amended. BUDGET /FUNDING YEAR January 1, thru December 31 Section 46.35, Compiled Laws of 1979 as amended states: "The County Board of Commissioners ••• may create a county parks and recreation commission which shall be under the general control of the board~ •• • Further, Section 46.354, Compiled Laws of 1977 as amended states: •The County Board of Commissioners in its annual budget may provide for the expenses of a county parks and recreation commission, which shall be limited in its expenditures to amounts so appropriated unless a further appropriation is made by the County Board of Commissioners.• Beginning Fund Equity $ $ $ ACTUAL 1982 ESTIMATED 1983 ESTIMATED 1984 Revenue: Rent 1,935 Total Revenue 1,935 Other Financing Sources: Oeerating transfer - General Total Revenue and Other Financing Sources Totals Expenditures: Salary and wages Supplies Service charges (1,517) 26,850 25,000 23,473 26,850 25,000 25,408 $ 26,850 $ 25,000 $ 23,891 $ 14t000 2,200 10,650 $ 14,000 2,000 9,000 $ 14,100 1,897 7,894 Total Expenditures 26,850 25,000 23,891 Fund Equity Carry For~ard Totals $ 26,850 $ 25,000 $ 23,891 �34 .. RECREATION DEFICIENCIES �: .. \kaska County, the ~veyed 324 randomly 1983. ~ of the day do you or your family participate :ti vity? ( some answered more than one time) Sunday: Anytime: Doesn't Recreate: 16 22 74 4 44 46 7 in corrmunity service organizations or clubs y? 1 7 5 s: J: 63 150 6 5 4 ts, the results total 211 respono, some people le others responded not want to participate. ;: 24 ,: 162 1ore outside of Kalkaska County or in? ide: ide: /50: 124 46 24 ate: nse: 8 8 recreation opportunities within Kalkaska County adequate? 101 ir handicap ies) more than one) 20 etc.) 7 8 3 3 2 55 54 for increased parkland and recreation offerings in 113 45 9 43 current Rugg Pond Project? 110 46 what 37 17 �: 9. Which one of the following agencies provide the majority of your leisure time activities in the county? County In-county private sector School Church None of the above: School: Church: County: In-county private sector: Combination of above: 10. 43 28 60 30 28 21 Do you have children? Yes: 81 (most of these 11 children 11 are now adults) If yes, are the young children being provided adequate recreation opportunities? No: Sometimes: No response: Yes-by family: 11. 5 4 5 2 What is your favorite fonn of recreation? (Top five answers by score) 1. swi rrmi ng 2. fishing 3. bowling 4. boating 5. outdoor activities 12. What, in your opinion, is most needed for Kalkaska County, in tenns of parks and recreation? (some gave more than one) (listed in order of popularity) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. improved parks, swirrming access, and boat ramps youth activities health club (tennis, racquetball, basketball courts) indoor swirrming pool movie theatre roller skating rink pl aygounds ice skating rink lighted ball park cross-country ski trails downtown park hiking and biking trails drive-in theatre horseback riding facilities soccer field golf course water slide �.. 13. Does Kalkaska County have any special attractions? more than one response) (1 isted in order of popularity) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. (some gave beautiful scenery beautiful lakes and streams Trout Festival fishing Kalkaska County Fair hunting small, quiet, friendly community Rugg Pond snowmobiling swiITTTiing skiing Log Lake Senior Center good schools and churches boating and camping parks Manistee River Guernsey Lake Torch Lake Mi 11 Pond Freedom Park mushroom hunting Seven Bridges sled-dog races motorcycle trails near shopping facilities sof tba 11 28. CETA Hall 29. 30. circus Scenic Garden Through this telephone survey, input from the Parks and Recreation Commission, the local governmental units, and the general public, it becomes apparent that improved recreation facilities are needed in Kalkaska County. The most requested improvements for county recreation are:better park facilities, activities for the youth, indoor courts (tennis, raquetball, basketball) and an indoor swirm,ing pool. �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES �40 ·• -. SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES FOR AREA PARKS Map Refe r ence #1 Completion Date:1992 Cost: $ 75,000.00 Map Reference #2 Completion Date:1989 Cost: $100,000.00 Map Refernce #3 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 1,500,000.00 Map Reference #4 Completion Date: Phase 1:1989 Phase 2:1992 Cost: $ 250,000.00 Mill Pond - The Village of Kalkaska plans to improve the quality of the water in the Boardman River Pond which lies to the east of M-66. The pond has become shallow from silting, causing water temperature to rise. The Village proposes to dredge this pond to bring water depth back to former levels, and by doing so, increas e· the usefulness for fishing and other recreational uses. The water area is approximately 1,182 feet long by 220 feet wide, with maximum depth of 16 feet. Log Lake Park - A county owned park which is located in Kalkaska Township. The future plans for this park include: water hook-up for campsites, a dumping station, better bathroom facilities with showers, grills, better boat ramp~, additional playground equipment, improved ball diamonds and equipment, and a blacktopped road leading into the campsites. Fairgrounds - _Kalkaska County owned park. This facility currlntly has a community building, two pavillions, a skating rink, five ball diamonds, restrooms, and a concession stand. Future developments for the Fairground will include: tennis courts, bleachers, a drinking fountain installed in the cornmuni ty buildi"ng, and a blacktop driveway leading to this building. Rugg Pond Recreational Park - A county owned park which is located in Rapid River Township. The county currently owns 97. 7 acres (40 of which are being( have been) obtained through the Michigan Land Trust Fund) that will be developed into a "natural" park area. Plans include: picnic tables, grills, cross country and hiking trails with scenic markers, and a boat ramp. �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES CONTINUED: Map Reference #5 Completion Date:1990 Cost: $ 150,000.00 Map Reference #6 41 Sands Park - Coldsprings Township. This park has been currently undergoing a massive transfonnation. What was once an underdeveloped park is now being brought up to date with washrooms, a new changing station, pavillions, a designated swinming area, picnic tables and a paved boat ramp. In the future, playground equipment and other park related items will be installed. Clearwater Township Parks Completion Date:1981'" Cost: $ 50,000.00 B. Completion Date:1991 Cost: $ 75,000.00 Freedom Park, located north of Rapid City was dedicated as a Nature Study Park in 1980. This 20 acre park is divided by County Road 593, which crosses over Rapid River. To make this park more accessible to small children, a walkway underneath the bridge has been proposed. Clearwater Athletic Complex. The land for this 20 acre complex is leased from the Department of Natural Resources. It is hoped that this complex will someday house three ball diamondsone with the Peanut League in mind, a soccer field, jogging trails, horse shoe courts and a picnic area. c. Cedar Street Park. This segment of land was recently cleared with the help of the Michigan Youth Corp workers. It now needs to be developed into a park with a designated picnic area, a pump, parking space and various other improvements. Completion Date:1992 Cost: $ 50,000.00 D. Old M-72 Park. This 5 acre parcel was leased from the county to be utilized as a picnic and rest area, but was abandoned when M-72 was relocated. As the area is still accessible, the township is trying to reinstitute it as a park. E. 5 Public Access Streets Into Torch Lake. This 275 1 access is open for public use. The township has maintained it and would like to further develop it into a park area. Completion Date:1991 Cost: $ 7,500.00 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 100,000.00 �SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES CONTINUED: .. Map Reference #7 Completion Date:1993 Cost: $ 50,000.00 Map Reference /18 Completion Date:1992 Cost: $60,000.00 Croy Lake Park - Rapid River Township. At one time this 80 acre site was a township owned park. Due to vandalism , this park is no longer maintained, but may be reopened in the future. Garfield Township Park - A tow1ship owned park, this park currently has 1 ball diamond, ~ playground, a concession stand, a pavillion, picnic tables, and barbecue pits. The future plans for this 25 acre parcel is to dedicate it as a community memorial park, with additional playground ~equipment, walking paths, bicycle paths, archery targets, park _benchs, basketball courts, and tennis courts. �,- :7r· _;; I •I i r· I ~ 9 11\l ·r L-----ff~;-Cfl\ t "E r.Qtf,{.1 . 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LONG RANGE GOALS There is a concerted effort on the part of various local governmental units to correct the recreational deficiencies in Kalkaska County. As previously stated, the top four deficiencies are: the need for improved park facilities, activities for the youth, courts (tennis, racquetball, basketball), and an indoor swiJTJTiing pool. The need for improved park facilities, youth activities, and courts are currently being addressed by the various governmental units in their short term objectives. The long range goals will include the continued construction and development of the Fairgrounds (the Civic Center area), whicp is located in the Village of Kalkaska. This area is the proposed site for an indoor swirrrning pool. If the need for additional space arises, the county plans to negotiate a land exchange with the State of Michigan for an 80 acre parcel located on M-72 and West Kalkaska Road, directly East of the Fairgrounds. �.. JU . ACTION AND FINANCIAL PROGRAM �.. ACTION AND FINANCIAL PROGRAM It would appear with some level of assurance that the continued effort of approximately $25-40,000 per year will find its way into designations of recreation activity in Kalkaska County. Local townships will also continue to provide monies to maintain and update recreational activities in their jurisdiction. For some of the larger projects, state and federal funding will be pursued to accelerate the completion of the project. �'?<S>~ ,, , ,,. ~ ..-:-. c...-: •• '. i~">· \ •· ' ----..,v. 1'1 .' "',_ _ I I /; .<7 -~ ~ . ~ A , --......... ,, //WI/ J,__ ' .,.. ?' '-- ~ / (I\_ I t:,-~Bl'lr<• ~,.~ ..!5'1.; . ~~ •.«:.,,~,, ,, ~ br(!If N I( "I!.,,,, ,..""'' ~~ -·J ~- - -~ 'fr~, •.I . :---.. --=::::::' -Bs-1.,,,·~ . __... FREEDOM PARK -<'- Ji .. . ,R (w,'fi:'1~ ~ , . ~~ ~ / --:-· ROI.!~/ RtP,;o,p , ' . / ,,.; '2-4.,,_ . €, '?', / ' , " ~f ~Jr\t~·'.5T'",; ,,~~- _8.,w•~ ":".'~ ~'.:,,!'.~.::·:.':':~- w;~;.w:_-l!-!llj\!1mfu111111 • . ·-- .,___;, - • :, < ·-- .:... .,< or I..J-..,:rLJ!if.. <-..D✓--,;,~r-,,o,,,. < f-<.:£-v . ~ < ~ .,, ..., ;> - 1 - -· { \ - . - . . \£x, :n:t'.Y:.: . ~'.....Du::!.LL _t~:,.,·c.., /)&Jrt-lrl-'r' ,...._______ - - -------------------- -- -- - <- ·- - - --. NDrt. ! Nor bll;.l\',JH 5cnLL, """ff 1-1,utp 5" ~1 B 'fl-Its :i/4& ·~. 1o Roc.M R1f-~nP F.'l(~t"OJ. iHTo W"TL•. 50"11. e>f w,-,,cn 1,..._ VIL ro if£ l'l• ,,., D So /rI>ot':,,,-,r ltTt,.,,o ~£Yo"'D 1./"'c •• PROPe>5LO E:LiM;,.._"IT't.. I) 8\.IS'j 'fhL Nl!e P f-liG.1-t':-ltH::J ONl SiDt=. of bTllt.R. ,._,.r,u_,.r \JOLV\JAy 1,.)&u.LO -r JIL t'A 'io a.~~ "16 G(.1' Flfo'i 10(. ro THL �. :• COOPERATIVE E.XTE:'-'SION SERV1CE MJCHIGA.'4 ST ATE UNIVERSITY and U.S. DEPARTME."'l'T OF AGRJCUL TURE COOPERATING DEPAlln4E.,, Of P'AJUC Al'iD ll£CJlEATION USOURCES EAST LANSL"'C • '.l(}QiJCAN • 4'124 :"IA TUR.Al. RESOURCES IIUILDL"G August 17, 1984 Mr. Harry Hall, Sr . Kalkaska Government Center 605 N. Birch P.O. 780 Kalkaska, MI 49646 Dear Mr. Hall: We are pleased to attach a copy of our report Task Force Review and Assessment of Kalkaska County Recreation and Tourist System. This report could not have been completed without the exceptional assistance of Donald Johnson, County Extension Director and Janet DeRosa, Economic Development Council. We hope you of Kalkaska County find this report useful. Louis F. Twardzik Professor and Extension Specialist '°-'~ ~1·Haskell Professor and Extension Specialist Enclosure c: Donald Johnson Janet DeRosa �.. .. Review and Assessment of Kalkaska County Park and Recreation Svstem Cooperative Extension Review Team* Department of Park and Recreation Resources Michigan State University Introduction The initial contact was made with Professor Louis r. Twardzik and Professor Theodore J. Haskell, park and recreation specialists, by Janet DeRosa, Economic Development Council, Kalkaska County. After receiving information on the Task Force Review Program, she contacted Don Johnson, County Extension Director, who forvarded a formal request to Department of Park and Recreation Resources specialists at MSU to schedule a review for Kalkaska County. The review took place on June 25 and 26, 1984. The Review Process The one-day review process developed by Extension Specialists in the Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, is based on the following four assumptions. 1) ~est review requests are prompted by problems which, over time have grown in importance and therefore require specialist assistance. 2) The one-day review is undertaken by specialists who also have teaching and administrative responsibilities at the university. Because of the complexities of their combined schedules, the intensive one-day review is easier to arrange in the specialists' schedules and assures faster response to county requests. *Louis F . Twardzik, Professor and Theodore J. Haskell, Professor, and Extension Specialists in Park and Recreation Resources. J �z 3) The review team varies in composition, number, and kind of specialists according to county need, but it always includes personnel "'1th professional experience in the problem areas. 4) A predetermined agenda enables the team to begin "'1th a review of local problems--socioeconomic, physiographic, historical, and other local infonn.ation--from county commissions, the county extension director, park and recreation commissioners and staff, and local officials. The specialists are available for meetings during lunch and dinner with public officials, representatives of the business community, and the public. If desired, an evening meeting is held. This is often open to the public; the review team asks for additional information and may respond to questions about its work in the county and about the review process, including the expected delivery of a 'W"t"itten report. Local Background Information The initial briefing session was held at the County Government Building in Kalkaska and was attended by Jeff Fitch, member of the Kalkaska Village Council; Louise A. Sprigg, representing IDC (Industrial Development Council); and Janet DeRosa and Kim Coon, from the Economic Development Council (EDC). Also pres_ent were Don Johnson, County Exten- sion Director, and Louis Twardzik and Theodore Haskell, extension specialists. The meeting opened with a briefing session conducted by Don Johnson covering background information on the county and stating the expectations of the review as county staff saw them: (1) how to maximize available recreation resources, (2) how to tap into the flow of tourists passing through Kalkaska County, and (3) how to improve the county image as a place for quality recreation experiences. The Park and Recreation function in Kalkaska County is organized under State Act 261 1 which provides for a Park and Recreation Commission of ten people. parks. The county provides services through a number of county Kalkaska County's population was made up largely of farmers ½>ublic Acts of 1965, MCI.A46,351-46.357 MSA5,570(101)-5,570(117). �through the 1920s and 1930s, but today there are only 91 farms . .. The county originally had a heavy forest cover which was logged off in the days of the great logging boom in Michigan. During the 1940s ser- iou.s efforts 'Were made to reforest many of these virtually barren areas that: had been cut over and then burned, sometimes several times. Some of the eastern to'Wtlships, north of M-72, never did return to a satisfactory level of forestation. Kalkaska had its big increase in population as a result of the discovery of oil in 1969. This has made Kalkaska something of an exception in northern Michigan counties, in that the population not only has held steady, but also in many cases has gro'Wtl. place in the outlying Xuch of this growth has taken to'Wtlships and in particular outside Kalkaska to'Wtl- ship but not in the village itself. of services and the cost of land. This may be related to the providing While most of the increase of population came as people headed north from the urban areas (Detroit) looking for work, they brought urban values and expectations 'ilith them. This has also meant some changes in the political background for the county, Kalkaska County is served by three school districts: a small portion of the Mancelona school di.strict along the northern edge of the county, Kalkaska school district L1 the northern half of the county, and the Forest area school district in the southern half of the county . ., The discussion of where the people of Kalkaska County are employed revealed that 55.6 percent work within Kalkaska County, 29 percent travel to Grand Traverse County, roughly 8 percent ·to Antrim and Mainistee, and a final 8 percent are distributed among other counties, Labor and proprietors earnings data for 1978 indicated that construction is the largest area of income: $7 million. The government �s 4 .. yroll;,and providing of services, each close to $5 million, and retail de, also close to SS million, make up the bulk of the county earnings, le agriculture is lowest with $773,000. This reflects the land-use tern for the county, an estimated three-fourths being forest. percent of the county land area is in agriculture. Only 2 The state of Michigan o'loltls about 43 percent of the land within county, and the Department of Natural Resources is the sixth largest payer. :e lp. lde ., When the state purchases land, it stays on the tax rolls, as, pared with land that has reverted to the state for nonpayment of taxes private landowners. A land-use map shows that the private holdings concentrated in the center of the county bordered on each side with a th to south strip of state land. There are two major lakes in the nty, Manistee Lake and, in the northern part, access to Torch Lake. Looking to the future, oil will remain important. Lrge ; . At present it resents about one-third of the employment and one-half of the payroll hin the county. Agriculture will remain much the same, providing cialized vegetables, particularly potatoes, and there is a processing nt. The county has the advantage of abundant, high quality water which for relatively cheap irrigation of specialized agricultural crops. example, strawberry nursery stock is presently shipped to Florida, lng' s e its early dormancy gives an advantage in early production to the ida growers. Strawberry acreage is rising from 33 acres to an ;hop ted 70 acres for 1984. Forestry will continue strong. This is timber ~ountry, although most the wood is shipped to Grayling and nearby areas for processing. 'There iln- 2 County and Regional fact book, Regulation X, Section V. Table Pg. 45,1979. �b mingarea. It is an extremely attractive campground. The area is managed by district office, and money is collected in a large "fee pipe" arrangement, which seems extremely well designed to provide security for money collected in ~he absence of an employee. Lake Skegemog Wildlife Area. The Skegemog Lake Association, Clear- water To'lo7I1ship, and Kalkaska Soil Conservation District joined forces with local citizens to obtain designation as a wildlife area by the D~partment of Natural Resources. The Walter Hastings Audubon Club and the Nature Conservancy, a private nonprofit conservation organization, have also lent their assistance to ensure protection of the swamp lands. Skegemog Lake Wildlife Area is a unique northern wetland undergoing successive changes. An interpretive display at the scenic tturnout shovs the profile of the lake changing from one of upland trees to lowland evergreens, to swamp, a shrub border, floating bogs, the surface of the lake itself, and a floating bog beginning again on the far side of the area. While the combination of various organizations has accomplished much in preserving this unique area up to this point, a problem of sharing autonomy is developing as the project grows larger. Freedom Park. This township park developed just north of Rapid City is a long, narrow strip extending along the river. trail and a number of benches on the r:'.ver bank. It has a wood-chip Rapid River is well known as a trout stream. Rugg Pond. When the Department of Xatural Resources condemned the dam which creates Rugg Pond, Kalkaska County >1as told to "do something." The decision was made to save the dam rather than have a large open area. where there had once been an attractive water surface. It was also feared -· �7 .. .. that if the dam were removed the silt which accumulates in the bacbraters of such impoundments would then pass do'lor.lstream into the Rapid River Fishery and cause environmental damage. Accordingly, the county obtained a grant to repair Rugg Dam which involved removal of the old pen stock, construction of an additional spillway, and renovation of the existing spillway. They are also investigating a State Land Trust Fund grant to buy an additional 40 acres to be used for recreational purposes. We drove through the School Forest area near Kalkaska. J Long Lake Park. On the morning of June 26, the review team resumed its tour with members of the county staff and visited Long Lake. a major park on the old fairgrounds site. This is It is a licensed campground and provides a swimming beach, two pavilions, a ballfield, a b~ach house, and restrooms. The park is operated by a seasonal camp manager who collects rental fees for the two major pavilions as well as for the individual campsites. The caretaker's pay is based on a percentage of the fees. Long Lake Park is self-sufficient, and the funds collected there are put back into the park. Additional operating funds are allocated by the Kalkaska County Commissioners. The caretaker is hired by and responsible to the Kalkaska County Park and Recreation Commission. When this commission was first established, much of the oversight of Long Lake came from the County Extension Director's office, including taking reservations and responding to requests for information. Over time, as the commission began to develop its own capacity to handle these matters, the county extension director gave up those responsibilities. The bath house is within 40 feet of the beach. It is old, anaone wonders how often the septic tank is serviced in view of the close proi.mity �8 .. . .. to the lake. Directly behind the bath house and in view of visitors and campers is a pile of rusted 55 gallon drums cut in half. The area had a generally dilapidat~d appearance that indicates a lack of maintenance or supervision. Sands To,;.mship Park in Coldsprings Township. At Sands Township Park we met Warren S. and Tricia Willson, from the Soil Conservation Service. We also met Harvey Bozzi, a township trustee, and Clara Donahue, the tO'l,l'tlship clerk. J Sands Township Park has been developed as a Resource Conservation and Development Project (RC&D). It is nicely developed and the comparison between it and Long Lake Park is rather dramatic. Impressive care has gone into engineering and design to permit optimum recreational 'use. For ex- ample, drainage from the parking lot, which slopes to the center, is carried away from the picnic area into a special catch basin. This is typical of the engineering in Soil Conservation Service projects. The main problem here was the serious erosion of the shoreline into the lake, and in the process of correcting it this fine park was created. Theim- provements include using a combination of plastic netting, and straw mulch where there was a potential for erosion, hydromulching, plantings of grass to stabilize the shoreline, and the choice of grass species that do well in shade. J Another development detail that made this park successful was the use of a "cherry picker" to trim dead limbs and raise the forest canopy to provide the woodland picnic area. 3 Roads were Chewing fescue and red fescue applied with a hydromulch techI\ique and seeded at 50 lbs to the acre. �9 .. . provided to both the picnic area and a boat access point. also provided. Restrooms vere While this is a to\onlship park, it is almost seven acres in size and tends to function as a county park. The area is inspected twice a year by the Soil Conservation Service staff, and the toYnship maintains it on a contract basis. Excelsior Storage Facility. One reason for the long-range potential of the oil industry's contribution in Kalkaska County is the discovery and development of "underground silos." When the oil and natural gas "1'ere ,, J removed from areas in the Niagaran Trend, it was found that these empty spaces approximately 6,000 feet below the surface of Kalkaska County provide excellent storage for natural gas. The gas is pumped in during the summer and stored for use during high demand in the winter.' Village Park. Village Park, on the Mill Pond on the upper Boardman River, is an attractive small park avaiable for picnicking and day-use by groups. An appealing feature of the Mill Pond was a pair of SYans and their offspring. The High School Athletic facilities. Contiguous to the county fair- ground is a high school, a middle school, and an elementary school. The area includes tvo baseball diamonds and a football stadium as part of the athletic facilities available to the students and to members of the community. General Observations on Recreation Services Role of Park and Recreation Agencies: Public and Private. At one ex- creme of the "recreation yardstick" is the public role of providing recreation facilities and programs. 4 4 These are paid from general funds and are For a comprehensive review of park and recreation areas and facilities, see L.F. ~ardzik and R. Murray, Planning Community-Wide Recreation, Cooperative Extension Service Publication E-684, Michigan State University, �.v .. available at no charge to all residents and visitors. The middle position is held by revenue-producing special services. The client groups are mostly residents but often include regional visitors. They are 'Jilling to pay for special facilities (such as golf courses) which may not be needed by all residents and hence should not be subsidizt:d entirely by general funds, although taxpayers may receive certain indirect benefits. Often a combination is worked out by which the general fund is used to purchase land and occasionally to finance capital improvements, .• . but the costs of day-to-day operation and maintenance are covered by userfees paid by participants. At the other extreme of the yardstick is the role of recreation as an income-producing industry. The clientele is. mainly from outside the area, drawing from a statewide or even a multistate market. Recreation facil- ities of this sort, primarily because of their income-producing goal, are most often found in the private sector. Private capital is invested, jobs are created, and the activities usually generate substantial income throughout the area. Governments may OTJTI the land and lease the operation to a concessionaire or may operate some sites directly if no private interest is 'Jilling or able to provide the services. It is important to recognize this range of functions and for policy makers to have a firm understanding of the proper "mix" for their area. This 'Jill serve them well as they approach decisions about acquisitions, development, and operations. Looking into the 1980s there is a need to think through the implications of this "recreational yardstick" for Kalkaska County. A current trend in city park and recreation management may -well apply to the city's needs. This trend is termed "privatization, 11 �l .. ... whereby governments contract with private firms to provide recreation services. Xaster Plans. To achieve orderly development and redevelopment of recreational areas over the long run, it is important to prepare master plans for their design and for their operation and maintenance. The ul- timate goal for each functioning park should include these two major components. A master plan for the design and phased development of the area should meet the most immediate needs and be flexible enough to accomJ modate any which might develop. An operation and maintenance plan is necessary to ensure that the design is carried out and that users do not destroy through overuse the very qualities that originally made the recreation resource valuable. Site Design. For both newly acquired areas and established parks for which recreational uses have changed over the years, it is necessary for planners to take a three-part approach. (1) A survey assembles all the facts and data bearing on the development and eventual use of the park. (2) An analysis of the relationship among three aspects -- the site, the area, and the program -- is important to detennine the effect of each as the design is developed. (3) A synthesis combines the results of the first two steps into practical objectives which provide the basis for a designed solution to the problem. In the survey phase, program definition is essential. It establishes the goals to be accomplished and includes such tangibles as user capacities, physical and social benefits, and agency policies regarding financing, construction, and maintenance. There should be input from't:he community at large, organized client groups, and officials and professional �- . ., .. . .. staff. Program items are then grouped into logical associations and "translated into diagrams" showing relationships, traffic patterns, and possible conflicts. The basic use-pattern which emerges is then con- verted into a preliminary play by synthesizing the us~ elements with details of the physical site. Scale drawings are prepared to show the alternatives after conferences with the various user groups. The final plans are drawn to serve as a basis for presentations, construction drawings, specifications, and evaluations. J Maintenance Plan. The maintenance planning sequence is essential to assure that the area will continue to function at its original or designed· capacity. The planning process begins with identifying user needs, both in kind and anticipated intensity. Depending upon these needs, certain standards of maintenance are established. litter be picked up? For example, how often should How often should restrooms be cleaned? How often and at ~hat height should the grass be cut? When these standards are determined, they are then applied to specific geographical areas of the parks to create the maintenance plan. For example, the area around the office and entrance may be maintained at a different standard than thato! playground or picnic areas. Performance standards should be established for these tasks so that supervisors, employees, and city administrators and officials will know \.that level of accomplishment is considered "well done." 'When these various standards are applied to specific areas and are recorded in w-ritten and graphic form, the combination is referred to as a maintenance plan. This is implemented through schedules and work programs and 1.!iti- mately is converted into dollars to prepare a budget estimate, Good �13 . : •• supervision is essential if workers are to carry out their jobs according to the plan; it vill also reduce wasted time and materials and achieve a cost-effective operation. Physical plans for each of the parks should be prepared to show possible long-range development. While financial considerations may limit the improvements possible in a given year, all should be guided by a master plan so that no improvement is made at the expense of an earlier or later one. / Maintenance plans and standards should be prepared for each park so that maintenance functions can be effectively scheduled to operate at the lowest possible cost consistent with good service. It is often more effective in the long run to reduce costs than to be faced with the need to increase revenues. There are overhead charges involved in collecting, accounting .for, and properly recording such revenues. Time saved through efficient scheduling or the use of improved equipment to enhance worker productivity and avoid costly breakdowns and wasted time is reflected almost immediately in the current budget. Educational and Technical Assistance. While park and recreation specialists at Michigan State University can assist in the overall planning, design, and management process, decisions must reflect local attitudes and ability and wi.llingness to pay for developments and programs. The syste- matic approach suggested here is undoubtedly the most effective in providing maximum services to the people and the best possible protection for the resource, but it does require substantial investment of supervisory time. The professional park and recreation staff, educational information-from the Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, and technical �.. . assistance from among the private consulting firms which offer designs specific to a community could provide Kaluska County with such a coordinated system of operation and maintenance. GE:neral Observations about the Region Kalk.ask.a is located in the northwest corner of the lower peninsula. To the east is Crawford County, to the southeast Roscommon, to the south Missaukee, to the southwest Wexford, to the west Grand Traverse, and to the north Antrim. The main traffic flow into the northwest region from ., the southeastern Michigan population centers of Detroit, Flint, and Lansing comes north on U.S. 27 and on I-75. The pattern leaves this main • flow at Grayling and proceeds west through Kalkaska County via M-72, which continues west to Traverse City. Highway 131 runs north from Grand Rapids and Cadillac through Fife Lake to Kalkaska and continues north to Mancelona. In addition, highway 66 comes up from the south through Kalkaska and contineus on t o East Jordan and Charlevoix. There is also the usual variety of secondary roads operated by the county road commission. The travel pattern through the region has tended not to favor Kaluska as a destination area, and in the past much of the touriStll effort has been to service people who stop to buy groceries, gasoline, and sometimes restaurant meals. One concern expressed during the review was a way to tap these tourist flows and encourage people to stay at the motels and campgrounds in the county. The northwest region has a long history of recreational land use. After the logging boom of the late nineteenth century, there was some development of agriculture, but the burned-over forest soils did n~ lend �themselves to productive farming, and hunters and fishermen became more and more the primary users of the northern forests. The attractive Lake Michigan shoreline began luring "summer people'' Yho built vacation homes from Ludington to Traverse City, Charlevoix, Petoskey, and Harbor Springs. Sport fishery and sailing have lonE; made the area desirable, and recent years the resort season has expanded with the development of dovnhill skiing. Many of these resorts noY have developed a year -round convention market \which is valuable in leveling out the annual economy of the shore counties. Inland, in Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford, and parts of Antrim, the hunters and fisherme~ still predominate. Observations About the County In the 1970s Kalkaska County "1as named Michigan's fastest growing in population, income, employment, and new business. 5 In that decade the oil and gas industry transformed a northern Michigan community into the thriving population center it is today. the industry decided to build in Kalk.ask.a. It is not accidental that The Niagaran Reef is 100 miles long in the north and spans more than a dozen northern Michigan communities. The strategic location of Kalkaska Yith regard to rail transport- ation, highYays, and the Traverse City airport as well as proximity to the oil and gas pipelines is largely responsible for the continued growth. Kalk.ask.a is also a prime recreation location. Crossed by 273 miles of fishing streams, dotted with 86 lakes, and containing 75,000 acres of public land, it is within one hour of 20 doTJOhill and cross-country ski resorts. 5 This makes the area attractive not only to full-time residents, community Recreation Plan, Kalk.ask.a County, 1984, unpublished. �---------------------------------~16 . .. but also to seasonal residents and transients. 6 Often terined the gre~t "untouched" territory of Michigan, Kalkaska County is perhaps as near as any to the original state created by nature . All of the streams are well stocked with rainbow, German browns, and brook trout. Foremost among the lakes, many of which are also stocked ""'1th rainbow trout, are Log, Bear, Starvation, Big Blue, Twin, Big Guernsey, Oxbow, and Selkirk. The county is also popular for color tours in late September and early October, when the of colors. hardvoods turn into a riot 7 Hunting is best in the east and northwest, in the cutover brushy areas along the edge of openings and old orchards, in the conifer swamps, and in the planations in severe weather. There is also good snowshoe 'hare hunting, and some woodcock and ruffed grouse are found throughout the county along brushy streams and in young growth aspen. ~Community Recreation Plan, Kalkaska County Michigan County Map and Recreation Guide, Michigan United Conservation Clubs, 1977. �----------------------------117 Observations and Recommendations on Management and Administration Role of the Park and Recreation Commission. The park and recreation function for Kalk.ask.a C.ounty is organized under State Act 261. 8 This pro- vided for the creation of a Park and Recreation Commission to set pol.icy and oversee operations within a given county. The ten-member board in- eludes representatives from the County Road Commission, County Planning Commission, the Drain Commissioners, the County Board of Commissioners, and citizens appointed from the county as a whole. This ensures a combination of expertise and representation. Even though parks and other recreation facilities are provided by cities, to-wns, to-wnships, and school districts within the county, there is still a need for overall coordination under the provisions of Act 261. While it is easy for a county park commission to become heavily involved in the administration and operation of a single park, its primary responsibility still lies with recreation throughout the county. Often a park and recreation commission is appointed when the county board of commissioners recognizes the need, but frequently it is difficult for the commissioners to obtain information necessary for organizing and operating effectively. A number of counties have requested information regarding park rules and regulations. Accorcingly, we have included examples in the Appendix which may guide county park and recreation commissions in organizing their meetings and promulgating rules for the operation of parks. 8 Public Acts of 1965, MCLA46.351-46.357 MSA5.57O(1O1)-5.570(11]...). �18 There is an increasing awareness in Michigan that tourism can make a valuable contribution to the economy. Accordingly, county park and recrea- tion commissions must become sensitive to the mix of services provided by the county and other local units of government. While the first duty may be to provide services to county residents, consideration also should be given to the potential of visitors passing through. We recommend that the Park and Recreation Commission make an effort to establish and continue the liaison Yi.th representatives of the Chamber of Commerce and the various businesses that are recreation and tourism oriented, not only the direct providers of recreation services but also cotels, restaurants, and similar supporting services. ' In view of the increasing interest in and emphasis on tourism as part of the Michigan economy and its potential as part of the Kalkaska County economy, we recommerld that one or more representatives from the tourism industry in the county be included on the Park and Recreation Commission. Review of Kalkaska County Recreation Plan. The Department of Natural Resources, Recreation Services Division, has prepared a basic format for community recreation plans. This format is designed to guide people pre- paring such plans in an orderly step-by-step procedure that will enable them to prepare a plan that is responsive to community needs. The use of a stan- dard format for all recreation plans submitted to the Department of Natural Resources enables the plan to be quickly reviewed and compared. The draft of the Kalkaska Plan was reviewed at the request of Janet DeRosa, Community Economic Development Corporation. The review has been completed and found that while the plan is generally good and seems responsive to community needs, some of the elements were out of place in the format and certain �others needed more detail to strengthen them as a basis for submitting requests for funding. Recreation Plan Elements. 1) Plan review and adoption: This is well done and thoroughly documents the adoption of the plan by local authorities. 2) Administrative Structure: This was out of place in the original fonnat and should be moved up to number 2. In addition, a graphic flow chart with lines and boxes is recommended by the state guidelines. This flow chart should then be supplemented by a detailed statement of methods and procedures in more detail than the present "functional administrative methods". 3) - Community Description (including both cultural and physical items): Population data and use of maps is good. A map showing the road system as well as the railroads would be helpful. In addition, the maps found under "short-range soals and objectives", including the Kalkaska County zoning key and the NE, NW, SE, SW, county maps, would seem to be more logically included in this basic section. A single map sho'-!ing the location of the short-r3nge projects within the county included in that section. 4) Recreation Inventory. This inventory should include both indoor and outdoor facilities, public/quasi-public/private facilities and school facilities if such gymnasiums, swimming pools, etc. are available to the public: This section of the plan covers private recreation areas, but the transportation map included should have a title relating it to the private recreation areas printed directly on the :nap . The section also includes state and federal park and recreation facilities, charts showing available recreation activities both indoor and out. S) Recreational Deficiencies (what is needed): The community survey on recreational needs is good and is one of the methods recommended to determine deficiencies by the state guidelines. However, it is also beneficial to compare general standards relating facilities to population (i.e., softball diamond for each 3,000 population) with the existing inventory. Al:-so, comparison can be made with number of facilities operated by similar communities. Finally, additional needs can be determined by projecting population/income figures. �6) Long-Range Goals. Items here direct the agency's future development of recreation and facilities and programs for the next 10 years or longer. As such, they express broad guidelines and indicate creative foresight for future planning and action. This usually include identification of areas for future land acquisition and additional development based on the needs identified on the statement of deficiencies: The identification of the fairgrounds project vith a proposed indoor svimming pool is just such a long-range goal that vill be gradually achieved through a series of projects. Long-range goals are not limited to the county as a whole since individual communities and toYnships may also have formulated long-range statements of goals such as to develop a syste~ of planning, to develop a system of community input for more responsive recreation programming. 7) Short-term objectives. Short range objectives are ordinarily achievable vithin a four or five year period. be specific, measurable, and realistic. They should also In many recreation plans dollar estilllates have been prepared reflecting costs if the projects are to be implemented vithin the next fev years: Do the numbers and listing of the short-term objectives reflect priority? The map references are not clear. As I indicated above, it vould seem that many of these nicely detailed maps belong more effectively in the community in No. 3 community description section and a single map with large numbers would be used to key in the location of the short-tenn objectives and their associated projects. 8) Action and financial nrogram. Ordinarily this section includes a list of priorities and a funding schedule, year-by-year, for not more than a five year period: This section is weak and does not strongly reflect the ability of the county and local communities to supply local contributions as well as in kind support for the projects. A short sectJon indicating the past history of funding for perhaps a five year period, and then projecting for a similar five year period with proposed �.. dollar allocations vould strengthen this plan. This is particularly advantageious where a project might be tracked over a three year period, with land acquistion in the first year, grading walks and roads and plantings in the second year. and a building in the third year. The table of contents should be redone to reflect the recommended changes in format and finally add the page numbers which will make the plan easy to access by either Kalkaska County staff or other interested parties. Additional questions may occur and either the Recreation Services Division of DNR or our office would be glad to help you. �Alternative Funding. Many governmental units are faced with increased taxpayer resistance to higher taxes. Any policy-making board confronted with a request for new services considers three issues: What is to be done, what is the legal authority for doing it, and how will it be paid for. The stresses on the Michigan economy in recent years have forced many local governments into severe retrenchment and austerity. Under these conditions it might not seem feasible to consider further development of recreation facilities if they are to be funded entirely by revenue from property taxes or other general funds. available. However, there are various other revenue sources The Department of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State University, and the Recreation Services Division, Department of Natural Resources, State of Michigan, have information on alternative funding and how it may be developed in any community to fund park and recreation services. We recommend that the county Board of Commissioners and the Park and Recreation Commission give serious consideration to alternative funding to continue development and operation of the county park and recreation facilities. Sources include bond issues, usually used for large capital im- provements; gifts and bequests; concession operations paying to the county either a flat annual fee or a percentage of the gross receipts, whichever is larger; revenue sharing; federal block grants; state land trust monies; and the Lind and Water Conservation Fund. Applications for some of these will require an approved recreation plan for the county or appropriate local governmental unit plans which are helpful to a park and recreation commission in allocating resources as well as obtaining alternative funding. Many of these monies are matching funds and are therefore heavily dependent on support by the local community. �23 .. Lake Skegemog Natural Area. around the edge of the lake. This area is largely a floating bog It has great ecological significance, is almost surrounded by public land, and is worthy of preservation as a unique natural resource. We recommend that a sc :~entific study be made to determine the area's ecological nature, assess its unique quality, and make recommendations for its operation and development. Rugg Pond Development. With the decision to repair the dam and preserve the pond it becomes advantageous to tie in some public recreation land to the area. An application has been made to the State Land Trust Fund to assist in purchasing approxi!Ilately 40 acres of adjoining lands. This area has a potential for developoent as a campground and as a da~-use site. For the latter purpose there should be boat access points 'W'ith supporting facilities, picnic sites with restrooms and playground equipment, and enough landscaping to ensure that the area will provide an attractive and enjoyable recreation experience. Considering that there are relatively few campgrounds in the area (Log Lake County Park, Kalkaska Campground, and Fife Lake Campground), a rustic campsite might well be included in the master plan for the 40 acres adjoining Rugg Pond. Rental fees could help cover operating costs and as such would be an alternative funding source. Log Lake Park. With the increased pressures of tight budgets and stricter accountability has come the need for careful procedures in collecting and handling money from public operations. Visitors should be notified of fees and charges for recreational services, and uniform policies should I be followed by all employees in collecting the funds and properly re~ording all receipts and revenues. �We recommend that at Log Lake Park the fees for use of the pavilions, bathhouse, and public campground be prominently posted and printed in any promotional materials distributed to the public. These should be in accordance with the fees and charges approved by the Park and Recreation Commission. In addition, there should be uniform policies established for collecting money, issuing receipts to campers and pavilion users, and turning in the monies in accordance .nth the financial policies of the county. The quality of any recreational experience is determined in large measure by the user's perception of employee attitudes. are kno't.1n as "hospitality." Collectively these Favorable first impressions are necessary to ensure repeat visits, and it is on these that the success of most recreation enterprises depend. We further recommend that the Park and Recreation Commission consider obtaining help in developing this "hospitality" among the park and recreation employees and managers operating the county facilities. Another key factor in providing safe and enjoyable recreation is the maintenance of facilities. For this to be carried out in a systematic and effective manner, a maintenance plan is essential. Such a plan for Log Lake Campground, if prepared and acted upon, would eliminate the problems observed on our visit there. Street tree plan for the city of Kalk.ask.a. Street trees have been planted in many communities to enhance overall appearance, provide shade for residents, serve as wind breaks, and provide other environmental benefits. However, the full advantages are seldom realized if the matter is left to the whim of individual property owners. Some .nll plant no �trees, others will plant and maintain them well, still otners will let them become public hazards. Just as design plans and maintenance are essential for the effective operation of parks, so a street tree plan is essential if a community is to realize the maximum benefits of the trees planted on its public right-of-ways. We recOtIIl!lend that the city of Kalkaska, assisted by the County Extension Director, take steps to have a street tree inventory and master street tree plan completed for the city. This vill protect those using the streets .from undue hazards and vill enhance the living quality of the city over the long run. Tourism. While we recongnize that Kalkaska does not have the specta- cular scenery of Grand Traver:;e Bay or the large resort developments of the ski country to the north, we believe the county could take advantage of its position in the center of a ring of outstanding natural attractions for tourist. For example, the county could provide accommodations for travelers to the Traverse City and Torch Lake areas. Within 50 miles of Kalkaska are seven major resort areas, and strategy based on "being in the center of things" could contribute strongly to the tourism potential of Kalkaska County. For example, a fev miles vest of Kalkaska are the magnificant nev golf courses of the Grand Traverse Resort, vhere a wide variety of cultural and waterfront activities also are available. Grand Traverse Resort vill un- undoubtedly develope as a t'ecognized convention center, yet there may be people vho \JOuld prefer to bring their family to the relative quiet of Kalk.ask.a County and commute to the convention and other cultural features of the area. An overall marketing strategy could emphasize Kalkaska County �. ., -,. as a serene base and time-travel maps could show what was readily available but .nthout the stresses of staying in the busier areas. The Manistee and Boardman rivers offer a strong potential for canoists kayak, and small boat enthusiasts. Si:1ce most of the river flo.._, is through state land, it should be possible to s,~rve those people who are "responding to nature" and wish to be in tune with the natural woodlands and water of northern Michigan. We recommend that planning be initiated for a system of canoe trails and rest areas, coordinated with existing access points. Supplementary points should be added where needed. Apparently no guide services are offer~d within the county to assist visitors who w:~sh to enjoy a great fishing experience but, ~nlike local residents, have no chance to study the streams in detail. We recommend that, as part of overall tourism development, efforts be made through the Chamber of Co11IID.erce or touriS111 organization to develop a corps of qualified people who could be interested in guiding as a part-time occupation. Options in tourism organization The potential contribution to the county economy from tourism is so critical that the Board of County Commissioners should consider alternatives in the organized effort to promote tourism. One option is to assign this function to the Park and Recreation Commission. services from the Chamber of Commerce. Another is to request such A third and probably the most feasible lies in the comination of the tvo in order to ensure coordination efforts. We recommend that the Board of County Commissioners and county'staff give serious consideration to formulating a statement of goals for touriS1D �• I in Kalk.ask.a County and enlisting the aid of representatives from the private sector. From this initial goal setting session, assisted by the County Ex- tension Director and the Economic Development Council coordinator, can come a final decision on the optimum "mix" bet'W'een public and private sector responsibility. This may take the fonn of a special task force or advisory council on tourism for Kalkaska County. �~PENDIX �Rules and Regulations Rules and regulations outline the administrative procedures and relationships to be followed by recreation and park officials and staff. In other W'Ords, they spell out what things are to be done, when, how, and where . Every recreation and park system should adopt a sound set of rules and regulations to guide action in the conduct of its business. Rules and regulations that are generally found in recreation and park agencies cover topics such as affirmative action and hiring, emergency procedures, environmental controls, fiscal controls, gifts and donations, personnel conduct, purchasing, use of facilities and equipment, and the like. The personnel rules and regulations of the Department of Parks of the City of New York spell out its provisions in a booklet that covers the follm,dng. Article I. Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 RULES OF CONDUCT FOR EMPLOYEES General Provisions Behavior and Conduct of Employee Injuries and Accidents Sustained by the Employees or the Public Violation of Park Rules and Regulations and .Vandalism on Park Property Uniforms Article II. Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section ~ Section 10 RULES GOVERNING VACATION, ABSENCES, LEAVES AND OVERTIME Notification of Inability to Report for Duty Leave of Absence Vacation Hours of Employment and Overtime Tardiness Article III. Section 11 Section 12 Section 13 Sect:~on 14 Section 15 Section 16 Section 17 Section 18 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR EMPLOYEE Transfers Probation Service Ratings Salary and Salary Increments Pay Check and Deductions Health Insurance Plan Veteran's Preference Grievance Procedure Lynn S. Rodney and Robert F. Toalson, Administration of Recreation, Parks and Leisure Services (New York; 19?1). John Wiley and Sons. �29 LANSING PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT POLICY ANO OPERATIONS MANUAL ISSUED 4/15/76 REPLACES PAGE 1 SECTION OF 2 COOE Park Board 1.2 SUBJECT PARK RULES 1. No person except employees in the course of their work shall cut or break, dig up, remove, mutilate, injure or carry away any tree, shrub, plant or flower (wild or cultivated) or any ctr.er personal or real property of whatsoever nature in, upon or belonging to any parks,. playgrounds or boulevards in the City of Lansing or under its control or in any street, avenue or highway, in or adjacent to or around the same. 2. No person shall use any obscene, profane or indecent language or make any loud outcry or in any way make a disturbance of the peace; or be guilty of any disorderly or indecent concuct; nor shall any person have in his or her possession, use, or be under the influence of intoxicating liquors. 3. No person, finn or organization shall be allowed to canvass or solicit subscriptions of money, peddle or sell materials, wares or foods within the limits of any park or playground without pennission from the Park Board. See Section 24.2 Lansing Ordir.anc~ Code. 4. No person shall attempt to preach aloud or make any speech or oration without a special permit from the Park. Board. 5. No person shall carry any rifle, gun or other firearm of any kind within the parks and playgrounds of the City of Lansing, nor shall any person fire, discharge or set off any rocket, crack.er, torpedo, squib or other fireworks or anything of an explosive nature without special permission from the Park Board. 6. No basin, pool. la~e or fountain shall be fouled by stone, wood, glass or any othir substance. 7. No fish, fowl. squirrel, bird or animill, either captive or at large, shall be killed, caught, molested or disturbed except as the Park Board may see fit to order the same to be done. 8. No dog or other domestic animal shall be allowed to run at large or on leash over the grounds or grass plots of any PO$TED park or boulevard, except by p~rmission of the Park Board. 9. No person except employees in the course of their work shall enter any building, place or enclosure upon which there is a sign "No Admittance" or "No TrespassingN or sign of similar intention. �LANSING PARKS AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT ·., POLICY ANO OPERATIONS MANUAL ISSUED 4/15/76 PAGE 2 SECTION REPLACES OF 2 COOE Park Board 1.2 SUBJECT PARK RULES 10. No person shall deface or injure any building. notice or placard within any park, boulevard or playground placeG there by the authority of the Park Board. 11. No person except employees under instruction shall build. kind1e or start any fires in any of the parks except where special provisions have been made for the use of picnic parties for cooking or heating food, coffee, etc. except by special pennissior. of the Park Director. 12. No person shall deposit or cause to be deposited, any rubbish or refuse in or upon any public park, playground or boulevard. Waste paper, sacks and other litter where used in the parks are to be deposited in waste baskets provided for that p~rpose. 13. No person shall enter park lands or buildings ~here special activities are in operation, without complying with the rEgulations for the use . of same and/or paying such fee as is required. 14. No person shall use park areas other than regularly established golf grounds for driving, chipping or putting of golf balls. 15. Unless otherwise provided parking is prohibitec in the Parks after 11:00 p.m. and lights must be left on parked cars after sundown. 16. Persons visiting the par~s after sunset will bE required to use the park benches provided for their use and shall not sit or lie upon any grass plot or so roove the park seats as to interfere or injure any flowers or shrubbery bed in such ~grass plot. 17. Power driven model airplanes shall not be floo,.-n in any area in any park unless that area sha11 be set apart and so designated by action of the Park Department. 18. No trucks, traction engine or trailers shall be allowed on the park highways except as necessary for park maintenar.ce. 19. No person other than employees in the course of their work shall ride or cause to be driven any rrotorized vehicle, automobtle, motor scooter, motorcycle, motorized cart or rootorized bicycle on any foot path. sidewalk or any area other than the designated roadway for use of such vehicles as provided. See Section 31 - 106.l Lansing Ordinance Code Authority: - �r f::,r byla".1s •.c~ rule:; :,f 1=:.-JceC:ure f~r a park and recreeti~n C:>mr.lissi:lrl. :~este, 1·:lrc BYLAUS llfD RUU:S OF PROCmJRE OF nu; CaJNTY PARKS AND RD:RE'ATI0H CO-11-CTSSlON I. P:r-ters ~f the C:mr-..issi~n C~unty hrks end Recreeti~n C~-=~issi~n shall The exercise ,uch y.,wers and perform such duties as are auth~rized and pr:,vide~ by the statutes a.od the laws of the State of Y..ichigan under >.ct No. 261 of the P-lbllc Acts of 1935, as aoended, and the -------- County ]:::iard of Commissioners Resolution --------, establishing said Co!Il.'nission. II. dated Officers of the Corrnission ' The C:xm:c.:ission shall elect a President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and such other officers as the C:::moission shell deem necessary, who shell be elected by the C:rmissi~ners at their reguler e!lr.ual meeting held on the second Thursday in January ::if eed1 year. n-1e C:ru.nty Treasurer she..11 be the Tre~surer of the Co.r:r:ission. III. D..lties of the President (e) '!he President shall preside et all meetir.fs of the C~ission anQ shall have a vote up~n ell res~lutions es a Co=issioner. (b) He shell sii;n, vi th the Secretary, in tlJe naoe ::f the ----- Coc...,ty ~~ks end Recreation C:ir!lr.lission, all contracts end legal ~~CU.':'lents eutt~ri~ed by the C:n::i~sion_(c) He sh&ll V1=P:>int such c:,m::;ittees,as established by the C:::c;::issi:in e~d shall serve es an exoffici~ meober. 1 IV. D.lties :,f the Vice President ln the ever.t tile :,ffice :,f President shall bec:r.i;e vocant by de~th, re~i,;nsti:m or Jt.l1en1jsL, :ir in the t'Ver.t of tht: abse:ict :f the �JL . v. The Secretary ahall perfo::::in the u~ual duties of his :>N'ice, anci auch other duties u the C::xnciui~ may direct. '.Ibis, am~g :ithe.r things, ,peci!ically includes the f:ill:rwi..ng: (a) He ahall attend a.l.l ~eetin,;s of the C::xnmission and keep the minutes :if such meeti~s. He shall have cust:>dy :if the minute b:iok and :,f any c:irp:irate seal or the C::mrlssi:in. (b) Be shall be the cust:>dian :,f all rec:rrds., except the ~in.and.al rec::irds :,f the Treasurer, and shall keep, at the :,ffice :,f the C~ssi~, and open t:i l)Ublic examination at all reas:ina'ble times, ell records, maps, charts, plans and dxuments pertaining to the v:irk of the Cc:m:nissi:in. (c) He shall see that all -pr:iperty acquired is vested in the ~ e of the Cam:issi:in. He she..11 notify the Treasurer when any suc:.h property is disp:ised of for cash consideration :ir othel"'rlise. He she..11 m.eintain rec:irds :,f ell pr:,perties ecquired in the n::-J!le :,f the C,;:,unty of ------- for the Parks and Recreation C:lt?lmission. (d) He shall sign, vith the President or Vice President, in the name :,f the C~issi:in, all contracts and lesal ,bcUI:ients auth:irized by the C~issi::m, end '\-Then necessary shall affix the c:irp:irate seal theret:i. (e) The C~ssi:in may app:iint an Assistant Secretary \lh:> shall perf:irm such duties -pertaining to the office of the Secretary as the C::xnmission may euth::n-ize. VI. Duties of the Treasurer The Treasurer shall pe:-f::ir~. the 'l;::ual dutie~ :,f hi~ office, anc! sh!ll �pr:::,pu exercise er their re.sp:::,n.s ibll1 ties. (a) niu, respective atatut:::iry duties . and am~ :>the.r things, includes t.he t i l l ~ : He shall receive all m:>ney due the C:::c:c.iaai:>n tr::c ta.xes' :,r :>ther 1ourc1!S, and shall dep:>si t all auch money in auc.h bank ar ba.nk.s 1.nd 1.c 1uch aeparate acc:>unts, as the C:Q:iiui:::,n may request or appr::,ve. (b) He 1hall keep ~cc::iunting rec:>rds ah:,wing all financial transacti:>ns ~r the Canmissi:>n 1n acc:>rdance Vitb geDerally accepted g:ivernme.ntal pr:>cedure and standards. He sh.a.1.1 make a financial report at the annual meeti.tig of the C::xmtissi:>n and as requested by the Cx::.i,sion shall ~rmit wpecti:>n of all t'inancial records by any Cocmissi:>ner at any reas:>nable tu:e. (c) He 1hill issue ~cher check f:>r tht p&yment ~f obligati::>ns on receipt of pr:,perly authenticatee V:>uchers !'ran the Co~~-:,ll er. I:! there be n:::,t su.fticier.~ m:::iney appr~iated uid awilable, he shall n:::,t issue the v~ucher check until an e:ppr~riation is me.de by the Cc:n.=.!.tsi:::,n. ( d) :Ie shall issue reguli-.r pay checks t~ 1.ll empl:,yees ::in pay- ( e) The ----- C:r.J.nty C:mtr:::,ller s.!'-.i:!1 perform all the euties incident t:> the of~ice :::,f C:x.t~:ller, ~;;r the C:c::.is- t:> the duties, resp:>nsibilities and ~~~hority established by Jct 156 :::,f the Public Acts :::,f Michiet~, 1851, as amended, t~r a c~unty c~ntr:>ller. Vl~ • . • ,:eetings and Agende Meeti11t;s ~f the C:r.-..:nis~ion shall be held ~~~::.ly at the c::,u,nty �34 ... each m::>nth unlesa 0thervi1e atated and n~ a legal baliday, and, 11' a legal b::>lld.ay • then Cll the day t:>ll:,wing t-::r the tn.ll.sacti:,n c! such busineu as u.y be br:>ught before the meeting, :pr:rvid.ed, b:,vever, that the regular monthly meeting ot said C::mcission may be held at such :>ther lxe.ti:lll or place as may be detennined by maj:n-ity of the members :,f nid Ccmnisdon. The regul.ar monthly meeti:cg held 1n the month or January smll c:>nsti tute the :regular annual meeti.Dg or said C~s,1:ui. , The agenda :,f each regular meeting will be circulated by mail to be mailed t:, the membership n::>t l.Ater than tive days prior to said meeting. or VIII. nie age.ndA may be m~ified by a majority vote members present. Special Meetings Special meetings of the C:ximission may be called at any time by the President, er Secretary, er by a majority :>! the 1tembers the C:Gmission at such tillle ~ -:,f place as may be deened necessary. C:::tm?lissi:mer.s shall be notified 1n m-itiog by certified mail, return recei:pt requested, cf the time, place. and purp-;:,se of all special meetings of the C::m::nission, to be mailed at lee.st tive days prior thereto. Notices :,f special meetings ot the C::cmissi:,n shall s:pecify the business to be transacted at said s~cial meeting and no other business save that specified shall be officially c-=insidered at said special meeting. Any C:::mmissi::>ner shall, however, be deemed t'j have 1mived such notice by his attendance at any such meeting. The total number 'jf meetings f::>r which c:>mpensati:,n can be paid shall not exceed that provided f~r ~embers :,f the County :B:>erJ 'jf Commissioners. ------ �. . IX. 9ii :,rum .• A aaj::zrity or the per1:>n1 c:>nsttutizlg aaid C:muiu1on &hul c:mst1tute a qu:zrum tar tbe tn.nsactioo concurrence ,::,.t 'bU11nes1, and the ct the majority or the C:zm.i.111on ahall '.be auttic:ient t'or the passage :rt &nJ' resolutions, but n:, business a:ball be transacted unless there u in :,ffice at least a maj:xrity :>! the tull number ::,t C:xnm.iaaioners :t'i.:::ed by lav. x. :Rarlla.mentary Practice Order or meetillgs: (a) Call to Order (b) ~eading and Approval. (c) Payment (d) Opp:irtunity 't:rr PUbllc to Address the C::zn:tluion (e) Camunications (t) Di.rector' 1 Staf:t Bep:xrt and ~e~a::nend.ati:>ns or ~r Minutes Bills l. Bew Business 2. Old ~i.llesa 3. Other ~iness (g) Discussion by C::zmu.issi:,n Members (b) /.dj :>urnment '?he rules :)f Parliamentary Practice c::mprised in ~:>be.rt'i Rules or Order" shall govern in all cases 1n '1hich they are n:>t inc:msiittent vi.th the standing rules and :>rders :,f this C:,mmission a.od n:>t c:>ntrary t:> the res:>luti:>n establishing the C::mruission, :xr- a.ny existing 1aw XI. or the State :>f Michigan. .Amendments 'nlese Bylaws may be altered, •~ended, aaded t:> :>r repealed by a maj:>rity of the members~! the Cc:mmis~i~n at any regular meeting of said C::::rrJLissi~n, ~ at any pr,rcrly call~d tpecial meetinG, �,pr:widi.Di a.ey Df auch changes are n:>t 1nc:>ns1.atellt vi.th er •" c::u:1.tr1ven1DC the resolution e1ta'bl11hia& the C:irm!1110ll, er the lavs cf the State 0! Michigan. are mad.e ill said ~lA,.,s a c:,py Provided that before any c.baJliea or the prop:>sed changes sh.all be filed vith the Secretary at leaat te.n (10) days prior to the meeti..cg at which action thereon 11 to be taken, and the Secretary &hall •end • caw ot aaid pr~:,sed cbllllges by certified mail to each C:mmissioncr at least five (5) da.ys prior to said meeti.Dg t::>gether with vri tten notice ot the time and place or such meetings. Fl:n:ployees '.nle becutive Officer may in accord.a.nee with the authority delegated to him 'by the C:::a:mi.uion, employ or discha.rge a.oy ~ployee or make other special pr:ivisions thereto. XIII. Report The Ca::c.i ssioo ab.all, 0Jl :,r be!::2re the fust day or Much of eve:cy yee.r, su.bir.i t a vri tten report to the ~ d o! the County or --------or contain a statement of the doings or Commissioners Michige.n, 'Which rep:lrt shall the C:cclssi:m curir..g the precedilla calend~ yu.r. I, -------------, Secretary o! the -------- County Parks and Recreation C:zncission, do hereby certify that the ab:,ve is a true copy of the ~ylaus, made, appr:,ved, and effected _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,19_. Secretary County ~rr_s i Recreat i on Ca:r.lissi~n. �I I Dm • evie asken _,._. -- .._, architect: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalkaska-County_Master-Recreation-Plan_1985 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board, Kalkaska County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-10 Title A name given to the resource Kalkaska County Master Recreation Plan Description An account of the resource The Kalkaska County Master Recreation Plan was prepared by the Kalkaska County Parks & Recreation Board and approved by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in October 1985. Subject The topic of the resource Recreation--planning Master plan reports Kalkaska County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7d7517aa4d849d72b6c2d013daa38625.pdf c0fd57f907898e3f08efc0fa676620f2 PDF Text Text �, ,J KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN Prepared By Kalkaska County Planning Commission With the Assistance of Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP David R. Tyler, AICP Robin L. Reed Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Road Lansing Ml 48917 517/886-0555 517/886-0564 FAX December 1995 �Kalkaska County Ralph Peck, Zoning Administrator Planning/Zoning Commission Donald Cotton Robert Guyot Ill Robert Ingersoll Virginia Lee Robert Mickevicius Cheryl Orton-Burleson Kimberly L. Stewart Ron Strong Charles Weaver Zoning Board of Appeals Howard Dakin Winfield Hansen Robert Mickevicius Cindy Rabish Roger Wendel Shirley Krumlauf, Alternate Ron Strong, Alternate �Table of Contents Chapter One - The Planning Process ................................................................. 1-1 Purpose of the Plan ........................................................................................... 1-1 How to Use the Plan ......................................................................................... 1-2 How the Plan was Generated ........................................................................... 1-4 Location and Jurisdictional Issues .................................................................... 1-4 Chapter Two - Demographic and Economic Profile .......................................... 2-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2-1 Population Profile .............................................................................................. 2-2 Population Migration ......................................................................................... 2-2 Population Density ............................................................................................ 2-2 Households and Size of Households ................................................................ 2-5 Housing and Non-Residential Building Activity ............................................... 2-11 Population by Age ........................................................................................... 2-11 Education ........................................................................................................ 2-14 Economic Profile ............................................................................................. 2-15 Tourism ........................................................................................................... 2-15 Labor Force ..................................................................................................... 2-15 Income ............................................................................................................ 2-18 State Equalized Value ..................................................................................... 2-18 Chapter Three - Physical Environment/Land Use ............................................. 3-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3-1 Natural Features ............................................................................................... 3-1 Topography .................................................................................................. 3-1 Soils ............................................................................................................. 3-1 Lakes and Streams ...................................................................................... 3-2 Wetlands and Drainage Ways ..................................................................... 3-2 Vegetative Cover ......................................................................................... 3-6 Land Cover and Use ......................................................................................... 3-6 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Urban Land Areas ...................................................................................... 3-12 Residential ................................................................................................. 3-12 Commercial. ............................................................................................... 3-14 Industrial .................................................................................................... 3-14 Institutional ................................................................................................. 3-16 Recreational. .............................................................................................. 3-16 Land Subdivision ....................................................................................... 3-16 Transportation ................................................................................................. 3-17 Existing Conditions .................................................................................... 3-17 Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 3-21 Sewage and Water Systems ...................................................................... 3-21 Water ......................................................................................................... 3-23 Chapter Four - Assets, Constraints, Opportunities and Issues ....................... 4-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4-1 Assets, Constraints And Opportunities .............................................................. 4-1 Natural Resources ....................................................................................... 4-1 Economic Development ............................................................................... 4-5 Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 4-6 Transportation .............................................................................................. 4-7 Land Use Needs .......................................................................................... 4-8 Issues .............................................................................................................. 4-12 Natural Resources ..................................................................................... 4-12 Economic Development ............................................................................. 4-12 Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 4-12 Transportation ............................................................................................ 4-13 Land Use ................................................................................................... 4-13 Chapter Five - Goals and Objectives .................................................................. 5-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5-1 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 5-1 Goal ............................................................................................................. 5-1 Objective ...................................................................................................... 5-1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Policy ........................................................................................................... 5-1 Kalkaska County Goals & Objectives ..................................................................... 5-2 Community Character Goal ............................................................................... 5-2 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-2 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-2 Residential Development Goal .......................................................................... 5-3 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-3 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-3 Natural Resources & the Environment Goal ..................................................... 5-4 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-4 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-4 Industrial and Commercial Goal ........................................................................ 5-5 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-5 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-5 Public Facilities and Services Goal ................................................................... 5-6 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-6 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-6 Transportation Goal .......................................................................................... 5-7 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-7 " Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-7 Recreation Goal ................................................................................................ 5-8 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-8 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-8 Intergovernmental Cooperation Goal ................................................................ 5-8 Objectives .................................................................................................... 5-8 Policies ........................................................................................................ 5-8 Chapter Six - Future Land Use Plan ...................... ;............................................ 6-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6-1 Basis for Future Land Use Plan ........................................................................ 6-1 Future Land Use Map ....................................................................................... 6-1 Agriculture and Forest Land Uses ..................................................................... 6-1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Residential ........................................................................................................ 6-2 Commercial Land Use ....................................................................................... 6-7 Industrial Land Use ........................................................................................... 6-8 Recreational Use ............................................................................................... 6-9 Transportation ................................................................................................. 6-10 Infrastructure ................................................................................................... 6-13 Policies ............................................................................................................ 6-14 Chapter Seven - Plan Implementation ................................................................ 7-1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 7-1 Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................ 7-1 Planning Coordination ....................................................................................... 7-4 Issues of Greater Than Local Concern ............................................................. 7-5 Relationship to Zoning ...................................................................................... 7-5 Relationship to Subdivision Regulations ........................................................... 7-6 Relationship to Capital Improvements .............................................................. 7-6 Other Implementation Tools and Programs ...................................................... 7-7 Community Development Block Grant Program ............................................... 7-7 Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) Programs .............. 7-7 Land and Water Conservation Fund ................................................................. 7-7 Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund ........................................................... 7-7 The Recreation Bond ........................................................................................ 7-8 Recreation Improvement Fund .......................................................................... 7-8 Local Facility Development Grants ................................................................... 7-8 Land Acquisition Grants .................................................................................... 7-8 Waterways Fund ............................................................................................... 7-8 Road Funds ....................................................................................................... 7-9 ISTEA Funds ..................................................................................................... 7-9 Public Works Financing ..................................................................................... 7-9 Updating the Master Plan .................................................................... ...... .. ...... 7-9 Follow-up Studies and Activities ........................................................................ 7-9 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Figures Figure Page 2-1 Population in Kalkaska County, 1900-1990 ...................................................... 2-1 2-2 Population of Kalkaska County By Age Group, 1990 ...................................... 2-12 2-3 Kalkaska County School Enrollments for the 1990 School Year. .................... 2-14 3-1 Kalkaska Land Use/Cover Classification ........................................................... 3-9 6-1 Land Division - Lot Size .................................................................................... 6-4 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Maps Map Page 1-1 Kalkaska County Communities .......................................................................... 1-5 2-1 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1970-1980 ....................................... 2-4 2-2 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1980-1990 ....................................... 2-4 2-3 Michigan's Net Migration, 1970-1980 ................................................................ 2-4 2-4 Michigan's Net Migration, 1980-1990 ................................................................ 2-4 2-5 Total Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 ................. 2-6 2-6 Percent Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 ............. 2-7 2-7 Total Change in Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 .... 2-8 2-8 Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 .............................. 2-9 3-1 Kalkaska County General Soils Map ................................................................. 3-3 3-2 Kalkaska County Rivers and Streams ............................................................... 3-4 3-3 Kalkaska County Wetlands ................................................................................ 3-5 3-4 Kalkaska County Forest Land ........................................................................... 3-7 3-5 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover ..................................................................... 3-8 3-6 Kalkaska County Public, Quasi Public and Private Recreation Lands ............ 3-11 3-7 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover (Urban) ..................................................... 3-13 3-8 Village of Kalkaska Land Use/Cover ............................................................... 3-15 3-9 Land Divisions and Ownership in Coldsprings and Excelsior Townships from Plat Maps, 1981 and 1993 ...................................................................... 3-17 3-10 Kalkaska County Existing Transportation Network .......................................... 3-18 3-11 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Sanitary Sewer System, 1990 ............................................................................................. 3-22 3-12 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Septic System, 1990 ......... 3-22 3-13 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Municipal Water System, 1990 ............................................................................................. 3-25 3-14 Percent of Michigan Households Connected to a Water Well, 1990 ............... 3-25 4-1 Michigan Sites of Environmental Contamination, 1993 ..................................... 4-4 4-2 Future Change in Number of Second Homes in Michigan 1990-2020 ............ 4-10 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �6-1 Kalkaska County Future Land Use ................................................... ................ 6-3 6-2 Village of Kalkaska Future Land Use .................. ................. ............................. 6-6 6-3 Kalkaska County, Existing & Proposed Transportation Network ..................... 6-12 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �List of Tables Table 2-1 Top 10 Michigan Counties with Highest Percent Change in Population Page 1970-1980 .................................................................................................... 2-3 2-2 Top 10 Michigan Counties with Highest Percent Change in Population 1980-1990.................................................................................................... 2-3 2-3 Kalkaska County Population and Population Density Change, 1970-1990 ....... 2-5 2-4 Number of Second Homes in the Northwest Region, 1960-2010 ................... 2-10 2-5 Michigan Counties with the Highest Increase in Households 1980-1990 ....... 2-1 O 2-6 Kalkaska County Building Permit Activity, 1983-1994* ................................... 2-11 2-7 Kalkaska County Shifts in Key Age Groups, 1980-1990 ................................. 2-12 2-8 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents Under 18 Years of Age, 1970-1990* .................................................................... 2-13 2-9 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents 19-64 Years of Age, 1970-1990* ......................................................................... 2-13 2-10 Michigan's Top 10 Counties, By Percent Change, With Residents Over 65 Years of Age, 1970-1990* .................................................................... 2-13 2-11 Oil and Gas Production in Kalkaska County, 1981-89 .................................... 2-16 2-12 Kalkaska County Employment, by Sector and by Share of State and Regional Employment, 1991 ...................................................................... 2-16 2-13 Employment and Employment Change, Michigan's Northwest Region 1986 and 1991 ........................................................................................... 2-17 2-14 Percentage Change in Employment, by Sector and County, Northwestern Region, 1986-91 ........................................................................................ 2-17 2-15 Per Capita Incomes for Michigan's Northwest Region, 1980, 1984, and 1989 .................................................................................................... 2-18 2-16 State Equalized Valuation, Kalkaska County by Township, 1991, and Percentage Change, 1984-91 .................................................................... 2-20 3-1 Kalkaska County Land Use/Cover Classification ............................................ 3-10 3-2 Land Use/Cover Acreage for Kalkaska County Communities, 1978 ............... 3-12 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �3-3 Distribution of Businesses by Sector, Kalkaska County, 1989 ........................ 3-14 3-4 State Truckline Vehicle Miles of Travel (Millions) ............................................ 3-19 3-5 Current and Projected Average Daily Traffic ................................................... 3-20 3-6 Number of Public Sewer and Private Septic Systems* in Kalkaska County 1980-1990.................................................................................................. 3-23 3-7 Number of Public Water Systems and Drilled or Dug Wells in Kalkaska County, 1980-1990 .................................................................................... 3-24 4-1 Public Land Acreage as a Percent of Total Land Acreage in Michigan's Lower Peninsula Counties, 1990 ... :............................................................. 4-2 4-2 Total Population of Kalkaska County, 1990 and 2020 ...................................... 4-5 4-3 Kalkaska County Population and Land Use Projections for the Year 2020 ...... 4-9 4-4 Kalkaska County Employment and Non-Residential Land Use Projections, 2020 ....................................................................................... 4-11 4-5 State and Federal Public Lands in Kalkaska County, 1990 ............................ 4-11 6-1 Kalkaska County Road Commission 20 Year Plan/Needs .............................. 6-11 7-1 Principal Responsibilities of County, Village, and Township Planning Commissions Related to Planning & Development Regulation ................... 7-2 7-2 Principal Responsibilities of Village Councils/Township Board of Trustees/ County Board of Commissioners Related to Planning & Development Regulation .................................................................................................... 7-3 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN �Chapter 1 THE PLANNING PROCESS Purpose of the Plan This Master Plan is intended to guide policy and decision making for future land use, infrastructure and public service decisions within Kalkaska County. The Plan identifies key planning issues, goals, objectives and policies which are instrumental to its implementation. Background information, analysis and recommendations provide a context for informed decisions. Proposed future land uses and policies presented in this Plan were developed based on a combination of the natural capability of the land to sustain certain types of development; the important natural functions of unique land and water resources in the area; the future need for residential, commercial and industrial land uses; the existing land use distribution, including the State Forest areas; the relationship of undeveloped lands to existing community character; and the desires of local residents and public officials as expressed through surveys, interviews, and a Countywide visioning session . This Master Plan is adopted pursuant to the authority of the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945. This Act provides for the preparation of a basic plan to promote the community health, safety and welfare through provisions for the use of land and resources and the assurance of adequate public facilities and services. The Kalkaska County Master Plan is prepared as a foundation for, and depends primarily on, the County's Zoning Ordinance, subdivision regulations and capital improvement program for its implementation. It is hoped that cooperation with local planning commissions within the County will result in compatible local land use plans so that a coordinated approach will be achieved. Although this Plan states specific land use development policy and proposes specific land use arrangements, it has no regulatory power. There is growing recognition among local jurisdictions that an independent approach to physical planning, which focuses exclusively inward, is inadequate to address many of the emerging trends and issues which cross jurisdictional boundaries. Issues like air or water quality, infrastructure, transportation, environmental conservation and land development impacts are becoming difficult, if not impossible, to address on an individual jurisdiction basis. At the same time, each political jurisdiction recognizes its obligation to maintain, if not improve, the quality of life for its seasonal and year round citizens. As a result, a sustainable future depends on partnerships founded upon pursuit of mutual goals. This plan is based on a philosophy that each jurisdiction in Kalkaska County is better able to address its unique economic, social and physical development problems and opportunities if a common framework can be established for making individual decisions. Coordination and cooperation between local units of government can maximize the benefits on future land use and infrastructure decisions. The result will be KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-1 �a new direction for land use planning which will enhance the quality of life for all residents of Kalkaska County. This Plan is intended as support for the achievement of the following public objectives, among others: • To protect and promote the public health, safety and general welfare; • To protect and preserve the natural resources, unique character and environmental quality of the County; • To maintain and enhance employment opportunities and tax base of the County • To promote an orderly development process which is coordinated with the County's ability to provide services and which permits public officials and citizens an opportunity to monitor change and review proposed development in a reasonable manner; and • To conserve and protect property values by avoiding incompatible uses; • To provide information from which to gain a better understanding of the County, its interdependencies and interrelationships, and upon which to base future land use and public investment decisions. How to Use the Plan The Master Plan is organized into seven chapters, beginning with this introduction. The second chapter is a demographic and economic profile of trends and conditions influencing the County. The unique character and natural features of Kalkaska County are described in Chapter Three, as well as existing lands uses. Chapter Four looks at existing and proposed public services, facilities and transportation systems in the County which will influence future land use and infrastructure decisions. Chapter Five defines goals, objectives and policies and Chapter Six looks at future land use and policy statements. Strategies for implementation are presented in Chapter Seven, including special tools and financing techniques. This Master Plan will assist elected and appointed officials when making choices between competing interests by serving as a guide for decision making. The recommendations of this Plan can be a reference tool for local jurisdictions when performing the duties and responsibilities set forth by State law, primarily relating to physical development. It is anticipated that this Plan will be consulted in the following situations: KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-2 �• Reviewing, coordinating or preparing specialized plans which address a particular subject (like housing) or geographic area (like a neighborhood) within the County; • Administration of land regulations, including zoning and subdivision control ordinances. Applications for rezoning, variances, or special use permits should be evaluated not only in terms of specific zoning ordinance standards, but also in terms of how well the proposed action would help attain the goals and objectives of this Plan, fulfill its policies and be consistent with the Future Land Use Map; • Preparation and review of capital improvement programs and the public works projects of other local agencies, to encourage consistency with the Plan; • Promotion of the public interest in and understanding of the planning process and Plan implementation; • Consulting with public officials, utility companies, civic, educational, professional and other organizations concerning implementation of the Plan. (see sidebar containing a comprehensive list of when to use this Plan.) When to Use this Plan A list of the principal issues for which guidance from this Plan is likely to be sought are presented below. • as the basis for more detailed township and village plans and development ordinances • as a frame of reference for private investment in the County • as a guide to village, township and county public facility and infrastructure decisions • as a guide to the Kalkaska County Planning Commission in fulfilling its responsibility to review proposed public facility expenditures for consistency with the Comprehensive Plan • as a guide to the County Planning Commission fulfilling their statutory responsibility to review township plans and zoning amendments • as a guide to preparing measures to protect sensitive environmental areas • as a guide in protecting air and water quality • as a guide to improved long term resource management decisions, especially with regard to renewable resources, and critical plant and animal habitats • as a base reference for joint or separate village, township, county grant activities • as an organization plan for county program expenditures • to stimulate and facilitate intergovernmental cooperation (e.g., among not only the County and local units of government, but also: private and semi-private organizations, area schools, the DNR, the Soil Conservation Service, adjoining counties of Governments, etc.) • to define issues of greater than local concern and establish appropriate mechanisms to deal with those issues, including but not limited to: • solid waste and recycling facilities • utility and sewage disposal sites • large scale development • fire/emergency services • affordable housing. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-3 �How the Plan was Generated In May, 1994, the Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. was selected to assist the County Planning Commission in the development of the Master Plan to satisfy both short and long range planning issues in the County. This is the first Master Plan for Kalkaska County. The County Planning Commission had worked for several years on background analysis and goals development before retaining consulting services. The planning process included the identification of critical trends and conditions facing Kalkaska County and its residents. Information was generated based on working sessions with County officials, residents and other local participants. A "visioning" town meeting provided all interested residents an opportunity to comment on their aspirations and desires for the future of the County. Data was collected and key natural resource and land use information was mapped. Phase two consisted of examining key information and findings from the data collected with input from the County Planning Commission. A Future Land Use Map was prepared. The results were combined into a Master Plan which incorporates data, analysis and goals and objectives for the future of Kalkaska County. Strategic policies are also presented as refinements to the goals and objectives and will serve as a foundation for future implementation of the Kalkaska Master Plan. Refinements to the draft Plan were made following a public hearing on July 26, 1995. Location and Jurisdictional Issues Named in 1843, the County was originally called Wabassee, which honored a Potawatomi chief. Located in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan, Kalkaska County is situated within some of the State's most natural settings, drawing many seasonal visitors to the area. Traverse City is located only 20 miles west of Kalkaska County and the City of Detroit is 230 miles southeast, or little more than a four hour drive. Surrounding counties include: Grand Traverse County to the west, Crawford County to the east, Antrim County directly north and Missaukee to the south. Major transportation routes through Kalkaska County include US-131, traversing the northwest section of the County; M-66, running north and south; and M-72 running east and west. Kalkaska County contains thirteen jurisdictions, one village and twelve townships. Of special significance is the Village of Kalkaska, serving as the commerce center for the County (see Map 1-1 for the lnterjurisdictional Context).There is a broad array of issues that extend beyond the boundaries of any one jurisdiction and decisions made by one jurisdiction are often affected by the decisions made by other jurisdictions. For instance, air and water conditions in Kalkaska Township, will impact the quality of life and natural environment in Rapid River Township. Conversely, a large-scale industrial development in Orange Township could have large impacts on Kalkaska and other nearby townships. Intergovernmental communication and coordination are essential when planning for the future of a county. Effective integration of the policies of this Plan KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-4 �with existing regulatory and planning documents in the County will require an ongoing commitment to intergovernmental cooperation. Zoning issues are also important when thinking in terms of intergovernmental cooperation. It is important to keep all local governments informed of proposed changes to this Plan or of its regulatory instruments and encourage their input prior to changes. Currently only two townships (Garfield and Blue Lake) and the Village of Kalkaska have master plans. Four townships (Garfield, Blue Lake, Clearwater, and Boardman) and the Village of Kalkaska have adopted zoning ordinances. County zoning applies in the rest of the Townships. Map 1-1 KALKASKA COUNTY COMMUNITIES CLEARWATER TOWNSHIP VILLAGE OF KALKASKA RAPID RIVER TOWNSHIP 0 I COLD SPRINGS TOWNSHIP EXCELSIOR TOWNSHIP KALKASKA TOWNSHIP BOARDMAN TOWNSHIP SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP BLUE LAKE TOWNSHIP BEAR LAKE TOWNSHIP ORANGE TOWNSHIP OLIVER TOWNSHIP GARFIELD TOWNSHIP KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 1-5 �Chapter 2 DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PROFILE Introduction The history of Kalkaska County is directly linked to the natural resources found in the region. During the nineteenth century, when Michigan was experiencing its lumbering boom, Kalkaska County attracted individuals who harvested pine and hardwoods. After clear-cutting nearly the entire County, cutover lands were converted into farms, and potatoes and apples became important to the County's economic base. Historical population in the County is illustrated in Figure 2-1. During 1900, and as the lumbering boom began fading and moving further north, the County population was at its record high with more than 20,000 people. That number declined steadily until 1940. Population in Kalkaska County began an upward trend beginning in 1970 and has continued to increase every decade since. It is expected to continue increasing into the future. The County's growing population base attests to the growth of northern migration patterns, especially in and around areas with significant natural resources. Local government, manufacturing , the oil and gas industry, and retail trade and tourism are the major employment sectors in the County. With more than 275 miles of streams and rivers and 85 inland lakes, seasonal tourism and recreational activities provide jobs and contribute to the overall economic well being of the County. Figure 2-1 POPULATION IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1900-1990 14,000 12,000 10,000 C 0 8,000 C. 0 C. 6,000 .:: ca :i 4,000 2,000 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-1 1970 1980 1990 �A review of historic and existing conditions in Kalkaska County provides an opportunity to look at factors which have influenced, and will continue to influence, the patterns of land use and development. Examples include recent population growth patterns, land development trends, public land holdings, and natural features - all of which contribute to the basic fabric of the County and serve as the base conditions for creating a common framework on which to build a Future Land Use Plan. Population Profile The number of new residents in Kalkaska County has increased significantly since 1970. The largest increase in population happened between 1970 and 1980 when the number of County residents more than doubled from 5,272 to 10,952. While much of the population increase can be attributed to the boom in the gas and oil industry, other likely reasons may be due to an increase in the number of seasonal residents or second home buyers. This 20 year population increase is reflective of the growth which is occurring in much of the northern lower peninsula. Table 2-1 illustrates Michigan's top ten counties showing the highest percent change in population between 1970 and 1980. From 1970 to 1980, Kalkaska County had the highest percent change in population in Michigan. Adding 5,680 new residents, Kalkaska County increased population by more than 107 percent. With the exception of Livingston County located near the metropolitan area of Detroit, all counties listed in Table 2-1 are located in the northern lower peninsula. Between 1980 and 1990 Kalkaska County population increases were still rising as 2,545 more people moved into the County for a 23.2 percent increase. (See Table 2-2.) Regionally, Table 2-2 illustrates the state-wide population change. The largest percent increases in the number of residents occurred in the northern lower peninsula between 1980 and 1990, growing by nearly 30% in some areas. Maps 2-1 and 2-2 illustrates on a state-wide basis where the percent change in population is occurring. Both maps reveal that population increases are taking place at higher percentage rates in northern counties rather than in more urbanized areas of the southern half of the State. Population Migration Population growth is the result of natural increases (more births than deaths) and new residents moving into the area (migration). Migration Maps 2-3 and 2-4 illustrate where people moved to and where people moved out of between 1970 and 1990. Both maps reflect recent patterns of growth in Michigan's county population numbers, confirming the emerging population shift to northern areas. Population Density A review of population densities in Kalkaska County by minor civil division (MCD) shows where county population is concentrated and where it is growing. Table 2-3 breaks down population and population densities by MCD. Kalkaska Township experienced a 373.8 percent increase in total population between 1970 and 1990. It also saw the highest percent change in population density between that time. Average density went from 6.9 persons per square mile in 1970 to 32.9 persons per square mile in 1990, an increase of 376.8 percent. All local jurisdictions in Kalkaska County had an increase in KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-2 �Table 2-1 TOP 10 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION, 1970-1980 Countv Kalkaska Livinqston Roscommon Gladwin Crawford Oscoda Otsego Montmorency Clare Missaukee Population 1970 5,272 58,967 9,892 13,471 6,482 4,726 10,422 5,247 16,695 7,126 Population 1980 10,952 100,289 16,374 19,957 9,465 6,858 14,993 7,492 23,822 10,009 Total Change 5,680 41,322 6,482 6,486 2,983 2,132 4,571 2,245 7,127 2,883 Percent Change 107.7% 70.1% 65.5% 48.1% 46.0% 45.1% 43.9% 42.8% 42.7% 40.5% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-2 TOP 10 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH HIGHEST PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION, 1980-1990 County Crawford Kalkaska Missaukee Roscommon Otsego Ottawa Montmorency Chippewa Leelanau Grand Traverse Population 1980 9,465 10,952 10,009 16,374 14,993 157,174 7,492 29,029 14,007 54,899 Population 1990 12,260 13,497 12,147 19,776 17,957 187,768 8,936 34,604 16,527 64,273 Total Change 2,795 2,545 2,138 3,402 2,964 30,594 1,444 5,575 2,520 9,374 Percent Change 29.5% 23.2% 21.4% 20.8% 19.8% 19.5% 19.3% 19.2% 18.0% 17.1% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census population and densities over this time frame. These growth increases are found fairly evenly distributed throughout the County. Total and percent change in population levels and density by jurisdiction are found on Maps 2-5 to 2-8. Blue Lake, Bear Lake, Oliver and Garfield Townships each contain a large portion of State Forest land and as a result, population density changes do not appear as high as other townships. In actuality they may be greater because the population can only live on private lands which are limited. Population and density numbers for year-round residents reflect only a part of Kalkaska County's total growth. Containing some of Michigan's most prime recreational areas, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-3 �ra· Map 2-1 Percent Change in Michigan's Population 1970-1980 Map 2-2 Percent Change in Michigan's Population.,1980-1990 Percent change Percent change - 66to108 -2□ to30 - 301048 lj'B101019 ~1to29 ~1to9 12'.ZJ -1 to-7 12'.Zl -1 to-7 D-1010-13 0 . a t o -1 3 Soun:e: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Map 2-3 Map 2-4 Michigan's Net Migration, 1980-1990 Michigan's Net Migration, 1970-1980 Total change Total change - 11,4001046,100 - 4,472 to 12,275 - 2,901 to 11,399 - 1,084to3,674 liffll! Oto2,900 ~ 7to975 ~ -1 to-9,700 l2ZJ -79 to -9,743 [2Z;J -10,200 to -359,000 D -10.32ato-3so.110 D -457,ooo Soun:e: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-4 �Table 2-3 KALKASKA COUNTY POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY CHANGE, 1970-1990 Place Name Village of Kalkaska CLEARWATER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD OLIVER BOARDMAN EXCELSIOR BLUE LAKE COLD SPRINGS KALKASKA BEAR LAKE GARFIELD County Total: 1990 Total Percent Percent 1970 Total Change Change Change Population Population Change 1990 1970 Density Density 1970-1990 1970-1990 Population Population 1970-1990 1970-1990 32.3 867.6 1,148.2 280.6 32.3 1,952 477 1,475 34.6 121 .8 1,959 1,075 121.6 28.4 63.0 884 25.9 885 627 243.0 7.5 18.4 245.3 258 497 199.6 8.0 24.7 16.7 208.8 746 249 211 .1 7.1 21 .2 198.6 280 871 591 '14.1 155 114.0 3.8 8.1 4.3 136 291 113.2 766 247.1 8.6 30.0 310 1,076 21.4 248.8 482 207.8 6.5 20.1 232 714 13.6 209.2 378 140 58.8 6.9 10.9 238 4.0 58.0 1,073 752 234.3 9.3 31.2 21.9 321 235.5 2,317 1,828 373.8 6.9 32.9 489 26.0 376.8 453 243.5 186 639 2.6 8.9 6.3 242.3 596 382 178.5 214 2.2 3.4 1.0 45.5 13,497 8,225 156.0 9.2 23.5 5,272 14.3 156.2 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Kalkaska County accommodates seasonal residences, campgrounds, hotel and motels and other attractions. The growth in seasonal homes, by decade, in the northwest region of Michigan are illustrated in Table 2-4. The entire region has had large increases in the number of people buying and owning second homes and Kalkaska County is no exception. In 1960, the County had 2, 152 second homes and by the year 2010, that number is expected to more than double. Currently, the U.S. Bureau of Census reports that Kalkaska County has 3,466 second homes dotted throughout the County. Thirty eight percent of the total housing stock in Kalkaska County is considered seasonal, or in second home ownership compared to six percent on a state-wide basis. Households and Size of Households The number of households have continued to increase state-wide while the size of households (including in Kalkaska County) have decreased. Table 2-5 shows the Michigan counties with the highest increase in the number of households between 1980 and 1990. Kalkaska County ranked 4th in the State with a 30 percent increase over the last decade. In 1980, Kalkaska County had 3,795 households, compared to 4,934 households in 1990. Household size throughout the State has decreased since 1960. This reflects national trends of: couples deciding to have fewer children, a higher number of divorced people, more single person householders and a higher median age resulting in less females of child-bearing ages (18-44 years old). Kalkaska County in 1980 had 2.87 persons per household and experienced a decrease to 2.71 persons per household in 1990. The State of Michigan's average size of a household in 1990 was 2.66 persons. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-5 �Map 2-5 / Total Change in Population* for Michigan Communities · 1970-1990 Total change - 14,000 to 57,000 - 2,000 to 13,999 - Oto 1,999 D D -1 to-39,ooo -40,000 or less * The change in population totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-6 �Map 2-6 ~ Percent Change in Population* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Percent change - 150to417 - 50to 149 - I D 15to49 I Oto 14 -1 to-92 * The change in population totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-7 �Map 2-7 / rotal Change in Population Density* . for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Total change - 200ormore - 10to200 - Oto9 -1 to -739 I''" l I I -740 or less * The total change in population density totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files . Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-8 �Map 2-8 d7 Population Density* for Michigan Communities 1970-1990 Kalkaska County Persons per square mile - 700ormore - 126to700 - I 51 to 125 L/:J 21 to 50 D 20orless * The population density totals for Villages (not shown on the map) have been included in the Township totals. The census data was fit to 1990 Minor Civil Division TIGER line files. Source: Planning and Zoning Center, Inc. based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-9 �Table 2-4 NUMBER OF SECOND HOMES IN THE NORTHWEST REGION, 1960-2010 1980 County 1960 3,122 4,231 Antrim 2,412 3,093 Benzie 3,296 2,332 Charlevoix 3,466 2,731 Emmet 2,990 3,177 Grand Traverse 3,332 2,152 Kalkaska 3,475 2,660 Leelanau 2,258 3,035 Manistee 2,421 955 Missaukee 1,057 1,861 Wexford *Projected by Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 1990 4,695 3,145 3,873 4,382 3,296 3,466 4,172 3,196 2,413 2,166 2000* 5,589 3,616 4,708 5,177 3,273 4,297 4,948 3,768 3,388 2,804 2010* 6,376 3,983 5,479 6,003 3,333 4,954 5,704 4,237 4,117 3,358 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-5 MICHIGAN COUNTIES WITH THE HIGHEST INCREASE IN HOUSEHOLDS 1980-1990 Percent Rank Chanae County 1 34.0% Crawford 2 32.5% Otseoo 3 30.6% Roscommon 4 30.0% Kalkaska 5 28.1% Missaukee 6 27.9% Montmorency 7 25.5% Oscoda 8 25.0% Grand Traverse 9 24.9% Leelanau 10 24.2% Ottawa 11 24.1% Livinoston 12 22.0% Antrim 13 21.0% Ooemaw 14 19.1% Benzie 15 17.4% Emmet 16 16.8% Charlevoix 17 16.8% Kent 18 16.7% Gladwin 19 16.4% Allegan 20 16.3% Lapeer 1980 3,315 4,921 6,519 3,795 3,427 2,814 2,517 19,167 5,023 50,449 31,344 5,723 5,940 4,008 8,107 7,056 155,598 7,159 27,232 21,202 1990 4,441 6,522 8,516 4,934 4,389 3,600 3,160 23,965 6,274 62,664 38,887 6,980 7,190 4,772 9,516 8,243 181,740 8,357 31,709 24,659 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Housing KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-10 Total Chanae 1,126 1,601 1,997 1,139 962 786 643 4,798 1,251 12,215 7,543 1,257 1,250 764 1,409 1,187 26,142 1,198 4,477 3,457 �Housing and Non-Residential Building Activity Single family housing, which is the largest consumer of land in most Michigan communities, represented 72 percent of all housing units in Kalkaska County. In 1990, there were 9,151 total housing units, 22 percent of which were in mobile homes. Eighty percent of all housing units in the County were owned by their occupants, compared to a State average of 71 percent. Sixty percent of the County's housing stock has been built since 1970 and the median value of housing is $44,500. Over the last 11 years, Kalkaska County has issued permits for 968 single family homes, 64 multi-family homes, 77 industrial facilities, 7 churches, 54 stores, 22 offices and 60 miscellaneous buildings and infrastructure (see Table 2-6). Table 2-6 KALKASKA COUNTY BUILDING PERMIT ACTIVITY, 1983-1994* MultiTotal for Single Year Year Familv Family** Industrial Church Store Office Other*** 4 62 0 8 2 2 0 78 1983 24 10 0 7 2 1 65 109 1984 64 0 8 0 2 1 3 78 1985 11 7 81 0 0 2 4 105 1986 1 81 8 0 5 2 1 1987 98 1 4 69 8 8 1 7 1988 98 70 0 4 1 2 3 22 102 1989 1 6 1 76 8 0 4 1990 96 1 5 2 83 8 9 5 113 1991 12 0 2 2 126 8 6 156 1992 94 0 4 1 4 0 0 103 1993 97 0 2 0 8 2 7 116 1994 7 54 22 64 77 60 968 1,252 Total: *Through 10/94 **Number of units ***Includes public works, schools, hospitals, and motels Source: Kalkaska County Planning and Zoning Department Population by Age Kalkaska County residents in 1990 had a median age of 33 years, slightly higher than the State average of 32.6 and 3.8 percent higher than the County's median age in 1980. The higher average accounts for the large number of persons 65 and over, comprising 13 percent of the County's total population (see Figure 2-2). The largest segment of population by age are residents 25-44 years old (30 percent), followed by age groups 5-24 years (29.5 percent), 45-64 (19.5 percent), over 65 (13 percent) and under 5 (8 percent) . Table 2-7 compares County age groups between 1980 and 1990. Of particular note, is the percent of persons 18 years and under living with two parents. Michigan's statewide average is only 70.5 percent and in Kalkaska County it is 75.7 percent. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-11 �Figure 2-2 POPULATION OF KALKASKA COUNTY BY AGE GROUP, 1990 Under 5 Years 8% Over 65 Years 5-24 Years 29% 45-64 Years 20% Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 25-44 Years 30% Table 2-7 KALKASKA COUNTY SHIFTS IN KEY AGE GROUPS, 1980-1990 AJ:ie Grouo/CateQorv Under 5 Years 5-24 Years 25-44 Years 45-64 Years Over 65 Years Median Aae Total Pooulation Percent 1980 of Total 1,006 9.2 3,731 34.1 2,893 26.4 2,046 18.7 1,276 11.7 29.2 10,952 1990 1,034 3,992 4,036 2,638 1,797 32.6 13,497 Percent of Total 7.7 29.6 29.9 19.5 13.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census As trends indicate, the age of residents is increasing faster among older age groups rather than the younger groups. Table 2-8, however, indicates that on a state-wide basis, Kalkaska County ranked number one for the percent change in number of residents under 18 years of age between 1970 and 1990. This trend generally indicates the attraction of younger families and residents to an area. A comparison of state-wide trends for the highest percent change in residents 19 to 64 years of age also shows Kalkaska ranked number one, with a 202 percent increase (see Table 2-9). Residents over 65 (or retirees) in Kalkaska County numbered 1,797 in 1990, up 133 percent from 1970 figures. Compared to overall state trends, Kalkaska County ranked 5th between 1970 and 1990 (see Table 2-10). KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-12 �Table 2-8 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Percent Total Chanae Chanae 1990 1970 Countv Rank 103.8 2,014 3,954 1,940 Kalkaska 1 35.6 945 3,603 2,658 Missaukee 2 28.6 712 3,201 2,489 Crawford 3 27.7 3,779 17,412 13,633 Grand Traverse 4 23.4 970 5,118 4,148 Otseao 5 19.8 312 1,886 1,574 Oscoda 6 17.8 326 2,155 1,829 Lake 7 17.8 872 5,762 4,890 Gladwin 8 17.4 8,164 55,078 46,914 Ottawa 9 17.4 311 2,100 1,789 10 Montmorency *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-9 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS 19-64 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Percent Total Chanae Chanae 1990 1970 Countv Rank 5,184 202.3 7,746 2,562 Kalkaska 1 3,952 120.5 7,232 3,280 Crawford 2 116.2 5,724 4,926 10,650 Roscommon 3 96.9 5,122 5,284 10,406 4 Otseao 3,183 89.7 6,732 3,549 Missaukee 5 1,991 84.8 4,340 2,349 Oscoda 6 17,699 83.2 38,971 21,272 Grand Traverse 7 2,163 82.3 4,792 2,629 Montmorency 8 80.1 5,478 6,843 12,321 Gladwin 9 4,474 75.9 5,892 10,366 10 Oaemaw *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Table 2-10 MICHIGAN'S TOP 10 COUNTIES, BY PERCENT CHANGE, WITH RESIDENTS OVER 65 YEARS OF AGE, 1970-1990* Total Percent Countv 1970 Change Cham:ie 1990 Roscommon 1,147 4,953 3,806 1 331.8 Crawford 707 1,827 1,120 2 158.4 Montmorency 3 829 2,044 1,215 146.6 2,433 1,443 4 Otseao 990 145.8 1,797 Kalkaska 770 1,027 5 133.4 Gladwin 1,738 3,813 2,075 6 119.4 3,444 4,096 Midland 7,540 7 118.9 Oscoda 1,616 803 813 101.2 8 1,216 1,227 Alcona 2,443 9 100.9 2,204 10 Clare 4,403 2,199 99.8 *Excludes southeast Michigan counties: Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Washtenaw, and Wayne. source: u.s. Bureau of the Census Rank KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-13 �Education The average educational attainment for County residents is lower than State averages. As an average in Michigan, 76.8 percent of a county's residents have at least a high school diploma. In 1990, 69.6 percent of the County population were high school graduates. The statewide average of persons 18 to 24 years of age enrolled in college is 37.1 percent. In Kalkaska County, only 14.8 percent of this age group is enrolled in college. Kalkaska County also has a lower percent of residents with a bachelor degree or higher (7.1 percent) compared to the statewide average of 17.4 percent. In 1990, the County had 3,516 persons three years and older enrolled in school. A break down by type of school is illustrated in Figure 2-3. In 1990 there where 274 students enrolled in public pre-primary schools, 2,683 in public elementary or high schools and 389 students attending college. 11.9 percent of the 16 to 19 age group were not enrolled in school in 1990, compared with the statewide average of 10 percent. There are two K-12 school districts and one K-3 school district in Kalkaska County: Kalkaska (K-12), Crawford (K-8) and Forest Area (K-12) public schools. In 1993, the Kalkaska School District, like many across the State, faced serious financial difficulty because of voter reluctance to continue approving property tax increases. Property taxes historically served as the funding mechanism for local schools. Recent legislation, to implement Proposal A, has reformed past educational funding practices, thus eliminating property taxes as the primary basis for financing public education. This recent change has helped stabilize school funding difficulties within the district. Figure 2-3 KALKASKA COUNTY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS FOR THE 1990 SCHOOL YEAR 3,000 2,683 .."' 2,500 C GI E 0 ...C -... 2,000 w 0 1,500 GI .0 E :, z .. 1,000 -· iii 0 I500 274 0 Public PrePrimary Elementary or High School Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-14 Public College �Economic Profile Oil and gas production within the County has been on a slow decline since the early 1970's. While the County's economy is dependent on oil and gas production, the economic base in Kalkaska County is becoming diversified. Local government, manufacturing and tourism are important industries to the County. Between 1986 and 1991, Kalkaska County generated 2.5 percent of the region's new jobs. Unemployment in Kalkaska County however, is among the highest in the region. The jobless rate was 13.5 percent in 1991 compared to the State average of 9.1 percent. By October 1995, unemployment had fallen to 5.0 percent compared to 3.9 percent for the State as a whole. Tourism Kalkaska County's location in the northwestern section of Michigan's lower peninsula with its vast natural resources provides the County with great opportunities for economic tourist activity. As of 1990, there were more than 55 miles of state-funded snowmobile trails, nine campgrounds, 285 campsites, 152 facilities renting canoes, 26 public access sites, 140 miles of off-road-vehicle trails and 37 miles of hiking trails. During 1980 their were 258 people employed in the tourism related sector and in 1987, that number dropped to 187 persons. Labor Force Although still heavily dependent on oil and gas production, combined production in that industry has declined 62 percent from 1981 to 1989. (See Table 2-11.) While the number of wells has stayed relatively constant from year to year, the amount extracted has declined considerably. Table 2-12 outlines Kalkaska County's employment by sector and share of regional and State employment for 1991. Overall, the County only accounts for 0.13 percent of Michigan's total employment, and 4.9 percent within the northwest region. There are 230 private firms in the County, and of those, nine have more than 50 employees. Of the people living in Kalkaska County, the largest number were employed in State (50) and local (709) units of government, followed by manufacturing (722) and retail trade (697). Tables 2-13 and 2-14 list employment changes by sector and by county for the northwest region between 1986 and 1991. Employment changes in Kalkaska County lag behind all but one county in the region. As a percentage of regional growth, Kalkaska County represented 2.5 percent with a total change in employment of 300 jobs. Percent changes by sector shows the County having a 79 percent increase in wholesale trade, 60 percent in construction and 50 percent in transportation, communications and utilities. The unemployment rate during 1986 and 1991 for Kalkaska County was the highest in the region at 13.2 percent, 6 percent higher than the regional average. By October 1995, the unemployment rate in Kalkaska County was at the regional average of 5.0 percent, but the year-to-date average of 8.9 percent was still two percentage points higher. Table 2-12 lists the distribution of businesses by sector for the County in 1989. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-15 �Table 2-11 OIi and Gas Production In Kalkaska County, 1981-89 Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Number of Wells 201 189 214 221 215 211 209 199 219 Crude 011 (000 barrels) Natural Gas 3,539 3,358 3,253 3,323 3,011 2,529 2,035 1,751 1,416 30.9 26.5 22.2 20.8 20.4 18.2 15.5 13.2 (Bcft 11.6 SOURCE: Michigan Department of Natural Resources. •Billions of cubic feet. Table 2-12 Kalkaska County Employment, by Sector and by Share of State and Regional Employment, 1991 Percentage of Kalkaska Percentage of State Regional Sector Employment Employment Employment Mining 684 7.22% 52.4% Oil and gas 659 18.80 56.6 Construction 200 0.16 4.5 Manufacturing 722 0.08 4.3 Transportation equipment 272 0.10 17.5 Transportation, Communication, & Utilities 300 0.20 8.9 Wholesale Trade 134 0.07 4.7 Retail Trade 697 0.10 3.2 Finance, insurance, & Real Estate 50 0.03 1.5 Services 363 0.04 1.5 Government 784 0.13 5.0 State 50 0.03 2.2 Local 709 0.16 5.3 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 5, 125 0.13% 4.9% SOURCE: Calculated by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., based on data supplied by the Michigan Employment Security Commission. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-16 �~~~,. =-,.,. ....... .,. -·, -,. Table 2-13 Employment and Employment Change, Michigan's Northwest Region, 1986 and 1991 Change In Total As a Percentage Employment of Regional Unemployment Rates 1986 1991 1986-91 Growth 1986 1991 Antrim 6,050 6,538 488 4.1% 13.9% 15.4% Benzie 4,275 4,534 259 2.2 17.1 16.4 Charlevoix 8,400 9,578 1,178 9.9 11 .7 11 .1 Emmet 10,800 13,606 2,806 23.7 12.9 11 .3 Grand Traverse/Leelanau 37,050 41,538 4,488 37.8 9.0 8.4 Kalkaska 4,825 5,125 300 2.5 11.9 13.5 Manistee 7,175 7,700 525 4.4 18.3 13.3 Missaukee-Wexford 14,850 16,672 1,822 15.4 13.8 12.6 TOTALS/AVERAGE 93,425 105,291 11,866 100.0% 13.6% 12.8% SOURCE: Calculations by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., based on data supplied by lhe Michigan Employment Security Commission. Total Employment .--~ ~ Percentage Change 10.5% -4.1 -5.0 -12.1 -6.5 13.2 -27.1 -8.9 -5.7% rn " )> 0 0 C ,z ~ ~ Table 2-14 l\l Percentage Change In Employment, by Sector and County, No.rthwestern Region, 1986-91 s: )> rn -4 m lJ .--)>""O z Sector Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation, Communication, & Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate Services · Government State Local TOTAL EMPLOYMENT Unemployment Rate Kalkaska -2.2% 60.0 44.4 50.0 79.2 46.7 0.0 45.0 20.7 0.0 23.4 6.2% 13.2% Antrim X X -6.8% -50.0 33.3 30.4 0.0 28.3 11.6 0.0 10.1 8.1% 10.5% Benzie - 20.3% -23.4 0.0 -80.0 44.6 75.0 33.5 18.1 -25.0 27.7 6.1% -4.1% Charlevolx - 34.8% 12.4 14.0 54.2 41 .9 17.2 20.6 7.9 12.5 5.5 14.0% -5.0% Emmet - X 34.0% 73.8 -25.7 67.4 21.4 26.8 19.8 920.0 20.7 26.0% -12.1% Traverse/ Leelanau -15.8% 63.6 -13.8 -5.8 15.1 23.2 34.0 33.3 10.6 -41 .8 20.8 12.1% -6.5% X: Suppressed data included in totals. - : Less than minimum employment level needed for recording. NA: Not available due to less lhan minimum employment in 1986. SOURCE: Calculations by Public Sector Consullants, Inc., based on data supplied by the Michigan Employment Security Commission. Manistee NA 35.2% -0.8 15.6 9.8 39.7 12.5 0.0 -2.6 20.8 -6.8 7.3% -27.1% Missaukee/ Regional Wexford Total NA 2.5% -9.4% 17.4 -5.4 -1.6 17.3 11 .2 7.5 5.6 49.9 36.6 0.8 23.7 26.9 28.7 12.3 21 .2 18.8 60.3 22.7 15.6 12.3% 12.7% -8.9% 7.2% ,.. �Income Kalkaska County has one of the lowest per capita income rates in Michigan. In terms of income and earnings, the per capita personal incomes of four out of ten counties in the Northwest Region are in the lower 50 percent of the statewide county ranking. Kalkaska County had the lowest per capita personal income in the northwest region at $11,161 and ranked 82nd out of 83 counties statewide (see Table 2-15). The statewide per capita personal income in 1991 was $18,642, an increase of 1.9 percent from 1990; and the national per capita personal income in 1991 was $19,091, a increase of 2.5 percent from 1990 figures. Kalkaska County had a per capita personal income in 1981 of $7,407, considerably less than the State average of $10,902. In 1991, the State per capita personal income rose by 71 percent to $18,642 and Kalkaska increase by 50 percent to $11,161. In fiscal year 1988-89, the County received $1,532 per resident in State funds and paid only $865 per capita in State taxes; these figures were 9.5 percent above and 32.5 percent below the State average, respectively. Table 2-15 Per Capita Incomes for Michigan's Northwest Region, 1980, 1984, and 1989 County Antrim Benzie Charlevoix Emmet Grand Traverse Kalkaska Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Wexford Region State 1980 $8,311 7,717 8,179 9,048 9,140 6,715 9,138 7,905 6,541 7,082 1984 $10,125 10,299 10,383 12,497 12,037 8,497 12,278 10,182 8,275 9,240 1989 $13,911 13,236 14,204 16,717 15,514 10,615 16,732 13,227 11,075 12,329 $8,260 $10,166 $10,803 $13,027 $14,273 $17,535 Percentage Change, 1984-89 Percentage Change, 1980-89 Total Personal Income, 1989 (millions) 37.4% 28.5 36.8 42.5 28.9 24.9 36.3 29.9 33.8 33.4 67.4% 71.5 73.7 84.8 69.7 58.1 83.1 67.3 69.3 74.1 249 155 309 419 1,008 137 265 296 131 338 32.1% 34.6% 72.8% 72.5% $3,307 $162,610 SOURCE: Calculated by Public Sector Consultants, Inc., from data provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. State Equalized Value An important indicator of the strength or weakness of local economies is change in property tax values. From 1978 to 1983, property tax values grew at an annual rate of 11.9 percent in Kalkaska County, compared to the statewide rate of 8.7 percent. Since that time, the property tax rate has slowed considerably. As shown in Table 2-16, state equalized valuation (SEV) rose only 17. 7 percent (2.5 percent annual rate) from 1984 to 1991, compared with 50.9 percent (7.3 percent annual rate) statewide. This is strong KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-18 �evidence that Kalkaska County's economy is not growing as fast as other parts of the State, despite recent population gains. Residential property values rose 29.8 percent, a little less than half the growth statewide. Combined commercial, industrial and personal property values increased only 12.3 percent (57.3 percent for the State). Agricultural property values fell 14 percent between 1984 and 1991. Only three of the County's twelve townships experienced a substantial rise in total property values from 1984 to 1991: Bear Lake (43.2 percent), Clearwater (45.2 percent) and Garfield (43 percent). The first two also recorded the largest increases in residential property values (47 percent and 53.3 percent, respectfully). Commercial, industrial and personal property values grew 64.6 percent in Bear Lake, 331.8 percent in Garfield and 173.2 in Orange Township. Agricultural property values fell in every township except Boardman and Springfield Townships. In Kalkaska Township, which has the largest share of total value at 23 percent, property values increased only 15 percent. Kalkaska County has both weaknesses and strengths when evaluating the economic climate. Strengths in the County include the amount of low cost land available for development and proximity to the growing Traverse City area. Transportation is of good quality, with access to major highways, rail service and pipelines. Recreation and tourism can benefit from easy access of transportation routes particularly in light of the County's approximately 155,000 acres of State and Federal forest land. While it is good to note the positive aspects of an economic base, it should also be noted where weak spots can be identified. As an example, tourism in Kalkaska County could become a more prominent industry providing a stronger economic base for it's residents. Presently there are few lodging facilities, limited public access opportunities to area lakes and a need for more public recreation facilities. A new industrial park is under development and will seek State certification. It will accommodate new business now that the existing certified industrial park is full. It represents a substantial investment in continued job growth. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 2-19 �Table 2-16 State Equalized Valuation, Kalkaska County, by Township, 1991, and Percentage Change, 1984-91 (dollars In thousands) "r" " l> l> CJ) l> 0 0 C: ,z I\) ~~ ~ l> -I m Township Bear lake Blue lake Boardman Clearwater Coldsprings Excelsior Garfield Kalkaska Oliver Orange Rapid River Springfield Commercial, Industrial, and Personal 3,503 1,763 9,423 13,768 7,664 64.6% -2.9 1.3 .19.3 7.0 -1.9 331.8 16.5 40.755 15.7 1,626 6.2 30.3 21.3 25.3 177 1.9 173.2 4.9 . -48.9 Residential $19,255 16,183 · 6,618 29,582 22,063 7,536 10,052 1984-91 47.0% 27.2 16.0 53.3 25.4 31.9 23.8 $3,818 18,423 29,251 2,192 6,160 · 7,175 7,355 /4 Change 0 Agrlcultural and Other $955 604 2,578 2,086 808 2,182 3,100 %Change 2,006 14,240 981 1984-91 2,608 3,356 893 5,430. %Change 1984-91 -31.0% -6.4 8.9 -6.9 -3.8 -4.3 -33.5 -17.5 -6.4 -21.1 -68.3 28.1 0 /. Total $24,068 35,210 12,699 33,431 32,294 23,486 20,816 71,632 4,877 11,522 22,308 13,766 Change 1984-91 43.2% 8.9 10.1 45.2 13.0 6.6 43.0 15.0 ·1.0 18.6 0.0 14.4 CJ) :IJ ~II Total 8 Stale Percentage of total SEV County Stale $163,422 - 29.8% 56.3% $116,531 53.4% '60.0% NOTE: Assessments as of December 31 In 1983 and 1990. •May not total as some property ls not Included In township totals. bMay not total due to rounding. - 12.3% 57.3% 38.0% 35.4% $26,226 - -14.0% -15.0% 8.6% 4.5% $306,179 - 17.7% 50.9% 100.0o/eb 100.0% �Chapter 3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT/LAND USE Introduction A review of the physical environment in Kalkaska County provides the opportunity to look behind the scenes to review the conditions and factors which have influenced, and will continue to influence, the patterns of land use and development. Examples of these factors include previous development trends, public lands, development constraints and natural features. This chapter reviews the current state of the County's physical environment and the trends and issues which will influence its future status, in either a positive or negative fashion. Four individual elements are previewed, natural features, land cover/land use, transportation and infrastructure. These topic areas represent the basic fabric of existing development patterns and serve as the base for creating a common framework on which to build a Future Land Use Plan for Kalkaska County. Natural Features The natural features of Kalkaska County contribute to its economic health, sustaining and supporting the quality of life of those who live in the Village of Kalkaska and the rural townships. Natural features are generally described as hills and valleys, wetlands, soils, lakes, rivers, woods, floodplains, and vegetation. Both the year round and seasonal residents of Kalkaska depend on the land and its resources, either directly, as in land development, or indirectly as in recreational opportunities. Natural features offer aesthetic beauty, environmental protection, recreation, and functional land development options which can continue to reward present and future generations of residents for years to come. Efforts to conserve and protect will help ensure these valuable resources will be present for future generations to enjoy. A description of the individual elements of the County's natural features follows: Topography Located over a geological formation known as the Salina-Niagaran Reef, Kalkaska County sits 7,000 feet above one of the most successful oil producing basins in the state. Kalkaska County is generally classified as hill-land, plains and upland plains. Level to gently rolling hills and slopes cover the mid-section of the County. Hills and ridges run through the east half and northwest section with elevations from 1,000 to 1,400 feet above sea level. A plateau divides the watershed in Kalkaska County from the Manistee River on the southeast and that of the Boardman and Rapid Rivers on the northwest. Soils To determine the nature and extent of future land uses in Kalkaska County, soil limitations become an important factor. As an essential segment of an area's natural KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-1 �resources, soi: types determine the drainage conditions, erosion hazards, building suitability, plant fertility and the effectiveness of septic tank sewage disposal. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is currently in the process of preparing a detailed soil survey for Kalkaska County, but it is not expected to be available until mid to late 1996. Consequently, only generalized soil data is available at this time. Several State agencies developed a forest soil report for Kalkaska County in 1982. Its purpose was to identify prime forest land based on soil types. The classifications were based on the productive potential of major tree species naturally occurring on a soil grouping. This soil analysis indicates 301,000 acres, or 82 percent of the County's soils, are sandy soils of various types, ranging from well drained (19. 7 percent) and excessively drained sandy soils (14.4 percent) to somewhat excessively drained (12.4 percent). Other soil types found in the County include well drained loamy soil (2 percent), poorly drained mineral soils (3 percent) and organic soils (13 percent). See Map 3-1. The characteristics of many of the County's soil types (excessively drained, etc.) give rise to a concern about the location and type of individual septic systems constructed within the County. The potential for surface and groundwater contamination exists in those areas which are excessively drained or contain a high water table (organic soils). Lakes and Streams Kalkaska County is a prime recreational area within the State, as reflected in its over 273 miles of rivers and streams and more than 86 lakes. See Map 3-2. Totaling over 6000 acres, or 2 percent of the County, several of the State's most recognizable rivers flow through its borders, including the Mainstee, Boardman and Rapid Rivers. Foremost among the lakes are Log, Bear, Starvation, Big Blue, Twin, Big Guernsey, Oxbow and Selkirk. Highly popular with permanent and seasonal residents alike, much of the County's residential activity has occurred along their edges and borders. There are two special management areas in the County which consist of primarily undisturbed marshy areas used extensively by nesting waterfowl. Sands Lake Quiet Area is 2,775 acres and primarily located in Grand Traverse County with scattered pothole lakes and marshes. Little more than 20 percent is located on the western edge of Kalkaska County. Skegemog Lake Wildlife Area encompasses 3,120 acres of land and 2,200 acres are State-owned. It is a major molting and nesting area for mute swan populations. Wetlands and Drainage Ways Scattered throughout Kalkaska County are wetland areas which are important to the biological diversity of plant and animal species living there. There are nearly 7,000 acres of wetlands in the County providing a distinctive network of natural areas, most often following along rivers and streams (see Map 3-3). The largest portion of wetlands are considered shrub, comprising more than 5,000 acres, followed by emergent wetlands, 1007 acres, flats with 711 acres and aquatic beds of 110 acres. Wetlands are natural lowland areas where excess runoff from rainfalls, rivers and other natural cycles, accumulate and provide habitat for many plants and animals, as well as for a KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-2 �J J Kalkaska County General Soils Map ~~ Sand Hill Soils !:[~f.3 Hilly Upland Soils !;=:::::~=:! Organic Soils ~ Moderate Level Upland Soils D So...,.,: Kalkaska Soil Con$tlflla/lon Sand Plain Soils District Soils Map KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-3 �Map 3-2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A N ... !SO' 0 0 !BARKER CREEK . Io ! I··,.-I I I~,-::, • N , I ,. 1 • . . . . . . &..a -at~·. I • T ZT H 0 KERNS CORNER S, • w a: w > < Q a: a: I- 0 u. < a: KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-4 �Map 3-3 I I I I I I ,, • • ~ ~ ~. KALKASKA COUNTY Wetlands - Water - Lowland Hardwood Forested - Lowland Conifer Non-Forested Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 Source: M.D.N.R., MiRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-5 �wide-ranging migratory bird population. The largest wetland areas in the County are found in Garfield Township, within the State forest system. Vegetative Cover Forest land in Kalkaska County is bountiful. Map 3-4 illustrates the dominance of the hardwoods and vast pine forests in Kalkaska County. Originally, the County was covered with heavy timber, primarily maple. Logging in the late nineteenth century cleared most of the timberland, leaving infertile soils and the landscape bare from clearcutting. Today, Kalkaska has 130,367 acres of upland hardwood, 60,603 acres of pine, 53,754 acres of birch and aspen, 18,052 acres of lowland hardwoods, 10,224 acres of lowland conifers, and more than 6,885 acres of Christmas tree plantations. Much of the forest covered land is protected by the State as part of the State Forest system. Seventy-seven percent of the County is classified as woodland areas of regional and local importance by the State Department of Natural Resources. In 1982, the State prepared a Forest Soils Report for Kalkaska County as part of their prime forestlands identification project. A primary objective of that effort was to identify, with the aid of local professionals, prime forestlands within the County. Once identified, recommendations were made to encourage the long term retention of designated forest areas. The significant amount of State land within the County, approximately 154,000 acres, together with the desire to balance timber production and local economic development with recreation and wildlife values, served as a key impetus for this effort. Land Cover and Use The Michigan Department of Natural Resources Land and Water Management Division developed a comprehensive data base of state-wide land cover and use in 1978 called the Michigan Resource Information System (MIRIS). The data provides land cover and use information down to the local jurisdiction level. In this Master Plan, the variables from this data base have been organized as follows: forest land, wetlands, water, barren lands, urban, agriculture and open space. Map 3-5 illustrates the land use and land cover in the County. Kalkaska County is 77 percent (282,608 acres) forest land as reflected in Figure 3-1. Of that, the largest portion - 130,367 acres - is comprised of upland hardwoods, followed by pine forest with 60,603 acres and aspen and birch of which totals 53,755 acres. (See Table 3-1 for a complete listing of Kalkaska County's land uses.) The second largest land use in the County is agriculture, representing 1O percent (36,303 acres) of the total land area. Cropland makes up the biggest portion of agricultural land with 36,082 acres. Open space accounts for seven percent (25,714 acres) of the land area, urban uses 2.4 percent (7,639 acres), wetlands 2 percent (6,932 acres), water 1.8 percent (5,848 acres) and barren lands with less than 1 percent (82 acres). Most of the County's forested land is in ownership of the Michigan State Forest system which totals approximately 154,765 acres. Located primarily in the east and southeastern portion of the County, the State Forest land offers an abundance of lakes, campgrounds and KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-6 �KALKASKA COUNTY Forest Land Coniferous Pine - Deciduous - Other Upland Conifer Christmas Tree Plantation Northern Hardwood Central Hardwood Aspen-White Birch Association Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Soun»: M.D.N.R., MIRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-7 �Map 3-5 KALKASKA COUNTY Land Use/Cover - m - Urban i_J Forest Commercial - Industrial Water & Wetlands Non-Forested & Barren Agricultural Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Source: M.D.N.R., MIRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-8 �Figure 3-1 KALKASKA LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION Water 1.60% Wetlands 1.90% Barren 0.02% Forest 77.40% Urban 2.09% Agriculture 9.94% Open (Non-forested) 7.04% Source: Michigan Resource Information System, Land and Water Management Division, Department of Natural Resources, 1978 other recreational facilities. Map 3-6 identifies public, quasi-public and private recreational land in the County. As mentioned previously, land use and cover information is also available at the township level. Table 3-2 provides a break-down of land cover variables and the number of acres within each Township. The Village of Kalkaska, located in Kalkaska Township, comprises the largest concentration of urban land with 2,814 acres, or six percent of the Township's land area. Orange Township has more agriculture land than any other township with 6,224 acres, or 28 percent of the Township land area. Bear Lake Township, located on the eastern side of the County and within the State Forest system, has more forest cover than any other township, with nearly 42,000 acres, or 91 percent of Bear Lake's total land cover. Clearwater Township, contains the most water cover in the County, with more than 1,600 acres of inland lakes and streams, totaling seven percent of the land area. Garfield Township has the most wetland coverage in the County with 1,057 total acres, or two percent of the Township's land cover. Barren lands, which consist most of beaches, riverbanks, sand dunes and exposed rock, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-9 �Table 3-1 KALKASKA COUNTY LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION LAND USE Urban Single Family/Duplex Mobile Home Park Central Business District Shoooing Center, Mall Strip Commercial Institutional Industrial Industrial Park Air Transportation Open Pit Extractive Wells Outdoor Recreation Cemeteries Agriculture Cropland Orchard, Ornamental Permanent Pasture Other Open (Non-forested) Herbaceous Shrub Forest Upland Hardwood (North Zone) Upland Hardwood (Central Zone) Aspen, Birch Lowland Hardwood Pine Other Upland Conifers Lowland Conifers Christmas Tree Plantation Water River Lake Wetlands Shrub Aquatic Bed Emerqent Flats Barren Sand Dune Total Area in Acres TOTAL PERCENT 5,019.71 59.46 69.40 11.96 131.55 692.18 368.90 31.47 130.75 245.30 682.40 165.27 30.71 1.37% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.04% 0.19% 0.10% 0.00% 0.04% 0.07% 0.19% 0.05% 0.00% 36,082.11 5.13 125.25 90.93 9.88% 0.00% 0.03% 0.02% 4,057.80 21,656.77 1.11% 5.93% 130,367.28 35.70% 2,698.91 53,754.82 18,052.82 60,603.26 0.74% 14.72% 4.94% 6,885.24 16.60% 0.00% 2.80% 1.89% 762.19 5,086.08 0.21% 1.39% 5,095.55 109.86 1,006.84 719.91 1.40% 0.04% 0.28% 0.20% 21.04 10,224.44 81.78 0.02% 365,127.07 100.00% Source: Michigan Resource Information System, Land and Water Management Division, Department of Natural Resources, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-10 �Map 3-6 KALKASKA COUNTY IPubJic, Quasi Public and Private Recreation Lands - Quasi Public Public - Private - Other MILITARY USE RESTRICTIONS Management Area Management Area Management Area Management Area 1: 2: 3: 4: No Tracked Vehicles No Tracked Vehicles No Tracked Vehicles No Off-Road Vehicles Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April , 1995 Management Area Boundaries ISoufC'6: M.D.N.R., MiRIS, 1978 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-11 �Table 3-2 LAND USE/COVER ACREAGE FOR KALKASKA COUNTY COMMUNITIES, 1978 Township Bear Lake Blue Lake Boardman Clearwater Cold Springs Excelsior Garfield Kalkaska Oliver Orange Rapid River Sorinofield Total: Urban 1,133.91 765.94 391.61 665.26 448.00 337.64 334.37 2,814.00 67.32 157.80 301.00 121.27 7,538.12 Aariculture 17.62 367.13 3,929.42 2,447.69 862.36 4,649.05 3,806.63 4,170.43 2,130.61 6,223.54 3,175.38 4,523.58 36,303.44 Open Forest 1,346.40 41,864.89 1,415.60 19,282.13 1,821.12 16,552.93 2,466.04 14,012.94 1,455.97 18,975.87 1,329.29 15,794.45 4,329.98 40,139.23 3,685.57 34,058.29 1,120.95 18,649.75 1,524.48 13,655.06 3,132.90 15,843.51 2,086.28 15,343.08 25,714.58 264,172.13 Water 846.53 808.77 43.25 1,604.08 1,078.11 352.91 263.94 259.72 84.39 168.42 66.32 271.81 5,848.25 Wetlands 1,001.73 531.90 375.95 426.12 314.15 711.35 1,057.27 510.53 1,027.68 536.31 29.15 410.01 6,932.15 Barren 0.00 0.00 65.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.22 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 81.77 Source: Michigan Resource Information System account for less than one percent in the County and is primarily located in Boardman Township. Urban Land Areas Based upon the land use/cover survey described previously, approximately two percent of the County consisted of urban land uses in 1978. See Map 3-7. Urban lands are generally representative of the built environment, including residential, commercial, industrial, transportation and active recreation. This study recognizes that 1978 information does not provide a complete picture of the developed areas found within the County. Because it is the most detailed information available, and because the development patterns it describes are generally representative of existing conditions, it has been used as a basis for generalized land use descriptions. Of the urban lands within the County, residential uses, primarily single family dwellings, represented 66 percent of the total. Commercial and institutional land uses were spread across 900 acres, 12 percent of the total, industrial uses 400 acres or 5 percent of the total. Transportation and recreational uses made up the remaining 17 percent of urban uses. A brief overview of the primary land use categories is provided below: Residential Residential development in the eastern part of the County has been limited due to the large amount of State-owned lands. Most residential development has taken place in the plateau area between the Manistee and Boardman rivers, as well as in and around the Village of Kalkaska. This development consists primarily of single family homes. Residential development trends indicate that much of the new construction is on land adjoining State Forest property and/or water areas. The number of second homes in Kalkaska County reached 3,466 in 1990, reflective of the County's popularity as a recreational area. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-12 �Map 3-7 KALKASKA COUNTY LAND USE/COVER (URBAN) KALKASKA COUNTY Land Use/Cover l!!IIURBAN ...,_ .. ' . . . l P1ail! I lftl! CID, a. .......,. n . ----···•·•·•·· -- ,999 ..,. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-13 �Commercial Commercial land uses in the County are found primarily within or adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska and neighboring Boardman Township along US-131 and M-72. See Map 38. Commercial development along the major thoroughfares has been primarily in the form of strip development. Kalkaska Village business owners, (with help _ from a grant from the State Government) will begin enhancing commercial business district in downtown Kalkaska with the objective of improving its function and appearance to local residents and travelers passing through the area. Between 1983 and 1994, 54 new commercial businesses in the County applied for construction permits. Downtown renovations and proposed new highway construction through Kalkaska County will likely influence future commercial activity. Industrial Industrial areas in the County are found primarily in Kalkaska Township, along US-131. Over the past decade there have been 77 building permits issued for industrial development. Industrial development generally includes firms involved in production, processing, assembly or manufacturing of goods or materials. Table 3-3 provides a listing of businesses by type of activity as of 1989. The oil and gas industry is considered an industrial land use and has been a large local employer, attracting a number of residents to the area. Numerous wells have been drilled throughout the County as the Northern Niagaran Reef runs beneath the landscape. Most of the wells were drilled in the late 1960's and 1970's. The number of wells averages one per square mile. This compares to one well per two square miles in Crawford County and one well per four square miles in Wexford County. Table 3-3 DISTRIBUTION OF BUSINESSES BY SECTOR, KALKASKA COUNTY, 1989 Agricultural production and services Oil and gas exploration Construction Manufacturing Industrial machinery and equipment Transportation equipment Other durables Transportation, Communication and Utilities Trucking and warehousing Communication Utilities Other Wholesale trade Retail trade Automobile dealers and service stations Eating and drinking places Other Insurance and real estate Services Hotels and other lodging places Business services Repair services H~~ Other Source: Michigan Employment Security Commission. Number of Firms 5 20 39 16 4 3 9 18 6 2 2 8 17 41 8 18 15 10 61 4 13 11 8 25 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-14 �Map 3-8 Village of Kalkaska Land Use/Cover lllll Urban D lfflffll Commercial ~ Water & Wetlands - Industrial IZ22J Agricultural ~ Forested Non-Forested & Barren l"lannl"CI & Zonln; Ctnttr, fflt. Ml~h26 1996 Sou,o& o\l DfYf-,, _ M ,R1S ,r;;e KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-15 �Institutional Institutional land uses represent State, County, Township and Village facilities, including but not limited to a Township or Village hall, hospitals, schools and highway maintenance facilities. Each Township has its own hall and eight of the twelve Townships have a fire barn and volunteer firemen. Garfield Township has its own parttime police protection in addition to the County Sheriff Department. Kalkaska Village is home to County government activities and the three County public school districts include one high school, one middle school and three elementary schools. A 24-hour health center with a emergency room is located in the Village of Kalkaska and community buildings used for public activities are located within individual Townships. Recreational Kalkaska County offers prime recreational areas with 273 miles of streams and 86 lakes. There are thousands of acres of public land open to hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, canoeing, hiking and many other recreational activities. There are approximately 151,486 acres of State Forest land, 15,984 acres of military land and 315 acres owned by the Federal government. Extensive State Forest land is leased by the military for maneuvers (see Map 3-6). The County is located in close proximity to many ski lodges and golf facilities which makes this area of the State attractive to many full-time residents as well as seasonal residents and visitors. In 1985, the County Parks and Recreational Board prepared a detailed Master Recreation Plan which documented the recreational needs and opportunities within the County. It also set forth a series of recommendations aimed at satisfying these needs into the future while preserving the unique recreational amenities available within the County. There is an inventory of recreational facilities contained in that Plan. It is the intent of this Plan to support and adopt the recommendations of the Recreation Plan. Land Subdivision The subdivision of large parcels into 10 acre or smaller lots is widespread in Michigan's lower peninsula. Over time it results in significant landscape change as new homes are built. Because lot lines are not visible on the ground, land fragmentation goes largely unnoticed by the public. Land division patterns largely dictate the opportunities and constraints for accommodating new land uses and preserving those that are existing. Land division trends have been expressed in different ways across the County. There are many areas in the County where land fragmentation patterns are dominated by parcels as small as 1O acres or less, not including the smaller lots associated with platted subdivisions. Because of the large amount of State-owned land in Kalkaska County, the density of people on the remaining land is greatly affected by land subdivision. This pattern of land division is evident in sections 32 and 33 of Coldsprings Township and sections 4 and 5 of Excelsior Township. (See Map 3-9). Land fragmentation can significantly impact natural resource systems. Woodlands and wetlands function best when they exist according to surrounding natural conditions. Fragmenting followed by road or home construction often diminishes the benefits natural systems are capable of providing, including wildlife habitats, flood control and water purification. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-16 �Map 3-9 LAND DIVISIONS AND OWNERSHIP IN COLDSPRINGS AND EXCELSIOR TOWNSHIPS FROM PLAT MAPS, 1981 AND 1993 Coldsprings Township T28N- R6W ~ "-', ' •,,. AIITHUR •1111111:N 000 Coldsprings Township DUAN£ Mc:CULLEN llt08[lll!T M"-L(llt O,,Nl[L z C> ~ DAVIS 120 ~ MANIICOWSKI , I -··-··MYERS .SNOWOAYRD Excelsior Township T27N- R6W 1981 Excelsior Township 1993 Source: Land Atlas and Plat Book, Kalkaska County, Rockford Map Publishers The popularity of Kalkaska County as a recreational area, as reflected in the growing number of seasonal homes, serves to reinforce the concerns related to land fragmentation. Both the natural systems and the capability of existing physical systems (roads, infrastructure) to accommodate this form of development is an issue which must be addressed in the future. Transportation In its broadest sense, a transportation system includes all forms of mobility. Vehicular mobility, however, has been the predominant method of movement for residents, businesses and visitors within Kalkaska County. The County's transportation network, like others throughout the State, has been shaped by the fundamental necessities of today, including employment, recreation, schools, and shopping. Unlike many communities, however, the role of the resorVtourism industry in the County, and its impact upon the transportation system, has required special attention in order to maintain an efficient and safe system for everyone. Existing Conditions The Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT) has classified roads within the County using the National Functional Classification System. The primary purpose of this classification is to create uniform criteria which organizes roads by function, rightof-way and design. See Map 3-10. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-17 �Map 3-10 .....r. ···r" ........ ' .......... I I I lt--T"""--+---r--•,...L.. , ..... 11•11••·-··-··-··-··-· . i i i i Kalkaska County Existing Tr-onspor-totion Networ-k I- Pr1nc1pol Arterial , _,,_,.. MoJor Collect.or - - • Minor Ar-tenol Local Roods ; -·-·· Township Lines i ~lirflUJ:J & l(Jllrq Ceiter, In:. '"• I•• a .5 1 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-18 �.. -II -I I -JI ' '-~ Two highways within the County are classified as principal non-freeway highways, US131 and M-72. US -131 is a major State trunkline linking the Village of Kalkaska with the City of Petoskey on the north and the City of Cadillac on its south. This highway is undivided, 22 foot wide with 9 foot shoulders. Average daily traffic along the County's segment of this highway approximates 12,000 vehicles per day. M-72 is the County's primary east/west travel corridor, connecting to 1-75 on the e;ast and Traverse City on its west. Classified as a principal arterial, M-72 is also a two lane undivided highway with a 24 foot pavement surface and three foot paved shoulders. Daily traffic averages 5,500 vehicles east of the Village of Kalkaska and 7,400 vehicles to its west. Every other year, the Michigan Department of Transportation inventories the condition and operation of the entire State trunkline system. Within the County, this also includes M-66, connecting Kalkaska with Lake City to its south. Roads are evaluated by a point system for a series of categories and then given a score or rating. In both the rating of road surface conditions and safety, sections of US-131 between Kalkaska and Mancelona were identified as critical concerns in 1993. This is in part due to the growing travel demands within Kalkaska and surrounding counties. Table 3-4 compares the growth in vehicle miles of travel (VMT) between northwest Michigan counties, the region and the State of Michigan. The greatest percent change annually for all State trunklines within the region between 1970 and 1990 was found within Kalkaska County, followed by Charlevoix and Antrim Counties. Table 3-4 STATE TRUCKLINE VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (MILLIONS) 1970 1980 1990 % Annual Growth Antrim 48.6 77.6 124.6 4.8 Charlevoix 46.7 85.4 133.5 5.4 Cheboygan 133.9 182.6 236.9 2.9 Crawford 94.0 124.2 191.8 3.6 Emmet 75.0 113.1 191.1 4.8 Kalkaska 40.1 73.2 121.9 5.7 Otsego 80.3 100.5 135.3 2.7 959.9 1,346.0 1,898.1 3.5 25,682.4 31,149.5 43,780.3 2.7 District 3 State of Michigan . Source: Michigan Department of Transportation KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-19 �Table 3-5 CURRENT AND PROJECTED AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC us -131 Kalkaska to Mancelona Mancelona to Alba Alba to M-32 M-32 to Boyne Falls M-72 West of Kalkaska Kalkaska to Graylinq 1993 2020 7,100 5,800 3,200 4,000 15,800 15,200 8,200 10,900 8,000 4,600 24,000 13,700 Source: Michigan Department of Transportation As part of their trunkline assessment program, MOOT has also compared 1993 traffic volumes for trunklines with projected volumes for the year 2020. See Table 3-5. US-131 and M-72 highways will experience dramatic increases in volume of vehicles according to these projections. Both US-131 and M-72 are experiencing operational problems under current conditions, particularly during peak summer tourism months. In some instances, it can be attributed to the lack of a passing lane, but in others, it is more appropriately related to surface condition and road configuration. Continuous improvements have been made to enhance traffic flow. In contrast to State highways, local roads within the County serve as major and minor collectors for area residents. Consisting of both paved and unpaved roads, paved roads are generally found leading from lakes or along rivers to the Village of Kalkaska or the State trunkline system. Of all County roads however, totaling 851 miles, only 29 percent were paved. This placed Kalkaska 14th out of 83 counties in the highest percentage of unpaved roadways. The difficulties of meeting current road needs and demands, in light of ongoing population growth, is not exclusive to Kalkaska County, but is being experienced by road commissions throughout the State. Based upon a survey of County Road Commissions conducted by the American Public Works Association in 1993, approximately 50 miles of road within the County needed resurfacing, while 150 miles, or approximately 20 percent, require reconstruction. Similarly, a review of County bridges, of which there were 11 in 1994, indicated that 5, or 45 percent need repair. Although this figure appears high, 40 percent of all counties indicated serious deficiencies on 50 percent or more of their bridges. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-20 �J J J •-i II "-' ' ' ' ' As the capital outlay and maintenance costs continue to rise, and the revenue resources for improvements diminish, it becomes important to maximize efficiencies when planning for the future. Diminishing levels of service, increased travel times and higher maintenance costs will certainly influence the ability to maintain quality-of-life objectives, both in the near and long term future. Infrastructure The provision of infrastructure to people and property directly impacts public health, safety, and welfare and, as a result, the quality of life across the County. Decisions on whether and if so where to place/offer new infrastructure is one where this Plan can have a very significant impact. This is true for decisions at both the local level as well as on the county level. Where public sewer lines, water mains, as well as schools, and government buildings are placed will have a lot to do with the nature and type of future growth that occurs. It thus becomes vital that the planning and implementation of future infrastructure be done within a generally accepted framework based on intergovernmental coordination and open communication. Sewage and Water Systems The Village of Kalkaska is the only local unit of government with a public wastewater treatment facility. The sewage system is owned and operated by the Village and consists of a network collection of mains and a series of oxidation ponds. Originally constructed in 1968, up-grades are currently underway. Between 1980 and 1990, the total change in the number of public sewer systems throughout the County was an additional 257 units. The Village of Kalkaska had a total increase of 157 units and accounted for the largest local government increase in the County. The remaining new hook-ups were part of rural localized systems of very small size. Map 3-11 shows the entire State of Michigan by county and the percent of households connected to sanitary sewer systems. Kalkaska County has 942, or 10 percent of it's 9,151 households connected to some form of sanitary sewers. This number is typical of rural counties without large urban areas. As Map 3-11 indicates, sanitary sewer systems are located in the urban areas of the southern half of the State. While the Village of Kalkaska hasn't identified a maximum capacity of gallons a day within their system, the average daily demand is 350,000 gallons per day and current peak demand is 650,000 gallons per day. With increases in the County population, trends indicate that more and more sewer hook-ups in the Village will undoubtedly create the need for future expansion. In 1994, the number of sewer hook-ups increased to a total of 811, up from 1990 (720) by 91 units. Residents in Kalkaska County without pubic sewer systems are required to develop and maintain private septic systems. Table 3-6 illustrates the number of private septic systems by local unit of government in 1990. Clearwater Township had the most units in the County totaling 1,148. Springfield Township added 47 new sewer connections however, these are primarily community hook-ups where several housing units will share the same drain field. These are often referred to as, "common septic systems or KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-21 �Percent of households -81to98 R sota76 ~ 40to59 l2ZI 20 to 38 D3ta19 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics Map 3-12 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A SEPTIC SYSTEM, 1990 .;,:;-_ / . ;( /': :,:,/) ½~,% ,, t✓ Percent of households -81to93 m s1 to79 ~ 41to59 i2ZJ 23 to 39 r-.11018 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-22 �Table 3-6 NUMBER OF PUBLIC SEWER AND PRIVATE SEPTIC SYSTEMS* IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1980-1990 ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ -'-. f TownshipNillaae BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE Public Sewers 1980 BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD Village of Kalkaska KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD 3 0 0 30 4 10 4 563 582 0 3 0 2 Public Sewers 1990 16 2 0 16 5 3 12 720 839 0 0 0 49 Private Septic Total Change Systems, 1990 13 2 0 -14 1 -7 8 157 257 0 -3 0 47 988 632 493 1,148 1,016 442 646 72 1,029 234 479 402 484 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. •Private Septic Systems includes common hook-ups to a single septic system, or more than one housing unit sharing one private septic system. package treatment plant" units. (Numbers on Table 3-6 under Private Septic Systems, include "Common Septic System hook-ups.) Map 3-12 looks at the number of households by county using a septic system. With only 10 percent of the County's households connected to sanitary sewers, the remainder are using a septic system (usually located in more rural areas). There were 7,993 households connected to septic systems in 1990, typical of the northern lower peninsula, as most residents depend primarily on private septic systems. Water Public water supply and distribution is also contained within the Village of Kalkaska. Original construction was undertaken in the early 1940's. Table 3-7 identifies public and private systems by local unit of government in the County. The Village of Kalkaska had an increase of 179 new connections between 1980 and 1990. That number increased again during 1994, as 57 new connections were made, bringing the total on public water systems to 771. Map 3-13 illustrates the percent of Michigan households connected to a municipal water system. Just like the Michigan sanitary sewer system map, households connected to municipal water systems are primarily located in southern lower Michigan. Kalkaska County had nine percent of its occupied housing units connected to a municipal water system. Over the last two years, the Village has undertaken an ongoing program to upgrade water and sewer infrastructure. More than $400,000 has been spent on water and sewer upgrades. The Village does not operate a stormwater management system. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-23 �Table 3-7 NUMBER OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND DRILLED OR DUG WELLS IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1980-1990 TownshipNillaQe BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD Village of Kalkaska KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD Public Public Water Drilled or Water Systems Systems Total Dug Water 1980 1990 ChanQe Wells, 1990 -3 1,023 3 0 0 0 0 641 493 0 0 0 18 -7 1,159 25 -2 1,078 4 2 10 -7 459 3 4 10 6 658 714 179 535 78 266 1,049 560 826 0 0 0 231 -3 3 483 0 0 0 0 405 -2 2 0 547 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Outside of the Village of Kalkaska, the jurisdiction with the largest number of private wells was Clearwater Township, 1,159 in 1990. Map 3-14 shows the percent of Michigan households connected to a water well in 1990. The number of households connected to water wells in Kalkaska County is similar to other rural counties in northern lower Michigan. Nearly 90 percent of the County was connected to private water wells in 1990. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-24 �Map 3-13 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEM, 1990 - ~~ ·' _// , ', ' <,1 /' , r~0- .,,fu ''? Percent of households -80to100 m soto74 ~ 35to49 122'.: 20 to 33 Q3to19 Source: U. S, Bureau of the Census, Derailed Housing Characteristics Map 3-14 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED TO A WATER WELL, 1990 Percent of households -80to95 - 61 to79 ~ 40to58 iZ2) 24 to 38 Doto 19 Source U.S, Bureau of the Census, Detailed Housing Characteristics KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 3-25 �• • • ' ' '~ ' ' ' ' ,' ,. ~ Chapter 4 ASSETS, CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES Introduction During the course of generating this Master Plan, a series of surveys, workshops and town meetings were conducted with the objective of discovering community perspectives regarding the current and future state of the County. Assets, constraints and opportunities were identified with the intent of creating a framework upon which to build county-wide goals and objectives. The material which follows focuses on the key thoughts, ideas and concerns relating to assets, constraints, and opportunities raised by participants in the process or discovered during the course of this effort. In many instances, the input received was a reflection of current trends and conditions presented in Chapter Three. ASSETS, CONSTRAINTS and OPPORTUNITIES Natural Resources Population growth has, to a large extent, occurred as a result of the abundance of and quality of natural resources within the County. The lakes, rivers and public lands offer a wide range of recreational opportunities for the visitor and permanent resident alike. The pattern of scattered large lots (many about 10 acres, except around lakes where they are much smaller in size) across the County is a direct reflection of the recreational opportunities it offers. It is estimated that over 6,000 parcels have been created but are yet to be built upon within the County. With over 154,000 acres of public land, twelfth highest of all Counties in the lower peninsula, Kalkaska is truly a year round tourist and resort center. See Table 4-1. Hunting, fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, swimming and boating are all available recreation opportunities within the County. Because these natural resources are the County's greatest asset, they are vitally important to the current and future residents of the County. The quality and quantity of these natural resources are a fundamental component of the County's character. They influence the economy, community character and the quality-of-life for area residents. Future development will likely place increasing pressures on the integrity of the natural resources, both in terms of use as well as function. It is critical therefore, to recognize the need for balancing environmental integrity with economic development. Maintaining environmental quality while improving the local economy need not be conflicting objectives. In this Plan they are in fact, assumed to be mutually supportive. A healthy economy is dependent upon a healthy environment. Surface and groundwater quality are two dominant areas of concern as future growth and development occurs within the County. The area's sandy soils make contamination KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-1 �Table 4-1 PUBLIC LAND ACREAGE AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL LAND ACREAGE IN NORTHWESTERN LOWER PENINSULA COUNTIES, 1990 Public Land Acreage County Total Land Acreage Public Land Acreage as a Percent of Total Land Acreage Antrim 44,453.3 304,640.0 14.59 Benzie 72,561.0 205,440.0 35.32 Charlevoix 58,069.9 266,880.0 21.76 Emmet 75,900.4 298,880.0 25.39 Grand Traverse 67,699.2 297,600.0 22.75 Kalkaska 154,545.5 359,040.0 43.04 Leelanau 29,325.1 224,000.0 13.09 Manistee 172,920.0 348,800.0 49.58 Missaukee 100,988.1 364,160.0 27.73 Wexford 219,542.9 362,240.0 60.61 Total 996,005.4 3,031,680.0 32.85 Source: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-2 �' ' ' 'J ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,. , an ever present issue because of the ease of contamination from leaks or spills of hazardous substances or from the proliferation of septic systems in some of the most sensitive areas. Similarly, the potential for misuse of pesticides and fertilizers creates further challenges in maintaining the long term quality of inland lakes and rivers. Most counties throughout the State, including Kalkaska, find themselves with some contaminated land within their borders (see Map 4-1). This contaminated land is generally a result of past business practices or operations which released hazardous substances onto, or into the ground resulting in groundwater, surface water or soil contamination. As of November 1993, 46 environmentally contaminated sites were identified pursuant to the State Department of Natural Resources Michigan Environmental Response Act (Act 307). This Act was created to identify and clean up sites of environmental contamination. Oil and gas drilling, together with related industry activity, accounted for 19 of the 46 sites identified. Seven more were related to leaking underground storage tanks (L.U.S.T.). Although the County has less than two percent of the contaminated sites in the State, the sandy soils allow rapid leaching of contaminants, which adds to the concern. Because many of these properties are located in and around the Village of Kalkaska, these sites could potentially discourage new businesses from locating within the area. Strong measures to ensure the use of best management practices designed to prevent contamination of soils, groundwater or surface water are needed to protect these resources from future contamination and to ensure a healthy environment for future business expansion. The significance of quality groundwater to health and economic development was aptly demonstrated when the Village of Kalkaska's water supply was threatened by a large underground plume of subsurface contamination in the recent past. A new well was drilled for safety purposes by the Village after contamination of a monitoring well was found. The plume, however, has not reached the original well. New pressures are also being placed on the forest areas of the County, which dramatically shape the areas rural character, serve as habitat to its wildlife and support its natural ecosystems. These pressures include land division and housing construction. There are few local programs which effectively preserve the functional and aesthetic value of this resource. The abundance of clean water and woodlands, is nearly matched by the sensitive environmental resources in the County. Floodplains, wetlands, inland lake shorelines and river edges are important elements of the County's natural environment. The vulnerability of these systems to development has been well documented in the region and a conscious effort will be required to ensure their preservation in the future. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-3 �Map 4-1 Michigan Sites of Environmental Contamination, 1993 Total number of 307 and LUST* sites - 891 to 1,350 - 271 to 890 - 91 to270 31 to9o D D 0to30 *LUST = Leaking underground storage sites Source: P.A. 307 Michigan Environmental Response Act (1988 and 1994) KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-4 �Economic Development Fundamental to this Plan is the recognition that a strong economy is important to the future of Kalkaska County. Economic development is a key ingredient to maintaining and improving the area's quality-of-life and achieving a sustainable future. An additional 7809 people are expected by the year 2020. See Table 4-2. This growth is expected to result in 3009 additional dwellings. In addition, seasonal dwellings are expected to grow by 1971, for a total of 5437 seasonal homes. Concurrent with this growth in residential homes will be a corresponding growth in economic activity. The type, form and nature of this activity however, will be dependent upon a variety of factors, including the ability to attract supporting business and industry as well as improving the tourism economy. Table 4-2 TOTAL POPULATION OF KALKASKA COUNTY, 1990 AND 2020 Community 'II - ~ ! II BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA VILLAGE OF KALKASKA OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL 1990 639 378 1,076 1,959 1,073 714 596 2,317 1,952 291 885 746 871 13,497 2020 1,267 617 1,608 3,270 1,478 1,125 1,297 3,628 2,869 445 1,174 1,251 1,277 21,306 Total Chanae 628 239 532 1,311 405 411 701 1,311 917 154 289 505 406 7,809 ~ ' '· In 1991, an assessment of the economic climate of Kalkaska County was undertaken with the objective of analyzing forces affecting the economy, changes over time and opportunities for the future. This assessment was based upon historical data and observations, as well as interviews with County residents, business leaders and public officials. A number of locational advantages were identified which have contributed, and will continue to contribute, to Kalkaska's economy into the future. Proximity to Traverse City (within 20 miles) was identified as a major asset. Firms locating in the County can have the benefit of low taxes, little congestion and proximity to the attractions of Traverse City. Major highways, rail service, pipelines and the nearby Cherry Capitol Airport were also identified as important assets which shape the areas economy. (Refer to the KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-5 �Master Plan for Economic Development, November 1991, Public Sector Consultants, Inc.) Complimenting locational advantages are a number of economic factors, including a low tax rate compared to surrounding counties, a competitive and capable labor force, low wage rates compared to other Michigan counties and low cost land. Locational and economic factors are advantages, but not assurances however, that the County will have a strong and viable economy in the future. The timing and future location of US 131 and of other improved infrastructure however, will greatly affect the economic future of the County. While improving the infrastructure basis for new business, and pursuing new business development is important, the County must also strive to maintain its existing employment base. Ongoing population growth and subsequent commercial development will provide the opportunity to strengthen the local economy, as will continuing investment in infrastructure and enhancement of recreational opportunities. The recent announcement that the Village of Kalkaska was revitalizing its downtown through physical improvement and upgrades is a key step in this process. Another positive step includes development of a second certified industrial park within the County, joining 56 counties within the State who have already registered their parks with the Michigan Jobs Commission. Infrastructure Infrastructure services (particularly sewer and water systems), play an important role in determining the nature, and type of future growth that can be accommodated within a community. Depending on an individual's perspective, the provision of public services could be either a positive or negative factor, in establishing the overall character of a community and its ability to guide growth into one area and away from others. Consequently, decisions on where to place/offer public facilities is an important feature of any long range plan. Within Kalkaska County, nearly all of the residents outside the Village of Kalkaska rely on individual well and septic systems. Within the limits of soil capability, individual systems offer complete flexibility in locational choices for new housing. At the same time, use of private systems imposes special conditions which must be adhered to if the quality of the physical environment is to be preserved into the future. Past problems are widely known, both within the County and throughout northern lower Michigan. For example high density development around lakes and streams using 30 year old septic systems on small lots have often been a source of ground and surface water pollution. Similarly, properties previously used as cottages are now being converted to year round residences with corresponding increases in the usage of many older septic systems. In many cases there is not much separation distance between the well and septic system. The impact of private septic systems on water quality within the County is an ongoing concern and consequently, careful monitoring will be required if similar KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-6 �problems are to be avoided in the future. Likewise, future development around inland lakes and streams should be at a lower density to prevent contamination and overuse of these resources. With over 6,000 lots already existing, and undeveloped within the County, the significance of assuring that future development occurs on an adequate size lot, with appropriate soil conditions is an important issue to be considered. ' ~ ~ II ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ,. As important in the planning process is the Village of Kalkaska's public sewer and water system. Because it is the only public system available in the County, it will play a key role in accommodating the more intense land development that occurs within the County. While the Village system appears to have sufficient capacity to meet foreseeable demand, the form, location and type of development it serves is an issue which needs to be addressed. Because much of the vacant land suitable for higher density development is outside the Village limits, intergovernmental cooperation and coordination on future land use is an issue which requires attention if quality and planned growth is to occur. Transportation The ability to get from one location to another safely and efficiently is a common concern in the daily lives of nearly everyone. Whether it be for work, school, recreation or shopping, a comprehensive transportation network for vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists has become a fundamental necessity of today's society. Kalkaska County's transportation system has been, and will continue to be an important influence on the quality-of-life for residents, visitors and businesses who use it. This transportation network directly impacts the efficiency of emergency vehicles, the safety of motorists, personal leisure time and the appropriateness of proposed future land use patterns. As a result, it plays a critical role in the County's future and must be planned in coordination with other key components of this Plan. With over 920 miles of roads and highways, a fundamental challenge in the future will be maintaining this extensive system as well as expanding the network to improve traffic flow, safety and efficiency. Of this total, 71 miles are classified as principal arterials, 200 miles as collectors and 650 miles as rural local roads. As mentioned in Chapter Three, the Michigan State Department of Transportation indicated in a 1994 study that the County's principal arterial, US 131, contained serious deficiencies based upon traffic volumes and current highway density. Because similar deficiencies are evident within adjacent counties, MOOT has determined that a new freeway system is the most appropriate means of correcting these deficiencies. The current plan is for this freeway to generally follow, although be separated from, the existing US 131 highway. While alternative designs have placed this freeway both on the east and west sides of the current highway, final determinations regarding a specific location are yet to be made. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-7 �This new freeway system is expected to be a significant asset for the County, both by reducing congestion on existing roads, as well as improving overall accessibility for the traveler and business community alike. At the same time, it will also have a major impact on land uses within the County. The western most option requires the utilization of State Forest property while the eastern most option has greater impacts on existing development patterns and through traffic using existing US 131 as it flows through the center of the Village of Kalkaska as the principal connector with M-72. Based upon input from local leaders and citizens, it appears the western alignment has captured the greatest amount of local support. It appears a western route will fragment existing farms less, create less dead-end roads (with less detriment to school bus routes and emergency vehicle access), and provide better access for new business development. Further evaluation will be required however, before a definitive position can be taken. If a western alignment is selected, the alignment closest to the Village would offer the greatest economic benefits. Consideration should also be given to severing any small acreage State Forest land east of a new western alignment to the Village of Kalkaska for use to accommodate planned growth. The proposed freeway, its design, placement and function, will play an important role in the County's future. At the same time, local roads within the County deserve special attention as well, particularly as it relates to adjacent large lot development. Because over 68 percent of the County roads are identified as local roads, and only 30 percent of local roads are paved, it becomes a significant maintenance and improvement issue as individual properties continue to increase in out-County areas. Under current conditions, none of these local roads qualify for Federal funding when improvements are required, suggesting County taxpayers will ultimately shoulder the responsibility. By keeping rural residential density low along these roads, the need to upgrade them will be greatly diminished. Land Use Needs Land use change is inevitable within Kalkaska County. New homes, businesses, recreational activities and tourist attractions are likely and desirable, particularly in light of the proposed freeway. The issue becomes, where, when and what type of land use change will occur? Also, are the basic public services available to adequately meet the needs of new development? Fundamental to achieving the desired balance between economic development and the physical environment are responses to the above questions. As mentioned in Chapter Three, one of the most significant economic development activities within the County has been and continues to be new housing construction. With population projected to increase by approximately 7,000 people by the year 2020, over 3,000 new housing units will be constructed, consuming between 5,000 and 10,200 acres of land for residential purposes at current large lot, low density trends. See Table 4-3. Concurrent with the expansion of permanent housing, will be construction of 1,971 new seasonal housing units, based upon a continuation of past trends. See Map 4-2. Approximately KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-8 �....... ~··· ~ r- ~ en ~ ~ r- ~ en ~ 0 0 C ~z cb ~ 3: l> ~ m ::0 "'CJ !;: z 0 Land Acreage for Single-Family Resldentlal Land Use 2020 Change New SinglePersons Per New Family Housing Housing Housing Unit Units Units 274 208 2.29 97 2.10 114 190 133 2.80 2.55 514 39 1 122 2.42 167 2.64 111 156 227 2.41 291 2.70 486 330 2.62 350 238 54 39 2.85 2.94 67 98 2.92 173 88 2.85 142 101 High Density Land** 525 Medium Density Land** 807 374 515 1,512 473 428 878 1,278 60 153 259 341 391 Low Density Land** 1,088 505 694 2,040 638 577 1,184 1,724 60 206 349 460 528 0 New Multi- Land Acreage Family for Multi-Family Housing Residential Units Land Use 66 11 17 3 57 10 123 21 45 8 45 8 64 11 155 26 112 19 15 2 31 5 85 14 41 7 Population 1990-2020 Community 628 1,267 BEAR LAKE 244 239 617 BLUE LAKE 335 532 1,608 BOARDMAN 985 1,311 3,270 CLEARWATER 405 308 1,478 COLD SPRINGS 279 411 1,125 EXCELSIOR 701 572 1,297 GARFIELD 1,311 832 3,628 KALKASKA 917 60 2,869 Villac:ie of Kalkaska• 445 154 99 OLIVER 168 1,174 289 ORANGE 505 222 1,251 RAPID RIVER 406 255 1,277 SPRINGFIELD 3,009 2,152 7,468 10,052 21,306 7,809 2.62 4,883 857 TOTAL •village of Kalkaska assumes urban density of 4 dwellings per acre. ••High density= 2.52 acres per housing unit, medium density= 3.87 acres per housing unit, low density= 5.22 acres per housing unit; multi-family residential = 6 dwelling units per acre. Source: County population projections by Michigan Department of Management and Budget (preliminary estimate November, 1994); township projections by Planning & Zoning Center, Inc., based on demographic trends. 143 C z ~ "'CJ "Tl 0 O"'CJ :::0 C :i!m !;:-t -4 DJ -< o!:!: m Z CD l> l> f" :::0 z w NC r~ l> 0 z C C en m "'CJ :::0 0 c.. m 0 :::! 0 z en �Map 4-2 FUTURE CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF SECOND HOMES IN MICHIGAN 1990-2020 Percent change -6to8 4to5 -2to3 D Oto1 D -1 to-o3 . ,- , . So,rce: U.S. &nau ofthlJ census 25 percent of this growth is expected to occur within the Village of Kalkaska and Kalkaska Township, with the remainder distributed throughout the County. Depending upon the form and location of this development it could significantly impact the character of the County and the quality of life it offers. Land use impacts can be felt visually, economically and environmentally. As a result, careful consideration must be given to recognizing the potential impacts of development and negative changes which may result if allowed to evolve by chance. Based upon past trends and projected population growth, employment is expected to increase from 5,440 people in 1992 to 8,486 in 2020. This 3,046 employee increase distributed to each jurisdiction within the County on Table 4-4 based on current trends. As is evident, the land area required to accommodate this level of activity is nominal, approximately 203 acres at an average 15 employees/acre. This figure can easily double, or triple, depending upon development patterns, sensitivity to the environment, intensity of use, the compact nature of development or the advent of a single large new employer. Based upon past trends, and community desires as reflected in input received, the intent is to build upon and strengthen existing business and industrial activity found in and around the Village of Kalkaska, where the infrastructure system has sufficient capacity and the ability to service the demands placed on adjacent properties. As previously mentioned, public land within Kalkaska County is perceived as both an advantage (i.e., natural setting/environment, lakes, rivers and streams, recreational opportunities) and a disadvantage (i.e., a reduced amount of private land, no tax opportunity). KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-10 �Table 4-4 KALKASKA COUNTY EMPLOYMENT AND NON-RESIDENTIAL LAND USE PROJECTIONS, 2020 Population Community BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA Village of Kalkaska OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL 1990 639 378 1,076 1,959 1,073 714 596 2,317 1,952 291 885 746 871 13,497 Total % of 1990 Employment County Population Employment Employment Increase Acreage Population 2020 1992 2020 1992-2020 Required 5% 1,267 256 339 5.53 83 17 3% 169 617 152 1.13 8% 435 1,608 594 159 10.60 15% 3,270 789 1,273 484 32.30 8% 1,478 430 466 2.40 36 5% 1,125 288 424 136 9.00 4% 1,297 239 339 100 6.67 17% 3,628 1,871 930 941 62.70 15% 2,869 789 1,697 908 60.50 2% 445 120 127 7 0.50 7% 1,174 359 424 65 4.30 6% 1,251 299 339 40 2.67 7% 1,277 354 424 70 4.67 100% 21,306 5,440 8,486 3,046 Source: Employment projections assume employment growth at an average rate of 2 percent per year from 1992-2020. Land area projections based on average of 15 employees per acre. Table 4-5 STATE AND FEDERAL PUBLIC LANDS IN KALKASKA COUNTY, 1990 Community BEAR LAKE BLUE LAKE BOARDMAN CLEARWATER COLD SPRINGS EXCELSIOR GARFIELD KALKASKA VillaQe of Kalkaska OLIVER ORANGE RAPID RIVER SPRINGFIELD TOTAL Acres 23,980.1 16,139.9 6,826.7 3,049.9 4,356.9 6,560.9 44,657.1 23,249.2 0.0 13,531.6 366.3 8,954.2 2,872.8 154,545.6 Source: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-11 203 �In planning for future development of the County, the location and type of public lands will have a direct influence on the range of options available, as they have in the past. Many of the townships within the County have a majority of their land areas committed to public use. See Table 4-5. Based upon the 1994 Resources Management Plan prepared by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, between 1994 and 2005 MDNR hopes to acquire an additional 14,500 acres of public land in the County. The majority of this acquisition is for purposes of consolidating existing holdings and/or improving the recreational opportunities available within the County. These acquisitions reinforce the need to achieve wise use of remaining private land holdings in order to maintain growth and development opportunities into the future. There may be a valuable opportunity to trade some public land for private land as this consolidation occurs. Lands targeted for such consideration are identified in Chapter 6. ISSUES The review of existing conditions in Chapter Three and the identification of key assets, constraints and opportunities in this chapter give rise to numerous issues which need to be addressed as part of this planning effort. The material which follows provides a summary of primary issues as a basis for understanding current, and likely future conditions, within Kalkaska County if current trends continue. Natural Resources • Balancing long-term economic improvement with environmental protection through local government policies and programs. • Protection of air quality and water quality. • Protection of environmentally sensitive areas, including wetlands, shorelands, and wildlife habitats. Economic Development • Maintain and strengthen the existing job base. • Promote new business development. • Create more year-round jobs. • Strengthen downtown Kalkaska. • Expand tourism/resort activity. • Sustainable economic development to provide jobs for present and future residents. Infrastructure • Upgrade old on-site sewage disposal systems and wells (plugging all unneeded ones). • Expanding public sewer and water around the Village of Kalkaska to provide services to new compact development. • Establish public service districts to guide future growth. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-12 �Transportation • Secure land necessary for future roads. • Protect scenic/aesthetic quality of key State and County roads. • Improve the safety of the movement of people and goods along key corridors. • Create a long term road development and transportation plan . . • Enlarge the "Class A" (all-weather) road network • Identification of proposed network. • Secure funding for all-weather road network. Land Use • Expand recreational facilities. • Create a stru_cture for intergovernmental resolution of issues of greater than local concern. • Imitate watershed management for water quality protection. • Implement a groundwater protection strategy. • Ensure habitat preservation for sustainable fish and wildlife populations. • Protection of natural resources necessary to sustain resource based industries such as agriculture and forestry. • Establish buffers between residential and commercial/industrial land uses. • Provide for open space/cluster development to protect sensitive environments. • Establish a variety of residential development patterns with different densities and housing types to provide a wide choice of housing options. • Discourage the creation and/or expansion of strip commercial development and spot zoning. • Address the impacts of land fragmentation, uncoordinated subdivision and site condominium development. • Identify the type, amount and location of commercial and industrial development. • Improve lack of public access to area lakes. • Cleanup contaminated soils and groundwater. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 4-13 �Chapter 5 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Introduction During planning and futuring sessions for Kalkaska County, residents and officials were asked to identify characteristics they would like their community to have 20 - 25 years from the present. Citizens consistently portrayed a common vision for the County's future which retains its existing rural character, preserves its natural features and strengthens the Village of Kalkaska as the County's business center. Following is a synopsis of the most-·consistent and common suggestions offered: 1. An active, vibrant and bustling downtown Kalkaska which builds on its heritage, is authentically restored, serves as a source of community pride and satisfies the commercial and business needs of the visitor and resident alike. 2. A natural environment which has been respected, integrated into the rural setting and generally preserved. 3. A strong, healthy economy which is built upon a diversified employment base consisting of manufacturing, retail, service, mining and governmental employment. 4. A diversified range of services and activities supporting and enhancing the quality of life in the County; including; a convention center, upgraded medical facilities, restaurants, business parks, expanded festivals, senior center and improved fairgrounds. 5. Intergovernmental cooperation and coordination, increased citizen involvement and positive resident attitudes are prevalent throughout the County. Drawing upon the above ideas, together with survey data, assessment of conditions and multiple reviews, a set of goals, objectives and policies were prepared to serve as a basis for guiding the direction of this Plan as well as future land use decision making. Definitions Goal: Goals are broad-based statements of intent and establish the direction for the Master Plan. Goals could generally be thought of as the desired "ends" of successful implementation of the Kalkaska County Master Plan. Objective: Objectives are the stated "means" of achieving each goal, or the tasks to be carried out in the process of realizing goals. Policy: Policies serve as a guide to decision-making which ultimately affects the outcome of various objectives. Decisions affected by policies ideally contribute to KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-1 �successful implementation of Master Plan goals and objectives. Many of the policies in this Plan will require regulatory or program changes in order to be implemented. KALKASKA COUNTY GOALS & OBJECTIVES Community Character Goal: Preserve and enhance the rural character of the County. Objectives: • Retain the natural character of existing transportation corridors and the scenic views from these corridors by encourage maintenance of trees and woodlots. • Improve the visual appearance of primary travel corridor intersections within the County. • Identify and preserve the historic features of the County. • Emphasize and maintain the unique character of the villages within the County. • Encourage preservation of open space as development occurs. • Establish uniform sign guidelines and standards to protect the scenic character of the County. • Identify and encourage acquisition of special environments of significant public value. • Encourage development which is consistent with and responsive to the areas natural land forms. • Encourage new development which is compatible with the rural night sky conditions. • Preserve the natural character of the shorelines of lakes, rivers and streams. • Promote the special features within the County including forests, parks, trails, lakes, rivers and other physical amenities. • Encourage new land use and density/intensity of development which compliments and is consistent with the established character of the County, villages, and townships. • Encourage low density or clustered development within the County's rural areas. • Encourage development of scenic walking and/or riding trails throughout the County. • The County and local governments should work together to protect open space, especially scenic vistas and corridors, from loss through land fragmentation and/or uncoordinated development. Policies: • New residential, commercial and industrial development in the County can be accommodated provided it is: 1) in locations with services adequate to meets its needs, 2) respectful of environmental resources, 3) consistent with the KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-2 �• character of development in the area, 4) consistent with approved land use plans, policies, and County and local regulations, 5) consistent with the policies of this Plan, 6) in locations that encourage compact residential development near areas of employment, shopping and services, and 7) built with consideration of adequate buffering and transition features between conflicting land uses. Development guidelines in the Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook should be used to guide future land use decisions by the County and local governments in the County. Residential Development Goal: Provide for a broad range o.f housing opportunities which respond to the varying economic, family and lifestyle needs of residents and tourists while maintaining consistency with the character of existing residential areas. Objectives: • Encourage redevelopment and expansion of existing neighborhoods, reinforcing and strengthening the small town character of existing neighborhoods and villages in the County. • Encourage compact new residential development to locate in areas where roads and infrastructure are available or are planned to accommodate such density. • Encourage new residential development which respects the natural conditions and characteristics existing in the County. • Encourage new residential development which create a sense of place and achieve harmony with existing development. • Create neighborhoods which are pedestrian oriented and interconnected with the larger community by bicycle, as well as by auto. • Encourage the construction of gas and oil wells in a manner which is sensitive to the natural environment and the quiet use and enjoyment of existing or planned residences in the area. • Discourage fragmentation of open space and the natural environment through coordination of County and local planning and zoning efforts. Policies: • New compact residential development served by public sewer and water should be located in and adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska. Existing small settlements around or near lakes should not accommodate new development at densities similar to historic patterns, unless there is public sewer and water available. • Cluster development will be encouraged in rural areas though use of incentives as an alternative to relying exclusively on traditional large lot development. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-3 �• • • • Residential development patterns throughout the County should reflect economical and efficient use of land and be especially mindful of the value of protecting renewable resource lands such as agricultural and prime forest lands from premature conversion or land fragmentation. Kalkaska County should contain an adequate distribution and mix of housing to enable each County resident to secure safe, adequate housing at an affordable price in location with adequate public services. Local master land use plans and development regulations should include buffer standards between residential land uses and agricultural, commercial or industrial land uses to minimize the nuisance impacts of one use upon the other. The County and local governments should adopt, implement and maintain, common zoning, site condominium, subdivision and lot split regulations to prevent premature conversion of large parcels and to ensure adequate access to all properties. Natural Resources & the Environment Goal: Preserve and protect environmentally sensitive areas and conserve the natural resources of the County. Objectives: • Define and identify sensitive environmental areas such as woodlands, wetlands and other land not suitable for intensive development because of natural limitations. • Develop guidelines and criteria which encourages land development consistent with air, water, land and sensitive environment protection objectives. • Encourage new development activity which harmonizes with the natural characteristics of the land. • Protect and enhance the natural aesthetic values and recreational potential of all waterfront areas for the enjoyment of citizens and visitors. • Encourage non-profit conservancy organizations or public agencies to acquire special environments of significant public value. • Renewable resource lands like agricultural and forest lands should be protected from incompatible land uses which could otherwise contribute to their premature conversion. Policies: • County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to protect and enhance environmentally sensitive areas. • County and local policies and programs should be drafted and implemented which seek to ensure environmental protection while strongly encouraging appropriate local economic development. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-4 �• • • • County and local governments should initiate proactive measures to monitor and protect air, groundwater, and surface waters. Agricultural and forest lands that are suitable for sustained management should be protectively zoned from encroachment by incompatible land uses. Residential areas around inland lakes should not be expanded without adequate public infrastructure (especially sewer and water) and only when measures are adequate to prevent overuse of the lake surface. Common regulations should be implemented to protect lakes and other sensitive environments that are in more than one jurisdiction. Industrial and Commercial Goal: Encourage the development of nonresidential land uses in appropriate locations which serve the needs of visitors and tourists, create jobs and increases the overall economic vitality of the County. Objectives: • Create a vibrant and bustling Village of Kalkaska which is functional, people oriented and the center of activity within the County. • Concentrate new commercial development in a manner which strengthens and reinforces the vitality of existing commercial development in the Village center. • Encourage tourism activities which enhance business consistent with the character of the County. • Support existing industry by encouraging redevelopment and expansion. • Encourage industrial development in planned locations with adequate public facilities which will increase the range of employment opportunities available to County residents. • Encourage job opportunities which offer year round employment at a level sufficient to support a family. • Provide programs which improve the skills and educational levels of low income, unemployed individuals to enable them to achieve permanent employment while satisfying the needs of industrial and other business employers. • Create flexible development opportunities within the County which can satisfy industrial and commercial needs. Policies: • Promote business activity which strengthens existing business centers and industrial parks and provides more diversified year round employment. • When pursuing efforts to attract new jobs, the County, local jurisdictions and economic development groups should seek out and solicit businesses which are environmentally responsible. • Work to promote desirable forms of tourism in the County, including those which occur during off seasons. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-5 �• Strip commercial and industrial development should be discouraged through plans and regulations that promote compact and cluster development patterns. Approval of isolated commercial or industrial developments is inconsistent with this Plan. An exception is oil and gas related processing facilities which must be located to efficiently service existing or planned wells in an area. However, such sites are often, by their nature, of a relatively short useful life, and hence, should not be used to justify other permanent industrial or commercial development nearby. Public Facilities and Services Goal: Provide a range of public facilities and services consistent with the rural character of the County, which meets present and future needs of existing communities and supports the public health, safety and welfare of residents and visitors. Objectives: • Encourage and support police, fire and emergency services consistent with public need and the ability to finance improvements in the most cost effective manner. • Insure the safe, effective and efficient disposal of solid waste and hazardous substances. • Prepare an intergovernmental plan for the carefully timed provision of sewer and water service around the Village of Kalkaska and perhaps other select areas of the County consistent with the goals and objectives of this Plan. • Encourage the consolidation of police, fire and emergency services when efficiencies can be increased, public expenditures reduced and services can be enhanced. • Identify locations within the County where limitations are present for construction of on-site septic systems and restrict residential density in those areas. • Develop regulations which ensure adherence to safe and effective methods for disposing of on-site sanitary waste and ensure groundwater protection. Policies: • Promote expansion of sewer and water into an area only when consistent with the planned intensity of land use for that area and scheduled as to affordability. • The County's solid waste management program should maintain consistency with the requirements of Act 641 and move to a regional plan for waste disposal. • The County and other local governments should adopt site plan review regulations to protect groundwater and septic system inspection programs (as in Benzie County) to protect the quality of inland lakes and streams. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-6 �,. • • Expansion of public facilities (especially sewer and water) should be timed to guide future development into particular areas consistent with the demand for additional service. A County-wide capital improvement plan should be annually prepared and updated listing proposed public improvements by location, cost and means of financing for the next six years. Proposed public facilities should be consistent with this Master Plan. Transportation Goal: Maintain a safe, effective and efficient road network and improve roads to promote growth in a way that is consistent with land use goals and objectives. Objectives: • Maintain an up-to-date County-wide capital improvement budget and program to ensure that transportation maintenance and improvement needs can be satisfied over the long run . Improve County roads based on current use and projected future use levels. • Coordinate planning efforts with the Michigan Department of Transportation as accessibility is improved both to and within the County along existing and proposed highway corridors. • Encourage a wide variety of transportation means, such as biking, walking and snowmobiling, to meet the diverse needs of present and future County residents . • Encourage new land use development in areas which have adequate road capacity to meet the demands of that new development. • Minimize traffic congestion and hazards by coordinating land use development and highway improvements. • Develop an access management program to control access along existing US 131 and M-72 and around interchange areas on new US 131 . Policies: • Agree on the design elements that are desired to be part of any road improvements or new construction (i.e., road design, views from the road , accessibility, physical barriers, safety issues, maintenance of tree canopy, etc.) • The Kalkaska County Road Commission should develop and implement a long term road development and multimodal transportation plan consistent with this Master Plan. • The Kalkaska County Road Commission , with the assistance of the County Board of Commissioners and all other local governments, should seek alternative funding sources to create a network of "Class A " (all-weather) roads throughout Kalkaska County in planned locations. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-7 �• County and local zoning and subdivision regulations should include access management and private road standards to ensure safe and convenient turning movements and access by emergency vehicles. Recreation Goal: Enhance the well being of area residents and tourists by providing a well balanced system of private and public park and recreational facilities and activities located to serve present and future local needs and the area economy. Objectives: • Coordinate efforts with local jurisdictions and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to update and implement the recommendations of the County Recreation Plan. • Identify and explore new opportunities for recreational projects with local jurisdictions as a means of better serving residents and enhancing tourism. • Improve youth recreational opportunities throughout the County, including indoor and outdoor sports activities. Policies: • Develop a funding program for the purchase of recreational lands in planned areas where a need has been determined or where a special opportunity exists. • Develop a funding program for enhancing recreational programs and facilities throughout the County. Intergovernmental Cooperation Goal: Encourage cooperation and coordination between the County and local jurisdictions on subjects of mutual interest and mutual benefit in an effort to improve the well being and quality of life for present and future County residents. Objectives: • Prepare a set of common policies which are adopted by all jurisdictions which support and promote the goals, objectives and concepts of this Plan. • Develop a joint strategy to promote and actively market the economic and recreational benefits of the County. • Provide assistance to local units of government in the County relating to realization of their individual goals and objectives that are not inconsistent with this Plan. Policies: • The County Planning Commission will take the lead in helping to annually set a common agenda among all County and local public agencies for coordinating planned public improvements. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-8 �• • • Local governments will work with the County Planning Commission to develop a mechanism to cooperatively resolve issues of greater than local concern. The County and local governments will cooperatively develop and implement programs and standards to assure adequate levels of public services and consistent land use regulations with assistance from the County Planning Commission. The County will continue to take the lead in coordinating economic development activities within the County. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 5-9 �Chapter 6 FUTURE LAND USE PLAN Introduction The future land use plan for Kalkaska County is a physical representation of the goals, objectives and policies identified in Chapter Five. The principal components of this Plan include; 1) the planned arrangement for future land use throughout the County; 2) the manner in which public infrastructure is to be provided in support of the future land use arrangement and 3) the future transportation system which is required to serve the future land use. Together, these components represent an integrated and coordinated community development strategy that is based on achieving the future vision of the County as reflected in the goals and objectives. Basis For Future Land Use Plan The Future Land Use Plan establishes the planned land use arrangement for approximately 20 years. It was established based upon an analysis of physical characteristics, community attitudes, the existing road network, infrastructure, soil conditions, characteristics of sensitive environmental areas and other associated factors. This Plan sets forth a future land use pattern that is not much different from the current pattern. The Plan promotes preservation of the existing character of the County, including its existing farmland, woodlands, wetlands, and other water resources and open spaces. The primary difference between the planned and current land use pattern is founded upon an increased concern for the natural environment as new development occurs, improved compatibility between land uses, accommodating increased urbanization where public services are already available, improving economic opportunity through a broader range of commercial and industrial land uses, and planning for the construction of a new freeway with corresponding interchanges in locations which improve rather than reduce quality of life. Future Land Use Map Following is a review of the principal categories of future land use and their respective relationships as proposed in this Plan. These land uses are illustrated on the Future Land Use Map (Map 6-1) and described in the accompanying text. Agriculture and Forest Land Uses Agricultural resources are found distributed throughout the central portions of the County. Concentrations of contiguous agricultural lands do exist but more generally, farmland tends to be found as large scattered parcels crossing several jurisdictions. Approximately 36,200 acres of open cropland or pasture, with 6,900 acres of Christmas tree plantations, constituted 12 percent of the County's land area in 1978. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-1 �This Plan recognizes that farming plays an important role in the history and present life of the County. It also recognizes that farming, as an industry, is a difficult challenge in an area with generally lower quality agricultural soils (than other farming areas of the State) scattered farms, and a proliferation of large lot land divisions. It is the intent of this Plan to encourage the continuation of all current farming activities as long as it is economically viable to do so. All existing farming operations should be recognized as legitimate land uses provided that they are operated consistent with State Department of Agriculture requirements as "generally acceptable agricultural land management practices." This means that existing agricultural land uses in areas depicted on Map 6-1 as agriculture/forest would be treated as permitted uses by right in the County or local zoning ordinances. Policy: Existing private land used for agricultural or silvaculture purposes should continue to be recognized as permitted uses in the County and local Zoning Ordinances. New lands could be converted into agricultural production . Where farmers petition for more protection from non-farm encroachment, a separate Agricultural District could be created. This policy recognizes that by not expressly restricting land fragmentation of existing private agricultural and forest lands, and by permitting residential use of lands throughout most of the County, that existing agricultural and private forest lands will, over time, likely be converted to residential uses. However, such conversion is not encouraged to occur any faster than current rates and should not be more dense than current low density kinds. Residential development density in the agriculture/forest land use category should not exceed an average one dwelling unit per forty acres (when all dwellings are averaged over the entire area in this category) . Individual parcels could range from five to forty acres in size with slightly more than ten acres being the common norm at the time the Plan was adopted. No parcels smaller than five acres should be permitted to be established, unless rural clustering via special PUD zoning was followed. Rural clustering permits smaller lots surrounded by open space to be created (see Figure 6- 1). Residential Residential development will continue to be the predominant developed land use throughout the County. Permitted density will vary, however, based upon the availability of public sewer and water, the natural limitations and suitability of soils, the historic development pattern, the compatibility with adjacent land uses, and the availability of adequate support services; including convenient and safe access, healthy water and septic disposal and sufficient police and fire protection. Low density development on either large lots, or clustered around common open space is encouraged throughout the vast majority of the County, due primarily to the lack of public sewer and water, the generally poor soils for septics and to protect the rural character of the County. Three districts in which residential use is the primary category KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-2 �Map 6-1 KALKASKA COUNTY --- Future Land Use Village Residential - Waterfront Residential D Forest/Agriculture = Principal Arterial ....,.. Major Collector · Local Roads Commercial Industrial Forest/Recreation Minor Arterial - ~ Proposed Freeway ....,.... Alternative ~ Lakes and Rivers •• Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 N A KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-3 �Figure 6-1 LAND DIVISION Common Approach Lot Size EXISTING SITE CONCERN Unregulated lot splits results in sprawl, loss of renewable resource lands, and loss of rural character. Maximum unregulated land division under the Subdivision Control Act occurs along road frontage. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT Source: Grand Traverse Bay Region Development Guidebook, 1992, pages 78-79. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-4 us er sma er o s on bulldable ponlon of large parcels - retaining large unbuilt ponlons as open space and as farm or forestland. If accomplished via open space zoning or rural clustering provisions, a farmer can capture the development value of the land wltho ut losing much of the agrlcultural land value. �are planned. These include Village residential, waterfront residential, and forest recreational. The village residential area, depicted on the Future Land Use Map for urbanized Kalkaska (Map 6-2) is classified based primarily on the availability of public sewer and water. Properties of one acre or less in size fall into this classification. The Village of Kalkaska and surrounding lands plus the small settlements like Rapid City and South Boardman, comprise the only current or proposed village residential districts. This classification is made in consideration of the adequacy of roads, stormwater, public sewer and water and police/fire services to serve the density of development in these areas. The intent is to insure that all future village residential development occurs within an environment that is self-sustaining over time. The present character of the waterfront residential land surrounding the County's inland lakes and streams is generally a mix of residential and open space. The Plan encourages a continuation of these uses, but in a manner which more effectively recognizes the sensitive environmental qualities embodied in these resources. Very limited new residential development and redevelopment is provided for except at · densities compatible with the surrounding land and water resources. This density should be maintained at a minimum of one dwelling unit per one half acre. Exceptions for existing non-conforming lots of record should be provided for to reflect current conditions. All wetlands and sensitive natural areas adjacent to inland lakes and streams should be maintained to the extent possible, as part of the natural lake ecosystem. Because inland lakes are both natural resources and sensitive areas, adjacent land development poses particular challenges for land management. To a large extent, these lakes have served as magnets as a result of their aesthetic, environmental and recreational values. These highly attractive resources are sensitive to degradation through shoreline erosion, septic field leaching and sediment discharge. As residential development and redevelopment occurs, both land side and water side issues must be addressed. Reduced development densities are recommended along the lake shore areas as redevelopment occurs to better assure adequate on-site sewage disposal and limit disturbance of important aesthetic and ecological elements. Keyhole or funnel development should be prohibited and uniform lakefront regulations should be established, especially around those lakes in more than one jurisdiction. Forest/recreational residential districts principally include public, quasi-public and the limited private recreational land holdings surrounded by these public and quasi-public lands within the County, as well as miscellaneous non-public properties which fall within or adjacent to these land holdings. The absence of public infrastructure, limited physical accessibility and general lack of improved roadways reinforces the inability of these areas to service any more than the lowest of residential densities, which should generally be at one dwelling unit per 40 acres, except where already established at a lower density, but never below one dwelling unit per 10 acres. When these conditions are combined with the environmentally sensitive nature of most public land holdings, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-5 �Map 6-2 I ' I A ... - I • I ____..,._,,,,__i---__,~.. . ... I I • I • ~• - - " •·· I I I I .. . . • • • . - I ~ I I ■i VILLAGE OF KALKASKA Future Land Use Village Residential - Commercial - Waterfront Residential - Industrial D Forest/Agriculture - - Principal Arterial Major Collector Local Roads = ■ • _ ~ Forest/Recreation Minor Arterial Proposed Freeway Alternative Lakes and Rivers Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. April, 1995 N A KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-6 �together with the desire of the State to continue to purchase many of the small discontinuous parcels, only limited residential development is anticipated in this area. Policy: Although not designated as a special area on the Future Land Use Map, it is clearly the intent within all residential areas of the County to encourage carefully designed cluster/open space developments. The objective of this philosophy is to support the use of design tools and technologies which preserve the open spaces and natural features of the County's physical environment over time. Careful design can ensure that the open space, rural character of the County is retained in contrast to homes uniformly lining roads throughout the rural countryside. Policy: Residential development should be limited in number of dwelling units and density where the following circumstances ·exist: 1) there are few if any public facilities; 2) roads are unpaved; 3) no plans exist for new roads or public sewer and water, and 4) soils do not permit more intensive land uses. Private, on-site package sewer or water systems serving multiple residences are not considered a viable alternative unless thirty or more dwelling units are served , and all permits from the DNR and MDPH, and the County Health Department are secured. Policy: New development and redevelopment along the County's inland lakes should only be permitted according to development standards which address, at a minimum, consideration of a potable water supply, safe disposal of septage, water and land carrying capacities, water quality protection, preservation of open space, minimal additional intrusion upon the natural environment, and the provision of adequate public access where no or inadequate public access currently exists and a suitable site can be found which minimizes negative impacts on adjoining lands. Commercial Land Use The Village of Kalkaska and its central business district is the principal shopping area within the County. This Future Land Use Plan recognizes downtown Kalkaska's historic role as the business center of the County and supports improving its stability, attractiveness and function . A variety of commercial properties are also found immediately outside the Village of Kalkaska, ranging from neighborhood convenience shopping to restaurants and general business activities. Located along both US 131 and M-72, much of this mixed commercial development has occurred in the form of strip development. This Plan recognizes that while the central business district should be the center for retail, service and institutional activity, many of today's commercial activities, either by virtue of size or market, are not appropriate for certain auto oriented development. Consequently a secondary area of concentrated commercial activity is recommended: 1) south of the Boardman River and north of M-72, along US 131; 2) along M-72 west of US 131 . A primary objective in creating these secondary areas is to encourage new activity in locations which can meet the needs of the traveling public without weakening the existing CBD of the Village. At the same time, new commercial activity should occur KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-7 �only in a planned manner where the character and form of commercial development is developed according to the following guidelines: • a limited number of common points of ingress/egress are utilized • visual character is maintained through retention of site features • buffering/screening is provided for adjacent non-commercial uses • commercial activity is clustered and limited to specific locations • sufficient capacity is evident on the adjacent street system and the impacts of new traffic flows are mitigated • the character and style of commercial activity is in keeping with that desired of the community • generous landscape treatments are utilized to filter views of parking lots, internal circulation and storage systems • criteria are established relative to an acceptable distance between points of ingress and egress as well as from roadway intersections. The long range intent through the application of the above guidelines, is to maximize business development opportunities and ensure that development minimizes conflicts, maximizes safety and contributes to the aesthetic as well as economic environment within the County. This Plan also recognizes that the proposed freeway includes two interchanges near the Village of Kalkaska. Should adequate infrastructure exist and demand for commercial development occur, this Plan recommends that a planned commercial district be established which has as its basis, the guidelines provided above with a special emphasis on controlled access. Policy: The economic viability of existing commercial areas, including downtown Kalkaska, and satellite "neighborhood commercial areas" in Rapid City and South Boardman, will be supported by encouraging compact development patterns that avoid the negative aspects of strip commercial development. Policy: Commercial development will be encouraged to follow a compact development pattern and locate where the following conditions exist: 1) there are adequate public services, 2) roads are paved and of all-weather construction, 3) access drives are designed and limited to prevent hazards and conflicts, and, 4) stormwater runoff is managed to protect water quality, limit erosion and control flooding. Industrial Land Use Industrial development within the County has generally occurred in areas with the following characteristics: good highway access (US 131), availability of public sewers and water, level topography, available support services, and expansion capability. Present industrial activity is found within the Village of Kalkaska, as well as north and south of the Village along US 131. These areas should continue to be the focus of industrial activity within the County. Each can satisfy the basic e::onditions set forth above. It is important to ensure however, that compatibility with neighboring land uses can be successfully achieved before expansion or new development occurs. Industrial KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-8 �development should not be expanded north or south of the current uses in section 33 of Rapid River Township and section 20 in Kalkaska Township. A special need appears to exist within the County for the creation of a third planned industrial park. An industrial park can offer assurances of clean land , a physically attractive environment, consistency between neighbors and a common set of regulatory standards. Sufficient land appear to exist north of the Village to satisfy this need . Similarly, land between the west Village limits and the proposed right of way for new US 131 may be well suited for industrial development. A third industrial park should not be initiated until the second park (under development in 1995) is nearly full of tenants. As reflected in the commercial land use plan description, any new industrial activity, whether within an industrial park or a freestanding site, should meet the same basic site development guidelines aimed at ensuring the character and style of industrial activity is in keeping with that desired by the County. Policy: All industrial development must be sited in an industrially zoned district unless permitted as a special use in another zone (i.e. that would be appropriate for certain oil and gas processing facilities that need to be located close to the wells they serve). New industrial uses must be designed and located so as to preserve open space and minimize intrusion upon the natural landscape or surroundings. Recreational Use Kalkaska County's Parks and Recreation Board prepared a comprehensive community Recreation Plan in January of 1985. The stated purpose of this document was to ensure that adequate, responsible attention be given to the recreational needs of persons residing, as well as choosing to vacation in the County. This was to be accomplished through improvements designed to address program deficiencies, including improved parks, activities for youths, adding courts (basketball, tennis, racquetball) and an indoor swimming pool. According to the Recreation Plan, during the course of undertaking these initiatives, special attention will be given to the fragility of the natural resources and efforts which must be made to protect these resources . Eight short term and ten long term park and recreation projects were identified in the Plan . The intent was that through realizations of these programs, the recreation agenda for the County could be satisfied. Because 10 years is a long time with a lot of change, and to bring all resources up to date, it is a recommendation of this Master Plan that following its adoption, an update and reaffirmed Recreation Plan be set in place. During the interim, this Plan adopts the recommendations of the existing Recreation Plan, and /or future updates, as part of this document, provided the County Planning Commission makes a finding future updates are compatible with this Master Plan. Policy: Kalkaska County encourages a variety of types of planned public and private recreational facilities in locations where new facilities are compatible with the natural site characteristics and is consistent with the approved County Recreation Plan. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-9 �Policy: Prior to renewal of existing agreements between the DNR and National Guard as to use of State Forest land in the southwest part of the County, such agreement should be reviewed by the County Planning Commission for consistency with this Plan and any related policies . Transportation As the intensity of land development increases, so does a community's need for a roadway network able to accommodate the increased traffic demand. Commercial land uses attract retail and service trade, industrial land uses serve as employment centers and require ease of material exports and imports, and new residential areas house more individuals and families with daily needs. These impacts are obvious. What is not so obvious is the enormous impact rural residential development has on rural roads. This is especially true with gravel roads and with paved roads that were never established over a proper base. Gravel roads and paved roads built to accommodate relatively low levels of use are common in Kalkaska County. The additional rural residential development anticipated in this Plan, despite its low density, will result in higher traffic levels and will eventually increase the impact on these roads, ultimately requiring some improvement. It must be recognized that an improved roadway network may well attract new or expanded intensive land uses which, in turn, place additional demand on the road network. Such change must be managed so that the rate of land use change does not overtax the ability of the County to make the necessary improvements. The transportation component of this Plan seeks to assure that land development does not occur in a manner which will sacrifice the public health, safety, and welfare due to inadequate roadway infrastructure nor prematurely encourage changes in land use. With over 65 percent of all County roads unpaved and designated as rural local roads, it is important to not only carefully monitor land divisions and development, but also to maintain a sound "collector" road system linked to the local road network. Following are representative examples of the Kalkaska County Road Commission's long range road improvement plan (see Table 6-1) . Based upon listed improvements, approximately $67 million will be required over the next 20 years, or slightly over $3 million annually. As a result it becomes all the more important to guide new development into areas of the County where the road conditions can accommodate the increase in demand (or improvements are anticipated and budgeted). In addition to the above improvements, the Michigan Department of Transportation anticipates constructing a major north/south freeway through the County with the objective of eliminating current and future deficiencies anticipated along US 131 north of the Village of Kalkaska. By the year 2020 average daily traffic is projected to double, KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-10 �·······'1··· • TYPE OF ROAD IMPROVEMENT MILEAGE $ PER MILE . TOTAL$ Minor Arterial Re-Paving 10.0 70,000 700,000 Major Collector Reconstruction 96.6 150,000 14,490,000 " "en " )> r- Major Collector Re-Paving 51.0 70 000 I 3,570,000 Major Collector Gravel to Pave 16. 1 220.000 3,542,000 Minor Collector Dirt to Gravel 31. 6 100 000 3,160,000 "r- Minor Collector Reconstruction 4.3 150,000 645,000 z en Minor Collector Re-Paving 12.0 70,000 840,000 :IJ Local Access Dirt to Gravel 100.0 100,000 10 000 000 C o,C Local Access Gravel to Pave 36.6 220,000 8,052,000 ~ ~ Local Access Re-Paving 70.4 70,000 4,928,000 Local Access - UnimprovedNo Improvement 426.4 0 0 )> ~ " )> (') 0 ,z s: )> en -I m I )> z )> (') 0 C I I ~ 0 )> (') -I om s: 2: s: C1I _a, en .!a. ~ 0 z N 0 :IJ "ti r- )> 49,927,000 New Garage Local Bridges ( 1) (4) -< m )> 4,000,000 2,000,000 :IJ "ti Total Construction + 20% Engineering 55,927,000 11,185,400 - KALKASKA COUNTY TOTAL 67,112,400 All costs based on 1994 costs. r- )> z z m m C en �Map 6-3 ,) ( I I I -Hr-+--+~--~--+--.-~~~~--'--,--+-+--~..L.,...--...J~ ~----n I I I I .,-,,----+-,-,---~4--1--- - I I I I I I I I I I I I I ----~- - _____ L_ I ----------7 I I ·. I __j_ ____ _ ___________ \ Kalkaska Countld Existing & Proposed T ronsportotion Network -- Principal Arterial MaJOr Collector - -- Mdet Ill Town ship Lines .5 I 2 J . -··-· -- -N A Minor Arterial Local Roods Propo s ed Free wasl Al t e rnat1ve Pim~ & Z(Jll~ l:mlir,lrt. Morch 25, l 't"t5 S OI.T t: ■ : w.o.H . R• . t,t;lllS, 19 76 KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-12 _ ]I �from 7,100 to 15,000 vehicles per day. Because MOOT is in the early stage of their planning process, a specific alignment is yet to be identified. Current alternatives run both east and west of the Village of Kalkaska. Based upon input received during this planning effort, a preference has emerged for the west side alignment. It is also the recommendation of this document and is reflected in Map 6-3. Because specific corridors (and consequently, alignments) have yet to be established, the potential impacts of the new freeway on the State Forest properties are unknown. It is felt however, that proximity to the Village could help minimize the effects of a new highway on the areas natural systems. If fragmentation of the State Forest holdings by the new road is substantial, serious consideration should be given to a land exchange or land transfer of these lands to Kalkaska in order to accommodate planned increases in compact development which requires public sewer or water. Infrastructure With the exception of the Village of Kalkaska and portions of Kalkaska and Springfield Townships, communities within the County rely upon on-site sewage disposal via septics and private wells where soils are suitable and groundwater resources are accessible and of adequate quality. Where area soils present significant limitations to on-site sewage disposal, septic systems may still be appropriate when specifically engineered to negate the site limitations or where development densities are minimized. Improperly operating septic systems can contaminate potable groundwater resources, inland lakes and streams, and pose public health threats to those using the contaminated surface. As land development densities increase, so does the need for public sewer and water. Industrial, commercial, and higher density residential land uses generally have greater sewage disposal and water (potable and otherwise) needs. Failure to provide adequate sewer and water facilities to these land uses can lead to severe health and environmental consequences. In contrast, the premature provision of these services can lead to land development before other necessary public services are available, and in locations where it may be inappropriate. In an effort to encourage compact development within the County, create a cohesive economic development environment, and satisfy infrastructure needs while minimizing risks, the Future Land Use Plan encourages the concentration of residential and nonresidential land uses within and adjacent to the Village of Kalkaska. Sufficient capacity is apparent within both the sewer and water systems of the Village to serve new development. The extent of this capability beyond the short term future (5 10 years) is unknown at this point however, and will vary depending on the assumptions used. Obviously, this issue requires further definition in order to adequately plan for the long term. The designation of residential, commercial and industrial uses adjacent to the Village assumes that an intergovernmental services agreement (PA 425) or an annexation KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-13 �agreement can be reached between the Township and Village to the mutual benefit of both in the long term, and that these areas will be served by public systems. This proposed development area around the Village is intended to function much like an urban services district. The intent is to pre-establish areas where sewer and water are, or can be, made available both in the short and long term and to limit expansion to those areas within the planning period of this Plan. The sewer and water component of this Plan provides policies and standards to guide the use and applicability of on-site sewage disposal and potable water sources and the provision of public sewer and water facilities to selected areas and land uses of the County in conformance with the Future Land Use Plan and in the interest of the community's health, safety, and public welfare. Policies: 1. All on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the requirements and standards of the Kalkaska County Public Health Department and Michigan Public Health Department as well as other applicable local, County, State or Federal agencies. 2. No land uses or land development projects will be permitted if any applicable regulations regarding on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities can not be met and public sewer and water services can not be made available. 3. Public sewer and water services shall be provided in areas planned for urban services, and shall not be extended beyond that area unless it is determined that such an extension is consistent with the Master Plan. 4. All land uses and land development projects within the planned urban services area must be serviced by public sewer and water infrastructure if the infrastructure is present. 5. The provision of public sewer and water shall be based upon conformance with level of service standards where adopted by those providing the service. 6. Annual capital improvement programs shall establish the location, cost and means of financing for sewer and water extensions within the defined urban services area. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 6-14 �Chapter 7 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Introduction As discussed early in this document, generation of a Master Plan is the important first step in the planning process. This chapter discusses the strategy for proceeding with step two of the process, plan implementation. ,. Achieving the goals, objectives and policies of this Plan, represented graphically in the preceding chapter, is dependent upon a multi-faceted implementation process. Effective coordination of local and county efforts is required; public, private and civic support is important and interaction between agencies responsible for various components of the Plan (public works, economic development, transportation) is a key element of the implementation formula. As important of a benchmark as this Plan is for the County, the ideas, concepts and initiatives it contains can only be carried from concept to reality through the active involvement and support of citizens, elected officials, local and county planners, private business and other administrative officials. Implementation success is also dependent on, and will involve, a variety of techniques and tools, including capital improvement plans, zoning and subdivision regulations. Successful implementation will be dependent on the ability to achieve coordination between agencies, as well as the coordinated use of the respective tools available to key public agencies. Roles and Responsibilities Two townships, Garfield and Blue Lake, and the Village of Kalkaska have Land Use/Master Plans in place today. These same communities, plus Clearwater and Boardman Townships, have adopted zoning ordinances. Zoning powers are granted by State enabling legislation to local jurisdictions. The County Planning Commission however, was given the authority to create, maintain and administer County zoning in eight local jurisdictions, through action of the County Board of Commissioners. The specific planning and zoning responsibilities of Village, Township and County Planning Commissions within Kalkaska County are listed and compared in Table 7-1. While each Planning Commission is organized under a different set of public acts, the principal responsibilities of each are very similar. Planning and zoning responsibilities within Kalkaska County are not limited to Planning Commissions exclusively. The Village Council of Kalkaska, the respective Township Boards of Trustees and the County Board of Commissioners each have defined roles in the planning and zoning process. Table 7-2 provides a comparison of the specific responsibilities of each governmental unit. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-1 �TABLE 7-1 PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF COUNTY, VILLAGE, AND TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSIONS RELATED TO PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT REGULATION VILLAGES & TOWNSHIPS COUNTY Planning commissions in villages and townships, while organized under different public acts, have similar principal responsibilities, including: The principal duties of the County Planning Commission are similar to those of city, village and township planning commissions. They are spelled out in the County Planning Act, PA 282 of 1945 and include: • The preparation and maintenance of a Comprehensive or Master Plan. • Review township zoning amendments . • Guiding public facility decisions . • Coordinating planning and growth management activities with other public and private agencies (especially as relates to issues of greater than local concern) • Seek grants and other financial assistance for planning or to implement public improvements or services. • Provide technical assistance . • Prepare and promote model ordinances . • Support the development and maintenance of a data center in the County Planning Department (including GIS). • Arrange and promote educational opportunities on planning and growth management for citizens and local officials. • Carry out specially delegated responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners. • Hold advertised public hearings on Zoning Amendments. • Review and act on site plans, special use permits, and Planned Unit Development (PUD) requests when so prescribed in the Zoning Ordinance. • Attend conference and planning commission training sessions to keep abreast of current planning/zoning practices. • • • Creating, adopting and maintaining a local master plan to guide future land use change; to serve as the legal basis for the local Z. 0 . Creating, maintaining and administering responsibilities under the local zoning ordinance adopted pursuant to the CityNillage Zoning Act, PA 207 of 1921 or the Township Rural Zoning Act, PA 184 of 1943. Advising the local governing body on proposed rezonings, text amendments, plats, capital improvements and related planning or zoning decisions. • Educating citizens on the values and benefits of planning. • Making recommendations on special projects or delegated responsibilities (e.g., zoning ordinance enforcement). Welcoming citizens and citizen comments on local planning and zoning issues and acting upon or referring those comments as appropriate. Responding to recommendations of the County Planning Commission and/or County Planning Department on planning and zoning issues. Working with property owners in order to try and achieve good development (or redevelopment) . Leaming about and staying up-to-date on the responsibilities of the Planning Commission and on various tools available to implement local plans. • • • • KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-2 �TABLE 7-2 PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF VILLAGE COUNCILS/TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES/COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS RELATED TO PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT REGULATION COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS VILLAGE COUNCILS/TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES The specific planning and zoning responsibilities of the local City or Village Council and Township Board of Trustees include: • Appointment of qualified persons to serve as members of the Planning Commission and Zoning Board of Appeals. The role and responsibilities of the County Board of Commissioners include: • • • • • • • Adoption of ordinances recommended by the Planning Commission for implementation of the comprehensive or master plan, including but not limited to a zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. Providing an adequate budget for the Planning Commission to carry out its responsibilities including keeping the master plan and zoning ordinance current, and to receive proper training on their roles, responsibilities and new tools and techniques for improving the community. Providing adequate staff and financial resources (including setting fee levels) for enforcement of adopted regulations. Conducting required public hearings prior to acting on zoning, subdivision or infrastructure development matters. Receiving and acting on citizen input and complaints related to planning and zoning issues and referring appropriate matters to the Planning Commission for action. Initiating amendments to ordinances as necessary and soliciting advice from the Planning Commission before taking final action . • • • • • • • Appointing qualified and interested persons to serve as members of the County Planning Commission and Zoning Board of Appeals. Maintaining a qualified professional planning director and planning staff or professional planning consultants. Providing adequate financial support to the County Planning Commission and County Planning Department (if there is one). Making decisions on County initiated or financed facilities and infrastructure and supporting the annual preparation of a capital improvements program. Helping local government efforts to implement projects consistent with the Comprehensive Plan. Taking action on recommended amendments to the text and map of the County Zoning Ordinance. Taking action on mixed use Planned Unit Development (PUD) projects where County Zoning is in effect. Adopting other development regulations as circumstances may permit, including for example: subdivision, lot split, condominium and private road regulations. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-3 �The roles and responsibilities of each jurisdiction will remain as described above with the adoption of this Master Plan by Kalkaska County. This Plan is intended to complement local, village or township planning activities where individual plans are already in place. Where individual plans are not in place, this document is intended to fill that void until or unless local land use plans are adopted. In addition, this Master Plan will serve as a planning guide for development of updated local land use plans with respect to development patterns, intensity, infrastructure and transportation. Also, because a number of planning issues require intergovernmental cooperation and coordination, this Plan can offer a broader and more comprehensive perspective than can be generated independently. Last, a number of public and private agencies, including the Michigan Department of Transportation, are responsible for addressing region-wide issues (like the proposed US 131 freeway). This document serves as guidance to decision makers considering area-wide initiatives in the future. Planning Coordination There is growing recognition among local jurisdictions that an independent approach to physical planning, which focuses exclusively inward, is inadequate in its ability to address many of the emerging trends and issues which cross jurisdictional boundaries. Issues like air or water quality, infrastructure, transportation, environmental protection and cumulative land development impacts are becoming difficult, if not impossible to address on an individual jurisdiction basis. At the same time, each political jurisdiction recognizes its obligation to maintain if not improve the quality of life for its seasonal and_year round citizens. As a result, a sustainable future depends on partnerships founded upon pursuit of mutual goals. This Plan is based upon the concept that each jurisdiction is better able to address its unique economic, social and physical development problems and opportunities if a common framework can be established for making individual decisions. This kind of interdependence can maximize benefits for all through the coordination and cooperation of local governmental units on future land use and infrastructure decisions. The result will be a new direction for land use planning which will enhance the quality of life for all residents of Kalkaska County. With the adoption of this Master Plan by the County Planning Commission, all local jurisdictions will be in a position of: 1. knowing the future plans of the County 2. knowing the future path the County will take to pursue these plans, 3. knowing the priorities being pursued both on County-wide level and, 4. knowing the basis behind planning and physical development decisions. With this knowledge in hand, individual jurisdictions can address local issues on a more informed basis and can prepare for external influences which may affect those decisions. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-4 �This Plan is intended to guide policy and decision making for future land, infrastructure and transportation decisions throughout Kalkaska County. This document should not pre-empt local governmental planning efforts, but serve as a framework for more specific definition of land use concepts at the local level. Issues of Greater Than Local Concern There are a broad array of land use issues in which there are significant public interests that extend beyond the boundaries of an individual jurisdiction. Public interests that are broader than simply local interest include, but are not limited to the following: • air quality protection • watershed management for water quality protection • groundwater protection • protection of sensitive environments (wetlands, floodplains) • protection of natural resources necessary to sustain resource based industries such as agriculture and forestry • sustainable economic development to provide jobs for present and future residents • use of public access sites • establishment of new public parks and access sites on waterfronts and existing public parks (national, state and local) • safe, efficient and environmentally sound roads and highways • public sewer and water services that extend beyond a single jurisdiction boundary • land use along municipal borders • quality community image which reflects the characteristics desired by residents • large scale development impacts beyond local boundaries (e.g., large resorts, industrial facilities or large shopping facilities, airports) • LULU's (locally unwanted land uses that meet a regional need, such as junk yards, landfills, communication towers, etc.) Intergovernmental cooperation and coordination are key to successfully dealing with issues of greater than local concern. Another key is successful implementation of the respective roles and responsibilities of the various bodies responsible for local planning and development decisions. Relationship to Zoning Many of the recommendations set forth in this Master Plan relate to zoning issues within the County. As an example, the creation of incentives to encourage cluster housing developments in the County is likely to occur within the context of the Zoning Ordinance. Upon the adoption of this Plan, the County is in a position to review existing ordinances and amend these documents, where appropriate, to reflect the contents of the Plan. The County's authority for administering a zoning ordinance currently extends to eight townships. In the remaining townships, including Garfield, Blue Lake, Clearwater and Boardman, zoning ordinances are administered independently. By KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-5 �virtue of PA 183 of 1943, however, the County does have the responsibility for offering recommendations on individual rezoning or text amendments to these Township's with their own zoning ordinances as well. Thus, the County has the opportunity to demonstrate the value of this Plan's proposals by effectively implementing relevant changes to the County Zoning Ordinance. By providing technical assistance to the four Townships with their own zoning, and by review and comment on proposed Township zoning changes, the County can assist these communities in also achieving the objectives of this Plan. The County can only influence land use changes in the Village of Kalkaska by encouraging them to join as partners in pursuit of this common vision, or by offering technical assistance services. In any event, Kalkaska County will need to update its Zoning Ordinance to implement many of the land use recommendations of this Plan. This activity should be initiated soon after Plan adoption and following any subsequent Plan updates. Relationship to Subdivision Regulations The Subdivision Control Act of 1967, also known as PA 288, sets forth the authority of a community to establish design standards and requirements for the orderly layout and parcelization of property within its jurisdiction. Presently, no communities in Kalkaska County have adopted subdivision regulations pursuant to this Act. The consequence of this situation is that in Townships without regulation, subdivisions are being reviewed only from the perspective of satisfying County roadway standards, drain commissioner standards, Health Department Standards and State of Michigan standards. Subdivision orientation, parcel configuration and layout, the relationship between utilities, roads, lots and residences, the open spaces, the relationship to external activities, the entry/image and the retention of natural features are each features of subdivisions which cumulatively have a potentially significant impact upon community character. However, proposed subdivisions are not being reviewed with these considerations in mind. The authority to regulate these elements rests within each jurisdiction in the County. It is recommended, however, that a single set of regulations be prepared as a model to encourage individual adoption of local subdivision and related land division regulations. The need for the County to adopt subdivision and related land division regulations is of the highest priority to implement this Plan. Relationship to Capital Improvements A capital improvements program is an annual listing of proposed public facilities or major improvements to be constructed generally over a fixed time frame (5-6 years), along with their proposed location, method of financing, when they will be constructed within the time frame and who is responsible for them. Many individual agencies and departments within the County prepare physical improvement plans annually for budgetary purposes (such as the County Road Commission for roadway improvements and maintenance). As new growth and development occurs within the County and as resources for public dollars become more limited, it will become more critical that KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-6 �individual and County-wide CIP's be prepared, and that future plans are consistent with the parameters established in this Master Plan. The County Planning Commission should exercise its legal authority to review all proposed public works facilities, whether or not included in a capital improvements program, once the Master Plan is adopted. Other Implementation Tools and Programs A variety of programs are available for use in implementing this Plan. The focus is principally on grants from State and Federal sources; while these sources are limited and often targeted to narrow programs or problems, they are briefly listed for their educational value. Community Development Block Grant Program The Community Development Block Grant program was authorized under Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. The Act had the effect of combining several Federal categorical grants such as Urban Renewal and Model Cities into one. Grants under the program must principally benefit low and moderate income families. Limited funds are available to rural communities through the Michigan Department of Commerce. Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) Programs To help preserve Michigan's older existing housing, Public Act 130 was passed in 1977 to allow MSHDA to begin a home improvement loan program that offers reduced interest rates to eligible low and moderate income families. MSHDA has created the Home Improvement, Neighborhood Improvement and Community Home Improvement Programs (HIP/NIP/CHIP). To get a loan, residents should apply to one of the banks, savings and loans, or credit unions that take part in HIP/NIP/CHIP. Elderly housing programs are also available. Contact MSHDA at the Michigan Department of Commerce. Land and Water Conservation Fund The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) grant program was authorized by Public Law 88-578, effective January 1, 1965. The purpose of the program is to provide Federal funds for acquisition and development of facilities for outdoor recreation. The LWCF Program is administered jointly by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. To be eligible for support, a Park and Recreation Plan must be submitted to and approved by the DNR every five years. Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund The Kammer Recreational Land Trust Fund Act of 1976 (Public Act 204) was passed by the Michigan Legislature and signed by the Governor on July 23, 1976. This Act created the Michigan Land Trust Fund. The program provides funds for public acquisition of recreational lands through the sale of oil, gas, and mineral leases and royalties from oil, gas, and mineral extractions on State lands. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-7 �On November 6, 1984, Michigan residents cast their vote in favor of Proposal 8. This constitutional amendment created the Michigan Natural Resources Trust Fund (MN RTF), Public Act 101 of 1985, which officially replaced the Michigan Land Trust Fund on October 1, 1985. MNRTF assists State and local governments (including school districts) in acquiring land or rights to land for recreational uses, protecting land because of its environmental importance or scenic beauty, and developing public recreational facilities. The Recreation Bond The Recreation Bond calls for money to be spent on DNR and local recreation facilities in four categories: • Recreation infrastructure • Waterfront recreation • Community recreation • Tourism-enhancing recreation. Communities with proposals for projects in which the community is below standards identified by DNR will get funding priority over similar projects proposed in non-deficient communities. The minimum number or size of selected recreation facilities to be considered toward bond funding is established by specific DNR criteria. Recreation Improvement Fund The Recreation Improvement Fund was created from State fuel tax revenue. About $750,000 per year is being targeted for development of non-motorized trails (hiking, bicycle, cross-country, and nature trails). Contact the Recreation Division of the DNR for information. Local Facility Development Grants These grants come from a number of funding sources and are available for planning, design, or development of local recreational facilities. They are administered by the DNR. Land Acquisition Grants Land acquisition grants are available for projects aimed at open space preservation; park creation or expansion; acquisition of environmental resources such as sand dunes, woodlots, or wetland areas; waterfront access sites; and many other land acquisition projects intended for (passive or active) recreational purposes. They are administered by the DNR. Waterways Fund The Waterways Division of the Department of Natural Resources offers grants for the purpose of developing public boating facilities. The emphasis is on creating boat access sites and supporting facilities. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-8 �Road Funds In 1992, PA 149 was passed to provide a continued source of revenue for cities, villages and county road commissions. PA 149 replaces Act 231, 233 and 237 by changing the State's matching fund from 25 percent to 20 percent. The Act will be in effect for five years, when it will be reviewed for continuation by the Legislature. Detailed information on PA 149 can be obtained from MDOT's Transportation Economic Development Office at 517/335-1069. ISTEA Funds The lntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 created a new era of Federal transportation policy, and, as a result, a new opportunity for funding local transportation improvements. Authorized with a 20 percent local match .requirement, funds may be sought for construction activities on any Federal aid road, any bridges or other transportation related projects, including but not limited to transit, carpool, parking, bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Public Works Financing In addition to using general fund moneys, it is often necessary for a community to bond to raise sufficient funds for implementing substantial public improvements. Bonding offers a method of financing for improvements such as water and sewer lines, street construction, sidewalks, and public parking facilities. Special assessments for benefiting property owners is another common funding mechanism. Updating the Master Plan While this is the first Master Plan in Kalkaska County, it should not be the last. The general rule of thumb is that the Plan should be thoroughly reviewed and updated at least once each five (5) years, OR when a substantial change occurs. In this case, the Plan should be thoroughly reviewed, and revised if necessary, once MOOT decides on the route location for U.S. 131. A substantial review may also be necessary if the Village of Kalkaska, or one of the Townships were to adopt a Land Use Plan or major zoning change inconsistent with this Master Plan. Follow-up Studies and Activities Listed below are a series of follow-up studies and activities the County Planning Commission should undertake once the Master Plan has been adopted. These activities are listed into two categories: immediate priorities, and priorities within five (5) years. Immediate Priorities • Distribute copies of Master Plan to all local governments and county agencies. • Initiate review of the County Zoning Ordinance to identify changes necessary to be consistent with the Master Plan. Secure monies and hire a consultant to perform this work and to prepare amendments for adoption. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-9 �• • Prepare a composite zoning map showing the zoning of all land in the County pursuant to each of the zoning ordinances in effect in the County, Prepare and adopt County-wide subdivision and land division regulations; and/or prepare a model ordinance local governments could all adopt. Priorities Within 5 Years • Prepare a digital parcel map of all parcels within the County in conjunction with the County Equalization Department. • Prepare an updated digital land cover/use map of the County. • Update this Master Plan once the final alignment of new U.S. 131 has been established. • Prepare a detailed land use plan and zoning regulations for lands around the intersections of new U.S. 131, once they have been formally identified. • Identify specific state-owned parcels for consideration for land exchange or acquisition (particularly near the Village of Kalkaska) that would either form a logical extension of existing Village boundaries in order to accommodate new commercial, industrial or residential development, or to form new State land boundaries without internal fragments. Special emphasis should focus on State land that may be bisected by new U.S. 131. • Establish a County Planning Department with a full time professional planning director by the year 2000. • Institute a full scale GIS system as a part of the new County Planning Department. • Initiate a County-wide capital improvement program with annual updates that is reviewed and approved by the Planning Commission as consistent with this Plan. KALKASKA COUNTY MASTER PLAN 7-10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Kalkaska-County_Master-Plan_1995 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalkaska County Planning Commission, Kalkaska County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995-12 Title A name given to the resource Kalkaska County Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Kalkaska County Master Plan was prepared by the Kalkaska County Planning Commission with assistance from the Planning & Zoning Center in December 1995. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Kalkaska County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6da76a46c499cd135011f366e10e3df.m4v f1e32535ee0ff8f693a24377cca37ced https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1cfe22f3217121e03bd5a82e5f12203b.pdf 7e80a428eb0536b2022dad569534b22a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Harry Kamer Length of Interview: 46:23 Background Information (00:10)  Born in Hudsonville, Michigan, outside of Grand Rapids.  He has three brothers and three sisters  He grew up living on small farm of 60 acres that his family kept up during the depression.  His parents were poor and always struggled to keep the farm.  His father worked in a factory to help pay for farm  He did not finish high school, only went to the 8th grade. He helped out on his family’s farm and worked for other farmers harvesting celery as well  Pearl Harbor was heard about from the news on the radio. They did not have TVs then. (3:00)  He assumed he would be drafted, so he was prepared for it to happen and did not have hard feelings about it. Enlistment and Training (4:05)  In February of ‘ 43 he was drafted  First he was sent to Chicago for interviews  Sent to Fort McClellan, Alabama for basic training.  There the land was very hilly and they had to do much exercising and walking  The rules were strict and the drill sergeants were fair  He spent 6 weeks in basic training  Went to Illinois and Norfolk, Virginia for advanced training and to be shipped to Africa � He first went to Africa on a troop ship and landed in Casablanca after two weeks(7:20)  They were trained in Casablanca  They stayed in tents for the duration in Casablanca  As a group they left for Italy on a ship and a barge Italy (10:55)  They landed in Salerno, Italy  He was assigned to the 34th division of the infantry.  He was assigned to the anti-tank company. His job was to operate anti- tank gun which was a 37 millimeter.  He did not have training for gun in basic but was just given the gun and told to go use it.  Many of the people in his unit had experience and knew what to do  Not long after landing they went into combat  In combat for the first time in Cassino Italy. (13:35) o They were shelled at night and when they dispersed because they didn’t have cover and he got lost. o He didn’t get back to his unit for a while. He became sick and finally got back to the unit to be treated.  The Germans would shell when they noticed movement.  Once they found a spy that was radioing the Germans when there was troop movement. (16:06)  He went back to Naples then on to Anzio.  In Anzio He was in a squad of five that was in the outpost in the front line. They were a protection post. o They couldn’t stick their heads out because of how close they were to the Germans. o In a dugout all had to lay one way to fit. In there until wounded. They were there for weeks under cover. o  Didn’t have any way of communicating with others.. Flat land. They were wounded at night. o A motor shell landed in the hole and exploded. �o Only their feet and legs were injured. They were still able to walk. o They had a jeep nearby to go back for help to the field hospital.  He had to stay in hospital for three months then had to recover for three more months.(22:15)  When he rejoined unit they were north of Rome. The weather was cold and windy.  When he rejoined his unit, they were always on the move. Artillery had moved up to front and they were hit badly by German planes.  He was with the infantry and did not do a lot of fighting, but still had bullets flying by constantly. (26:21)  He spent a lot of time in fox holes along the frontlines.  They used a truck to travel from place to place.  He was able to see Rome and Genova.  Italians had a low class[poor?] country and weren’t very hostile  German prisoners were loaded into trucks. Usually they cooperated well.  Saw [heard about?] Gestapo line up women and children and shoot them.(29:55) After the War (33:00)  Went back home in a troop ship. Took only a week to get home rather than two.  Landed back home and went back to Chicago for discharge.  Went home as soon as he could. Was gone for over 3 years.  Went back to work in Grand Rapids for 30 years.  Lost hearing from artillery firing  Those serving deserve praise for fighting for the country  He had a reevaluation for his hearing and his wound. Receives $132 pension a month. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KamerH Title A name given to the resource Kamer, Harry (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kamer, Harry Description An account of the resource Harry Kamer was born in Hudsonville, Michigan, and during the depression. He left school after 8th grade to help on the farm, and was drafted in 1943. He was shipped to North Africa and trained there before joining the 34th Division for the campaigns at Cassino, Anzio and Northern Italy. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-12-14 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f98bea83810af34582ac6852ad73024e.mp4 9033846ed16bb22ec70227af193636fc https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dfd5225323cd4061dcb3fb243bb1e7a7.pdf 215963001522fc1601e8a912d4fb9ca6 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Edmund Kaminski (01:09:24) (00:01) Background Information • • • • Ed was born on a farm near Wayland, MI He couldn’t speak English when he first went to school Ed graduated high school in 1936 and began working for Ford Motors Ed was drafted and went in with the last group on January 6, 1942 (03:35) Training • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • He was sent to Fort Custer and then to Fort Knox, KY At Fort Knox he went through basic training, drove trucks, and early model tanks The tanks had a 5 person crew: a driver, assistant driver, tank commander, radio operator, and a gunner Ed was sent to Texas in March He was at a new camp and they slept in tents They trained with rifles and machine guns He had to learn all of the stations of the tank Ed was in Texas for a year and was organized into a unit There was a HQ, maintenance, A,B,C and D companies and the A-D companies each had 5 tanks They were the 760th Tank Battalion The unit was sent to Fort Benning, GA, by train Ed trained with the infantry on how to make and get out of tank traps He started working with Sherman tanks that had a 75mm cannon, a .30 caliber, and a .50 caliber machine gun In Texas he could go into Brownsville to dance Ed was at Fort Benning for about a year Right before Christmas of 1942 they went to Camp Pickett, VA to deploy (16:37) Deployment • They loaded their tanks and got on a troopship • About half way over they were told they were going to Casablanca in Africa • It was about 2-3 months after the invasion, which had taken place towards the end of 1942 • They were on a Liberty Ship in a convoy �• Their boat’s motor broke, so 3 cruisers waited for them and then they caught up with the convoy • Ed was assigned to be an MP when he got to Casablanca • Roosevelt and Churchill came there for a conference • They had to wait 2 months for their tanks • Ed went to the Cork Forest and still didn’t see any action • They played cards and had a track meet to pass the time • He was a corporal and then while he was still in Africa made T4 sergeant • The unit went to Oran and then was sent to Italy (25:50) Italy • Ed landed in Naples, Italy towards the beginning of the Italian invasion • In Africa they would sell the Arabs used tea leaves to get back at them for selling bad eggs • He was in an independent tank company that supported the infantry • Italy had a lot of mountains and it was sometimes hard to maneuver a tank • The infantry gave them targets • New shells and new tanks came into use • Ed was put in an open 105mm artillery tank [M7 Priest] • They encountered German tanks and destroyed at least three of them • His tank hit a double mine and it threw the track off • There were a lot of casualties especially when there was tank to tank combat • Ed sometimes used his tank as artillery by digging a hole and backing the tank into it to get more range • The Germans had strong tanks with an 88mm cannon that could go right through another tank • They moved on to Cassino and fought the Germans • Then they went around Cassino and back in when it was taken • The unit took about a month break (39:20) Northern Italy • They captured Rome and about 300 people including Ed got to see the pope • His crew remained the same throughout the war in Europe • Ed was hit between the eyes with a piece of shrapnel, but was stitched up and returned to his unit the same day • Sometimes they were told to fire at the Germans with no particular target, just to harass them �• There were a lot of German prisoners towards the end of the war; most of them were young, but some were SS and had to be watched closely • Cassino was the most dangerous place • Ed was teamed up with the 92nd infantry and they took a town, but the infantry retreated so Ed’s unit had to leave some tanks behind • They didn’t see many German planes • The Italians were grateful and would take the soldiers in to feed them • Ed would give the Italian children candy (58:24) War Ends in Europe • • • • • • • • On September 9, 1945 Ed left for home because he had enough points It took 2 weeks to get back on a troopship Ed was discharged in Virginia and took a train back to Grand Rapids, MI He got married on November 15, 1945 Ed worked at a bus company and then retired from an insurance company after working there for 24 years When he was in Casablanca he saw General Patton He fought with Gurkha British soldiers from Nepal that were good at sneaking up on people Ed visited Europe about 12 Years ago to see some of the places he had been during the war ��,. I -War in Ita IY (conlinued) .I , .i ., ~~. ~~~ Off Ihe side 01 aroad ha s r"l kd this dam aged U. S . SlllTma n IIwdillm tank . It is per mun cntly out of co m m iss ion with its right t rn ck blown off. Also its AA gun on lop is d cstro ved . Ev .',' !-Ill' Irees nrc snell-m urk ed a lid o nly slud.tereJ wal18 n -iuui n of l.he huilding iu th e buck grou ml. American field Service ambulance, in use by the Bri tish, J'npt i.. ~ I is mired deep ill Itu lian mud. On its (':1.f l) o ll flf'~(~ ne t ,""hi,:'~ ~'~~ _ :l ! .: ; ~ ::prt "1.J. 0 -c r t ! ~l., ·: d l. ~ ek t o ~ tillc il ;r'JltI '; ;...-:nU;'l ri s t ru l ers . The cha in Oil th e bumper has probably beou IJ sNI ill a vain attemp t to ext ract it fro m the mud . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KaminskiE2 Title A name given to the resource Kaminski, Edmond W. (Interview outline, video, and papers), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaminski, Edmond Description An account of the resource Edmond Kaminski served with the 760th Tank Battalion in Italy during World War II. His account includes discussions of armored training and combat in a series of battles in Italy, including Cassino. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-05-27 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7ba824bb322615e812de1da010c5ded9.mp4 3620ce1f700bf57fe1fd5b3d3d6df2aa https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/52e1e0f56d9cbc0ce4f3e51b88c450a6.pdf ec80a03c650085215f72b7d4bb03ec6d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Edmond W. Kaminski Let’s begin with your name and where and when you were born. I’m Edmond W. Kaminski, born in Wayland, Michigan, out on the farm in 1918, September the 4th, 1918. What was your early schooling like? You’re out on the farm, was there a school house you had to walk to? Well we did have a school right next door. It was just a grade school and at that time it was an English school of course. I couldn’t speak English. I just spoke Polish. I went there the first day and it only lasted about three days and then finally I went back and they taught me to speak English. And after that, then I went to the Hilliards Michigan, Saint Stanislaus Catholic School. I was there for four years. Back up for a second here. You said that the school was “next door?” That’s right. Now, you realize of course that your great-great-great grandchildren are not going to believe the story of about “I had to twenty miles to go to school…” and all that? We had to walk three or four miles. Just for the record, I want to make sure that they understand. In the wintertime, too. So after elementary school you got into high school? Yes. We moved from the farm because of my dad’s health. We moved into town and then I went to grade school in Wayland, Michigan and finished my high school there through twelfth grade at Wayland High School. Now this is the depression? That’s right. So how was it for your family? 1:35 Well, it wasn’t too bad because we were on a farm. We had food to eat and we grew pickles and all that sort of stuff so we managed very well. �Did you pick up any particular skills? Were you a farmer or were you working on the equipment? No. No, we just did the farm work that we were supposed to do. Then after Dad thought that he’d be okay, we got the second farm. It was what they call, it had a river in the back and what they call a sugar bush. Dad was sick in bed and he said, “Boys [my brothers] go out there and tap the Maple trees.” So we did. We thought we did. One Sunday my uncle came over and he says, “The sap’s not running.” So my Uncle went out there and we’d tapped all the Ash trees. So we’d made a big mistake. That was funny! Then we moved back into Wayland, Michigan. Okay. What did you do after high school? After high school I went to the Wayland Ford Garage and I started washing cars. Then I started to be a mechanic. I went to mechanical school in Detroit, Ford Motor Company and became a full-fledged mechanic. Wow! How old were you about that time? Oh, I think between, well from eighteen until I went into the Army. So where you and what was your reaction to the announcement of Pearl Harbor happening? I was working that Sunday. I heard it over the radio. I had to work once every third Sunday. I recall that very much. I heard that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor. What was the reaction of the guys around you? Well there was just three of us there; two other gentlemen that were working there. Of course they were older than I was and we didn’t know what to think of it. Here it comes. Were you at all aware, at least somewhat aware of what was going on in Europe? Yes we knew things were not going real well because of Europe and Hitler and he was invading all the other countries too, you know. Well, he invaded Poland. 4:12 Poland. That’s right. Did that have an effect on your family at all? Was there talk about it? Well a little bit because my wife’s father was born in Poland. 2 �So Pearl Harbor happens. You are right in the age group. Right in that age group. What happened? Well, I knew I was…we were all drafted at that time. And I had to wait approximately a year. I was the last group of the draft to be going into the Army. Do you know why? Pardon me? Do you know why? Do I know why? Why did it take you a whole year to get in? I don’t know why my name come. It just happened that way. So, once you got the notice that “Uncle Sam wants you” where did you have to report to? I remember this very clearly. My sister’s birthday, January the sixth and I had to report to in Michigan here, at Battle Creek. I forget the name of the…… Fort Custer? Fort Custer, Fort Custer. I was there approximately a week. They interviewed us and took your blood tests and all of that and shots and then from there I was transferred to for basic training in Fort Benning, Georgia. No, no. Excuse me. Fort Knox, Kentucky. Okay. Now, you get there by train? No, they took us there by truck. Oh, wow. By truck we went there. Had you already been issued your uniforms by that time? Yes. They were issued when we were in Michigan. 3 �Okay. Now you’re in your uniforms. You’ve got some kind of duffle bag or something like that? Yes a duffle bag with everything in it. About how many guys – I don’t want exact numbers, but – how many guys were in this convoy of trucks? Are we talking about a dozen or a hundred? There were probably thirty or forty of us. Okay. Right from there. There were several people from Grand Rapids and the Michigan area that were in that group. Okay. Now you were older than some of these guys, weren’t you? Yes I was, a little bit older and some were younger. Some were possibly underage. Yeah. We found that out over time. You arrive by truck into Kentucky. Fort Knox. For basic. Fort Knox, okay. I want you to for me. Did you arrive in the daytime or the night time? Daytime. All right. You’re getting out of the trucks. You’re brand new. 6:43 Brand new. What am I seeing? What’s there? We don’t know. It’s all new. What do I do next? So you just listen. What are you actually seeing? I mean, how big is this place? It’s just huge. It is huge. You know the big barracks and all of these other trucks and Jeeps running around and all of the people in their uniforms and we didn’t how to salute or anything. No. So there’s guys marching off in the distance. There were people marching. 4 �Noise. There was noise going on. Noise, yes. That’s true. So somebody’s there to greet you. Was that your drill sergeant? Truthfully I can’t say that. But somebody actually got you to… There was someone there to tell us what to do and how to stand and how to take orders and march. Where did they take you initially? To the barracks? Yes they took us to the barracks to assign us to our beds, cots, and so on and showed you how to fix them up so everything would look neat. “Put your shoes here.” Right. “Clothes there.” Clothes there. They dropped the nickel on there to bounce off the bed? That’s true. Were these two tiered barracks or…the bunks themselves? The bunks were single bunks. Single bunks. Okay. The barracks itself was two stories high. Yes. All right. Now I know this is going back a long ways. First day: or at least your first remembrance of your first day - what was your first day like? Well the first day they woke us up I’d say probably six o’clock in the morning for breakfast and take it to the kitchen. Everyone had breakfast. Everybody goes in line and gets what you want to get and go from there. And after breakfast you go back and then they take you out and give you how you drill. Everybody’s drilling doing “hut, two, three, four…” Right, right. Left, right, left right. Yup. 5 �Correct. Were you issued weapons to do the…? Not at that time, no. Not at that time. We didn’t… So this is real basic stuff. 8:59 The first week was just basic things and then they went into seeing that I was a mechanic. They asked you that and then they had me driving a truck at first carrying…. So they actually, they found… We’re talking about the Army here, right? They actually figured out that you knew how to do something and they assigned you something you could do. Yes. What they call a six-by-six. Okay. And then they’d put people in trucks and take you to different areas and show you different things… Once you drove these guys out there did you have to then get out of the truck and start participating with them? Yes. Okay. All right. Then you’d had to clean the truck up when we come back. Well you had triple duty then! Just about. Well you’ve got to drive, you’ve go through all this stuff and you’ve got to wash it too. After the second week which we were there….which we weren’t supposed to do this but they let us off for the weekend. So there were three fellows from Benton Harbor and he had his car there. We managed on a Saturday to come home. My dad would meet me in Benton Harbor and take me home and then the next day he’d take me back and then we’d be back in time to go back Monday morning. Did you talk with your dad about the experience? 6 �Yes. Yes. He was quite interested in it. My two brothers were home too; two sisters. My mother was…you know how mothers are when their children get the service. I remember we were there eight weeks, going through all this together and I was home and we got a quick telephone call. “Get back as quick as you can because you’re going to be transferred.” We just did make it back in time to be transferred from Fort Knox to Camp Bowie in Texas. Okay. Now what was that experience like? Well, we went by train there to Camp Bowie in Texas and it was in the middle of Texas. It was near a town called Brownwood, Texas. I remember that it was a dry county. Their radio station was KBWD. Keep Brownwood Dry. We were not too far from Fort Worth or Dallas at that time. Okay. 11:25 Then we were assigned our tanks from there. But of course when we were living there, we were in six men to a tent. They were tents with floors in it and about four foot high wooden sides that had a stove in the middle to keep you warm. So this is a cold…this is wintertime? …That you’re in Texas? Yes. Okay. Yes. That would be in February. Okay. February, oh, okay. It got cold at night. Now, the fort in Texas was what…? Camp Bowie. Bowie, okay. B-o-w-i-e. Camp Bowie then was completely different than Knox because you didn’t have actual buildings, right? You’re saying that, tent city? It was all tents; tent city. All tents, tent city yes. How big was this? Was there a lot of people there? 7 �There was a lot of people there, yes. It wasn’t as big as Fort Knox but it was good sized. Before you arrived in Bowie, had you already been informed that you were going to be part of this tank group? Yes. Well, how did you find out? Well prior to going there that’s when they first started us driving. I drove a tank for the first time when I was in Fort Knox. Okay. Then they taught you to drive over there and I was taught how to get out in case something should happen or anything. You had an escape hatch on the bottom if you needed it and go from there. Did you enjoy the experience of driving a tank? It was fun. It was something different. It kept you busy. You didn’t have time to think about what was going on at home because you were busy all the time. I met a lot of friends; very good people. Now, I assume since you had all this experience with tanks, you had no problems with the tanks, right? You would just drive all over the place? No. No? What happened? It was a lot different than the trucks. It was pretty heavy. You know it weighed about thirty tons. Wow! It was big. Any incidents that you can comment upon? Yes. After we were there probably three weeks, we had a convoy of tanks and it was very dusty, very dry country. We were going quite fast and an awful lot of dust came up. I think there were four tanks that could not see where they were going. Of course I was not one of those but these four tanks rear-ended each other - did a lot of damage. Luckily, only one person was injured. 8 �Okay. That’s good. It just goes to show. That’s the kind of dangers that are out there. You can’t see and you’ve got this huge, heavy… 13:57 It’s huge. …piece of equipment. What was the tank that you were driving? It was the old type tank that had a seventy-five millimeter on the right hand side and then it had machine gun, a thirty caliber machine gun up in the turret. Okay. Now back in then in order to get inside the tank….like the new ones they’ve got, you get in from the top, but these you come in from the side. You come in from the side and the gunner and the radio operator would be in there, too. Well, how many people were in this egg? Five. What were their jobs? My was job was driving the tank. Right. Driving the tank all the time. Then what? Who else was in there? Then they had a tank commander, gunner and the radio operator and then the system tank driver. Okay. Who handled the machine gun when you needed it? The gentleman that…either the tank commander or the gunner, the one who put the shells in … Okay. Did you feel like you took to this? That this was not as difficult as perhaps, you know? Some people come to certain things naturally whether they’re a sniper or a radio operator. What did you feel like in terms of your tank, the tank itself? Well, I don’t know. I would say that seeing that we’re going to go to war, we just learned to get used to it and do it the right way. 9 �Yeah. All right. Once you got to Camp Bowie then, what was your daily routine there like? 15:41 It was in the morning, breakfast and then you’d have your go out an march and do all that everyday, same thing. Lunch and going to practically the same routine of how…mostly if you’re in a convoy, at fifty yard intervals. Okay. And try to keep it that way all the time and then you’d go and break up and go to the side, like if you’re making an attack of some kind, you know. So this was all maneuvers? All maneuvers, right. What is it strategy? “This is what happens when this happens. If this happens, go to there.” That’s true. Was there classroom instruction as well? Yes. It happened in the afternoon. Okay. They’d show you pictures, you know and all of that and how to clean the gun and how to use it and how to load it and all that. Was there any indication at that point of where you were going? Europe or the Pacific or…? No. None whatsoever. All right. But in terms of the tanks, were they telling you what the enemy tanks were like? No. Not at that time. Wow. Not at that time. Wow. So you’re only learning what you have and what you’re going to be operating but then the strategy is how to maneuver and… 10 �I do not recall how long we were there but we were there possibly two to three months, I would say that. Then we knew we were going to be shipped out to Fort Benning, Georgia. Okay. We went by train there. We were going to be attached to the Officer’s Infantry Training School there and they also had the paratroopers there. We were camped right next to the paratroopers. Do you recall which group that was? Which paratroopers? I’ve interviewed… No I do not. They were a tough bunch. I interviewed a gentleman who was with the 101st, one of the guys who dropped into Normandy and one of the comments he made was that they thought they were really tough until they went into town to prove it and they come back with a couple of broken teeth, or something. I remember after I got out of the Army one of the gentlemen was a paratrooper, he was one of the few who came back alive. Yeah. Now, once you finished up with your training there, where did you go next? What do you mean? In Georgia? Yes. Well, we were trained with the Infantry Officer’s Training School… Okay. …and they built tank traps. Ah… They’d build tank traps and then we’d run our tanks, try to go through those tank traps. And some of them they built pretty good because you couldn’t get through them. Some of them were not that good and once they’d leave, why then we’d just start up and move over again. 18:45 So now in addition to the training you had kind of amongst yourselves, you’re now working with another group? Another group. 11 �Okay. We also worked with a couple of Chilean officers there, too. Really? They were riding in the tank turrets. I remember, recalled one day we’d have an area where it was rather rough going and they told us to go over rough and we came to one area where there was a drop off of about ten feet and we went over this thing and I might have hit it a little hard because we found out later it was the officer that broke his ribs…in a tank trap. What kind of terrain was at that place? You mentioned that… It was clay and dirt and whenever it rained it was muddy. But we were all in barracks there, all wooden barracks there just like…but not like it was in Camp Bowie. Right. Did you get… …and then at the top of this they had, we were near the Chattahoochee River which is between Georgia and Alabama. They have these, what do they call them? They call them pontoons and they chose four of us to test out the pontoons on the Chattahoochee River. We started out at one hundred fifty yard intervals and then they came closer to a hundred and seventy-five and then at sixty, two of us went down. The tanks disappeared in the river. We were lucky to get out. Well, what did you do to get out? Well, we just got out. They were there watching us so they wanted to know how close the pontoons were before…what they could take, you know. Right. Right. That was quite interesting. Interesting! Panic would come to my mind. You could have drowned because the tanks went down in a hurry. So you actually went, you actually went down as you’re sinking. But you already knew what to do, right? I mean, you… Oh, we knew it. They told us how. So there was like an escape hatch? 12 �We were prepared for it. We wore, at that time we wore life protectors. We knew we could get out if we had to. All right. So then you, all floated up. You looked around. Everybody was… I was the only one in the tank. Oh. Wait a minute now… I was the only one. Four drivers; four tanks and four drivers. Oh, my gosh! You didn’t say that before. 21:13 Then from there we knew that we were going to go overseas to Europe. Okay, so you actually got informed this time. We were informed then in January we got on a train and went to Virginia. By airplane? No, no, no, no, no. Train? Train, yes. By train - tanks and everything. Then we got on a boat there and went overseas. It was rough. We hit some rough weather. Some people got sick and then we ended up in Casablanca after the invasion was already done. Okay. So let’s try and visualize this now. You’re arriving by ship to Casablanca. We were in a big convoy and all, you know, Naval boats all around us and everything. And then one time we, one of the boats, something went wrong with it and the rest of the convoy went on and then they left about three destroyers to protect them. Then they repaired it and they caught up with the rest of them. How did you get ashore? Just the regular ashore, you know. They just docked us and the invasion was made at Casablanca already. Right. And when we arrived, of course there were a lot of ships that were sunk. 13 �So you saw the aftermath? Aftermath of it, yes. Okay. Yes, yes. We saw that aftermath of that. What was your reaction to that? Wow! And it was a hot day when we arrived there at that time. Very hot. Yeah. You’re in the desert area. This is hot stuff. See all the Arabs there, you know. Right. And we landed. Was there a difference in smell of the place? Yes. You could smell the camels and all the Arabs wearing their long gowns or whatever you call it. Right. Right. It was probably cooler than what you were wearing though. Yeah. Then I remember the first night we had our pup tents. Everybody slept in a pup tent and it got cold at night, very cold at night. You always used a blanket and all of that. So what was the first night…the first night you were basically just settling in, right? Just settled down, right. And, as I think you’ve explained this is a lot of people here. A lot of people. You’re assigned now though, right? Yes, our whole outfit. The whole 760th Tank Battalion was there. Okay. Okay. Which is approximately how many people? Well, there’s A, B, C, D….let’s see, one, two, five….probably thirty five tanks. 14 �Okay. And how many personnel, just roughly? Five to a tank and then there was Headquarters Company and then there was Service Company and all of that. Okay. Okay. All right. Possibly, a hundred and fifty, a hundred and seventy-five people, something like that. Okay. Okay. Okay. Were you the only ones there or were there other ones there as well? Oh there was other people there too; other outfits, too. Okay. So this is a pretty huge operation. A big, huge operation. Where did you go from there? The next morning, for example, where did you go from there? 24:31 Well we stayed there about three days. Oh, okay. …In Casablanca and just about that time I recall very distinctly seeing President Roosevelt and Churchill. They were there. We were pulling military police duty and I got to see them there at that time, which - that made my day. Well there were there for the conference? For a conference, yes. The Casablanca Conference. The Casablanca Conference, yes. So you were an MP. Does that mean that you were actually guarding the area there? Guarding the area because we were waiting for our tanks to arrive. Oh, okay. Then we after we stayed there a while, they moved us to a place called Port Lyautey. 15 �Let me just….I realize that this is a difficult question because you didn’t sound like you went up and shook hands with Churchill and smoked a cigar, but…you know, you’re a very young man, this is our wartime President, Roosevelt, Churchill, of course, is famous. What was your impression of them? A lot. I thought a lot of both of them, you know; just the idea of seeing the two big shots there which I never expected to see. I mean, both of them were so unique looking. Churchill, of course, anyways kind of looked, resembled a bulldog. Yes, yes, he did. But he had a unique…the way he talked was different! You heard him? Oh, yes. We heard him talk. I was right up close to him. Oh, my goodness! So, give us an idea of what, how you were positioned? I mean… Well, they was all sitting over there, you know and then doing MP duty, I probably was within twenty feet of them. I got a good look at him. Were they just sitting there talking, or were they actually officially discussing things? Well, they were discussing things but, yeah. It lasted probably ten minutes and then we left. Okay. So we got a good look at him. Wow! That’s amazing. A moment in history. Yeah. And you were there! That’s true. After guard duty, MP duty there, the tanks arrived. Then our tanks arrived and we went on the French Moroccan border, with our tanks to guard it which is in Port Lyautey. At Port Lyautey, it was right out of the Mediterranean Sea. Then there was a big Air Force base over there, big jobs. They’d go out on the 16 �reconnaissance out over the ocean and the Mediterranean Seas and we’d watch them come back; some of them with holes in them because they’d been shot. That must have been a sight. Yes. The Mediterranean Sea, the airplanes up above…. When they were out, we watched them take off and come back. Did you have any idea where you were going next at that time? Did they tell you where you were going? No. We assumed that we were going to be in battle in there against the Germans but it just so happened that we did not catch any of it. 27:40 Yes. But I did meet General Patton there. How did that happen? He had his pearl handles on, but he said some words that I don’t think would be appreciated. Well, give us, I mean without using the exact words, give us a flavor of what he was...in other words, he got up to speak to your group? Yeah. Yeah. He said, “A lot of tank commanders are getting killed but they’re going around with their heads sticking on a turret like on a wedding day.” Do you understand? Yep. Yep. Yep. That’s the exact words that he said. Wow. So his purpose in standing there addressing you was to kind of warn you about what was coming up? Yes. And how long did he talk? Probably twenty minutes. Wow! 17 �Twenty minutes all of that. What was your impression of him? I thought that he was tough. But I understand is that he told people that he wouldn’t ask anyone to go anywhere but there wouldn’t be a place that he would not go. In other words, he would go anywhere, you know. Anywhere he would tell you to go, he would go. Right. Yes. That’s the last I saw of him after that. Obviously I’ve seen pictures, I’ve seen film footage but I never saw him in the flesh. Was he inspiring, I mean what was your impression of him? Well everything he said, he meant. That’s for sure and you could hear him. He had a good, loud voice and you knew what he was saying and if they didn’t….I remember one time someone was wearing his hat off sides and man, he went over and straightened it out. “This is the way I want it worn.” Not to me, but other people. Right. So, spit and polish! Right. The reason why I’m asking in detail is because there’s not that many people who have had that kind of close contact with a historical figure, you know? Of course he was larger than life. Yes, he was. As you said, he had the pearl handled revolvers and the helmet, and everything was literally just perfectly creased… After we left Port Lyautey we went to what they call the Cork Forest. It was all cork trees and we bivouacked there for quite a while and it was getting towards the end of the ward and at that time they had a bunch of tanks made by Chrysler Corporation and they were not very good so they donated them to the French people and about twelve of us volunteered to go back into South Africa [?] to their headquarters and we went probably a hundred miles south of there and delivered these tanks to these people. Of course, the water tank…I don’t know if you’re familiar with a tank or not, but the water tanks that they had would hold your water for drinking? 30:56 Right. 18 �Well, we were not out a half an hour but we went to get a drink of water and no water. They’d drained it all and put wine in them! We were looking for water. That lasted about two weeks before we came back. So you’re drinking wine the whole time? Well, we managed to get some water. We had to dilute it so we wouldn’t get sick. A few of them did drink a little bit of wine. And then from there, the war ended in Africa and then they were preparing to invade Italy. No, they went to…what’s that island there? Sicily? Sicily, yeah. We were not on the invasion of Sicily. We waited for all of that and then they was waiting for, lining them up to go to Italy, just south of Naples. Now, did you – during this period of time – where did you get your news from? Pardon? Where did you get your news from? Well, every tank had a…we all had radios in the tanks. You could hear that on that, too. So you’d actually listen to the invasion of Sicily or you could hear, “South Africa’s been taken?” Oh, yeah. You could hear all that. There were radios around. People always had radios. We listened to the news; how they’re doing and they took Sicily quite easily. Now, so far you have not seen combat? No combat, no. None whatsoever. But you’re about to? We’re about to, yes. So let’s talk about the next stage in… The next stage we went to Tunisia, I think it was. I think that’s it. We all loaded onto LSTs and make invasion of Italy. Now, were you aware that you’re invading Italy? Oh yes, yes. We were aware. 19 �So they briefed you? They told you… They briefed us, yes. They briefed us on it very thoroughly. All of them were going through and the unit that we were on had motor problems. So we turned around and went back and reloaded again. By the time we got them reloaded and went back, the invasion was already completed. Oh, wow! South of Naples. We then landed in Naples and boy, that harbor was just a mess! Well, what do you mean? Well, there was a lot of ships that were sunk. Ships that there were sunk and there was, you know, ships that were sunk in order to do it, you couldn’t believe the damage that was done. The bombings ahead of time, you know. When we come in, why now and again, a German plane or two would come by and take a crack at you. We’d shoot back at them if we could. Yeah. Are these just random or are we talking about whole armadas coming over at you? No, not then. They were mostly just single planes; harassments more than likely. I see. When you arrived in Naples, when you say the harbor and everything was all littered with debris and whatnot, what about when you actually landed on the land? Was there debris and was there.. It was all buildings shot up and everything but a lot of people around. Glad to meet us. Yeah. How was the reaction of the Italians? Very good; very good. They treated us real well. They treated us real well. They loved us. So, in a sense, you felt like you were the – I mean maybe not you yourself, in your own personal thing, but liberated. They were happy? They were happy to be liberated, that’s true. Yeah. Okay. All right. That’s true, very true. They were happy to be liberated. Now, once you landed did you just get into a convoy and start traveling through or did you stay in Naples for a while? 20 �We stayed outside of Naples for about two weeks. 34:52 In tents? No with the tanks in our pup tents. Right. I know. Pup tents are … I’ve slept in them, right? I know what you’re talking about! Two to a pup tent. We did all our sleeping and everything. What are you eating? C rations. They’re not good. But now and then after the war started, so of course then they prepared us for the war which was the first one we saw was the, not the Po Valley…Rapido River. That’s where we went first. We had four battle stars in Italy. So, let’s set up the battle then. Who’s participating? What are we looking at going to this battle? All the tanks were…I remember the night before we went to battle. We were amongst the 155 millimeter Long Toms. What are those? It’s a hundred..it’s a big gun. Okay. This is artillery? This is artillery. It could probably shoot ten, twelve miles a shell. And they went off that night. We thought we were being air raided. Everyone hid under a tank. 21 �But this was our guys shooting. This was our guys shooting. We learned in a hurry. Wow! Loud! Loud; very loud. This is really, really loud. Oh, there was sixteen of these guns were there. We were in the area. We’re not just shooting a couple of rounds, right? Laying down a big barrage. Could you see the glow of the explosions or is it too far away? Oh yes, you could see the glow of the explosions and the light, of course, it would light up all night, you know. You could almost read a newspaper just from the flashes of guns. Wow! So you don’t get much sleep that night. No, no not too much. But in the morning, what happened? In the morning we got ready and they give us our instructions where we were to go. Okay. And we went the first attack was at Rapido River. Now by “we” who are we talking about? Our whole outfit, along with the 36th Infantry Division. Okay. So you’re actually going in with an infantry division? With an infantry division. Are they using you for cover? Yes. Uses us as cover. So the tanks are moving forward and the infantry was… 22 �Infantry were ahead of us. Oh, ahead of you? Oh yes. Definitely ahead of us. Oh. Definitely ahead of us. All right. Of course they didn’t have any protection, which we did. Yeah. Well, lead us through now. You’re moving forward… 37:24 We’re moving forward. We’re coming to the river and then the engineers would build pontoons over the bridge to cross, for the tanks to cross. Was there resistance? A lot of resistance. Oh, like what? Well this first lasted about six days to make our first big advancement. Okay. After we crossed the river we took a few casualties and the infantry took a lot of casualties. Well, I’m not trying to get gory details and I know this is a difficult time for you, but I’m trying to get an idea of what was being shot at you? Were there other tanks on the other end? Well, there’s tanks… Machine guns? What was coming at you? Tanks, tanks and they had their big gunners. Eighty-eight and they used that for artillery. They used it for anti-aircraft and everything and you could hear that shell coming. It was just “woo, woo, woo, woo, woo…” all the time. There was no let up. This is constant. 23 �No let up, yeah. Yeah. No let up. Are you advancing and stopping, advancing and stopping? Advancing and stopping, yes but we’re far enough apart, we stop and then you wait and try to put a screen over your tent to hide it, you know… Camouflage. Camouflage. I couldn’t think of the word. Right. That’s all right. There’s going to be a lull, of course. And if you’re sitting there, sometimes well, you’d hear one of these eighty-eights coming. They were probably getting ready to see where you’re at. They’d play one long and one short and then the third one, you’d move. You’d get used to it. That’s interesting. All right. So, they’re shooting from this direction. They’ll shoot one long and then they’ll shoot one short and then that’s when you got out of the way. Got out of the way. You knew it was for you. Right. And the tanks weren’t all close together. They’d go, you know, far apart and cover different areas. And some of them be going up a mountain and the mountains were treacherous. Well, let me ask you…I already promised you that I was going to asked stupid questions so here’s one of them. What were you shooting at? What was your tank shooting at? Well, other tanks. Okay. Okay. Then after I had this tank, it had a seventy-five and a seventy-six millimeter on it, they took me out of that and they took me into a different type tank. It was wide open and 24 �they used it just primarily as artillery. It had a hundred five millimeter on it, which is a big gun. What does “wide open” mean? No turret. Oh. You had not protection at all, just the front and the sides. They had four platoons of those and I was put in one of those platoons and then the tanks would go ahead of us and then if they needed us, we’d come in and give them that, but we laid down the barrage ahead of the infantry. 40:31 I see. We had all types of shells, armor piercing. And, oh, I remember one time when we had the other tank we were in a bad area where the Germans had what they called a bazooka. Not a bazooka, it was Screaming Mimi. Oh. And it was…it sounded like a bunch of dogs and cats fighting and it would explode and it had a concussion, a big concussion. If you got too close to it, it would make you deaf or anything. They couldn’t get this, find out where it was so they finally found out where it was going in and out of a tunnel and they took my tank and we got all sulfur shots, it just burns, you know, and we put twenty-two shells into that tunnel and it never came out again. You know this is where they would have…they’d bring it out and shoot… Bring it out. …and then it would go back in again. Yeah. Okay. And it made a horrendous noise. Oh, yeah, that’s right. They called it Screaming Mimi. Screaming Mimi. Over the six day period, just so we have an understanding here. The battle is constant. Constant. There’s a little bit of a lull maybe here and there? 25 �A little bit here, yes. The most, I’ve got a book on it…I think the most, the biggest stretch that we had of battle was a hundred and eighteen days in a row, total three hundred and something. Wow. I have that in writing. So what happened when you got to the river? You were able to cross the river? We waited and waited for the infantry to take over and then we’d try to eliminate the other, the enemy then they’d have….their guns were very powerful. They were accurate. Yeah. Because our seventy-fives would not penetrate the German tank. Right. But the seventy-sixes would. Okay. We had German tanks at eighty-eight. The way they explained it is “In an out or stay there and play tag with you.” And then one advantage we did have with the guns that we had was that armor piercing was a high explosive. It would burst. Okay. That’s what that would do. Were you up against the Tiger Tanks? Yes, we were. Okay. Several of them. At that time, now I’m not a military historian, but at that time, that was the most powerful tank. It was very powerful, yeah. Well, they put eighty-eights on everything just about. Yeah. 26 �A lot of machine gun fire. This was some of the elite Germans that you were up against? Yes. That you were up against? Yes. The Panzer Divisions. The Panzer Divisions. The Panzer Divisions. They didn’t give up easy. That was when we were fighting, Anzio, of course was going on at that time to, which we were not in Anzio, we were below Cassino. Okay. Then, as we advanced mountain by mountain, we’d gain a little here and there and then we got stalled for a long time at the Cassino because the Cassino was up there. I don’t know if you heard about it or not. I have, but let’s….before we get there, you had mentioned earlier just in passing about the difficulty going up these mountains. Let’s talk about that. 44:00 Well, the roads are not made for tanks and you drive up very carefully. There were a couple of them that lost it, rolled off, just tumbled over. Some of them did. And then you’d go through these little towns and up on the top of the mountain, why, the roads were very narrow and I drove for the captain that time, before I got this other tank and it was where I was wounded. Well, I don’t want to jump too far ahead. What was the experience of driving in those treacherous conditions? I mean, you know, I picture you… Well, they would the tank commander would tell you where to go and how to do it. You listened to him. They’d be out in front of you telling where to go. Okay. So, “go left. Go right.” “Go left, go right” and something like that, yes. But there’s got to be, I mean, this is dirt roads. This… It’s scary. This is not like it’s.. 27 �No, it’s gravel, it’s stone mostly from the mountains. Oh, okay. And they were just trails put up there. We took a chance to go up and go back down again. When you go up the mountain though, are you in the process of fighting? Not all the time. Trying to get up into certain areas. If you were trying to get to certain areas, other tanks that were backing up with their firepower so that you can get into position to save yourself. Okay. And shoot at other ones. And then the other ones, and then of course, when you out in the level, then it would be tank-on-tank. Yeah. Which was gruesome, sometimes. But we understood what it was. Just a lot of heavy…. It took a lot of nerve and what most of them did, and I don’t like to say it but take some cognac. Yeah. And that would cut your nerves down. Yeah. What about your hearing? Did you have any protection? No. They never had protection of course. 45:59 Wow! See I drove the tank and I always had the…attached to the radio to the tank commander. Okay, so you’ve got headphones on. I’ve got headphones on, yes. But still, you’ve got this… 28 �You still got that… Shooting and there’s shooting and they’re shooting at you and it’s got to be loud. That’s got to be loud. Was the next major battle Cassino for you? Yes. It was Cassino. So you were involved in the battle of Cassino? It took a long time. Of course they were way up there. They could see everything because after the war a bunch of us went back over there and we got to get up there and see what it was like. They could see anything and everything coming at you. Before they took Cassino, we were at Mount Porchia and Mount Trocchio - Porchia, which is below, between two big here, and they were all of our tanks, the whole unit. Approximately how many are you talking about? All the forty tanks, all… Forty? Forty of us, yeah. If they come over there, they could bomb us out easily. And at that time is when they started bombing Casssino. Devil, you know twins, and the big bombers and all of that stuff and dive bombers and everything and then they started going at this river going into Cassino and it wasn’t very successful. It took…I don’t know how long it took but it took a long time before we were able to get them out of there. Did you have the German aircraft circling you? Oh by the way, when we were between Mount Porchia and Mount Trocchio waiting for it, a German fighter plane come over and he was real low. He was looking down. You could see it looking at us like that and it was a gentleman from Ionia happened to be in this turret at this time. He had a fifty caliber machine gun. Ta…ta…ta…ta He hit him and put him right inside a mountain. Everybody saw that. That was the end of him. Well let’s say. In terms of what you were, your group was getting, was it mostly artillery or was it also a lot of… Towards the end of the war, then I had my open tank. Right. 29 �And they use this as artillery. We also had a C, D Company, which is light tanks. These light tanks is what they used mostly to climb up. They come up from the backside on the Cassino. I see. They did it that way. But you never drove those? No, I never drove a light tank, just a medium tank. Ours was a medium tank, too. Okay. Now, this may be an unfair question but you’re driving a tank. You’re part of this huge effort. Did you have any sense of the strategy that was going on? I know you admired Patton… Telling you what to do? Yeah. Yes. So you felt like, “Okay. I know I’m only in this one part, here. This is my job. I’ve got to do this but I feel confident that somebody is figuring out the big picture.” That’s right. Did you? Yes. Yes. Okay. Our company commanders were good at that. Okay. Before we did anything, they went into it very carefully and tried to not lose any men and tanks and stuff. Yes. But we did. I think it’s important that what you said, “They tried not to lose any men.” It wasn’t just some, “Go out there and attack that.” There was strategy; there was… 30 �It was. When it was fought, it was heavy. Everything was flying and you just go in to save yourself. Go in and do the best you can. Yeah. And then after that, after Cassino was captured, on our last big push when they started out from the West side of Italy, not Cassino, but where whatchacallit was hurt, ex-President. I’ll think of it. Then they started their last big push and we decided everybody was firing at the same time. We were putting out something like sixteen to seventeen rounds per minute, a hundred and five millimeter at night. Everybody was opening up and everything and my tank commander he played the guitar. He left the guitar out and just from the concussion, it just burst his guitar just all to pieces. We did that for about four hours before we started our big push towards Rome. When you say “push forward” are you talking about under resistance? Under resistance, trying to eliminate… So you’ve got soldiers out there, the infantry is out there. Tanks shooting, stuff coming at you. Soldiers, infantry, we had the Indian Gurkhas with us too. Oh, they were good. They were quiet, very quiet. I remember one time I was on guard duty and they’d come around and steal your helmet and they’d if it goes down and around like this, it was German but they said, “Americano.” They’d sneak up on you. You couldn’t even hear them. Yes, that’s scary. The Indian Gurkhas were wonderful. They’d carry their women right with them, too. 51:57 Wow! They had their special knives and all that stuff? That’s right, that’s right – to slit their throat, I assume. Wow! That’s amazing! The push towards Rome, did you have any sense, I know you told me you had radio contact and you kind of know what’s going on in the war, did you have any sense of whether we were winning or losing? Yes. We thought we were winning because we were gaining ground all the time. We were just hoping to find out whether they would run out of troops and no resistance whatsoever and so that it would be a little easier. So far… 31 �But even after we did have it tough, at night we’d still fire periodically, like as if we were going to go just to keep them awake. Yeah. No. Yeah, yeah. The push towards Rome though, was that….did you feel any sense of it’s getting harder, they’re giving us more? The first part, the first three or four days it was rough. It was rough. We lost a lot of people and the infantry lost a lot too. We didn’t have replacements for them right away. We lost a few tanks. Any of your buddies? Two of them. Yes, two very good buddies. Then we were also with the Indian Gurkhas and we were with the 82nd Infantry – 88th or 82nd. It was a colored outfit. We went across this one river and it was after Rome so I forget what pass it was but we got across this river and they deserted us. We lost fourteen tanks that day. We had to go back and get them back again. They just completely deserted us. All that was left was us but we managed to get away and then we captured them back again. Wow. The fighting was that fierce. Yes. They just got scared, wouldn’t fight and wouldn’t put up a fight like the other people did. The infantry troops that were in front were getting the brunt of this? They were getting the brunt of it, yes. They would dig their foxholes and we were also with the Japanese Americans. Oh, really? Yes. We were with the Japanese Americans too and they were good. They could do a very, very good…they were like the Gurkhas. Wow! They were very good. It was 40…I don’t know what regiment it was, 42nd regiment or something like that. See, the 36th Infantry was out of Texas and the 88th was out of Oklahoma and the 91st Division was with us those too, several divisions, and we were with the British, too. Oh, wow! The Japanese Americans that you saw, they were also in front of you? Yes, they were. 32 �So that’s why you were able to see how fierce they were? How fierce they were fighting, yes. They had high casualties. They had very high casualties. But I don’t know whether I can say it to you now or not, but after the war, I mentioned this before - we went up to the monastery in the hotel and at that time these Japanese Americans were getting a citation from Italy and I have a picture of one of the gentlemen who was with me that got the citation. We were happy to be at the hotel when they were getting that, after the war. That was 1990. You know what’s amazing is that as you are a young man and you’re in all this you had no idea that you are witnessing historic events, you know…a black regiment; a Japanese American regiment. These are completely new to American military and the difficulties they went through to fight. Oh, I forgot to tell you again. When we were in Cassino, this was rough, we were in near Cassino and got into the town and their 88 was close. Of course we were buttoned up, we didn’t open up. Right. And the 88 shot about fifty feet to the left of me. It went underneath my tank, underneath my seat, out the side and got the tank next to it. Two tanks with one shot. The only way I got out of it, all of us got out of it, we dropped the trap door and got out that way and the gentleman that was behind us, he was from Michigan here, Ada, Michigan. He shot that 88 and put it out of commission. That was close. It exploded… No, it went under. It didn’t explode. It was so close, it went right on through and got the next tank to it. That was something. Boy, it was noisy. It really put the tank out of commission. What happens your tank is completely destroyed? You get out and wait for another one. Well right here. [He points to the picture on his sweatshirt] I’ve got a tank. It says “War in Italy.” This tank hit a landmine and I was in it and we got out of it. This picture was in Life Magazine. The tank that you were in. 33 �Yes. I didn’t get hurt. Nobody got hurt. My grandson got the picture – I’ve got the picture here and put it on here for me. I’m quite proud of him. Let me ask you this, how many tanks did you go through? Three, lost three tanks. Wow and survived every one of them! Yep. Without a scratch? Well, I got this one scratch here. I’ve got this scratch here between the eye, towards the end of the war. What happened? We were driving and a shell lifted the end of us and the gun was out here, it was still this open job, it was open. It hit the tube of the gun and glanced off and hit me. I had goggles on and I split my goggles right in half. The scar is right here. You can see that. I can see that, yeah. So I got out a little early. I got five points for that after the war. But it was something that I never expected to see or hear or anything like that. There were times when you’d take a break and enjoy yourself and play volleyball or something and we did get to go back to Rome on a break. We were to get the break - we stopped at a place called Lake Bracciano. There’s a big lake, a huge lake and there’s a lot of whitefish in there and people didn’t know how to catch the fish so a bunch of the guys took hand grenades. They dropped the hand grenades in the water and then the fish would come up. Boom! A bunch of whitefish laying there, eh? There’s lunch or dinner! Yeah. Then we got to go up to Rome. I did… Were you part of the actual liberation of Rome? Yes. We pulled into Rome and oh, my gosh! Everybody just loves you. Everybody just sort of…we pulled into Rome and took over and everybody just...you get out of tanks and “Praise you God” and everything and the women are kissing you and all that stuff and it was really an experience. Let’s try it out. You yourself, okay? As you are coming into Rome, it’s been taken, right? You’re coming into Rome as part of a convoy? 34 �Part of a convoy – trucks and Jeeps and trip tanks and everything. So you start to come in and what do you see? People flocking out onto the street. All right. Okay. Throwing flowers at you. Throwing bouquets, cheering and everything; jumping up on the tank and everything. It was just great. People were, they were liberated, you know! They’d been under war for that long. The only think I can say is they did not touch the Basilica or anything like that. The Germans stayed away from that. 1:00:42 Wow! I did get to see the Pope. A bunch of us did see the Pope. How did that happen? That was, well we were out at bivouac at Lake Bracciano. They brought us back and took us in there and there were probably three hundred of us. He talked to us. It was really something. You’ve met some amazing people! It was interesting. Wow. Did the Pope speak English? Yes. A little bit – not like this last one, the Polish one. This one. So basically he was blessing you, thanking you. Blessing us and thanking us for all our help. That had to feel good! There was no damage whatsoever within the Vatican. The Germans stayed away from it. Rome is beautiful. I’ve been there – not under the circumstances you’re talking about. Well, I was there in 1990 too. Oh, okay. Yeah. By then it was black! Soot and all that kind of thing. 35 �Cassino, Cassino, it was nothing left, just rubble. Now it’s all built up. So once you went through the liberation of Rome, did you stay in Rome or did you guys just go all the way through the city and you went somewhere’s else? No we went on to Rome probably twenty miles and then we rested for about two weeks and then went on to the final push to the Po Valley which there wasn’t much resistance from there. By that time, were you getting a lot of prisoners of war? A lot of prisoners of war coming, periodic fire but not too much; not much at all. Were you a witness to, because I’ve talk to a lot of the infantry guys and whatnot where you are moving along and all the sudden just, people started coming out with their hands up. People started coming out with their hands up, yes. They were mostly young people. That’s what I wanted to ask you. They were young people. Because you had talked about the Panzer divisions and the…but what were you seeing now in the way of soldiers? Of our soldiers now? No, the surrendering soldiers. What do they look like? Well, they were young and they seemed happy. They seemed happy. They were away from it, you know. They know they are going to be okay and as far as I could see, we treated the Germans real well. They were captured. We captured quite a few of them. Would they basically just come out of the woodwork, so to speak with their hands up? No guns or just guns thrown down? They’d come out, drop their guns and come back at you and their hands up and oh, probably three, four hundred at a time sometimes at the end of the war. Now, it wasn’t your job to take care of them? No. So basically somebody… 36 �We just led them back. I don’t know who took care of them. I have no idea. The reason that I know that they were young, after the war – remember I told you we were there? Yeah. We found a German cemetery and it was well taken care of. There was a Panzer Division and there were graves that were there, a lot of Polish kids, fifteen, sixteen years old and there were ages on them Like my name, Kaminski… Right. My wife’s name, Malinowski…they were in the German cemetery, all young Polish people. They were conscripted? Yeah. They were killed. Did you ever run into any SS as they were surrendering? Yes, yes, yes. They would wait until the end. They would wait until the end. They had their self-propelled guns and their tanks too and some of them in tanks. They’d finally come through and it would hurt them to surrender because they were really true SS troops. They were tough. You could tell the difference? Yes, you could. I asked other vets and they said they could tell. You could tell because the look on their face was, “Why am I giving up?” Wow. Scary. But these young kids, you just felt sorry for them. Did you see old people too? Just the French people. Oh, okay because I run into people who have talked about not only the younger ones, but old guys. 37 �When we were up in the front lines, we ask the people in German, “Wo die Deutsch sind?” “Where did the Germans go? “Ils sont tout allé “They went away.” Then they’d tell us that they’d killed all their chickens and took away. Once in a while when we got hungry, we’d pick up a couple of these chickens. Get a gun…have a fresh chicken. Yeah. And it was good. So, what was the last part of your military experience there? You got injured, but what happened after that? After that, we were injured, we went to the Po Valley and there was very little fighting there. It was all green where they grow a lot of stuff and men, we assembled and we backed into - I forget the name of the town. I’ve got it in pictures, the name of the town. We got out all of our equipment, laid it all out, tank on tank and people in front of it and they’d come around and the General would inspect it and we were all done with it there and then they sent us home. So where were you on V-E Day, Victory in Europe? Near Genoa. How did you hear about it? On the radio. Okay. On the radio. We were all happy. I was going to say, what was the reaction of the guys? Very, very pleased to have nothing coming at you. I’ve heard about guys shooting guns in the air and breaking open bottles of wine. Oh, we did have wine I forgot to tell ya. When we were in Casablanca, we had a lot of wine there. A lot of the guys drank it and they were sick. I got a little sick once from wine. Oh, my gosh! Another time when we were below Rome, the Germans had their wine cellars in dirt things you know and then they have little areas to go like that. And we tried to find them and the Italians would really, really guard them. So we finally found this one. I had a 45 38 �on me and I plugged two holes into it and so we got our wine. Everybody was looking for that. Immediately after you got injured, what was the process of taking care of you. Did you have a medic take you somewhere? To a field hospital? They had a medic take it out, yeah and there was a piece in there. Still? No, they took it out. I was probably out of service about three days and then I went back until the end of the war. But it hurt and it bled quite a bit. Well, you’re lucky it didn’t hit your eye. I’m lucky. It could have hit an eye. You’re lucky it could have gone through your brain… Yeah, they shell did, probably thirty yards to the left, glanced off the tube and then into my… So. I couldn’t see for a while. Oh, wow! It knocked out your sight. You literally…that had to be scary. It was. I hoped, I thought I might have lost an eye, but I did not. When you were treated for that, were you in a field hospital? Yes. What was around you? Did you see casualties around? A lot of casualties, yes. But you were blind at that moment. Yes. So all you could do is hear things. Is hear things. But at that time, when we were – no before that when we went to this one town, we took an awful bunch of casualties. I think it was on Saint Lucia up on the 39 �mountaintop over there. Right there is where we got hit the hardest. We lost an awful lot of men. It was before Rome. No, after Rome, excuse me. After Rome. Let me ask you this, V-E Day, was there any chance of you being a part of the invasion of Japan? No. Not…there was to other outfits because it was all by numbers. You had so many points. I had enough points to go home right from Italy. Okay. So I went home. I got on a boat and went home from there. Where were you when V-J Day was announced? Around Genoa. Also? Okay. It was all there and then went by truck, got on a…I think, I don’t know…forget what place we went out of right now to go back home. V-E Day, V-J Day, it’s all over with. You know you’re going home. What were you thinking? Happy. Happy to get home, see my family. Get on with your life? Yes. That’s the one thing I hear so much is that, you know, “It’s over with. We did our part. Now it’s time to get on with my life.” After that, I got back working as a mechanic at a bus company and I went into the insurance business after that. Yes. Well let’s talk about the homecoming. Where did you dock when you came back? New York. Now, the Statue of Liberty, right? Yes, we saw that. 40 �What was your reaction? Great to see! Great to see, yes, yes. Because it’s home. You’re back. It was home, yes. I remember going home by train. Did they know you were coming? Yes, they knew I was coming. Okay. So you arrive by train? By train back here to Grand Rapids. And who’s waiting for you? My girlfriend! My wife now. Lucille. I saw her before I saw my parents! 1:10:54 Oh wow! That’s one sweet lady, that she’d come out there before your parents even showed up. Yep. Come on! What was that like? Seeing her… Wonderful! Just great. You get off the train. You’re in uniform? Yes. I got off the train in my uniform, yes. It’s been a great fifty-eight years with her. Did she give you a hug? Oh, yes. That must have felt good! It was great! So from there, where did the two of you go? We got married the following November. No, I mean did you go to your parents’ then? 41 �We went to her house first, you know. She was at the train station to meet me and we went to her house. We got into her sister’s car and she took me home to Whalen. Come on! This is for your great-grandchildren, okay? What was that moment like? It was wonderful, yeah. I can’t explain it. It was just great! Mom came up and gave me a big hug and Dad did too. Oh, my gosh. 42 �Brothers and sisters. You’re back home. Back home and it was great. I’ll never forget it. Yeah. I’ll never forget it. I have one more question for you. I’m not referring to the battle experience per se, but your overall military experience and I mean from the very beginning when you got drafted, you went through boot camp, you went through all this experience and finally, you got home. How did your military experience shape the person that you are today? Well, it changed me quite a bit! I grew up. I grew up quite a bit. I’ll never forget after the war was over, we had some friends from our outfit from Washington all over, went to a dance hall here. Somebody dropped a firecracker. You could tell everyone who was in the service. They hit the floor. It was that way. You were nervous. 1:13:11 Yeah. Did you talk about the war at all afterwards? Not too much, not too much. Sometime, people now days – they don’t care to hear about it. I don’t know why, but they don’t talk about it much now. Yeah, but it’s… Sometimes it’s discouraging to me that they don’t do that. It does to me. Well, I hope you realize that what we’re doing here is just the opposite. We’re trying to get people to talk about it. It’s important, at least in my opinion that we get these stories down now. The experiences of what you went through. I know I have two grandsons I got the book on it and they are quite interested in it. They should be. You know, I know that you don’t think this way, because I know so many other vets I talk to, but I think it’s important for you to realize…I was talking to you about the school programs I do. I go in and train kids on how to do oral histories and get them involved in the Library of Congress Veterans’ History Project. You may not think you yourself are responsible but it’s you and your generation – my father’s generation - the ones that stood up to Hitler and to the Japanese and we have the freedoms we have today because of what you went through. Because of what we did, right. I feel that way. 43 �Good. I’m very glad. I feel that way. And you have the mark to prove it! Yes. Right there and thank goodness you came back in one piece. One piece, thank goodness is right. Thank you very much Frank, it’s been a pleasure. It’s been a pleasure too, sir. 44 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KaminskiE1 Title A name given to the resource Kaminski, Edmond W. (Interview transcript and video), 2005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaminski, Edmond W. Description An account of the resource Edmond Kaminski served with the 760th Tank Battalion in Italy during World War II. His account includes discussions of armored training and combat in a series of battles in Italy, including Cassino. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-05-04 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/adea33192e217ac7a33534c1762113e0.mp4 ad8ce1d10843f698089a6b23c48a1bab https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5c71b9d4af925071aed1a350ca0b661d.pdf edf6085c23f90cff013087a0e1c92e41 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project John Kandra (1:15:01) Background Information (00:12)            Born in February, 1925 in Beaverdale, Pennsylvania (a small coal mining town)(00:12) His father worked as an electrician in the mines. (00:30) His father was able to keep his job off and on during the 1930s. (00:50) There were 8 children in his family. Only 6 lived in the house. (1:18) He attended public school in Beaverdale (1:46) He registered for the draft in February and was drafted in March of 1943 while still in high school. (2:00) He heard about Pearl Harbor while working in the church on Sunday for the service. (2:36) He knew a little about the conflict in Europe. He did think the U.S. would be involved. (3:11) His two older brothers were drafted as well. (3:44) He was happy to be drafted and serve his country. (4:20) He was sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for basic training. . (4:37) Basic training (4:40)                 He was bused to Fort Meade, Maryland (outside of Baltimore) (4:40) The base had permanent barracks that the men stayed in. (5:00) He stayed at Fort Meade for approx. 3 weeks. Here he was processed and his physical condition inspected. Due to an aptitude test, he was found to be good at electronics. (5:20) He was then sent by train to Camp Van Dorn Mississippi. (5:50) The train occasionally stopped. All together the trip took several days. (6:19) Camp Van Dorn is near the Louisiana border. (6:55) This camp was used for an engineer battalion. Here the men were trained on road construction, bridge construction, and mine detection. (7:23) At the time only one battalion was stationed at Camp Van Dorn, but it was divided into A, B, and C companies. (7:50) He served in the 164th Combat Engineer Battalion, Company B. (8:16) During training, he had calisthenics for an hour at 6AM. After the men had breakfast. Then the men were trained in particular schools. (8:22) The men started their training with basic aspects such as riffle work and an extreme emphases on discipline. (8:50) Adjusting to military life was not too difficult for him. (9:20) He was given KP duty. This was often a punishment for disobeying orders. (10:11) Basic training lasted 13 weeks. (10:30) After basic, the men were given specialized engineer training. (10:35) He ended up being a radioman so such skills were not as applicable to what he actually did in combat. (11:20) �       After basic training, the men were sent on a field trip in upstate Mississippi to practice maneuvers. (12:07) He was based at Camp Van Dorn for almost a year from 1943-1944. (12:55) While off duty, there was a theater at the base the men could visit. (13:23) He did go off bases. The men would often go to Baton Rouge or New Orleans, Louisiana. The soldiers were often treated well in towns. (13:50) Due to the base’s proximity, it was difficult to observe the segregation of the south. (14:40) The men were sent home on one occasion. (15:00) The soldiers he came form were from all over the U.S. (15:47) Voyage to England (16:00)                        He was shipped overseas in February 1944. He sent out of Camp Shanks, New Jersey, on a converted cruise ship to England. (16:19) The ship traveled in a convoy. (17:45) He landed in Wales England. From here they traveled in to Chipping Norton. Here they stayed in tents. (18:45) Here he was still caring out some engineering training. (19:40) He was selected to be educated in Morse code. He studied at Oxford to learn this. (20:20) He had to be able to write and receive 30 words a minute. (20:58) Most people he trained with could pass. (21:29) The codes and the frequency that the military used frequently changed. (20:19) A radioman was required to stay at the radio he operated for 4 hours at a time. (23:10) He was given 3 weeks to learn the code and several more to learn how to operate the radio. (23:30) While studding at Oxford he stayed in tents on campus. (23:51) He spent about 8 hours a day learning code so he did not see every much of the campus. (24:16) When returning to his unit, he was given a radio to put in his platoon’s truck. (24:30) The console was also mounted on the command car. This console could only receive not transmit. (24:50) If the platoons needed to transmit back, then a runner was sent. (24:40) On D day (June 6th 1944) he was still stationed in England. He believed he would be sent in D+1 but instead was sent in on June 27th 1944 due to the number of troops that were ahead of him in the order to be sent to France. (26:15) The men were sent across the English Channel in LSTs. (27:00) He shipped to France from Southampton. (27:52) When he and the vehicles were unloaded from the LSTs he was in neck high water. (28:30) He arrived on Utah beach on June 27th 1944. (29:15) (29:20) The country side and the beach were war damaged. Towns varied based on whether or not they were hit with bombs. (30:32) He recalls coming across many of the gliders the U.S. deployed. (31:00) Service in Europe (32:00)  His first assignment was near St. Lo ,France to check roads for mines and repair road damage. (32:07) �                    His was assigned to serve with Patton. While here, a sergeant he served under was demoted for not saluting Patton as he rode by on a jeep. (32:39) He was in the St. Lo area for approx. 2-3 weeks. While we was there, he did witness some of the carpet bombing of the town. (33:50) While in a convoy passing through a small town, he came under attacked by a German aircraft. But the plane was shot down by a .50 caliber machine gun mounted on the back of a jeep. (35:04) He recalls artillery hitting approx. 30-50 yards away. He was not hit. (36:30) He followed Patton into Paris where he was assigned to construct a bridge across the Seine River (37:20) The bridge was approx 600 ft. but only took 7 hours to complete in spite being shelled during construction. Both company A an C worked on construction. (39:38) While in Paris he was given some time to see sights within the city. (40:14) After completing the bridge in Paris, he followed Patton east. (40:30) Company B built 19 bridges. Altogether the company built 41 bridges. The bridges constructed varied by design based on the scenario. (41:00) When in a town, often soldiers would sleep in the hay in a barn. Often civilians would offer the soldiers food. (41:48) The French would also try to trade things with the soldiers. (43:00) Finding French wine was also prized. (43:33) He and the other men were given The Stars and Stripes, a newspaper offered to the soldiers to give them information on the war effort. (44:47) Though at this time (fall of 1944) there is heavy fighting going on in France, his company has only had to build bridges not engage in combat. (45:10) When Patton was called into the Battle of the Bulge, his company followed but stopped at the edge of the battle field. Here the men rebuilt bridges and checked mines on forest roads. (46:00) While on a mine clearing job, his platoon encountered some German soldiers and were forced to fall back. (47:26) In early 1945 his unit was switched to the 7th army. (47:52) In January [March?] 1945 he built a bridge on the Rhine River. (48:00) He noticed less fighting after entering Germany. He recalls seeing a lot of young German soldiers who were captured. (50:16) He recalled seeing German civilians. He recalls they were fairly kind to the U.S. soldiers. (50:50) Germany Surrenders (51:00)        He recalls being near Austria at the time of the German surrender in May 1945. (51:30) After the German surrender he went to Salzburg Austria. Here the solders stayed in apartment buildings the military commandeered. (52:28) At this time there was not very much for the soldiers too be doing. He was given the task of cutting men’s hair. (53:10) He recalls the Austrians being very friendly to the American soldiers. (53:45) Salzburg was not subjected to bomb damage. However Hitler’s home he visited in the Alps was. (54:45) He went to Linz, Austria to do bridge and road repair. (55:00) There was talk of the men being sent to the Pacific however his company had slim odds of being picked to go because it would be so costly to transport the men and their equipment. (56:00) � He rode in boxcars from Austria to the English Channel. This train trip took several days in December of 1945. (56:48) Voyage home and life after service (57:00)       He was sent by boat and landed in New York Harbor. (57:32) He was discharged in December of 1945 at Fort Meade. (57:52) Upon returning he attended the American Television Institute in Chicago to get a degree in television engineering. Here is where he met his wife. (58:07) He worked for WLAV a T.V./radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan. (58:34) He then worked for Grand Rapids Television where he repaired televisions. (59:40) Then he and 2 others set up Advanced T.V. witch set up home security systems and did large cable wiring projects. (1:00:02) Thoughts on service (1:01:04)    He believes that his time in the service taught him a lot. And that without it he and other soldiers would not be as successful as they are today. (1:01:06) When attending college he went to school all year for 36 months (3 years). (1:01:30) For a while he was in the army reserve. (approx. 2 years.) He was not involved in any other veteran’s organizations. (1:02:14 Visiting the World War II Memorial (1:02:45)    When he landed in Baltimore there were people there to greet the veterans. (1:02:57) He rode on a bus to see all the memorials as well as statues commemorating peoples and the events. (1:03:10) While on the plane back home, the men had a mail call that was compiled of letters form family. (1:04:36) Life During War (1:05:00)           He saw Bob Hope and Bring Crosby at USO shows during the year. (1:05:22) He also saw Dinah Shore at a USO show. (1:06:00) He was under artillery fire for most of the time out of the year. (1:06:30) His platoon did take casualties, however not as many as on the front line. (1:07:10) He does not recall his company having been struck by artillery. (1:07:50) When he arrived in Germany, the men often were under fire from German aircraft. However later on in the war, there were less German aircraft attacks. (1:08:15) It was common for sights of bridge buildings to come under fire. (1:08:43) He recalls a captain in his company had accidentally shot himself in the leg while attending to pull out a German pistol he had. (1:09:40) He recalls men taking souvenirs such as paintings; however he refused to partake in this as it was technically against the rules. The only thing he took was a small accordion that was given to him. (1:11:11) One of the Captains in his company received disciplinary measures as result of stealing some paintings from a house or looting. (1:12:02) �  He recalls that many Austrians were glad to see the Americans and glad that the war was over. The only time civilians were angry at U.S. solders was when they were looting or destroying property. (1:12:45) While in Nancy France, the men found a German Ambulance that he used as a command and put radio equipment in. it was used until it broke down. (1:25:38) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KandraJ1341V Title A name given to the resource Kandra, John (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kandra, John Description An account of the resource John Kandra, born in Beaverdale Pennsylvania in February of 1925, served as a radio operator in the 164th Combat Engineer Battalion from 1943 to 1945 in France and central Europe during the Second World War. He did most of his training at Camp Van Dorn however received specialized training in Morse code at Oxford University while stationed in England. During his service, Kandra spent most of his time relating messages between commanders, checking roads for mines, repairing roads, and repairing bridges. Thought he was never on the front lines his company did come under artillery and aircraft fire. Later in his life he used his training to work in television in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-01-26 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bfd1bbc46c7ae8634ec2279f9aefbbb3.mp4 95ae53ba598f219cfa2cb0f1aee6a371 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/22c6bd8a9e07a74fa519becd67ade019.pdf 20279d331adf7ed449d36c8918ea2068 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project Iraq War John Kangas Interview Total Time: 1:13:07 Background  (00:17) Raised in Cedar Springs, MI o Born in 1981  (00:30) His mom stays at home, and dad works at GM  (00:38) Graduated in 2000 o Became a father shortly after graduating o Worked, and got laid off o Was unemployed when 9/11 happened o Lived with his parents at the time, saw it happen on the news  (1:41) Says that enlisting didn’t have much to do with 9/11, the biggest reason was that he was unemployed o Remembers selling coupon books door to door  (2:02) Initially went to the Air Force, but they turned him down because he had a child  (2:18) Went over to the Army  (2:30) Went to recruiting office, took practice test, then to Lansing o Very high pressure situation  (3:15) According to his test, there were jobs that he qualified for, but half of them were filled o Had to pick from 4 choices o He picked radar  (3:40) Mentions that there is a lot of lying that went on in the recruitment process  (4:20) Radar was considered a combat arms job o The guy who told him about the job was a career NCO � (4:44) Mr. Kangas went on a delayed entry program, lasted two weeks Training  (5:12) Went to Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, for training  (5:20) As soon as they got there, 2 AM, went to bed o Remembers reading and writing on the bunk  (5:53) Said the facilities dated to before Vietnam, except for the training sites  (6:20) During the first weeks, his experience depended on knowledge of the military and regulations, said most of them didn’t know much o Didn’t understand why they cleaned the barracks at 3 AM in the dark until he got out and understood the regulations o It was because the drill sergeants didn’t want to get caught  (7:23) A lot of emphasis on physical training o Ran 6-8 miles a day, but they were told they only ran 3 miles o Said he wasn’t in great shape when he got there o Basic training got him into very good shape  (8:15) Basic training lasted 6 weeks  (8:23) People couldn’t “wash out”, but sometimes people were kicked out o Those who were trying to figure out how to get out failed, because there was no way out  (9:22) In his unit, the drill sergeants kept them at the same pace the entire time, even at graduation and afterwards o They found out their drill sergeants weren’t getting down time because of 9/11  (10:10) Drill sergeants kicked everyone out after graduation; Mr. Kangas said this was illegal  (10:30) Went to AIT, got actual job title here o Stayed at Sill  (11:07) About 4 others he trained with in basic who went over to AIT with him  (11:15) This was where he learned about his job and physical training every morning � (11:27) At this level, drill sergeants treated them better  (12:00) In AIT, he learned mobile radar, all on trucks o About 9 weeks o A big part of the training was learning how to set up  (13:08) Talks about fire guard duty o When everyone else is sleeping, someone had to stay up, and they rotated Overseas  (13:46) Got shipped to Germany after training  (14:00) Sent over in October, 2002 to Bamberg  (14:20) “Joined the fold” on arrival, assigned to a unit  (14:28) Assigned to Unit 1/33, 1st Battalion, 33rd Field Artillery  (14:53) When he first showed up, half of his unit was gone because of rotations  (15:30) Said they were training for Kosovo  (15:57) Used radar to specifically identify mortar positions, looking for aircraft, etc.  (16:11) Spent a year in Germany  (16:22) Woke up, worked out, did radar run times o If radar wasn’t run, it would break down o If there wasn’t anything happening, someone would create something for them to do o Talks about putting up tents  (17:02) Got weekends and government holidays off o German holidays would count depending on the sergeant’s opinion o Drank a lot during his time off o Tried to fight for his wife and child to come over to Germany, but it was hard to do  (18:05) Said there was an MWR, had big screen TV, maybe some video games  (18:32) When he first got to Germany, all of the equipment they used was from Vietnam o They had tape decks, other equipment from the 80’s �o He heard that Germany was the last to get newer technology  (20:06) Found out he was going to Iraq 8 months into his first assignment  (20:37) When the Iraq conflict first started, they couldn’t go anywhere at first because the Germans were angry and protesting o Couldn’t go out to drink o Mostly locked down o Watched CNN just as much as civilians  (21:54) Mentions that in Iraq, they stayed in one spot, protecting the bases  (22:27) Mr. Kangas feels that they should have spent more time showing them how to use the radar because that was the main focus o There was some training though  (23:05) Went to Iraq in 2004 during winter o About February  (23:40) First they went to Kuwait, did some training and learned more about what they’d be doing in Iraq  (24:04) They took all of their equipment and convoyed to their destination o 4 day drive through Iraq  (24:17) In the first month, they were at Balad, Anaconda Air Force Base  (24:44) Mr. Kangas said the drive there was “brutal,” no sleep o He was driving, and they picked up hitch hikers  (25:20) Says that if their vehicle looked impervious, the enemies would understand it to be impervious  (26:20) Remembers that IED strikes would back things up and make driving across the country even longer o Convoys delayed by a half an hour, etc o Emphasis put on keeping track of convoys  (27:11) At Balad, there weren’t enough radar units o Needed 6, they only had 4  (28:06) Went to a small base in Iraq that was about 30 miles north of the previous one �o Got mortared every day o It was in the middle of a town, so it was hard to point the radar specifically  (29:05) There were other parts of the 1st infantry division there  (29:22) At that point, they were just defending themselves o Pointed radar and sent infantry over to handle it  (29:50) Stayed there for about 2 months and moved to another base which was between Balad and Fallujah o They lived in an old hanger o Cleaned it up o Easier place to operate than before o Two different types of radars, Mr. Kangas was on the smaller one o The big radar was large enough to jam the radars at Anaconda o At the same time, the enemy was making the same adjustments o “Cat and mouse”  (32:06) Talked about civilian populations o Stayed “hunkered down”  (33:17) Stayed in the 3rd place most of his deployment  (33:54) His total time in Iraq was a year  (34:09) Wasn’t really sure how long he’d be staying o When they got there, their sister unit was replaced by the 1st Cavalry o They went home, got off the plane and back on o They also thought they may not be there a whole year  (35:10) All of the 1st infantry division went at the same time o His battalion was split up because of their job o His group was called a battery, set up just like a field artillery unit  (36:12) 6 guys in his radar unit  (36:36) There were ups and downs in their morale o Going into the war, they were told it would end soon, told to prepare for only being in 6 months �o After they got out, 15 month deployments started happening  (37:16) Says his section was lucky to have no casualties, but a lot of close calls  (37:44) He did see damaging effects of battle; mentions that wounded people from the insurgency came in and out o Talked about scandals, heard screams o Saw casualties, but nobody in his unit got hurt  (38:31) Reaction to getting mortared became 2nd nature because it happened so often o One officer was skittish  (39:17) Said there was nothing else to do but accept the reality of being attacked  (39:38) Used to be random targets  (41:53) After he finished a year, 3 day process to Germany o At the time, they took a military flight right back to Germany as opposed to staying in Kuwait or a couple of weeks  (43:00) Mr. Kangas had 6-8 months left on his enlistment o Spent the rest of his time in Germany  (43:20) He said the Germans weren’t very happy to see them o But their economy depended on them  (44:31) Learned very little German because most of the time he was training o Everyone on the base knew English  (45:01) At the end of his enlistment, they tried to get him to reenlist o Told him he would get recalled o High pressure situation o The impression he got was that they told him he would fail o They offered him a choice of duty station, enlistment bonus, and a guarantee for the next rank o Mr. Kangas felt this wasn’t right  (46:40) He was a specialist E4; corporal  (47:00) When one first enlists, it’s an 8 year commitment o 4 years active, 4 years inactive �o At any point within that time frame, he could get called back  (47:34) Got back to US in October 2005 o Was on unemployment for 6 months o Got to spend time with wife and daughter o Got to travel around the country a bit o Worked at Costco o Eventually worked at a dial-up internet company, then to Comcast o Tech support at Comcast  (48:19) After working at Comcast for about a year, he got a letter with orders o Had to call a number and set up plane tickets  (49:18) Sent to Ft. Benning, Georgia, for two weeks o Didn’t know where he was going after that o Spent the first week in civilian clothes; there was a lot of drinking o In-processing, medical stuff o There were people there who’d been seriously injured and they were trying to push them through o Lots of retirees came back o Also Vietnam vets o He said that older people were trying to get back in with the promise of more money, and the younger people were trying to get out  (51:31) It was supposed to be a refresher in basic training, but Mr. Kangas didn’t feel that it was o AIT training was the same thing; also spent time drinking o Nobody knew what was going on o At Ft. Sill, he knew he would be supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom, but didn’t know the capacity of it o The last two days there, got orders, sent to Ft. Hood, Texas  (52:54) Said that nobody knew who they were at Ft. Hood o At airport for 4 hours �o Medical units who were rotating out picked them up; they didn’t know what to do with them o (53:44) Did nothing for two weeks but watch movies o Was attached to the Wyoming National Guard o Unit was 1st in the 15th Fires Brigade  (54:20) They went through an interview process for a job o Found out they would be driving trucks from Kuwait to Iraq o Had nothing to do what they’d previously done in the military  (55:40) At Ft. Hood, they went through a crash course of what it meant to be in the Army o 4 months of deployment in Ft. Hood o Went back to Iraq  (57:19) Stayed in Kuwait first, like the first time  (57:51) Went back to Iraq on July 4th, 2009 o Same situation as before, except less attacks o Never fired his weapon once during this time o Drove 4-8 hours from Kuwait to Iraq back and forth o 7-8 months of this o (59:17) They drove out at night; there wasn’t really a strict schedule o On a night time schedule  (1:01:05) When he got recalled, there were a lot of women in his unit (none the first time)  (1:01:40) Said that work was done effectively, but worried that if something happened, he may not be able to trust the guy next to him  (1:03:00) More than a quarter of his unit was made of returning veterans o They stuck together  (1:03:35) Said there wasn’t any problems in his unit with women, but heard about a lot of rape that happened in other units o Because of this, there were sexual harassment briefs � (1:05:30) Said it was combative between his unit and the National Guard unit  (1:06:26) Saw that stress was getting to others in the recall unit even though it was a lower combat situation o Stress was 10x higher o Some people were so angry about being recalled; stuck the entire year  (1:07:00) He said after the first time they lightly talked about PTSD, but not much because they saw it as a sign of weakness o Talked about a guy who needed help, addicted to sleeping pills, said he needed help himself, ended up dying in Iraq on a motorcycle o On the 2nd deployment, the mentality that PTSD was weakness had changed  (1:08:25) Said that basic training was made easier the second time o They were trying to mitigate suicides  (1:09:15) Mr. Kangas bought his own plane ticket home after he was done Going Home  (1:09:54) When they got back to Ft. Hood, it was a race to leave  (1:10:03) Got back home in late March or early April of 2010  (1:10:12) Worked for a few months, laid off, was on unemployment  (1:10:19) Had plans to go back to school  (1:10:31) Said that he learned to be punctual, other positive effects, but something negative is alcoholism o Knows many people who served that drink a lot  (1:11:24) When they got back to Germany, drug use was high among military members o Meth and ecstasy available  (1:12:26) He says the stress of his job was unique; sometimes sat in the box for days at a time by his self waiting for something to happen o Complete boredom to absolute fear in a second  (1:12:56) Says that he would do it all over again � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KangasJ1115V Title A name given to the resource Kangas, John (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kangas, John Description An account of the resource John Kangas was born in Cedar Springs, Michigan in 1981. After graduating high school he was unemployed for awhile before enlisting in the army in 2001. He received his training at Ft. Sill. He worked the radar, assigned to 1st Battalion, 33rd Field Artillery. Mr. Kangas spent almost a year in Germany before going to Iraq. He worked on three different bases in or near Balad and Fallujah while staying in Iraq for a year. He then spent more time in Germany before going home. He was recalled into the military in 2009 and served in Iraq for another 7-8 months driving a truck back and forth from Kuwait to Iraq. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-06-09 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/78f1628354a0d42e3b152c627fbbcbf8.MP3 d6b6654056dd5b4a6614aa37f303f013 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fc761d35851dc0dd6594655daadf5afa.pdf f35504f0ccfe16a5e4019192491d8877 PDF Text Text Dave Karpowicz interviewed by Ken Kutzel and Eric Gollanek October 1, 2018 KK: This is Ken Kutzel, and I'm here today with Eric Gollaneck. We're interviewing Dave Karpowicz. at the old schoolhouse up in the art gallery in Douglas, Michigan. It's October 1st, 2018. This oral history is being collected as part of the Stories of Summer Project which is supported in part by Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage program. Thank you for taking the time to talk with us today. We're interested to learn more about your family history and your experiences of summer in the Saugatuck-Douglas area. Can you please tell your full name and spell it? DK: Dave Karpowicz. K A R P as in Peter O W I C like in cat. Z like in zebra. KK: Thank you. What can you tell us about where you grew up? DK: I actually grew up in Chicago, right by Midway Airport. I was four blocks away from Midway Airport in a little subdivision called Cleary. KK: Okay, so how did you end up-? What are some of the most vivid memories of your childhood? DK: Oh, I think where you're interested in is how I ended up at the seminary that was part of the Phelp's Mansion. Okay. I belong to a Parish called Saint Rita, and at that time, a recruiter from the Augustian order, Father Dudley Day, came around and started talking to the kids, especially alter boys, seeing if they wanted to pursue a possible life in the priesthood and I was recruited and decided to give it a shot. KK: And can you kind of put that in a time frame? DK: We're talking.. I was my high school class with the class of seventy. So I was recruited in the fall. Well, it would have been before school let out, so it would have been June-ish of 66. My first year there was in 66. okay. September of 66. KK: So, you can continue your story now. DK: Okay. KK: Sorry, I wanted to kind of clarify that. DK: So, I came out with my family. they drove me out, dropped me off and life as a seminarian began. For me, it was a new start. It was like I was only coming out of eighth grade, so there's not a whole lot to start from, but it was time that time that I got to put all of that history behind and start fresh in the new environment that was different for everybody going through it at the same time. I was some I think you might wanna know. �Back that time, the Phelps Mansion was used as a convent for Spanish nuns. I believe that the people, the nuns that cooked for us were Spanish nuns, and I think they lived in there. But, I think there was also a cloistered sect of nuns that lived in there. As you look from what is now the Phelps Mansion across that field, that was the athletic field and you'd be looking right at the seminary at the front. The seminary ran north to south three-story building cinder-black building. The far-left side as you're looking from Phelps Mansion was where the refractory was at. A lot of a lot of priest came into the seminary environment to retire. So, there's a lot of old folks there and then after the Refractory, there's this long a row of buildings. Again, it was three stories. As you walk down the hallway from the re- from where the priests were at, across you had dorms. First of all, you- you have a refractory, beautiful windows overlooked which would be the back side which would be with the Frisbee golf is at now. The early tees of the Frisbee golf. For those folks who walk the property now the seminary is pretty much where the bicycle track. Okay. It was up on that ridge. if you walked there, you can see bits and pieces of the tile that was destroyed when the seminary got destroyed. 5:04 DK: I believe that I was in the second year that that particular building was there. It wasn't much longer than that. I don't think that it was the third year, I think that it was the second year that it existed, and as you walk down that hallway in the main - you- the Refractory had beautiful windows that would have looked out to the West. Coming down the hallway, you would have at dorms. which would be like finger finger appendages off the left-hand side. The right-hand side was all the classrooms in the middle of the building. There was a library and the chapel was right across from the library continuing down two more sets of of dorms here in the classrooms on the right-hand side. The gym was in the back end. KK: Oh, okay. DK: I know that a lot of the kids who played basketball in Saugatuck played in the in that gym. we played them several times and they just came in practice every now and then. The gym was kind of a crappy gym. It had tile floors. So, it was slippery all the time. Let's see, what else do I have to tell you. The property was different than it is now. when you when you came in to the road. that led that leads to the Phelps mansion there's tennis courts in the right hand side. You see those tennis courts? Well opposite of that that right on the road, there were barricades in there. So, Phelps was considered to be… oh, I can't think a of word. but he was a collector of animals. That pond that was in there used to have alligators in that pond there were two barricades. As you take the road bends to the right a little bit. Well, if you went to the left over there and went up that hill, he tried to do the perpetual motion machine up on top of that hill which is kind of an interesting thing. KK: M-hm. DK: There used to be some real nice hikes up in there. when I was growing up. what else can I tell you all? Okay. As you were - if you walking now and you decided to go into the Saugatuck State Park and you take the road to your right, it kind of bends to the left heads out to the right �some more. It passes a wet, a wet area over there. That used to be called the Swamp and that's where ice-skating... We spent most of the winter cleaning off the brush, you know. KK: Sure. DK: And cutting down weeds and stuff and then it would freeze and you would play and they would dig in few a holes in the ice and keep pouring water on there, but that's where the hockey was played. From the Phelps Mansion, there's a hill that to the right. If you’re looking at the mansion from the seminary the hill on the left-hand side. I kinda get lost in the directions there but the other side of that hill, there was a big bar, a huge barn, and an open field. They used to be called the Nun's Field. There's another little football area, that's where they play softball and stuff. But, the barn was two-story barn, and it's claim to fame was that every Halloween the senior class put on what they call Guadeamas, or a play. Let us rejoice, the Latin for "Let us Rejoice" and it was a play and I remember the first year. There I was others again. I would have been there for six weeks now, or five weeks. We met up there. We walked from the seminary grounds into the Phelps Mansion and all. And then, we went over that hill into the barn and the barn had hay bales all over for seating all over. There's people in the rafters and stuff and I've never seen anything like that before. And, it was a terrific play and most of it was jokes about the priest and stuff like that, but it was a great experience. It was snowing that day, too. It was just kinda cold snowing. A snowy Halloween. I remember some, I remember some yeah. and then, what else can I tell you? From the building, course a lot of athletics were in that field between the two buildings. 10:00 DK: The back end of it where the dorms protruded out that was kind of a septic system back in there. But the road… It was called Beach Road now. It's kind of from the Phelps Mansion. You're looking across. You take that road, first road that's- it would be on your right-hand side. You walk off and it curves to the right and up this hill. That's where all the tobogganing and sledding used to be. KK: Oh, okay. DK: You used to go over that ridge then you have probably half mile run so the toboggans and those saucers and stuff and get on top of hill and just kinda slide on down. It was great fun. It was it was super. Oh, I don't know… What else you guys wanna know? The high school is high school stuff. KK: Well, so, did you have any contact with town? Did you go in? Did you hear stuff about it? You guys were out there. DK: We did get to go to town, into Saugatuck but I was a fourteen-year-old kid, you know, with not a lot of money and it wasn't much to do other than go to the drug store. You went up to the drug store and we have like an hour, hour and a half every week. To be honest with you, I went once or twice, I got bored. Well, wasn't much to do for me but other guys went every weekend. So, we went to the drug store, walked up and down, saw the you know saw the gardens and stuff �and then again hey, where I was at, I would much rather be on the property, exploring, doing playing ball or something. KK: You know, you said you played other schools and all that. Did you know go like for sports did you go to other schools? Tell us a little about that. DK: Most of the sports were intramural, so you know we just played different teams within the school Basketball, we did play other schools in basketball. I wasn't on the baseball team, but they played other schools in baseball too. We didn't have many home games. The gym was small. You know, they couldn't deal with any sort of crowds whatsoever so but I do know that we played Saint Joe one time and I do know Saugatuck and I can't remember the others, but they were from their perspective, it was a gimme game, it was just, yeah let's entertain them because they were much better than we were. In … ‘68. Well, ‘67. I can get the years mixed up. My freshman year, went during the basketball season with and in sixty seven, the team went to the beginning of the state playoffs. We had a big team. The center was big. The forwards were big. And then, everybody could shoot. I mean it was it was a good team, but they had no endurance and the end of the three quarters way through the game, they weren't conditioned to go for a whole game, and ended up losing. The second year, they worked on conditioning quite a bit but all the talent graduated and that's. You can never get it all right. that's, that's kinda how that went. The biggest thing about the sports was probably that the team spirit. We knew we we're gonna get basically slaughtered out there but those people who went to the games were all wearing white and black and it would be. The cheerleaders would be going nuts and I mean it would be all over, doing the best they could do. EG: Yeah. KK: Now, you stayed there all year? Or did you go home in the summer? DK: We went home in the summer. We came in and right after Labor Day and then way they worked it out is that every month, either your parents came in or we went home. In October, the parents would come in. That was my mom's favorite time. She would- she would love that drive as you drive into the seminary because of the trees and stuff. she said it just was outstanding. November, of course, we go home for Thanksgiving Christmas go home for Thanksgiving. They came up… I know that parents were here in May, because we went to the Tulip Festival and I knew it it was on Mother's Day because of that. 14:52 DK: In summer the time we went home. [Chuckles] Back in those days it cost four hundred dollars a month to go to the Seminary and extra forty bucks to do laundry. So, that was room and board for four hundred dollars. It was different then. KK: Yeah. So how big of a class did you have? �DK: Probably started always fifty-five. Okay, and by the end of the first semester, you were probably down to forty in the graduating class. My first year the senior class was pretty big. They probably graduated … maybe thirty? But, I've seen graduating classes as low as twenty. KK: Did everybody live on campus? Or were there kids that came in from- from elsewhere? DK: No. To the best of my knowledge, everyone lived right there. Lived right there. That was part of the experience, you know, the routine, the chapel time and all that, but there may have been there may have been one or two that just kinda came in from the outside. KK: So did you have all priests or brothers for teachers? Or how? DK: Yeah. They were all clergy. KK: All male? DK: Hmm? KK: All male? DK: Yes. KK: The reason that I ask that is because you know we're the same age and we started the lay teachers, even in the Catholic schools back then, so I'm just comparing. DK: I remember most of them being priests. Were there one or two that weren't, that might have been. I don't know what they would have taught. I don't know. you know I don't remember ever going to class with those was a lay person but they may have been. KK: Did you… Did you ultimately become a brother or whatever? DK: No, I stayed through my junior year and then left after my junior year, ended up going on. Kennedy High School in Chicago. KK: Oh, okay. DK: That's where I finished up my high school career. KK: Was it different, going back to a regular public high school? DK: Because I was a senior, I figured it was a one-year deal. You know, I wasn't gonna make a lot of long-lasting friendships. I just kinda put in my time. Got through the year and called it good and started college. KK: Have you made any- have you stayed in contact with anybody from the monastery? �DK: Yeah. Yeah. Several kids in my class. One or two. My turns out that my neighbor from across the street was a year younger than I was. He went to the seminary also. We're still in contact. KK: Okay. So, I know in between you lived in California for a while, didn't you? DK: Yeah, we did. KK: What made you come back here? Well, tell us about California, first. DK: Well, I was trained as an accountant, so I did accounting work and then had an entrepreneurial bend and Anita was at a nonprofit executive. She ended up in a car wreck. I don't know what they call it. AK: Sloshed my brain around is the technical term. KK: Okay. And by the way, Anita is also here. That's his wife. DK: So, Anita was looking for something to sell and she thought if she could sell, she could make a living out of doing that, because the nonprofit work wasn't gonna happen anymore. And, she came across as product called a Pillow Pet. I don't know if you remember but it's a pillow that opens up and into a pet. KK: Okay, yeah, I remember that. DK: Yeah, you might have. Anyway, we ended up, Anita's family lives in San Luis Obispo County and we are selling these Pillow Pets at shows and festivals around California. That's were living at the time and decided that we would decide basically that if people were buying them out of a booth, they'll buy them out of a store. So, we had the money. Anita found a four hundred square foot store in downtown San Luis Obispo. 19:54 DK: We started there. In the meantime, the people who run the Pillow Pet business, the creator of it put on… decided to go into “As Seen on TV” commercials. She bombarded children's stations with these Pillow Pets, and, all of the sudden, she created a demand where there was no supply. We were the only one of the only one of the only few suppliers, so we were shipping Pillow Pets like you wouldn't believe. At one time, we… At one time, we had three stores and two warehouses. AK: And an online. DK: And an online. The online was richer. So that was, we called it riding the wave in. So, we… we started with, it was a brand-new concept, saw that demand go way high then, once you start seeing them in Best Buy all the hardware stores in Target, the quality got cheaper because the owner of the company got pressured to basically license her stuff to somebody else. And all of �that took place, demand started dropping. We start shutting stores. I went back to accounting for a while. That's what I did. whenever the entrepreneurial effort has played out, I went back into accounting. AK: It was a great ride though. DK: It was fun. AK: Oh my god, it was fun. [Laughs] AK: A heck of a lot of work, but yeah. We picked San Luis Obispo because they have the largest Farmers Market in the co- in the State of California. It's all year long. Because we had the store in a certain place, we could already be in this huge farmers market that's a big party. So, we can just sell it once a week in terms of people from away. It was awesome. That's interesting. It was is kinda fun. KK: So, what brought you back to Michigan? DK: Go ahead. AK: Jerry Walsh was our realtor in San Luis Obispo. Jerry Walsh and I became friends and she grew up in this area and so she has a house over here on North Union Street. We came to visit her last year and we had a great time and then this year. We had a big fire we were are living in Durango and we ended up coming to visit her because she's kind enough to let us come here. There was smoke everywhere in Durango and so she talked to us and we had a great time while visiting, and now we're here. [Laughs] Now, we live here. KK: Well, welcome! AK: Thank you. KK: Welcome. It is interesting. What're you're you know when you came back, because both of you had lived away, or you probably didn't lived here at all… What were your initial impressions? Can you, you know, talk about that a little bit, coming back here? DK: Well, of course I see the world through different eyes. I see how busy it is in the summer. I see if how much fun people are having at the beach. We walked in. Back in the 70s and 80s, we walked the Beach Road in the summer, but it was still too cold to get in the water by, you know, early June late May early June. It was kinda chilly so we never even went swimming there. But, we've lived in some beautiful resort-type communities. San Luis Obispo was one of them. Morrow Bay, and Durango is a is a joyous community so we're used to that and were uses to seasonality of it and love the busyness love to see the stores busy and love the quieter times too. That's what I notice, the people have a lot of fun down. They were just having a lot of fun shopping. having coffee eating in the restaurants playing on the beach. It's just... a lot of fun. �KK: Okay. Do you have any other questions? We're gonna look here. EG: You can talk a little bit about your time in the seminary here in the school year. What was a typical day like? Or a typical week like? DK: Sure. Days started at six o'clock. We were living in the dorm and the dorm is just one. 24:55 DK: It had twenty beds in it, say two sets of five, the way I'm remembering it, it could be be more than thirty beds. This is a wall separating beds on both sides basically. one door led to the sink room and the restrooms the other door led to the priest monitor of that dorm. Days would start at six o'clock, and it depends on what year you're talking about because this is right after Vatican two, so a lot of changes were happening in the church and the seminary back in in the very beginning when I was a freshman. I wanna say that we started with mass first thing, but I could be wrong, but I know do that there was a chapel time in the beginning. Then we went to the refractory and ate. The refractory had tables of ten people, ten guys mixed classes. Okay so wasn't like you… you were assigned a table. It wasn't like you in like you go sit with you but your friends all time. Each table and seniors and stuff, and the way it works is once Grace was said, somebody from the table went in the kitchen area, and brought the food out for the table, and breakfast was served that way. Lunch is at noon hour-ish. School in the morning. Lunch, school till about three o'clock, and then everybody had to leave the building for… I wanna say an hour or hour and a half between 3:00 and 4:30 sometimes. So, everyone was forced outside to do something so that's when all the intermural athletics were we're done and all the hiking around and stuff. We come back in and we shower go back into the chapel. Kind of a meditation period. The priests would be doing their vespers or whatever they're doing and we just had quiet time the chapel for a while and then back to the refractory for dinner after dinner. Mandatory study hall for two hours from like 7:00-7:00 with a fifteen-minute break in there. Then, after that, you're free for an hour and then back to bed at 10:00, lights out at 10:00. That's pretty the typical day. KK: That's pretty tight schedule. EG: That's a pretty tight schedule. DK: Pretty tight. KK: Now, was that five days a week? DK: The only thing, it was 10-6 at least six days a week. There may have been one day where was it a little bit longer, at least in the beginning. Yeah. Yeah it seems like it loosened up some of the priests that were running the shows said, “You know you guys have to be responsible enough to go to bed when you're tired. So, we're not gonna put on the 10:00 thing anymore, but we're still getting up at six.” You know, the schedule change a little bit like that. So, whoever �wasrunning the show kinda set their own rules for what they were what they felt comfortable with. Yeah. Go ahead. EG: What was the food like? What were some things that stood out that you remember eating? Was it good? They had- Was it Spartan? Was it – DK: So, lunches seemed to be better than dinners and they had some type of a Spanish rice deal that I've never seen duplicated that was just delicious. Just outstanding. I mean it was a good day when you got Spanish rice. [Laughs] It was a good day they when had hamburgers too. They were huge hamburgers and it was just delicious and I can't remember much of the other meals of course they were. Whatever you ate at dinner time would be in the lunch meal somehow. I mean, very little waste going. I remember a lot of the food that peanut butter particular came from the government. I mean [indistinguishable] Looked like a paint can filled of peanut butter with about an inch and a half of oil in there. So, I remember that the rice came infive gallon or five-pound things of rice so that was that was kinda how that was. 29:48 DK: What else can I tell you that's kind of fun? Some of the things in the dorm were really pretty funny. You know that these are all- again, they're in all the same boat. It’s not like there were mixed classes in the dorm yet all the freshman in the same dorm. One time, there was a whippoor-will in the springtime. Every morning about four o'clock is calling out calling out calling out. One of the kids just lost it. He ran down that fire escape. "I'm gonna get that damn bird!" Chased him down, trying to get that whip-poor-will. The way that thing was laid out was that from the dorm to the fire escape in the back went down into the locker room for that dorm. So, we basically got two lockers: one in the dorm area and one down below for the outdoor stuff. That is Saturday. You might be interested in that. Saturdays were around the house chore days. Everybody all week long everybody was assigned a task for a month. you know you may have toilets. You might have sink room. You might have the dorm, you might have a hallway, you might have a classroom. Where ever it was assigned you had for month. On Saturday, it was thorough cleaning day, so and so instead of classes after breakfast in the morning, people will go down into the room where you pick up your mops and you pick up your all that stuff. Buckets and mops, cleaning utensils and stuff. Go ahead. Then, Saturday afternoon was one of the days they would head up to Saugatuck. A lot of guys would go on Saturday afternoon up there. KK: How long was the monastery or the school, how long had it been there when you went there, and how long did it last after you left? DK: The best I can figure this out is that they were using the Phelps Mansion. as the seminary itself. Then, they built the one that I went to the year prior. and that would've been 67 would have been year two. In 72, they sold the building to the state, which made it a low some type of a prison. �KK: It was a prison after. A friend of mine was an auto guard there. DK: So, you'd know more about that than I would. KK: Yeah. DK: They made that into there and what is now the Saugatuck State Park used to be part of the seminary system. One of the recruiting two tools was four hundred acres. So, we used to take those saucers and if you didn't go down to Beach Road. You kind of veered off towards the dunes. Closer to the lake. The goal was to ride that saucer fast enough down those dunes, you'd hit the last thing, you'd catapult up in the air, and you'd land on the beach. That was the goal. [laughs] EG: How often could you do that? When the conditions were right, was that feasible? DK: It was doable. Trouble is it wasn't fun once you did it. [Laugh] You hit pretty hard coming down. It was like, man…. EG: I've seen those saucers with the dents in them. DK: Yes, yes. EG: And a long walk back. DK: A long walk back. But, it was, for those guys who liked speed, it was faster than the Beach Road. But, it was shorter, much shorter. The ride was 150 ft. KK: Now, you brought some yearbooks, didn't you? DK: Yeah, I did. KK: When you look through, is there anything DK: Well, like I said, there's a lot of high school stuff. Here's another picture of the seminary from the Phelps Mansion. KK: See, yeah, that's a much larger building than I expected. DK: Yeah, right in the middle, right in the middle from this angle here you're looking at the library and across the from library would be that the Chapel. They had a beautiful - that old folk's home for those priests was a beautiful facility. As you came in, it was like a rotunda. You come into the rotunda, you turn to the right, and they had all of these little alcoves, about five of them, where these older priests would be celebrating mass everyday, just by themselves and a �server. One of the seminarians would be a server and stuff. The chapels were all mosaic, just pretty. 34:50 DK: Yeah, I don't know. Like I said, all of this stuff is high school stuff. It's just, things that happen in every high school that I can tell you stories about. But, I won't. There's nothing different about it. Here's another dorm picture. EG: Okay, yeah. KK: Oh yeah, that's interesting. Just beds, a series of beds. There you are. DK: There I am, right there. [All chuckle] EG: Now, there's students in the seminary from all over Michigan and Illinois, or? DK: Well, I know there was people from Detroit, Gross Point. I know those people from Flint were there. a lot of people from Chicago because Duddley Day worked with Saint Rita's Parish which is where he lived in Saint Rita's which was Augustinian, which was six miles from my house. Maybe something like that. There's a lot of parishes in there between, so he did all that. I know that Southern Michigan had some representative. I couldn't tell you exactly where they came from, but it just depended on how well the recruiter did. KK: That's really interesting because it's, well there were schools in every other major cities. You know that the monks or whatever or brothers would run and just kind of interesting. A lot of sports involvement, obviously. DK: Yeah well, you had to do something everyday, so intermural football, intermural softball, intermural basketball. Some volleyball, not all that much. EG: You made some mention of the Vatican, too the reforms, changes. What sorts of things, I don't know how to ask this exactly, but what sorts of changes did you see in the Church or in the school? DK: This was back when the, we went from the mass where the priest was with his back to you to looking at you. The Latin went out of the mass. There were major changes in structure. From our point of view every class they had of us will I believe that they were in their second semester of freshman year. Early as the sophomore, they got a casik or a black garb with a hood on it and a black belt. When we were ready to do that, they decided they didn't wanna give us casiks. we got a green jacket. You know but these guys, I mean they sleep late and they not even get dressed, they'd just put the casik on, put the cincher on, and go down. I mean we to had do all this other stuff and those -. �KK: That's interesting. You didn't like that as much? DK: No. KK: Yeah, for the robe. DK: Yeah, exactly right. EG: Probably for teenagers as well, there's probably a certain coolness. DK: Oh yeah, yeah. Let's see some pictures of all those guys you… KK: Yes, I noticed the casicks right away, and I was wondering. Right before you brought it up, I noticed the picture. DK: Yeah. DK: I know what those were. DK: All those guys were ahead of us. KK: Did a lot of them become monks or priests? DK: I would imagine that some classes had none that made it all the way through. Some classes had one or two. I think our class wanna say that three became ordained One became an Augustinian who ran the show here. At least two others became ordained from a different organization. That's my recollection. KK: That's very interesting. DK: One of the guys that came through the the system was younger than me became a bishop. I think. I wanna say his name is Dewicki. I'm not sure. It could be that I could get him mixed up with somebody else. KK: Yeah. DK: Anyways, he's a Bishop, and the Order is very proud of that happening. EG: Oh, sure. KK: Oh, and you know, it's kind of funny, because when you hear people talking about the Phelps Mansion, you hear about it being the prison and all that, but and you hear a little about it being a monastery, but you never that it was a big school. You know what I mean? So, my �thought was, monastery means they were just in the mansion. No, no. But obviously that was quite a campus. 39:57 DK: There's probably, if you figure, maybe 120 altogether. So, it was pretty good, but one of the memories is that when Christmas time we had to put on some sort of - it was our turn to put on the play at Christmas time and we wanted to honor the Spanish nuns that did the cooking. The cloister was full of Spanish and across the way. So, we wanted them to teach us this Christmas song. You know, in Spanish and stuff, so we went and walked over there. You couldn’t see them. They had on.... a screen between. UNKNOWN: Is it, are you doing the oral history? KK: Yes, give us a little right, okay. DK: So, anyway they had the screen between us so I never did see what they looked like. It was kind of interesting they're extremely friendly and did a nice job. At least, we thought it was a nice job. [Laughs] What would we know? It was kinda fun. KK: I think that it's kind of interesting that that all existed on one campus, too. DK: For sure. EG: Yeah, fascinating, interesting too. It sounds like you were, not surprisingly, kind of set off from you know, you were there in some sort of isolation. DK: Yeah. EG: Sure. Lots of stuff going on in the late 1960s in Saugatuck and elsewhere. Music, popular culture, news. Was there a lot of discussion about that? DK: Some. EG: Were you really kind of isolated from what was going on? DK: It was interesting that especially on Saturday, they used to play music through the loud speaker on Saturday, but all the music was approved by a priest. KK: Yeah, okay. DK: It wasn't like … EG: They wouldn't play The Doors necessarily. �DK: No, not necessarily. A lot of Mamas and The Papas, you know, stuff like that. One of the guys that joined the seminary, not as a freshman, I think he joined as a junior, or something. He was a very talented guitar player and he brought influence, he brought a guitar influence into the mass. this is back when things were starting to get lax. One of the rooms was almost like a coffee shop where this guy could sit and play. And people could hang out there. For as long as they wanted to do that, but he was a he brought different music into the mass like "Tell Me Why You're Crying, My Son." I don't know if you guys remember that? KK: I'd have to hear more of it. DK: [Sings lyrics to "Tell Me Why You're Crying, My Son"] KK: Yeah, it's ringing a bell. DK: [Continues to sing] "... through your loving eyes. take my hand my son. All be done be done your when day is done." So anyways, he brought that in. He brought a lot of Bob...Bob's...not Bob Seiger.... KK: Dylan? DK: Yes. He brought Dylan's stuff into the service. It was a time of change. When I was there, they had three different people running the show. It went from very conservative, very more rigid to more lax than I was comfortable with. Just like [indistinguishable] That's just how it went. It was just part of the times part of the people that were involved. It was interesting experience. I'm really glad that I did it, you know? I had a lot of fun, a lot of fun. EG: That's wonderful. KK: We're glad you did too, because you're the only person that I've talked with that has mentioned even that experience. And again, even when a person lives here quite a while, there are things by the end that you don't know about. There really are. You guys never went to Holland, either, or did you? DK: When I was a junior we had this kid that was in my class was very creative. You know, we're trying to raise money and this is one little room inside the school in the basement that wasn't used for anything. 45:00 DK: It had the trophy case, which of course had no trophies in it. [Chuckles] EG: That's what they were praying for. [Laughs] DK: That was it! Some days, it was for the trophy case. Anyway, we decided as a class. This was the kid's idea to create a bakery. Now, here you've got a population of people. Every one of have birthdays at that table and stuff. Everybody wants to treat their table for whatever. We �opened up a bakery and our supply came from Holland. One of the priests went into Holland every day, bought you know, discounted bakery goods because we're buying in quantity. He came back in, we'd sell these things, and man we were making money. We're making a lot of money. Just selling these pies and cakes and dinner rolls. You know sweet rolls. It gets a little interesting because twice we were robbed. Alright. It becomes very interesting in terms of what forces would force force a kid to rob the Bakery. Well, you know, that's life. We're assuming it was a kid. We're assuming it wasn't a priest, but there's nothing that said it couldn't have been. KK: Right. DK: No one ever knew who did it. No one, no one pursued no one investigated. Just sort of sucked it up. So, that was an interesting thing. So, you know. KK: It's interesting what. When you sold the goods, did you have to turn the money in? What was the story there? DK: We were saving it for something. I can't remember what. I know that we, we made the money I thought it was all going to go to a charity or something, a party or whatnot. I don't, I don't remember what. You know was there no distribution between the Juniors saying that you were going to get your piece of the pie. That was not the discussion. It was all going to be used for something. It was interesting. KK: Yeah, that's interesting. If that's a question with one of our, another interviews, were there any shenanigans or trouble that people got into? Run ins with getting into detention? Those kinds of things? DK: Oh, yeah. They called it Jug, for whatever reason I don't know. But when you misbehaved you had to spend time doing stuff sitting in the room or whatever. I remember one time I came out of that locker room and in in the basement, and I just this was a Saturday morning and we just finished cleaning and we're gonna go do something that was exciting. I ran to the doors, smacked right into the biology teacher. That was a joke. [All Laugh] DK: So, that happens. So, yeah, kids would misbehave, and they would go into the Jug and stuff. That combination from a priest's perspective is very interesting who all was there, because you've got your retired folks, you got the priests that wanted to be there, you, you know, the younger ones that wanted to influence the seminarians and stuff. You got priests that were basically on their way out of the priesthood, that they were using this as a reflection period of time to see. Like you said, it's isolated, give some time to rethink things �There was one priest there. that probably got there because of sexual tendencies. Misbehavior, maybe, I don't know, but he was isolated out into that... Well... that you know of [laughs]. One that I know of, that's exactly right. He never did anything in the seminary that I know, but everybody was aware and cautious of the whole things but... Some people struggle. you know people struggle with whatever environment that they're in. KK: Okay, well, I really have no other questions, I don't think. DK: Okay. KK: Is there anything that you wanted to ask us? 50:00 DK: No, not really. KK: Okay. DK: Like I said, thank you guys for the opportunity to share. KK: We're glad to get this on tape, we really are. EG: Oh, yeah, that was fascinating. One other question that I'll ask you which is a wrap up question that I really like is. We'll be thinking about who we see in these interviews for a long time. So, imagine someone's listening to this fifty years from now or more from now. What would you like them most to know about your life? Or about the community here? DK: It was an outstanding opportunity. It was a lot of fun, you know, being… going in with the attitude that I'm going to start all over again make whatever I wanted to make out of this happen with the environment with a bunch of guys was a lot of fun. It did... I didn't have the… the same high school experiences that most kids have. So, in terms of dating all of that is a delay in all of that happening but I wouldn't have passed it up. It was a good thing. It was good while I was there, and it was good when it was time to leaves. KK: So okay. thank you very much. This concludes the interview. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-KarpowiczD-20181001 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Karpowicz, Dave Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-10-01 Title A name given to the resource Dave Karpowicz (audio interview and transcript) 2018 Description An account of the resource Dave Karpowicz discusses his time at the Phelps Mansion and his experiences being a high school seminarian. He also discusses his time outside of Saugatuck-Douglas, as well as what brought him back to the region. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kutzel, Ken (interviewer) Gollanek, Eric (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Theological seminaries Outdoor recreation Oral history Audio recordings Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Stories of Summer project, Kutsche Office of Local History. Grand Valley State University Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/954bc6beffe28e1d41ade01a487be8c7.mp4 99482344831b53876b85a4b1bbe160e6 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/70070bc602bd85a9d5b1b0fd7c06b0f8.pdf 137e467e6f442f661e6782e08e53379d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project World War II Bill Karpowicz Total Time (01:12:18) Background (00:00:48)  Bill was born February 10th, 1924 in Muskegon, Michigan and had four sisters; Bill's father worked as a shoe repairman and in a foundry while his mother worked for Amazon Mills (00:01:55) ◦ Bill enlisted in the military on February 18th, 1942 right after he turned 18 and wound up in the Marine Corps (00:02:53) Military Training (00:03:05)  Bill had previously served in the National Guard in G Company, 126th Infantry 32nd Division in Muskegon, but had been too young to go with them when they were mobilized in October 1940 (00:03:17) ◦ Bill did his Marine boot camp at Camp Elliot in San Diego, California (00:04:19) ▪ The recruits mostly did rifle and bayonet practice- anything that pertained to combat; he mentions that the military had to train you and get you to combat in a fast manner (00:05:05)  Bill's training in California lasted for 12 weeks; there was no liberty to move about town as they had to stay at the base (00:06:35)  From Camp Elliot Bill went to North Carolina and became part of the 3rd infantry Marine Division- which became Camp Lejeune (00:07:47) ◦ Bill was stayed in North Carolina from June to November of 1942 (00:09:30) ▪ He trained on a M1903 Springfield rifle and then the M1 Garand semiautomatic rifle as well as pistols, machine guns, and mortars (00:10:49) ▪ Bill arrived at Camp Pendleton, California via train all the way across the country (00:11:50)  The training at Camp Pendleton involved hills and water training where they had to qualify to swim (00:14:15)  Bill was put on a massive ship to cross the pacific which fit around 6,000 troops; there was a ceremony once the ship crossed the equator and some troops were hazed as part of the ritual (00:17:13) ◦ The men picked were called “oddballs” or “pollywogs” and were hazed as part of crossing the equator process (00:17:55) ◦ Bill landed in February of 1943 in Auckland, New Zealand (00:19:07) ◦ The training in New Zealand, which was very mountainous, consisted of hikes of 25 and 75 miles (00:20:44) ▪ After New Zealand, Bill and the other men went to Guadalcanal for a few months of training (00:21:42) ▪ Bill was stationed near an airbase where there was often air raids in the nighttime (00:22:53) ▪ Bill's training in Guadalcanal consisted of how the Japanese fought (00:23:59) �◦ To prevent catching malaria, Bill had to take a pill called Atabrine which fought off malaria (00:25:45) Combat & Additional Training (00:26:28)  Bill moved to Bougainville Island around the fall of 1943 (00:26:28) ◦ There was fighting going on at Bougainville between the Japanese and United States (00:29:15) ◦ Although Bill's first introduction to combat was at Bougainville, he comments that it was peaceful compared to the other islands in the area (00:29:54) ▪ Bill was sent back to Guadalcanal for training after a stint in Bougainville (00:30:20)  After Guadalcanal, he was then sent to Marshall Islands for additional trainingmostly swimming (00:31:23) ◦ Bill was with M-Company, a weapons company- mortars and machine guns; he was then transferred to K-Company which was just rifles (00:32:50) ▪ After Bougainville, Bill was sent to Guam; Bill's division was the first wave in Guam (00:33:25) ▪ The Japanese did not resist their landing on the beach in Guam until Bill and the other men reached the first hill (00:34:15)  As Bill and his company went further inland, he encountered the Japanese for the first time as combat ensued (00:36:56)  A banzai attack included a rush of Japanese infantry forces at night after they drank their booze or sake; the Japanese would pick up their dead and leave by the time morning cam (00:38:16)  Bill's time in Guam was spent patrolling and defending against bonzai attacks (00:39:49) ◦ Bill was on the front line and although the Japanese got quite close, they never broke into the line (00:41:13) ◦ Bill was injured in the leg by shrapnel from a grenade in a firefight against the Japanese (00:44:22) ▪ Bill stayed at the first aid station for a few days; after he stayed on a galley with the cooks where he tried sake for the first time (00:44:57) Iwo Jima (00:46:37)  Bill spent six months on Guam before he moved off to Iwo Jima (00:46:37) ◦ There wasn't much communication between Bill and his family as it took a while for letters to be mailed (00:47:30) ▪ Bill's regiment was not part of the initial assault at Iwo Jima as they came at a later date (00:49:04) ▪ By the time Bill's regiment landed, the initial firing had stopped and it was quiet (00:49:35) ▪ While serving at Iwo Jima, Bill saw some pretty gruesome injuries to his fellow servicemen take place (00:52:09)  Bill mentioned that the enemy was well hidden into the ground and would pop out and surprise them at certain times (00:52:55) ◦ Iwo Jima was a dangerous place at the time; there were minefields in certain �◦ areas- Bill had some close calls (00:53:48) The Japanese had hidden artillery and mortars; they would probe and attack mostly at night (00:54:39) ▪ “A lot” of Bill's company got killed or wounded while at Iwo Jima; “luck of the draw” is how he described Iwo Jima (00:56:42)  Bill was on Iwo Jima for about a week before he was sent back to Guam (00:57:50)  No matter how bad combat was, the morale was up- if it was down the men would not have survived (00:58:08) ◦ The Marine Corps was trained to move on down the line if a lieutenant or captain was killed or injured (00:59:38) Back to the United States (01:01:45)  Bill and the regiment took a ship back to the United States and landed at San Pedro, Los Angeles, California; from their they went to the Marine Corps base and called home (01:03:02) ◦ Bill received a 30 day furlough home for leave; home was “entirely different” for Bill this time around (01:03:35) ◦ He traveled from San Diego to Chicago to Muskegon via train (01:04:09) ▪ After his 30 day furlough Bill was sent to DeLand, Florida (01:05:03)  Bill did security at a naval air station in Florida and continued training in the swamplands (01:05:24) ◦ Bill received his discharge papers right after the two atomic bombs hit Japan; he took a bus from DeLand to Daytona and then a plane home (01:07:43) ▪ After military life, Bill worked as a printmaker at a printshop in Muskegon (01:08:33)  Bill graduated from High School while working at a printshop; thereafter he worked as a policeman in Grand Rapids and since has retired (01:10:33) ◦ Bill says he enjoyed every bit of his Marine Corps time (01:11:28) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KarpowiczW1529V Title A name given to the resource Karpowicz, William (Interview outline and video), 2013 Description An account of the resource Bill was born on February 10th, 1924 in Muskegon, Michigan. He enlisted in the military on February 18th, 1942 right after he turned 18 and was placed in the Marine Corps. He did his boot camp at Camp Elliot in San Diego, California. From Camp Elliot Bill went to North Carolina and became part of the 3rd infantry Marine Division- which became Camp Lejeune. After training in Auckland, New Zealand, Bill was sent to Guadalcanal for additional training. Bill partook in fighting at Bougainville Island in the fall of 1943; he was then sent back to Guadalcanal. From there, Bill and his division were sent to Guam. Bill received the Purple Heart in Guam after he was hit with shrapnel from a Japanese grenade. After six months in Guam, Bill was sent to Iwo Jima where he encountered heavy fighting as his regiment took many casualties. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Karpowicz, William Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-09-19 Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b2779b2581d3e16c8cb95feb8e962f56.mp4 2eccd7fd2151ccb6e355f57fea74a68b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0a0b6eb0dc2ae8d5bb6ee7d916a943ab.pdf ed1dd17d86d116398872f25ae509733d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Iraq Interviewee: Joshua Karr Length of Interview: 01:02:30 Background                  He was born in 1979 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His family grew up in Wyoming, but by the time he was born they lived in Marne, where he grew up. His dad is a Master Electrician. His mom worked at the Post Office. He started high school at Kenowa, but his parents decided to home school him for the last three years of his high school. He finished school in 1998. After school, he went out and got himself a couple jobs. He was a cook at 2 or 3 different restaurants in the following 3 or 4 years. When the 9/11 attacks happened he was actually sleeping. He had an apartment with his brother, who had woken him up to watch the T.V. At first he didn’t know why he got up to see a plane hit a building, but then he saw the second one get hit. And then someone hit the pentagon, and he knew it was war. He would speak to his recruiter 2 months later and months after that he was in boot camp. He had considered joining the military before. When he was 18, he spoke to a recruiter, but decided that it wasn’t for him at the time. He had checked in with the Navy when he was 18 because they had sent him some junk mail saying that his test scores had qualified him for the nuclear program. When he did decide to sign up for the military, he just decided it was his turn to go to war. He figured that every generation has to serve and it was his turn. His dad was the only man from his immediate family who did not go into the military. He was going to but his wife said that he couldn’t because he had kids. Two of his brothers were Navy; one of them was a lifer. He had another brother who was a Marine. After he decided to join, he had to go through some pre-screening at the recruiter’s office. They checked for height and weight requirements, criminal record and other basic things. There would be further criminal screening and ongoing physical tests after that. He would go to boot camp at Great Lakes, in Chicago. Great Lakes (4:30)    When he got there, it was the only Navy basic training camp left. They wanted to centralize because they felt too spread out having three different locations. There were about 10 groups of 80 men each who would be graduating every Friday. The training that he got was 8-10 weeks long. �                        The men in his group were from all over the country, a couple from a different part of the world. They were mostly between 18 and 20. One guy was 17½ because his parents signed a release to get him in early. He doesn’t think there was anyone in his division who was older than he was. They were close enough in age that they didn’t feel so different from each other. The basic training program didn’t allow anyone to feel differently from one another either. During his training he would have some classroom time, but it was difficult to stay awake during that because they also had a sleep deprivation program as well. No one would sleep more than 3 hours on any given night all through basic training. There was a lot of physical training. He remembers a lot of marching, but they didn’t run. He said that they were made to run everywhere in summer, but he was there in winter. Some of the guys who were below average had to run everywhere anyway. Because of the training style, he would still have to run every day in boot camp. The main emphasis of the camp was discipline and order. They wanted the men there to learn the nautical terms, learn how to wear uniforms, etc. but the main thing they had to learn was to shut up and follow orders. Adjusting to the lifestyle varied among the men of his group. Some of them would never figure it out. They actually have a reverse training transfer to keep you in boot camp indefinitely. One guy was there for 9 months and petitioned to get a promotion. You were supposed to be promoted to E2 after 9 months. Some guys there lived for it and it was much easier for them. One of the drill instructors he had who was kind of scary. He would not speak until it was time to discipline someone. Another one threw a lot of tantrums and was more lively than frightening. There was one who was just like one of the guys. He figured that was just the way things worked out, to have different kinds of drill instructors. In retrospect, he thinks it may have been that way on purpose to keep things balanced. Once he is done with boot camp, he went to Machinist School, which was also in Great Lakes. (8:34) He had to wait 3 days to have the bus take them basically across the street. This training was more academic. There was probably 15-20 guys to a class. It was the basics of mechanical works, including what things were called to how they worked. He would get a little bit of everything from electrical to plumbing. All the instructors were military Machinist Mates, except for one of his classes was an engineer. All of them were NCO’s mostly E6’s, a couple were E5’s. There were different phases of liberty. The one he was in allowed him to roam freely, but he had to be in his uniform if he was coming or going from base. There was not much to do around there, mostly he and his friends would take the train up and down the Lake Michigan coast and hit different cities along the way. Kenosha was probably where they spent the most time. �  After this portion of his training was done, he got 2 weeks of home leave to go see his family before shipping out. He would go to San Diego, where he served aboard the USS Constellation for about a year. Active Duty (11:45) The Pacific                 The “Conny” was a huge aircraft carrier, about three football fields long on top. It was tall, about 8 decks and 11 levels. It took about 3,000 men to actually run the boat and another 2-3,000 to man the aircraft on there. The enlisted men slept in rooms filled with racks. He measured his once, it was 1½ x 2 x 6 feet long. 18 cubic feet was pretty standard for each person. If you were taller than that your feet get crunched up and you don’t sleep as well as some of the smaller guys. There were two main mess decks for food. You basically stood in line until you got your food. Standing in line was probably one of the most important parts of his training, at least he thinks. He had never actually seen the ocean before he joined the Navy. When they had first gone out to sea, he had expected there to be some sort of sea sickness but there wasn’t. The carrier was just too big to be unbalanced. He could feel them go under way, but there was no rocking of any sort. He was in the fire room side of the main space, which made him a boiler operator. Since he was brand new, he was a messenger. He went around and took readings of the equipment and reported them to the guy who was actually supposed to take the readings so he could sign the log. He would run to whatever shop he needed to visit because that’s what messengers did. He did that for about 7 months. There was always something new happening, so it was never too boring. They had really pushed for different hours of guard time. At first it was 6 hours of guard time and 6 hours of down time. Most of them spent their down time sleeping because it was so hot. Eventually they got down to 4 and 8 and he managed to qualify for an upper level man. This job was a lot more interesting than his last one because he got to control the valves that controlled the boiler feed water. The boiler was a 1200 PI Foster boiler, which burned diesel fuel. The keel was laid in 1968 and the boilers were original equipment. It took a lot to keep them maintained. Almost every time they shut it down there was something they had to fix. The control systems were newer. The original watch team would have needed 50 men to operate it. They were down to about 12 men. So having about 5,000 men on the ship was more efficient than they were before. This allowed for more airplanes to be on the ship. �                       When he was based in San Diego, they were never in port there for more than a couple of weeks. They were getting ready to deploy so they were out at sea a lot testing equipment. Most of the little trials they did lasted anywhere from 1-3 weeks, but some of them went longer. At some point, they did circles around Hawaii. They would also go through the China Sea. They would stop by Hong Kong and Singapore. They would also go into the Persian Gulf. But when they got him to the base, he had to go home. So when they got to the base, they got him on a plane and finished going around the world from there back to Grand Rapids. He would fly back from Grand Rapids and got back on the ship when the war was officially declared in Iraq. They all knew it was time for the war and the only reason that they watched the news was to find out if they had declared war yet. While they were headed across the Pacific and into the Gulf, they mostly worked and slept. There were a lot of jokes going on to try and keep the place lively. Mostly they just worked and slept. When they flew him out they used both military and civilian airplanes. He was not in uniform because they were so close to war. Once they found out the war was official, everyone was very happy. They had kept the boat going, but it was pointless. All they did was drive it around in circles. Now, they had what they finally signed up to do. (22:10) Watching the news didn’t really help anyway, because they did not know what was really going on. They didn’t see the things that he saw. One time he saw a goat floating in the water, dead and bloated. Mostly though, he saw valves and gauges. There were ships all over when they got to the Arabian Sea. He saw ships from Canada, Australia, Britain, and many more from all over. They did manage to get into port at Bahrein and when they got there, they were told that there was a curse that if you did not go and see the tree of life, which was a tree growing out in the desert, that you were doomed to go back 7 times. He’s been there 6 times and has never seen the tree. He spent about 4 months in that tour in the Gulf. From there they would go to Australia. By the time they had arrived there, they would be the third aircraft carrier to dock. They would land in Perth. The Australian people were happy that the soldiers were there to help boost their economy, but they were kind of sick of soldiers by the time that his ship arrived there. During his time at sea, he would get a chance to go on land and visit at the places his ship stopped. As a junior enlisted, his liberty time was around 8 or 9 when the sun when down before he had to be back aboard the ship. In the friendlier countries, he was allowed to stay out all night. So when he got to Australia, he got off the ship and got a hotel room. He slept for about 18 hours because there was nothing there to wake him up. �         In Hong Kong, the civilians did not really notice them. He and his buddy got lost and tried to get directions from this older white man, but he didn’t understand them. His buddy would also lose his ATM card while in Hong Kong as well. He put it in an ATM machine and he didn’t know if it was because you were supposed to put the numbers in a different order or what, but they heard the shredder going in the machine and he lost his card. They finally found an office building and walked in. He felt like he had asked it 100 times, “Does anybody here speak English?” and this little guy popped up and was very excited, saying that he spoke English. He was very happy to help them out. After they left Australia, they reported into Hawaii, Pear Harbor, and stayed there for a couple of days. It was fun. He remembers a couple of older guys talking about the exchange rate there, but he didn’t believe them. Turns out you did have to exchange. It was very expensive as almost everything was twice as much as the dollar bills that they had. From there they went back to San Diego. They would decommission the Constellation when they got back. The crew would spend a lot of time gutting the ship and trying to put it back in its original condition. They were not going to scrap it, but they were basically mothballing it. This would take a couple of months. He stayed on the ship as long as he would let him. He did not want to stay in a barracks. The Atlantic (29:00)           When they were done with the ship, they could decide what they wanted to do next. While he was on the phone with his detailer, someone told him to go to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration School. So he did. And from there he would head to the east coast. He would go to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration School, around the Norfolk area for about 10 weeks. That was mostly classroom education with a little bit of laboratory. They knew that there was no point in really giving them a lot of hands-on experience because he would either be put on a new boat, which wouldn’t really need maintenance, or he would be put on an older one, where he would learn on the job. When he was in Port, it was mostly like a 9-5 job, but it was 6-4, so he got a lot of time off. The people there didn’t have a lot of opinion on the military as they were so used to it being right there in town. It wasn’t like a small town where there was a lot of support for soldiers, but they did not hate them either. He would be assigned to the USS Enterprise. It would be around the same time as the Constellation, so a bit older. This ship would be nuclear powered. He had to operate and maintain huge air conditioning units on the ship. One of them weighed 300 tons! He would also have to maintain refrigeration units as well, weighing about 5 tons. He would also have to maintain all of the peripheral units as well, like the ice makers and the water pipes. �                     It was a lot of work keeping them maintained because it was all old equipment. They had plenty of men to keep things running. There was more work sometimes more than others, but they had a pretty good maintenance system. However, some things just can’t be prevented. The nastiest job he had as a repairman was when he had to climb into the mud drum on the Constellation. It was gross. On both of the ships he had to work in the bilge. There are a lot of leaks and it is really gross down there. His work ranges from repairing pipes to replacing motors, to getting them repainted. When he finished the schooling, he would have to fly out to meet the Enterprise, which had already gone out to sea. After landing near a port, they took a private ex-military ship out to the Enterprise. When they got close enough they took a Puma to the carrier. When they got there, there was an induct orientation. They had a two-week course that went over everything. They covered racial sensitivity to where places are located on the ship. About 10% of the crew was female and they had all the same jobs as the men did. The atmosphere on the ship was uniform based. It didn’t matter your color or your gender, it depended on what uniform you wore. (39:30) Khaki enlisted are E7-E9, there are kind of elite and a group all of their own. Their job is mostly paperwork and office work. They didn’t really do anything anymore. To get to E7 was around 15 years, so many of these are career people. Most of them stayed in about 30 years. When there was time off you could go to the movie. He went to a bar in downtown Norfolk. When you are at sea, there was closed circuit T.V. on board. Sometimes, Hollywood stars would come on their ships and promote their movies. They would get to watch them before anybody else. Ben Affleck came out with his movie Paycheck. The movie was awful. Drew Carey came out once, some baseball player as well. Sometimes they would get time to use the email or the phone. The phone was almost impossible to get through, but the emailing was a little more convenient. There times when they shut down the computers so no one could use them. When they turn them back on, there was usually a line of people waiting to use them. He likes the snail mail, aka the postal service mail. Part of it was because his mom worked for the post office. Another thing was because it would almost a guarantee that you would get something. There would be times when some would accidentally get knocked overboard and your care packages were not always in good condition. He wrote home a lot. When he say something was really neat to him he would write home. He doesn’t know about mail, but all electronic communication is subject to monitoring and termination if necessary. When he was on the Enterprise they went to the Persian Gulf. There was a port there near Dubai where they would get off and look around. They called it “the sandbox”. It �                  was just a piece of land the military bought or borrowed or something and built a huge wall around it. Sometimes if it was safe enough they could take a cab out to Dubai. He was over there on the Enterprise from 2004-2006. They would travel to a couple of different places in that time. They once went to England and it happened to be the 4th of July. That was a really bad idea. There were a lot of fights and they ran out of handcuffs so a security officer had to come back and grab a bunch of zip-ties. A lot of the fights started in pubs and the Americans would celebrate and the British would not really care about it. When they got back under way he did get to talk to some of the guys who were in the fights. The fights were mostly American Pride vs. the British Pride. He would also go through the Suez Canal, but he didn’t go topside. Instead he had to watch a machine that wasn’t running. He thought it was really stupid. But some of the guys who were topside said if they had rock they could throw to one side and hit Africa and throw to the other side to hit Europe. Egypt had a bunch of tanks parked up on the ridge there in case any of the passing ships started something. (50:00) He remembers when they went to Seattle. It took about 3 weeks to get there, mostly because Navy ships don’t travel in straight lines. But he remembers pulling into the port and he smelled the pine trees and he just wanted off the ship. He wanted trees instead of people. You get tired of people eventually when on a ship. He would mostly hang out with the guys he worked with. When he was in Norfolk he kept to himself. When his time was up, he considered staying on, but he really didn’t want it. Advancement exams were part of it. He would advance quickly at first, but eventually he got passed over for E5 promotion. So when it was time for him to get out they tempted him with E5 promotion, but he felt they had missed their chance for that. He felt that he served his time. He had no idea what he wanted to do when he got back. He had GI bill eligibility and he thought he would go to school eventually, but what he really wanted was to relax and get some “any Joe” job, which he did. He would work at a liquor store for a while. He loved it, but he didn’t know why. January of 2006 was when he went out. Post Duty (54:55)    When he got out, he was actually home, on terminal leave. He kind of had mixed feelings about that because he was still in, but he wasn’t. It was just weird. He would go to college as Grand Rapids Community College. With an Associates Degree, he thought he would have a higher paid job. �           He thought the experience he got on the ship would help him get a job, but that didn’t help either. When he met with the heating and cooling guys, they didn’t want to retrain him from what he saw on the ship to what he would see in homes. From his experience in the Navy, he would always remember going around the world twice. Even before he learned to drive. He also got to serve his country in a time of need. He also feels that he has some pretty awesome bragging rights for where he’s been and what he’s done. One time, he looked up the word veteran in the dictionary, just to see what it said, and it is synonymous with the word “old”. So he feels old. He thinks everyone should do it. In fact, if everyone did join, then they could probably shorten the enlistment time from 4 years to 2 years. Mostly though, he thinks that if everyone served, this country would be a bit stronger. When they were on the Enterprise, they found videos on the ship. They don’t know who made them or when, but they watched them. One was about a man who found a bra on the ship and took it to the incinerator room and burned it. He thought it was a pretty funny movie. He would see some of the natives in Bahrein were burning the US flag. It was a little unsettling. There was also a time where he heard a man shouting a prayer and they didn’t know what to do. It was strange. Before he got off at any of the places, he had to learn about some of the things that you did or did not do when at that specific city. For example, giving an Arab the “thumbs up” is like giving us the middle finger. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KarrJ Title A name given to the resource Karr, Joshua (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Karr, Joshua Description An account of the resource Joshua Karr served in the US Navy from 2002-2006, during the war with Iraq. The first half of his enlistment would be spent in the Pacific on the USS Constellation, which was sent to the Persian Gulf when the Iraq War started. He worked primarily in the engine room. When the Constellation was decommissioned, he transferred to the Enterprise, which was based at Norfolk and cruised in the Atlantic. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01-06 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1276c4630d81314ccbb164345bbb17c6.pdf 8b39937dd57282e284d39df99ab41147 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project David Katona War in Afghanistan 8 minutes 24 seconds (00:00:04) Early Life -Born in 1989 -Has two older sisters -Mother worked as a nurse -Father worked as a veterinarian -In high school prior to enlisting (00:00:42) Enlisting in the Marines & Training -Father had served in the military -He was in fifth grade when the September 11th Attacks happened -Wanted to do something to help fight back -17 years old when he talked to a Marine recruiter -Trained for a year in Michigan before starting training on the delayed-entry program -Chose the Marines because he wanted to be the “best of the best” -In retrospect, basic training was fun -At the time it was shocking and totally unexpected -Had to learn how to do everything the proper, Marines way -Right down to tying his shoes -Had a pretty easy time adjusting to the Marines (00:02:34) Serving in Afghanistan -Did a tour in Afghanistan from 2008 to 2009 -Stationed in Helmand Province, Afghanistan at a base 30 miles from the Pakistani border -Relieved another American unit at the base -Within the first two weeks of being there they made contact with enemy troops -By the end of the fight the enemy had been pushed out of the area -Afghan civilians were normal people -Just uninformed and primitive people -Formed long term friendships with Marines on his deployment -Especially the Marines in his squad (00:04:22) Contact with Home -For the first two months in Afghanistan the only way he could call home was with a satellite phone -Eventually had a communications tent set up at his base -Had computers, phones, and an internet connection -Allowed a half hour of internet time every day (00:04:47) End of Service -He was out of the Marines by the time U.S. involvement in Afghanistan ended -Had gotten discharged due to the military being downsized (00:05:09) Life after Service -Had an alright time readjusting to civilian life -Most days have been alright -Family greeted him in North Carolina when he came home -Threw him a party at a local hotel and bought him a nice dinner -Not a member of any veterans' organizations, but he still gets together with friends from the Marines �(00:06:29) Reflections on Service -Matured quickly in the Marines -Only 18 years old when he first saw combat -The kind of perspective he wouldn't have gotten elsewhere -Biggest lesson he learned in Afghanistan was to keep his head down (00:07:15) Miscellaneous Details -Had a deployment in Afghanistan and a Sea Service deployment -Note: Means that he served aboard a ship -Attained the rank of E4 (corporal) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_KatonaD1846V Title A name given to the resource Katona, David Ferenc (Interview outline), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-02-15 Description An account of the resource David Katona was born in 1989. When he was 17 years old he enlisted in the Marines and when he turned 18 he reported for basic training. He did a tour in Afghanistan from 2008 to 2009 and was stationed in the Helmand Province of Afghanistan at a base 30 miles from the Pakistani border. During his time in Afghanistan he carried out patrols and engaged enemy forces in the area. After the tour in Afghanistan he returned to the United States at North Carolina and was discharged sometime after that and before U.S. involvement in Afghanistan ended in 2014. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katona, David Ferenc Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Maier, Courtney (Interviewer) Bredeweg, Mackenzi (Interviewer) Cheeks, Jada (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/512bcfdb21c67d8fd8810c0d1c8c6323.mp4 551c462bad506db3d1c3e199cb2664b7 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f3772e98ceb369a536a81201c3a4ebcf.pdf 6d64bd252e14aba12a861fcc4c5234d2 PDF Text Text August Katsma (1:00:45) (00:01) Background Information • August was born on November 11, 1917 in Grand Rapids, Michigan • His father worked in the furniture business • He left school in 1934 to work • August worked in a plating room, in construction, and at a metal office furniture manufacturer • In 1937 he joined the National Guard and was put into the 126th infantry • He played for the band in the National Guard • In the 126th infantry he was assigned to be a medic • He got married and then he was drafted after Pearl Harbor was attacked • August was working when he heard about Pearl Harbor being attacked and was concerned about what was going on overseas before the attack • On April 22, 1941 he was drafted (11:12) Training • He was sent to Fort Custer and then to Fort Riley in Kansas for Military Police training • August was taught how to do police work for about three months • He had basic training at the same time as his MP training • Next he was sent to Fort Meyer, Virginia where the officers were very strict • They had to put on full gear and march for 40 miles • His job was to do guard duty and he remained there until late 1941 • He was then sent to Boeing Field and put on the plotting board • August was part of the coastal artillery unit as a private • He was sent to a special service camp in North Carolina to be in their band and orchestra • They put on shows for the servicemen and raised money for the war �• He was also in charge of the recreation hall • August was reassigned to Camp Sibert, Alabama to Grey’s Registration Unit (28:52) Deployment • On his way to the Philippines they stopped at Pearl Harbor and August had one day leave to go on the island • After they left for Manila, the end of the war was announced • August worked in the morgue and had to document the dead • There were thousands of dead people that could not be identified • They left Manila on February 6, 1946 (36:35) Before Leaving for the Philippines • August was sent to Camp Buckner, North Carolina • He played big band music for the officers until very late at night with no extra pay • Most of the officers did not treat him well while he was in the service • August received 20 days leave when his wife was giving birth • He went into Washington DC twice; • once on leave and once during a storm because he had to direct traffic (45:06) Discharge • From Manila August went back to Hawaii on a steamer and then to San Diego • They took a train to Fort Sheridan and the whole time the Army didn’t want anyone to see the soldiers for a unknown reason • When they got to Fort Sheridan the Army tried to get them to re-enlist, but August was not interested • After his discharge he got on a bus and went home • He worked at GM and then went into trucking • August worked at Associated Trucking for 27.5 years • He lost respect for the Army because of the way he was treated � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KatsmaA Title A name given to the resource Katsma, August (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katsma, August Description An account of the resource August Katsma was born on November 11, 1917 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1937 he joined the National Guard as a medic in the 126th infantry. After the National Guard he got married and then was drafted into the Army. August trained as an MP and was in the Army's band. He was sent to North Carolina to a special service camp as a band member to raise money and play for the servicemen. Next he was sent to Camp Sibert, Alabama to Grey's Registration Unit and then Deployed to Manila in the Philippines. In Manila he worked at the morgue where he documented casualties of the war. August was sent back to the United states in February, 1946 and discharged. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-22 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef7a68847f23f55905e3428bed36a34d.mp4 c18ee040821f7774a7c7be2d33b6bf72 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/085400fb4589b370ea5f95639e53a602.pdf 92d9fde3e3c0e31071bb29bd16410b0a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Donald Katt (01:01:33) (00:20) Background Information • • • • • • • • • Donald was born in Ferrysberg, Michigan on November 28, 1925 His parents and grandparents had lived in the small town for all their lives He had 8 brothers and sisters and his dad died in 1931 when he was only 5 years old Life was pretty hard during the depression, but they always had enough to eat because his mother received lots of help from other family members His father had previously owned a grocery store, but it burned down months after his death Donald went to Grand Haven Christian School and then Grand Haven High School, graduating in 1943 He never attempted to get into college because he assumed that he would be drafted into the service Many people that he went to school had been enlisting and he received his draft card in 1943 after graduation No one wanted to skip the draft because they were all anxious to fight the Germans and Japanese (3:30) Basic Training • Donald trained in Florida for 17 weeks • He then went to Alabama for advanced training • In October of 1944 he went to New York for his shipment overseas • They traveled in a convoy and the trip lasted 13 days (4:20) England • They arrived in England on November 28, 1944 and stayed there for one month • They took a ship called the Cheshire across the channel, heading for the Battle of the Bulge • They arrived in France and their duty was to contain 50,000 Germans in one area; there was a lot of artillery fighting and he often went on night patrols • The men slept in fox holes and it was very cold during the winter months • Donald and his men fought with about 40,000 French troops • He was in Europe for about 9 months and earned a combat infantry badge • The whole time he was there he kept a diary, which he was not supposed to do in case it fell into the wrong hands • His division still meets for reunions every 2 years (11:30) Pearl Harbor • When Pearl Harbor was attacked, Donald was only 16 years old and a sophomore in high school �• • • • The attack was a big shock to everyone; no one thought that they would be attacked by the Japanese Afterwards, many young men wanted to join the military He remembers when many goods and food products were beginning to be rationed, such as wheat, oil, and tin; gas was the hardest to cut back on Donald had two brothers in the Army, with one in New Guinea and the other in Singapore (16:00) Donald is Called to Active Duty • Donald went to Chicago to the Great Lakes base for testing, but found out that men were only needed in the infantry at the time • Donald had very strict training in Florida and was often on KP • He went through weapons training with an M-1 and eventually got a sharp-shooter medal • They went on 25-mile hikes at 10 pm that lasted until 6 am • They also had to be able to run for 45 miles • Donald had gained 15 pounds of muscle in his 17 weeks of training (21:25) Training in Alabama • This was more bivouacking work • They would go about 30 miles into the bush and work with machine guns • The training was much more intense, heavy military training • Donald trained altogether from February until October in 1944 (23:10) The Trip Overseas • She ship carried 8,000 men and was called the USS George Washington; it was a converted cruise ship • The living quarters were very tight • The whole time they had to zigzag to avoid German submarines • Donald was often on guard duty while on the trip • They traveled with a 13 ship convoy, but none of the ships were as big as the one that Donald traveled on • There were about 12,000 people altogether traveling in the convoy • The trip took place in November and there were many storms that made lots of people sick (27:15) Southampton • They convoy arrived in England on November 28, but the supply ship had fallen behind and they did not have much food for quite a few days • They left on Christmas Eve towards France on the Cheshire ship and the other ship, the Leopold, hand been sunk along the way • They traveled in box cars to an airfield in France (31:35) French Troops • They had been working with about 40,000 French troops and it had been hard to communicate �• • • The American men bartered with French civilians, trading US soap and cigarettes for French food The Americans got along well with the French troops The French did not have as many weapons as the Americans and they were not uniform (35:40) The Army of Occupation • Donald lived in a nice area near a river in Germany, where they just had to watch over Germans during the occupation • Donald was there for four months and then he went to a “tent city” in Marseilles to wait for Americans to be sent to fight in the Pacific • He then went to Austria for 8 months to once again serve in the Army of Occupation • He had time off to learn to ski, traveling to Switzerland • They had often been guarding a railroad station from attacks and got to know many Austrians • Donald was discharged on June 6 • While in Europe he wrote to his mom, friends, and girlfriend about three times a week each (44:30) Life After the Service • Donald took some classes in office management and learned a lot about accounting • He got a job in a small shop with only about 15 other employees • He then started a business with a friend, but they ended up not getting along and Donald sold his share • He then took classes at Davenport College in Grand Rapids, MI • He received his Associates degree in office management • Donald was working with concrete products in Ferrysberg and Muskegon • He became the township treasurer in 1955 and held the position for 38 years, retiring in 1992 (49:20) 50th Reunion Tour • Donald traveled with his wife and division to Amsterdam, Nicoise, Marseille, and Paris • They attended a ceremony near the Eiffel Tower • They went to many nice restaurants, ate great food, and drank lots of wine • The tour lasted 2 weeks and the French Navy took them out on their ships • They visited towns where previous battles had been fought and were awarded new medals � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KattD Title A name given to the resource Katt, Donald G. (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katt, Donald G. Description An account of the resource Donald Katt served with the 66th Infantry Division during WW II. He was drafted in 1943, trained mostly in Alabama, and went to Europe late in 1944. He served in France and Germany. Most of his comments are on training, working with French troops, and serving on occupation duty in Germany. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCauslin, Kelly (Interviewer) Spring Lake District Library (Spring Lake, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-08 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ba99682e0486d836f1923e1fe9917eed.pdf 6ec6459ff2027337039390da15079f9a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of Interviewee: Ernie Kaufman Name of War: Other veterans & civilians Length of Interview: (00:33:05) Background  Comments on the differences from his childhood to the present o “We weren’t at horse and buggies, we had cars, but not much else has changed since then.” (00:37)  used to live in a house on Lincoln Lake Rd. were he farmed a farm (01:22)  Describes a story about a group of Indians that came down and set up camp near where his family had their farm o Were just stories, he never witnessed them (02:02)  Lives on Clyde River Dr. o Dug out an Indian Burial ground while putting in a sewer system 10 years prior (02:25)  Comments on the schools o Had lots of smaller schools in his day, not one big one o Teachers seemed a lot more strict as well, “but times change” (03:27) Enlistment  Drafted in the 11th grade o He wanted to go serve anyway, After the attack on Pearl Harbor (04:20)  He didn’t think too much about Pearl Harbor after it had happened (04:50)  November of 1945 went for his physical, didn’t think he would have been drafted o He was drafted by the beginning of April (05:33) Training  Went to boot camp in Texas (06:02)  Not angry at being drafted, he was doing his duty (06:12)  It was his chance to get out and see the world (06:28)  Was at boot camp for a few weeks (06:45)  At one point he couldn’t remember his serial number and was sent to KP for a few days  Regular routine training at the boot camp, marching etc. (07:40) Deployment  Shipped out of Amarilla by train to Biloxi Mississippi to a radar school (08:00)  Volunteered to go to a certain place o Went to the South Pacific (08:14)  Didn’t want to go to Europe, he wanted to see the world (08:32)  Went to Camp Stone (**) in San Francisco  There for a week (08:50)  Put on a troop ship to Hawaii o Unloaded 2/3 of the cargo there (09:00) �  The ship held a lot of cargo, and it took them seven days to unload what they needed to get off (09:17) Went to Wake Island o Not there for very long at all, maybe a day (09:30) Guam  Went to Guam o Got sea sickness on the ride over a lot (09:40)  Hit a typhoon on the way to Guam (10:00)  Got to Guam, put in trucks and went to North West Field (?) (10:37)  Everything was torn t pieces when they arrived, Sea Bees were sent in to build barracks and get generators up (11:00)  “Guam was not a country, just a big rock with jungle all over it” (11:49)  Set up places for soldiers to stay when it rained, not there to help rebuild the towns and villages (12:04)  It rained almost once every day (12:17)  Stayed away from locals (12:33)  They were told not to talk to the locals (12:45)  Stayed in North West field for around two months (13:01)  Sent to the North air and sea rescue base o Had 17 good boats (13:13)  North West field was converted into a B29 base (13:31)  Hot, sticky weather, always wet (13:41)  Locals not hostile  No place to go on the island so they really couldn’t  There were a lot of bases on the island, with little huts dispersed throughout (14:09)  The Locals would go through the bases trash all the time (14:57)  Working on a runway that had a drop off near the end of it, he saw a man jump off the side (15:33)  Was in Guam for about a year (16:05) Sapien  Went to Sapien on a plane  Flew in turned around and flew back out, doesn’t know why (16:17)  His job on the plane was to check the landing gear (17:05)  Everything he did he had volunteered to do (17:25)  Was with the Air and Sea Rescue Headquarters message squadron  He liked it because he knew what was going on before anyone else did (17:30)  A typical day went as follows: Got up around 5 a.m., went to chow, went to their job, left around 1 p.m. for chow, then went to an assigned job around the base (18:08)  They were assigned different jobs in the afternoons (19:01)  Didn’t so much rescuing, everything was going smoothly (19:39)  He saw them do drops o The drops had enough food for 10 men for 30 days (20:06) �      Stayed with the message center for most of his stay in Guam (20:36) He got into trouble with his officials a lot (21:36) Glad he wasn’t in Guam for the actual fighting during the war (22:39) The Japanese were well fortified (22:41) They went out into the jungle when they were bored (23:00) They built all their own runways and barracks, because there wasn’t anything there before (23:57)  Explains the leper colony o No one on the base caught leprosy (25:11)  Dark-skinned people were in the colony o Explains how people get dark skin (26:00)  People in colony came from the islands (26:40) Discharge/ Life After the War  Got out of the Service in 1948 (27:00)  Put into Camp Stoneman prior to discharge and was placed on guard duty, picked up garbage (27:44)  Explained the brig and how it worked (30:37)  He was stationed here on guard duty for a month (31:03)  He couldn’t be discharged until his physical and dental work came back, and they were really sow about the dental work (31:20)  Went back to Grand Rapids area after he was discharged (31:44)  Worked for “Generous Motors,” [General Motors] (31:54)  Life back in Michigan was nice until his first winter, he liked the warm weather in the South Pacific (32:00)  Glad he got home (32:36) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KaufmanE Title A name given to the resource Kaufman, Ernie (Interview outline), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kaufman, Earnest W. Description An account of the resource Ernie Kaufman grew up in Lowell, Michigan, and was drafted into the army in 1946. He trained in Texas and Mississippi, and was then shipped to Guam. He did construction work on bases there, and then transferred to Air/Sea Rescue, where he worked in the message headquarters section. He was discharged in 1948. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Lowell Area Historical Museum (Lowell, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Air Force Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-06-26 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives