418 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c589d905083299445b3c97fc2a7c5e19.jpg f1659839f452ad57b250ed1d3530c9e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo23 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2023 Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9bab1480b4ede39cf7cf0ae449ec9c69.jpg d198035d85618cfc829d21d96f4839ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo24 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2024 Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ea6c890775698ccd6e51373031757aab.jpg 7116dfe894d10d0aaa99d99c5dfe1f24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo25 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2025 Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/88bd4dc4a20732e036836d1763569151.jpg 24b9e7babb2b903215741734268f2be9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo26 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2026 Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/36cb2ad95a43843d07a46b29a0a729a5.jpg 6d4ed7080835f212e6b6bd4eeb4bbf3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo27 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2027, stands beside Russel Kirkhof. Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a8764fdc4d312d32d1d3afbd4babeaac.jpg ab36e909785e9844658a3f0c257ba202 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LubbersArend_Photo28 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Lubbers, Arend D. Description An account of the resource Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2028 Arend D. Lubbers, President of Grand Valley State University, 1969-2001 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Universities and colleges – Faculty Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/035afe043e07af21f5d991780fe5e65b.pdf 5205e7a559f495ff6e4e169f201100cd PDF Text Text ��� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ce008a176dbf4c616d4ce8b2ac89004d.pdf c8a20605abae1b5e635fd60c8222f565 PDF Text Text [Page 1] Canandaigua N. York 20 August 1856 Dear Sir, The Intelligencer of the 13th inst: (biweekly of the 14th) has a speech of Mr. Letcher of Virginia delivered 2d. Aug: in which he charges that Mr. Wade & others with having voted for a fugitive slave law in Kansas & Nebraska. Mr. Wade owned it --- like a man & Giddings squirmed. This was in the 24th Sec: of McDunn’s bill for the reorganization of Kansas --- as quoted & acknowledged it is a “flatfooted” fugitive slave law --- it would seem to have been voted for by the Republicans generally. Will you have this thing carefully looked to. & send me the ayes & noes. I presume �[Page 2] that you can get printed slips of the Journal having the section & the Division upon it. As these gentlemen have voted upon the unconstitutionality of the Law of 1850. It would be a grand point for us to show that they have voted for such an one. Do give early attention to this, and I go upon the stump next week for the campaign. You have deem what the Old Line Whigs did at Albany --- Nothing could have been better timed or better done. A much larger Convention than we had dared to hope for. Every section of the State represented & more enthusiasm than I ever, before, saw in a Convention. I will not except 1840. We have no deserters from our ranks & if the �[Page 3] Americans known their Strength we must be at [crossed out word] ever allowing for much more defection in their ranks than they suppose to exist. It was my desire to avoid the stumping of their Campaign but I found it impossible. Shall hold back as much as I can, till after the Baltimore Convention of 17 Sep: & then give my entire time to the contest. Very truly yours, F. Granger Nathan Sargent, Esq. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-44_NS1-15485 Title A name given to the resource Nathan Sargent from Frank Granger, August 20, 1856 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1856-08-20 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Granger, Francis, 1792-1868 Description An account of the resource Letter describing the recent debate over the reorganization of Kansas, the Fugitive Slave Law, and a vote on the unconstitutionality of the Compromise of 1850. Subject The topic of the resource Sargent, Nathan, 1794-1875 Whig Party (U.S.) United States--Politics and government--19th century United States--Officials and employees Customs administration Washington (D.C.) Pennsylvania Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent papers, (RHC-44)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a670b43f92de530c13831e4e5429f4d4.mp4 56f1a9efe455af3ea0e7e4d5dead3c4f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e63bab6d808ffb8c2b5a3633328d57b3.pdf 233c837706ff97cdf7ec6770cdc72566 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Bruce Grant World War II (51:19) Background Information (00:14)     Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1923 (00:16) Enlisted in the Marine Corps when he was 17. (00:24) His mother passed away when he was an infant. His father worked as a tailor. (00:45) Because his father traveled often, Bruce lived with his aunt on occasion. (1:10)   He attended Hughes High school and later the University of Cincinnati after his service. He enlisted before Pearl Harbor because the Depression made work difficult to find. (2:40) Basic Training (3:14)           He was sent to Parris Island, South Carolina, for boot camp before being transferred to Camp Pendleton, California. (3:40) Boot camp involved a lot of physical training and practice with rifles. (4:50) There was a lot of emphasis on discipline. (5:15) He remembers a particular Sergeant (Sergeant Woods) who aided Bruce with his schooling and got Bruce into radio training. (5:55) He was sent to the Hawaiian Islands by boat from San Francisco California. (7:20) When Pearl Harbor occurred in December of 1941 Bruce was in the 1 Marine Division at Camp Pendleton. He was soon transported to Hawaii after Pearl Harbor. (7:48) In September of 1942 Bruce’s Unit is sent to Guadalcanal. (9:30) At this point Bruce was a foot soldier and carried a rifle. (10:00) While traveling across the Pacific there were constant air raid warnings. He went across the Pacific on a cargo ship. (10:10) When he crossed the Equator men who where new in the Navy (Pollywogs) were initiated as Shellbacks. (11:09) st Guadalcanal (11:33)      He came in with the initial landing at Guadalcanal. (11:36) After securing Guadalcanal, Bruce was sent back to the Hawaiian Islands where he was enrolled in a radio school. (12:10) Landing craft were used to land on Guadalcanal. (12:22) While on Guadalcanal Bruce and his unit ran patrols until they encountered Japanese soldiers or were relieved. (12:40) He could see the shelling from battleships off shore at night. (13:24) �       Every night the Japanese would try to breach the Marines' line. (14:00) Patrols were conducted by the Marines during the day and the night. (15:00) Early on in the battle there were supply shortages. However, Bruce’s unit never ran low on food. (15:26) He was able to see Henderson Field and eventually was stationed on it. (16:05) Henderson Field was often bombarded at night while Bruce was there. (17:17) Near the end of Bruce’s time at Guadalcanal Bruce did encounter some of the native people that were being used as scouts. They were very courageous fighters. (18:10) His limited knowledge of Morse code made Bruce one of the more qualified soldiers for radio school. (19:40) Service in Radio School (20:28)       Radio School lasted 2-3 months. (20:48) He joined the BMB 612 Squadron after having completed radio school. This squadron flew converted B25s. (20:56) This squadron flew only at night. (21:37) He trained with this squadron while in Hawaii and stayed with it till the end of the war. (23:27) He admired the men in his squadron. There were high casualties among pilots. (23:50) The squadron’s first main base for flying missions was in Hawaii. However, this location was only intended for training. (24:55) Service in the Pacific (26:30)           The Squadron flew 37 missions all together. (26:45) Almost every mission there would be a target. The aircraft were told to fly only above a particular parallel and attack any target that moved above that parallel. (27:00) The aircraft did not have escorts. (27:38) The aircraft flew individually in 3 separate sectors. (28:28) The aircraft would be out on a mission for 12-14 hours. Extra fuel was carried to compensate for this extra time. (29:10) The base facilities were all very good. The pilots typically slept in tents. (30:12) There were 18 planes in Bruce’s squadron. (31:17) The squadron took very high losses (approx. 50%). (31:26) He did not see too many Japanese prisoners. (33:40) When Bruce arrived at Iwo Jima there was still fighting on the North end of the island. (34:12) Shot Down (36:35)   Bruce’s plane was shot down while at Iwo Jima. When it was hit, he and his fellow crewmen ditched the plane and landed in the water. (36:40) All the crew members had life jackets. Bruce sent in a radio signal that his plane had crashed. After 12 hours in the water the crew members were pieced up by a PBY Catalina seaplane. (38:00) �      The men stayed together by verbal communication while in the water. They were very frightened of sharks. (39:30) The crew was not given any time off after having been shot down. (42:28) The squadron then was stationed at Okinawa. Here the squadron flew missions to Japan and Korea. (42:45) Bruce was on Okinawa in August of 1945 when the war ended. After the war ended he was stationed in Japan. (44:46) Bruce served in Japan for 2-3 weeks. Here he did very little work. (45:22) He was discharged from Great Lakes Naval Base in 1945. (46:35) Life after Discharge (46:40)      After being discharged Bruce returned to the University of Cincinnati in Ohio and worked in communications. (46:48) Bruce worked in Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Michigan at a radio station. (47:14) He worked at WJBF for 7 years. He helped start WGRD in Grand Rapids Michigan and WTRU in Muskegon Michigan. (48:19) He also worked in television doing voiceovers in advertisements. (49:30) He was invited back to the Marines in approx. 1950 for the Korean conflict however Bruce turned it down. (50:06) Effects of Military Service (50:20)  Bruce had a very determined “get it done” attitude after his military service. (50:38) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grant, Bruce (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grant, Bruce Description An account of the resource Bruce Grant, born in Cincinnati Ohio in 1923, served in the U.S. Marines Corps from 1940 to 1945 in the Pacific during World War II. When the war began, he was with the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, and deployed with the division to Hawaii and landed in Guadalcanal in September, 1942 He initially fought as a rifleman, but wound up as a signalman on Henderson Field. When the division was relieved, he was sent to radio school and then assigned to a Marine bomber squadron that flew night missions in B-25s. His squadron trained in Hawaii and then flew out of several different islands, including Iwo Jima and Okinawa. His plane was shot down off Iwo Jima, but the crew was rescued by a seaplane after about twelve hours and put back to work. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Marine Corps World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-07-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrantB1171V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e3fcccf6093c01a5ff01c67092a480fb.mp4 8a58335356923d36ba66d5542d09fde3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e133845a074cc5da7d8063328d6154aa.pdf 396d1ef255c607af871381ab5909b9f7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Conflicts Served In: Iraq War, Operation Spartan Shield, Operation Inherent Resolve Interviewee’s Name: Philip Grant Length of Interview: 49:37 Interviewed by: Elle Griffiths Transcribed by: Sam Noonan Interviewer: “My name is Elle Griffiths from Drexel University, I am interviewing Phil Grant on June 2nd, 2021, in a Drexel studio. Also present with us is Caroline Cottmeyer operating the camera and Kate Wagner. This interview is being conducted for the Veterans History Project at the Library of Congress. So what is your full name?” My name is Philip Ryan Grant. Interviewer: “What is your date of birth?” November 18th, 1986. Interviewer: “And what is your branch of service?” Pennsylvania Army National Guard. Interviewer: “And your highest rank attained?” Sergeant 1st Class, E-7. Interviewer: “And what is your war or conflict that you served in?” I was in Iraq in 2009 and I was in Jordan in 2018 for Operation Spartan Shield and Operation Inherent Resolve. Interviewer: “Okay great. So let’s get started with talking about your childhood - so where did you grow up and what was your childhood like?” (00:55) So I grew up in Reading, Pennsylvania, and I had a very fortunate childhood – so I grew up in a rural home in Reading to an intact family, my mom and dad were both present, still married. Had an older brother, and went through the Reading public school system, 13th and Green, Northeast Elementary and Reading High School, graduated in 2005. And by and large, it was a very positive childhood experience. It was a city, so just like any other city there are challenges, there are considerations in the city regarding safety and opportunity. So we didn’t have much growing up, but we did have a really supportive family and network of friends. So yeah, it was a decent childhood overall, and sprinkled in some interesting experiences with various issues with crime throughout my childhood, so yeah. �Interviewer: “And what led you to join the military?” Biggest reason was 9/11. I was in ninth grade on September 11th, 2001, and I remember being in my Spanish class in the morning and the principal came over the loudspeaker and said, ‘Teachers, turn on your televisions,’ they each had a – they don’t exist anymore, the box televisions – on a mount in the corner of the room, and I’m sitting there and we’re watching. The first tower had already been hit, and they were replaying some footage and as the newscasters were talking the second tower got hit, so we watched that all unfold. And while I was still in Spanish class, which would’ve been second period, second or third period, one of the towers had fallen – I think maybe both of them had fallen before we left. So they actually kept that on the entire day. Each of the classes we went into, we were watching over and over again the towers get hit, and then the Pentagon, and then just outside of Somerset, Pennsylvania. So that was my biggest motivator for joining the military, I remember going to my last class of the day and walking with a friend of mine Jimmy, and we were talking about what had just happened and I said, ‘I’m gonna join the military, I want to get these guys back.’ And so my initial motivation for joining was revenge. I also realized that being in the situation we were as a family, I wouldn’t have [the] opportunity to go to college unless I got scholarships or loans or.. did something else. So I picked something else. (laughter) (3:41) Interviewer: “And once you joined, what was basic training like?” So I went to basic training between my junior and senior year of high school. They have a program called the Split Op Program, so I joined up, I was seventeen years old, my parents had to co-sign. We sat at the dining room table in my house in Reading, and it was – I’m smiling because the dining room table, the house, if you’ve ever been [in] a rowhome it’s kinda, you open the front door and then you can see straight back through to the kitchen and out the back door. And along the way there’s a hallway with some rooms – so our dining room was one of those hallway rooms, and the table sat out pretty far so you had to kinda turn sideways to get by. And so the recruiter’s sitting there, I’m sitting there, my mom’s crying behind me and my dad is just looking, observing. And I signed, they signed, and that summer I went to basic training, Fort Jackson, South Carolina – at seventeen years old, knowing that I would have to go home and finish high school. It was interesting, it was surreal. You would see movies with basic training experiences and it was – it was a positive experience because it gave me confidence and it helped me feel like part of a team, but at the same time I had never been away from home for that long and I had never had that experience, so it was very unique and it was also – it prepped me for what [lay] ahead. I remember on one particular occasion one of our drill sergeants had just gotten home from Iraq and at the time she went, everyone was issued a body bag. So the idea was – and I know that sounds morbid - but the idea was you would keep your body bag on you so when whomever came across you – wouldn’t have to use their own body bag, they would take it out of your cargo pocket and then they would place the remains in the body bag. So she would carry it around with her, and anytime we messed up she would throw it at us, and she would say ‘You’re dead, you’re dead,’ kinda to help you understand the severity of what they’re training you for. So there was a lot of little experiences like that that were very interesting. And you came home – and again, I had to go through my senior year. I was – I missed the entire summer camp for the football season, I was on the football team – and I missed the entire summer training camp. So we had a new coaching staff that year for my senior year, and they tried to start me on JV since I had missed the entire summer camp, and I wasn’t a big fan of that. So I didn’t play that year, and I worked full-time – well, after school I �worked for Subway as a sandwich artist. And then experienced my senior year as a member of the Army National Guard waiting to go to my advanced training the following season. Interviewer: “And what about your deployment? So where did you serve and what was it like?” (6:49) So my first deployment was in Iraq in 2009, we were based out of Camp Taji, Iraq. So Camp Taji – named because it sits next to the village of Taji – is not too far from Baghdad. So if you’re looking at a map and Baghdad’s in Eastern Central Iraq, northwest of that is Taji. There’s a main road that goes through there into Taji called MSR Tampa so we were there as part of the 56th Stryker Brigade combat team and I was with the 2nd 104th Cavalry. I was the chaplain assistant and what we did over there, we actually experienced multiple transitions throughout the conflict. So we were there and they were still kicking down doors, we transitioned to join operations with the Iraqi army and Iraqi police, and then we transitioned to beginning the process of handing over bases and areas of operation to the Iraqi army and Iraqi police. I was part of Task Force Raven, and in Task Force Raven we had what they call an operating environment, or an area of operations that was primarily rural, but then it’s relatively ‘cause there’s towns within rural areas there. So our Charlie troop was at Falahat, our Bravo troop was at Saab Al Bour, and our headquarters troop was out of Taji. Alpha troop fell under different command while we were there, but we were still.. difficult to explain. They were still part of us, but.. operated under another command, and they were at … our Delta troop were the UAV, or the unmanned aerial vehicles, they were operating out of Camp Taji as well. (8:47) Interviewer: “So do any stories stick out in your memory from your first deployment?” Oh sure. (laughter) A lot. So one of my favorite stories to tell is getting there at first. So we flew from Fort Dix, New Jersey, over to Kuwait. We stopped somewhere in between, I think it was – you know what, I don’t remember. We stopped over at some place in Europe to refuel, and we were flying – when we were flying we had our weapons with us, we didn’t have ammunition on us, but we had weapons with us. And so we landed and.. I want to say it was Amsterdam but I’m not a hundred percent sure, so we landed in Amsterdam, and we had an opportunity – well, we had to get off the plane so they could refuel, and as we’re getting off the plane there’s a specific holding area where we had to stay, we weren’t allowed to venture outside of this holding area. And so left our weapons on the plane, and we left a guard behind to watch the weapons so everyone could go off, use the restroom, smoke break. And we were greeted by their military as we got off the plane, and they were holding – I think they were holding MP5s, their service weapon, guarding us, making sure that we weren’t secretly invading the country. So it was entertaining, but it was eye-opening, you know, I’d never been through something like that. So we flew from there to Kuwait, and we got to Kuwait, stayed at Camp Buehring for a few days, did some training. The first time I ever saw wild camels, when we got there we re-zeroed our weapons because the change in humidity, change in temperature, can adjust the zero on your weapon. And so we got there and we re-zeroed our weapons a couple days in, and we actually had to call a ceasefire to the range because there was a herd of camels crossing behind the berm, and certainly don’t wanna shoot anything that you’re not intending to shoot, but especially in that area there are Bedouins, and sometimes those camels are – they do belong to somebody. You don’t necessarily know that though, so we took extra precautions, but that was an interesting cultural shift for me. Eventually we flew up to Taji, but before we got to Taji we �landed in, it’s called BIAP – Baghdad International Airport. And prior to us arriving in 2009, BIAP was, in an earlier campaign in the Iraq War, BIAP was taken by coalition forces – so U.S., Britain, and so on – as a strategic location, and so we took over that airport, and that became an entry and exit point out of the country. So we flew in there, we stayed a couple of days. We got there, and we immediately got separated onto this base, and we stayed in what were called transitory tents. So it’s a big tent, with cots and you have your one duffel bag that you live out of for a few weeks on your way to Iraq. So I have my duffel bag and my body armor, and this is over the course of about seventy-two hours, and you’re not getting sleep – you’re just up and napping when you can. So we get there, and staying on these tents, or in the tents, in the cots, and all you need to know is where the chow hall is and where the latrine facility is, the trailer – latrine trailer. (12:23) So we get there and immediately we heard similar to an emergency vehicle, type of sirens. And that was our – we didn’t know what was going on, no one told us, we assume that there was some type of IED strike or some injury or something, but that was our introduction to – welcome to Iraq. Ooh – forgot a big transition there. We flew from Kuwait to BIAP in I believe it was a C17 aircraft, Air Force plane. I was – I was in the jump seats alongside the side, and there’s no.. I don’t think there’s any – you know, commercial planes have pressurized cabins? This didn’t, I don’t think. Whatever it was, I fell asleep and I woke up to – you ever see a movie where a plane’s nosediving and it makes that sound like it’s about to crash? Yeah. So I woke up to that sound, and us descending very rapidly and I was like, ‘Oh my god, we’re hit,’ so I panicked, and I slapped to the left and right – I don’t know who was sitting next to me, but I hit ‘em both. And they were doing what’s called a combat dive, so those planes move very slowly and [it’s] not necessarily difficult to hit ‘em with [an] RPG or air defense missiles. So they do what’s called a combat dive, so they descend faster than you’re used to as a way to divert getting hit. So I woke up to that, so my heart was already pumping, I was – you know, ‘Here we are, we’re in combat,’ turns out it was just standard procedure. So fast forward, we leave BIAP on a Chinook and we go to Taji, where we’re gonna be stationed for the next year or so. When they took off, again, the crew didn’t share this with anybody, but we grabbed all our gear, we ran onto the Chinook, we strapped in, and as we ascended – and this is all done at nighttime. But as we ascended, they shot off flares out of the back of the Chinook, because if there’s any type of heat-seeking round those flares will take care of that and they won’t hit the aircraft. So again they didn’t tell us that, and so I’m sitting in the seat you know, ready to go, and I see these flares go out the back and you know there’s a sound to ‘em, there’s a pop to ‘em, and so I was like ‘Here we go again, we’re getting shot at.’ Nope. Not at all. They were just sending the flares out. (15:00) So we land at Taji, and we’re all wearing all of our full battle gear, body armor, and we’re like, we’re ready to go, coming off the ramp just ready for combat. And our company commander who was on the torch party, meaning he was in a couple days ahead of us, he greeted us at the flight line with no body armor, no cover, and a big smile and he said, ‘Hey guys!’ Like nah, nah, this isn’t what I saw in the movies. So we got settled in, we got out room assignments and we got a chance to finally get some sleep. So that transition in the country is significant because in my twenty – how old was I then? I had just turned twenty-two. In my twenty-two-year-old brain, I’m ready for what they taught me in basic training, I’m ready for what I’ve seen in the movies, I’m ready for all the combat they promised me in the train-up period. That didn’t happen, but I was still at a very elevated state. I was still at a very – my adrenaline was pumping, I was looking for something to happen, and it just never happened. So it never really came down off of �that. It was always waiting for something to happen. We didn’t have – I personally did not have a lot of action in Iraq, I was very fortunate. I went on a lot of missions with the chaplain, we went to visit our soldiers, we had our fair share of time outside of the wire but I never had any type of significant engagement at all, I was very fortunate. But I was always looking for it, I was always waiting for it to happen. Cause in my training, they promised me it was gonna happen. So the – lot of those types of stories, just being out on a mission, getting ready to go, waiting for something to happen, waiting for someone to shoot at you, waiting for someone to try to blow you up, everything is suspicious, everyone is suspicious, you assume that everybody’s the enemy. Again, it’s part of how they train you but you also don’t know. So there was a lot of that. (17:16) For me, my most significant experience in Iraq was on Easter Sunday. In 2009 it was April 12th, 2009. For the chaplain and I, that’s like our big day. Easter and Christmas, it’s like, you know, it’s our time to shine. So we had all these events planned for Easter Sunday, we were gonna do what’s called a sunrise service, meaning that you literally are having your service was the sun is coming up behind you. So we did our sunrise service on base there, on Camp Taji. And everything went well, it was very nice, and our next stop was gonna be Charlie troop to offer the Easter message and communion. So we moved back to our office area, we got our gear on, we got ready to go. And we go to the motorpool where the Strykers are, the Strykers were the vehicles that we travelled in. And the operating procedure every time you go out on a mission is you have to do what’s called a ramp brief. And a ramp brief is an operational brief for the troops leaving the wire. In this brief you talk about things like reaction to contact, so if we get contact this is our course of action. If there’s a casualty, this is our course of action. Here’s your radio frequencies, here’s the order of the vehicles. Ramp briefs take a while, they can take up to an hour, usually not. About a half hour or so. And the whole time you’re getting briefs on what to expect and how to prepare for all the what ifs. Part of that brief usually includes a brief from the S2, the intelligence section, and they tell you what the potential threats are in the area you’re traveling [in]. You have a main route, you have an alternative route, and you have a couple of other – ‘it got really bad’ routes, this is how we’re going. So we did that, we’re ready to load the vehicles, we started to load the vehicles I should say, the chaplain and I were heading into one of the vehicles with red platoon Charlie troop, and they affectionately called people like us strap hangers, there’s literal straps that you hang on to like a subway when you’re just the passenger, you’re not part of the platoon. So they like to joke with us and it was, it really was a term of endearment. They liked having us on the vehicles with them because the thought was, ‘Well if the chaplain’s with us then we’re safe.’ Well, we’re loading up on the vehicles and we get a notification that the command sergeant major, command sergeant major White, he wanted to go with us when we visited Charlie troop, and there was another convoy heading out in just a couple of hours. So we sent a message that myself, and chaplain Myers should stay behind, and wait for the next convoy out so that he could go with us. (20:08) So we got off, we went back to our office, we unloaded our gear, and no sooner did we get our gear down, then we got a call over the radio that red platoon had been hit. And the air was red, which means that helicopters can’t fly, so our primary mode of medical evacuation when there is a casualty is [a] Blackhawk helicopter called a medevac. And they come to the site, they pick up the casualties, and they take ‘em back to the – whatever base is closest that can handle their level of care. So on Taji, we were a level two trauma facility. Which at the time, meant that we could handle most things minus major surgery. So what they did was they casevaced the casualties back to the base, and what that means is they just took a truck on scene, turned it �into an ambulance, and sent ‘em back to base. So chaplain Myers went right away to the level two facility, I went up to the CQ or the orderly building for headquarters troop to give accountability to the first sergeant and the XO. And so I said, ‘Sir, this happened, we’re going to go check it out.’ So in the chaplain corps we have, I’ll call it a motto for lack of a better term, and our motto, our mantra is to nurture the living, care for the wounded, and honor the dead. The way we do that is when there is an injury or someone is expectant, meaning that they’re presumed to be dead soon, it’s our job to be there with that soldier, to provide them with comfort so that they’re not dying alone. So this happened, we went to the level two facility, and I got to the parking lot of the level two facility and the medic there, PFC Mayo, he was I think maybe nineteen at the time and he was holding – the ramp to the Stryker was down – he was holding a ball of gauze in his hands, and there was blood dripping out of the back of the Stryker, and the gauze he was holding was bloody. I ran up to the ramp and I looked at everything, I looked up at him, he was crying and trying to – he was shaking. And he was trying to clean up, get ready for the next one, you know, I would imagine that he really wasn’t sure what to do at that moment, neither was I. So I wanted to say something to him, I couldn’t talk. I just couldn’t talk. So I ran into the trauma facility, soon as I walked into the door I could hear screams. It’s hard to describe the scream, it was a moan and a scream all at once. I still had no idea what was going on at this point, and I had to drop [my] weapon off at the check-in, and then I’m getting closer and closer and I run back to the room and then I get to the room they’re being worked on, and I see everything. It’s almost like a faucet, the flow of blood coming from – the primary casualty was Miller. He was the gunner on the truck, and his legs were really banged up. His legs were mangled pretty badly, there was a steady stream of blood coming out of his leg dripping onto the floor, and it was a linoleum floor kind of like this, and next to him, on the bed next to him was Baldwin, the driver. Baldwin had taken a very significant laceration to his back from a piece of shrapnel. Miller had a bolt sticking out of his leg in addition to the other part of his other leg pretty much just hanging on. It was pretty gruesome, I had never seen anything like that – again, I was twenty-two years old. It was the first time I had ever been exposed to anything like that. And the medics are there working on him, and just – everything they could think of to try to stop the bleeding, there were already two torniquets on his leg, he was still bleeding. They were shoving gauze into the wound… how graphic am I allowed to get? (24:46) Interviewer: “As much as you’re comfortable with.” Alright. They were literally, their hand was inside of his leg trying to pack it with gauze to get it to stop, the type of gauze they have is called combat gauze and it has QuikClot in it, which is a compound that helps congeal the blood, and try to get it to stop bleeding to keep him alive. He was combat stripped, which means that he was on the table, he was nude, and he was just getting worked on. Finally they got the bleeding to stop a little bit, they had already given him a ton of morphine and he of course was asking for more, he was in a lot of pain. Couldn’t do it, and so he was still screaming. I’m standing outside of the room still at this point, I’m just, you know, mouth open just watching. Trying not to get in the way. And then a medic just kind of slaps a clipboard on my chest and says, ‘Help us fill this out.’ I look at it, it’s his casualty feeder card. What that is — demographics and point of injury, and extent of injury. Information you get on the casualty because the assumption is by the time they get onto the medevac they may not be conscious and the people on the medevac, the flight crew, flight surgeon, needs to have that information to keep them alive in transit to the bigger hospital. So I walk up to Miller’s head and I start to tell him, ‘Hey, this is Specialist Grant, I’m really sorry I have to ask you these questions,’ cause it was like, you know, his social, date of birth, name, things that he really wasn’t concerned about answering at that time. So he did, to the best of his ability, and I filled it out and �I left. And there, you know there’s a cleaning crew in there trying to mop up the blood so no one slips on it and falls — things that I still think about today that I can’t really forget are the smell that I walked [into] there. It was a very, it was a very interesting smell. Combination of iodine and other stuff. But the scream, it was — it wasn’t like you see in the movies, it wasn’t a scream of terror or wasn’t… it was just unique. And I can recall it in my head, I can’t replicate it. But at some point, the air cleared and they were able to bring a medevac onto the base, there was a helicopter pad right outside of the hospital. So we got the notification they were ready to go, and I was responsible for helping carry Baldwin the driver onto the medevac, and chaplain helped carry Miller onto the medevac — that was the last time I saw either of them. They’re both alive, thank god, Miller ended up — through multiple surgeries and over the course of his healing journey — he ended up getting a leg amputated as a result. (27:48) And then there were other injuries from that truck, the platoon leader, Lieutenant …, he and his brother are twins and they’re probably the… some of the best soldiers I’ve ever interacted with. The one brother had taken shrapnel to his neck, and just to tell a little bit about their character, he took shrapnel to his neck and he refused to leave the scene where the explosion was because he wanted to stay there with the rest of his platoon. I believe he got out, but his brother’s still serving. But hell of a leader, and a great man. And so we caught up with him later that day, you know he downplayed it and he said, ‘I’m fine,’ he ended up getting awarded a bronze star with a V device for valor for that day. So that was my ‘big T’ trauma in Iraq, and again I didn’t get shot at, I didn’t get blown up, thank god I didn’t have to deal with that stuff. But that was very profound for me, there were other events throughout the course of that day, later that night our base got mortared. I was nowhere near it so again, no big deal. But the most profound impact of that for me was it happened on Easter Sunday, and that it was really a… it was the point in the mission where things got real. Like, you know, ‘we could die.’ And so come to find out later that the truck that got hit was actually the truck that chaplain Myers and I were supposed to be on, and that was a very sobering experience to think that.. cause there’s picture of the vehicle after the aftermath, and all you see is a ball of flame and black smoke — there’s nothing left. So to think that we barely missed that explosion, remember, the convoy was about to take off just as we got taken off the mission, and so I don’t think it’s too far-fetched to think that within a window of about a minute or so, either direction, we were either on that truck and dead or not on that truck and safe. So those are two very profound thoughts that I had after the fact — Easter Sunday and near death. After that things got a little more serious, our posture changed in our area, meaning that we took a more defensive — well, offensive posture. So that was probably the most interesting experience… interesting is the wrong word, that was the most traumatic experience for me in Iraq. But there were also a lot of really entertaining experiences, there were also a lot of really funny stories and lifelong friendships that you know, nothing can break. So I’m grateful for the experience, I wasn’t back then. I am now. And just cause I don’t want to be too depressing I’ll end on a funny story. (31:13) So we — there’s a lot of dust in Iraq, just everywhere. Everywhere there’s dust. So it’s really hard to keep your things clean, and one of the biggest basic soldier tasks is to keep your weapon clean at all times because if the time comes ever, god forbid, that you have to use your weapon, you want it to be functioning. And when there’s dirt in your weapon it does not function properly, it malfunctions. So I had just finished detailing my weapon, I had completely field stripped it, had finished cleaning my weapon, it was pristine. I had put on a new uniform that day and the reason that’s significant is because we didn’t typically change our uniforms for weeks or �so. For me at Taji it wasn’t that bad, I could wear – I could wear a uniform for like four or five days and send it to get washed and I was fine. For the guys out in the field, they didn’t have a choice. They had to wear the same crusty uniform day after day after day until they could come back in. So I had just put on a new uniform after about a week of wearing the same old uniform, and in 130°F heat [it] gets pretty disgusting after a while. So I was clean, my weapon was clean, I was feeling really good, and my chaplain and our S4 – Captain Harry Diaz – also very good friend of mine. The three of us, we called ourselves the three amigos, we were heading over to have lunch together. Now to get to the dining facility where lunch was it was about a half a mile walk each way, right. Really not that big of a deal, but… it’s significant, cause sometimes you weren’t that hungry, so you didn’t [want] to walk for a half mile to get food. Today was the day, I was clean, my weapon was clean, we were going to get chow. Now outside of each of the buildings was an air compression unit. Saying that wrong, condenser I think it’s called. Anyway, the box outside of the house for your central air system, they had those over there. But how they would clean those is they would come up alongside ‘em and they would hit the side of the box and it would shoot out all the dust that collected in there. So my chaplain thought it would be funny — and it was, just not for me at the time — my chaplain thought it would be funny to kick it at the right time as I was walking by to get it to cover me in dust. So we’re walking by, he kicks it, and unbeknownst to us they hadn’t cleaned these things in a while so there was a lot of dust. I – they said they looked back, I literally disappeared. The dust was so thick and so heavy they could not see me anymore. And as soon as the dust settled, if you’ve ever seen the movie The Sandlot and the vacuum cleaner blows up as they’re trying to retrieve the ball, and the engineer brothers — the dust, he gets covered and caked in that dust — that’s kinda what I looked like. All of me was caked in dust. I was so angry (laughter) that he had done that I… we went to the dfac and like, you know like a child I got my food and I sat on the other side of the dfac, I refused to sit with them and I ate with my head down the whole time cause I thought he was such a jerk for doing that. And the funny thing was, he couldn’t stop laughing. He couldn’t even stop laughing long enough to apologize, so they got a big kick out of it and that’s a positive memory that I have from that, not to mention again the friends and the experiences overall. So lot more stories, but I’ll leave it at that. (35:00) Interviewer: “Okay, what about your second deployment, so where was that and do you have any stories you’d like to share?” Sure, Jordan was a lot different, Jordan was a beautiful country, what I like to tell people is Jordan is just a great place and has some interesting neighbors. So we were really blessed to be there, had an opportunity to interact with the Jordanians, not just their military and their police but also the citizens and it was just a really positive experience overall. We had a chance to be out in the economy and to interact with people, and it was very… very different deployments, two very different experiences, and so it was almost redeeming in a way because it helped us understand that not everybody in that part of the world is trying to kill you, not everybody in that part of the world is a bad guy, far from it — very few people in that part of the world are involved in those types of activities, and by and large the rest of the community is just trying to do what we do, make a living, provide for their family. Sense of mission, task, and purpose, and that’s just where they are in the world. So yeah, really positive experience, got to see a lot of really great things. There’s a lot of biblical history in Jordan — it sits right next to Israel. And so for the chaplain and chaplain assistant it’s like a dream come true, you’re literally visiting sites that are talked about in the Bible, and because of the history of that region, talked about… throughout the tour talked about… throughout the Quran, there’s just so much, and it’s all happening at the same time, so it’s beautiful. I had deployed again with chaplain Myers — �now he and I have a history, and this is probably the best story of all the stories. He was the pastor at my church when I was growing up, and so we go back farther than the military. So ever since I was ten years old, Schaun was the pastor at my church and our families know each other well, we’re good friends, and he’s — he and I have been on two deployments together, we’ve worked together professionally in the military but more importantly we’re great friends. And being able to experience that with him was fantastic because you could really appreciate it a little bit more as you’re sharing the experience with somebody. So we got to see the Jordan River, we got to see Jericho from across the Jordan River, we got to see Mount Nebo which is where Moses stood and overlooked the promised land, we got to go to some towns that had Roman ruins. Some of the most comprehensive or eclectic Roman ruins outside of Rome. There’s a town called Jerash, and Jerash actually has the most well-preserved Roman ruins in the world outside of Rome. So it was just [an] incredible experience, interesting is.. the city of Amman, the capital city in Jordan used to be called Philadelphia and it was the original Philadelphia. But stuff like that, the amphitheaters… they have clay pots, broken shards of clay pots laying on the ground like we have gravel in the States, it’s just — it’s there from the Byzantine era. And so a lot of history there, and I won’t say that the deployment was easy, far from it. Again we were in a peaceful place, with an ally of ours. And we were supporting operations in other parts of the world, so there were things that were happening around us but again, nothing ‘big T’ traumatic. So yeah, really overall just a really great experience in Jordan for the second deployment. Interviewer: “And what about when you got back from your deployment, so how did you adjust to life at home?” (39:12) For the first one not well. (laughter) Yeah. There are a few folks that had to experience me after I got home from my first deployment that didn’t get the best version of me. It was hard to come home, coming home was bittersweet. At first it was just a celebration, it was euphoric, I saw grass again for the first time in a year. It was gorgeous. Everyone was excited to see me, all my friends who were still going to college while I was deployed, wrapping up their college careers and were just all really excited to see each other, and rightfully so. I would go out, we would go out and party, we’d go out and tell stories, people would ask me about my deployment, you know, ‘What was it like?’ At first I started to tell them stories, I started to tell them things that I saw, things that I did. And I watched their face as I was telling these stories, and I watched them slowly detach. It was not as interesting to them as it was to me, maybe it was… too much, I don’t know. But what that did for me, again, at the age of twenty-two, was that made me feel like… you know, life for me stopped for a year. For, when I was continued. And it should not have stopped for them — I chose this, they didn’t. But in my head I’m thinking, ‘I feel really alone.’ And that was the most prevalent theme when I got home, is I felt really alone. And that loneliness turned into anger, and I struggled with anger for a long time, I ended up going to therapy for over two years to try to figure out how to make sense of what just happened. I was engaged during the deployment, we ended up getting married and unfortunately — in large part because of my difficult transition home and you know, life happens and people grow apart, we were both very young — it did not work out, we ended up getting a divorce. And there was again, you know, she had to deal with the worst parts of me coming home, there was a culminating incident where the SWAT team came to my house to pick me up and that… that’s about the point where we both agreed that it’s time for us to move in different directions. She was concerned for my safety, she thought that I was going to kill myself, and I’ll spare you the details but that’s what she felt at the time and based on how I was described to the local police department I think maybe they thought they were coming to pick up Chuck Norris or something. �I’m not that serious of a guy, but… they rolled in deep, they rolled in with their whole SWAT team and they came, picked me up and that was difficult for me for a number of reasons. But the biggest reason is because one of the SWAT officers that was putting me in cuffs was a soldier that I had deployed with to Iraq just a few years prior. And I remember very vividly he came up to the porch — there was a team of four of them, now I was flanked, they had very good tactics. I was flanked on either side, there were some in my neighbor’s yard and I lived in a cul-de-sac so you know, even though it was midnight everyone was watching and curious what was happening in their peaceful neighborhood. (42:56) So the team of four in front of me were pointing their ARs right at my chest and they were approaching me, I had my hands up in surrender, and they put the cuffs on me and turned me around and one of the SWAT officers rolled his mask up and said, ‘Sergeant Grant are you okay?’ And I smiled, cause I didn’t know what else to do. But we were fighting the same enemy just a few years ago and now all of a sudden I felt like I was the enemy. Now this isn’t his fault at all, he was just doing his job. And thankfully he was there because he helped tell the other folks that ‘Hey, this doesn’t sound like him, I think this is you know, let’s—’ so they took it easy on me. But that was very surreal, and reflecting on it after the fact it was very… very painful to deal with. That was the point after my Iraq deployment where I lost my last shred of dignity and pride in wearing the uniform. I literally pulled my uniform out of my closet and I put it in a box and I just remember saying, ‘I don’t even want to look at this thing anymore.’ I just, I felt so ashamed because it had turned into service in Iraq, and in my own head I was you know, doing a noble thing, serving my country… to being arrested and taken to a psych hospital for evaluation. I felt like I… I didn’t think I could fall any further than that, and so I was very, very impacted by that experience. But again, grateful for it because it helped motivate me to get to where I eventually got to, and during that time the SWAT officers came to me in late April of 2013, and it was the four-year — just after the four-year anniversary of the Easter Sunday trauma, and it was two weeks before my finals — excuse me, two weeks before graduation. The week of my finals at Temple University, so there was a lot of stress in my life at that point, and that just kind of added to it a little bit. (laughter) But we made it, graduated, and thankfully all is well. (45:33) So that was my initial transition. Eventually it turned into me recognizing and me coming to terms with the idea that I can find life, and I can find purpose after Iraq — I don’t have to just be the Iraq war veteran, I don’t just have to be the guy who served, I can be Phil and that can be a part of who I am. And that’s where it is, it’s a part of who I am, it’s a very important part of who I am — but it’s not all of who I am. And so throughout the journey of getting my undergraduate degree and my graduate degree, becoming a professional, having a new family — my wife who’s also a veteran, we met in the Army. I wouldn’t have had the opportunity to meet her had none of this happened, and so [I’m] very grateful for that. Her and I have three beautiful daughters together, and I have what I have today because of what I went through. And so I’m so grateful for those experiences and now I can sit back and say the transition went exactly how it was supposed to go. If you would’ve asked me about five years ago I might’ve had a different story for you. Interviewer: “Yeah, so overall how would you describe your experience with the military, do you have any final thoughts that you’d like to share?” �Love it. Absolutely love it. I’ve been afforded so many opportunities because of the military, because of the Army. I’ve been able to see things and do things that I couldn’t have even dreamed of — again, I met my wife in the military, I got to — for the last seventeen years of my time in the military I’ve gotten to meet some incredible people and do some really cool things. And I’m so glad that I made that decision. I was able to go to college, I was able to get my master’s degree because of the military. I don’t believe that if I would’ve gone to college right out of high school I would’ve done very well, I was too immature. I needed the military to prepare me to be a good student, to prepare me for that journey. So I’m so grateful that everything worked out the way it did, and after Easter Sunday I was really angry at God for what happened. You know, as a Christian Easter Sunday is the holiday that legitimizes our faith, if that didn’t exist there wouldn’t be Christianity. And so I was very upset with God that that terrible thing happened on Easter Sunday, you know, of all the days it could’ve happened why then? But one of the most beneficial things that happened to me because of the military was after that event I realized that you know, I came very close to dying that day — or at least seriously injured, I don’t know what would’ve happened. But that was an example of you know, that one minute window where things could’ve turned out very differently, where the series of events happened the way that they did, I mean in my mind there’s no other way to explain that other than divine intervention, right. And so in my mind I was pulled from that vehicle, the chaplain was pulled from that vehicle because it wasn’t our time. After I came to realize that a few years after coming home, the impact of that was that it strengthened my faith and it improved my spiritual health significantly. Had I not had that experience, I wouldn’t have had that growth. And so I thank the military for a lot of things, but that’s probably the most important thing that’s happened to me in the last seventeen years. Yeah. Interviewer: “Alright, thank you!” Thanks so much for doing this, I appreciate it. Interviewer: “Thanks for coming in, thanks for sharing your stories.” Thanks for letting me! Appreciate it. [END] � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrantP2377V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grant, Philip R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06 Title A name given to the resource Grant, Philip (Interview transcript and video), 2021 Description An account of the resource Philip Grant was born on November 18th, 1986, and grew up in rural Reading, Pennsylvania. He attended basic training for the Army National Guard between his junior and senior year of high school, completed his advanced training afterward, and was first deployed to Iraq in 2009. He belonged to the 56th Stryker Brigade, 2nd 104th Cavalry as a chaplain assistant, and was based out of Camp Taji during his Iraq service. On April 12th, 2009, Easter Sunday, Grant and the chaplain were busy attending to religious services and were intending on visiting their Charlie troop to offer the Easter message and communion. Just before they left, they received a message that the platoon they would have been traveling with had been hit. As part of their chaplain corps duties the two went to help attend to the casualties, Grant witnessed his first gruesome combat injuries when helping the wounded soldiers and considers this incident to be the most traumatic event he experienced during his service. Despite this traumatic event, Grant still made many meaningful friendships during this time and maintained a positive outlook overall. After returning from service, however, Grant struggled with feelings of disconnection from the life he had before, which turned into a sense of deep loneliness and anger. His personal life and relationships were negatively affected by this, and Grant reached his lowest point when a SWAT team came to his house in order to be admitted to a psychological hospital for evaluation. After struggling with the role the military played in his life, learning how to live with it, and recognizing it as an integral part of who he was, Grant was able to attend therapy and come to terms with both his identity and the future he wanted for himself. His second deployment was spent in Jordan, which proved to be an overwhelmingly positive experience for Grant. He was able to interact with the locals and experience many of the significant historical sites within the country, which held even more significance considering his faith and role as a chaplain’s assistant in the Army. Grant met his wife in the military, graduated with his master’s degree, and is raising three daughters. Grant is incredibly thankful for the time he spent in the military, and believes that both the positive and negative experiences were worth it and a necessary part of his development as a person. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Griffiths, Elle (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5ce97532aa7bad6b9d18b8a6022a1134.mp4 e29bb642cab831aa7fdcc3adffa3f255 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/169bf04329784986894e41ca8238bf96.pdf 300151485a9f615d3cde9a6f8fd338ad PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Charles Grasman World War II Total Time: 1:00:56 Childhood and Pre-Enlistment (0:00:00) • • • • • Born in Georgetown Township, MI in 1923. Enlisted in December, 1942. He was 19 years old. His parents did not want him to sign up at first, but they finally agreed. Attended school up until the 8th grade. Wanted to be a pilot when he signed up for the Army Air Corps. Training (0:05:25) • • • • • • • • • • • • Left in February, 1943 for Basic Training in Miami Beach, FL. They were housed in the Haddon Hall Motel in Miami. Was there for two weeks and then moved across the street. They were there for a further two weeks, and then they were shipped to Erskine College in South Carolina. He was at Erskine for 5 months and learned mathematics. (0:08:52) He was then shipped to Nashville, TN where he was classified. He was put into pilot training. He was then shipped to Alabama where he was taught the coursework on how to fly a plane. Then he went to Clarksville, MS to fly training airplanes. This training was about 9 weeks long. (0:10:10) From there he was sent to Greenville, MS and then to George Field, IL for twin-engine school. (0:11:00) Then attended four-engine B-17 school in Florida. Got married to his girlfriend and then they moved to Sebring, FL so he could finish basic training. He was then shipped to Lincoln, NE where he was supposed to enter B-29 school, but they didn’t have enough openings in the program so he was unable to attend. He was sent back to B-17s He was then sent to Ardmore, OK with the crew that was assembled. He attended combat training in Ardmore. Then went back to Lincoln, NE and was issued their combat equipment and were shipped to Norfolk, VA where they got on a boat for Europe. This was in March, 1944. He was on the SS Mariposa. There were around 400-500 men. On the way over they ran into a German submarine and had to turn around for a time but they finally turned back He graduated as a second Lieutenant �Active Duty (0:24:40) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Disembarked the boat in Naples, Italy and took a train to the boot of Italy. They slept in tents in Italy. They had 4 officers in one tent and 5 enlisted men in another tent. (0:27:40) His first mission was in early April. He flew as a co-pilot with a seasoned crew. The mission was over Northern Italy, and lasted 6 hours 8 minutes. His crew got along very well. After the war ended, his B-17 shuttled soldiers from France home between Pisa and Casablanca. (0:34:14) His typical mission was to either Northern Italy or Austria, and was generally 6-8 hours in duration (0:34:54) On one mission, he got two of his engines shot out on the same side. They were shot out by anti-aircraft fire. He was on his way to the target when he lost the engine over Austria. He was escorted back by Tuskegee Airmen to the base. Remarked on how good the Tuskegee Airmen were. The Germans looked for stragglers when they were attacking bombers. One of the worst places to fly was the oil fields in Romania [Ploesti], as there were so many anti-aircraft guns. They usually bombed around 28,000 feet. A good bombardier could hit target from around this height. Generally bombardiers did not decide when to deploy the bombs, they just deployed theirs when the lead bombardier in the formation deployed theirs. (0:44:23) Their group had a good range of experience. He had four missions by the end of the war. He was initially going to go home at the end of the war, but they changed the system so he didn’t get to go home immediately. (0:46:40) He did a number of tasks in the interim, including flying troops around and accident investigation. Got to spend some time in Switzerland after the war, and noted the May Day festivities. Had some opportunity in Italy to tour around as well. He was shipped to Le Havre, France, and was shipped back to New York. Got on a train to Camp Atterbury, IN and joined the Reserves. Post Service (0:55:40) • • • Did quite a bit of work with the Civil Air Patrol when he was in the Reserves. Was also assigned as a ground school instructor. Spent some time on the road as a salesman Lived in Traverse City, MI and worked as a housing manager for a Ski Resort, and then moved back to Grand Rapids, MI and then back to Traverse City, MI. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grasman, Charles (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grasman, Charles Description An account of the resource Charles Grasman was born in Georgetown Township, Michigan in 1923 to a family of farmers. He enlisted it the Army Air Corps at age 19 and began a lengthy training regime to become a pilot. He was eventually assigned to become a bomber pilot and flew B-17s for the duration of the War. He was stationed in Southern Italy, and flew raids into Austria, Romania and Northern Italy. After the War, he served some extra time in Europe flying GI's to ports to be sent home, and doing other tasks. He joined the Air Force Reserves after his discharge. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Air Force World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-09-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrasmanC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f8a328494e45e1479bc7dd6add906de7.pdf 3e0b223970b58a45753fe775dec81efa PDF Text Text �COMMUNITY MASTER PLAN GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP Jackson County, Michigan L. Adopted by Planning Commission October 22, 1991 Adopted by Township Board November 12, 1991 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grass Lake Township Board Alan R. Mollenkopf, Supe1visor Linda L. Stoker, Treasurer Majorie A. Clark, Clerk Thomas Pierce, Trustee Sharon L. Smith, Trustee Grass Lake Planning Commission Barbara J. Schlecte, Chair Roger Memmer, Vice Chair Thomas Pierce, Secretary Donald Pelton Robert Wolfe Assisted by: Carlisle Associates, Inc. 111 North Main Street Ann Arbor, Michigan �I . TABLE OF CONTENTS Master Plan Introduction Background Studies Summary 3 Community Goals and Policies 6 Land Use Plan 13 Thoroughfare Plan 16 Implementation 19 . Background Studies Appendix A Location and Access I Physical Characteristics 3 Population and H using 6 Economic Base 14 Community Services 18 Existing Land Use 20 Agricultural Lands Analysis Methodology Appendix B Natural Resource Maps Appendix C �LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND FIGURES Master Plan Land Use Plan Map Thoroughfare Plan Map 15 18 Appendix A: Figure A Regional Map Table I Chart I Population Trends 1950-1980: Grass Lake Township and Related Areas Population Trends 1950-1990 Table 2 Table 3 2 6 7 Population Estimates I 986: Grass Lake Township and Jackson County Projected Population Growth 8 For Grass Lake Township and Jackson County: 1980-2000 Table 4 8 Grass Lake Community School District Actual and Projected School Enrollment 1980-1995 Figure B Map of Grass Lake Community School District Table 5 General Population and Household Characteristics 1990 For Grass Lake Township and Related Areas in Jackson County Table 6 General Population and Household Characteristics 1980 Chart 2 For Grass Lake Township and Related Areas in Washtenaw County General Age Distribution 1990 Table 7 Educational Attainment 1980 Table 8 Grass Lake Township Average Home Sales Values 1984-1990 Age of Housing Stock 1980 Table 9 For Grass Lake Township and Village and Related Areas Table IO 11 9 IO IO 11 11 12 13 Residential Units Built Between 1980-1990 Grass Lake Township and Village Table 9 13 Labor Force Characteristics 1980 Chart 3 For Grass Lake Township and Jackson County Major Occupational Groups Table 12 Employers by Sector in 1989 by Grass Lake Zip Code Area Table 13 15 Grass Lake Township and Village Manufacturers in 1990 Table 14 16 Grass Lake Township State Assessed Valuations in $1,000, 1980-1991 SEV Trends 16 Chart 4 Table 15 Figure C Recreational Facilities I 990 For Grass Lake Township Existing Land Use Map 14 15 17 19 22 �Appendix B: Figure A Agricultural Lands by Quarter Section Figure B Conservation Zones 26 27 Appendix C: Figure A Moderate to Severe Slopes Figure B Soils Prone to Flooding, Ponding and Wetness 28 29 Figure C Soils Conducive to Groundwater Recharge 30 �INTRODUCTION This document represents the revision and update of the Grass Lake Township Master Plan adopted in 1977. Since the adoption of the original plan, a number of changes have occurred both within the Township and the surrounding area. To ensure that development policies reflect current conditions in the Township, it is es.sential that the Master Plan is periodically evaluated and kept up to date. The Grass Lake Township Master Plan excludes the Village of Grass Lake which has developed its own Master Plan. What is Planning? Planning is a process which involves the conscious selection of policy choices relating to land use, growth and development in the community. The Master Plan is the only official Township document which sets forth policies for the future of the community. The Township derives its authority for the preparation of a Master Plan from the Township Planning Act, P.A. 168 of 19 59. Section 6 of the Act states: The planning commission shall make and adopt a basic plan as a guide for the development of unincorporated portions of the township. As a basis for the plan, the planning commission is hereby empowered to ( 1) make inquiries, investigations and surveys of all the resources of the township and (2) assemble and analyze data and formulate plans for the proper conservation and uses of all resources, including a determination of the extent of probable future need for the most advantageous designation of lands having various use potentials and for services, facilities and utilities required to equip such lands. How Is The Plan to be Used? The Plan serves many functions and is to be used in a variety of ways: 1) The Plan is a general statement of the Township's goals and policies and provides a single, comprehensive view of the community's desires for the future. 2) The Plan serves as an aid in daily decision-making. The goals and policies outlined in the Plan guide the Planning Commission and Township Board in their deliberations on zoning, subdivision, capital improvements and other matters relating to land use and development. This provides a stable, long-term basis for decision-making. 3) The Plan provides the statutory basis upon which zoning decisions are based. The Township Rural Zoning Act (P.A. 184 of 1943, as amended) requires that the zoning ordinance be based upon a plan designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. However, it is important to note that the Master Plan and accompanying maps do not rep.lace other Township Ordinances, specifically the Zoning Ordinance and Map. Zoning is only one of the many legal devices used to implement the Master Plan. 4) The Plan attempts to coordinate public improvements and private developments. For example, public investments such as road improvements should be located in Grass Lake Township Introduction �areas identified in the Plan as having the greatest benefit to the Township and its residents. 5) Finally, the Plan serves as an educational tool, and provides citizens, property owners, developers and adjacent communities a clear indication of the Township's direction for the future. In summation, the Township Master Plan is the only officially adopted document which sets forth an agenda for the achievement of goals and policies. It is a long range statement of general goals and policies aimed at the unified and coordinated development of the Township. As such, it provides the basis upon which zoning and land use decisions are made. How is the Plan Organized? The Grass Lake Township Master Plan is comprised of four basic sections. The COMMUNITY GOALS AND POLICIES section outlines goals and policies which provide a framework for a final plan. The LAND USE PLAN and THOROUGHFARE PLAN are the end result of combining current conditions with a vision of the future. The BACKGROUND STUDIES, which is included as part of the Appendices, discusses current conditions and projected trends, illustrates the point from which planning must begin. While the starting point is unalterable, the end result may be changed according to the policies applied. Grass Lake Township 2 Introduction �BACKGROUND STUDIES SUMMARY The Background Section of the Master Plan inventories past trends, current conditions and future projections, and illustrates the basis from which planning must proceed. The complete text to the Background Studies is included as Appendix A. The following summarizes significant findings. Population and Housing The population of Grass Lake Township (excluding the Village of Grass Lake) grew almost 40% between 1950 and 1990 with a particularly large increase during the I 970's and I 980's. The 1990 Census counted 2,871 Township residents. Over that same period, the number of Village residents has remained at a population of 900-1,000 persons. The Region 2 Planning Commission projects that the County as a whole will grow at a rate of 5. 7% between 1990 and 2000. However, the Township's growth may be influenced by the higher rate expected in Washtenaw County during that same period (22%). Many socio-economic statistics for the Township do in fact fall between averages for the two counties. In terms of age groups, the Township has a larger proportion of minors and residents aged 65 and over than surrounding Townships. The median household income in 1980 was higher than the average for adjoining townships in Jackson County and lower than the average for those in Washtenaw County. Virtually all housing is single family and the majority of residents (2.6%) own their homes. Average sales value increased around 30% between 1984 and 1989. In general, the Village is characterized by older structures while one-quarter of the existing Township's housing stock has been built since 1970. Economic Base The relative tax base of agricultural and residential property shifted considerably between 1980 and 199 I. The residential share increased from 46% to 7 6%, while the agricultural share decreased from 35% to 16% of the total. Commercial and industrial values remained stable at about 4% each. In 1980, the Township and Vi11age's labor force of 1,491 represented a variety of occupations and was quite evenly divided between blue collar and white collar positions. A relatively significant proportion (4.5%) was employed in agriculture. By sector, 1/3 of the labor force was employed in manufacturing and V5 in health, education and professional services. The Grass Lake area provided 597 jobs in 1989, with almost half in health, education and social services and 1/6 each in the trade and manufacturing sectors. Two out of the five manufacturers began operations in the late l 980s. Utilities Township residents and businesses rely on individual wells and septic systems, and on private contractors for solid waste collection and disposal. The Village has a central water, but no sanitary sewer system. Grass Lake Township 3 Background Studies Summary �Roadways Apart from 1-94, the roadways are maintained by the County Road Commission. Three-quarters are primary roads or paved local roads. The network provides efficient access to 1-94 and to neighboring areas in Jackson County, as well as adequate circulation within the Township. Community Service The Grass Lake Community School District, which is part of the Jackson County In-.ermediate School District, consists of one elementary school and one combined junior-senior high school. The Township has a fire department, but police protection is contracted from the County. The closest hospitals are in Chelsea Village and the City of Jackson. Parks and Recreation Local and state parks and private facilities provide opportunities for a variety of recreational pursuits. Natural Resources The Township's landscape, although predominantly level, is varied. It includes lakes, wetlands, open fields, woodlots, severe slopes and drainageways. Soils are generally sandy or loamy, and generally suitable for agriculture or development; soils in the depressions are usually mucky and poorly drained, therefore have limited potential for agriculture or development. Aquifers are extensive and shallow, resulting in adequate water supplies. A large area of the Township is recognized as a groundwater recharge area. The aquifer area is classified as unprotected and as such the area is particularly vulnerable to sources of contamination. Existing Land Uses The Township land area is devoted mainly to agricultural and low density residential uses. Agricultural The majority of the Township's land area falls under this category, which includes both vacant and cultivated agricultural lands. The largest expanse of purely agricultural land occupy the southeastern quadrant of the Township. As of 1990, approximately 23% of the Township's total area was enrolled in the P.A. 116 program. Rural ResidentiaVFarmstead Farmsteads and homes on parcels larger than 5 acres are the dominant form of residential use throughout the Township. They are found along virtua11y every local road with frequently sizable landholdings behind the structures remaining vacant or under cultivation. Residences are more prevalent in the northeastern part of the Township south ofl-94, along Michigan Avenue and in the · southern tier. Single Family Residential Single family residential development on parcels of 5 acres or less is limited to a few strips near Grass Lake Township 4 Background Studies Summary �the Village of Grass Lake, the Francisco area and near the shores of Tims, Wolf, and Grass Lakes. Multiple Family Residential This type of housing exists on two sites in the Township. Mobile Home Park Two small parks of a resort character are located in the Township, one east of Tims Lake , the other north of Wolf Lake. Public/Quasi-public A few public/quasi-public land uses occur in the Township, mainly in proximity to the Village and along I-94. They include schools, churches, cemeteries, utilities, a freeway rest area and weigh station. Open Space/Recreational A variety of open space and recreational uses are represented, but together they encompass relatively little land area. Parts of the Waterloo State Recreation Area and Sharonville State Game Area overlap the northern and southern edges of the Township. Other parks, resorts and golf courses are clustered around Grass and Wolf Lakes. Commercial Small commercial and office uses are found along Michigan Avenue at the edges of the Village and at Wolf Lake. Industrial A few industrial facilities exist on scattered sites in the Township. The newest facilities are located at the I- 94 interchanges. Grass Lake Township 5 Background Studies Summary �COMMUNITY GOALS AND POLICIES The following pages outline the goals and policies of Grass Lake Township. Goals are the general statements that define the direction and character of future development. Policies set forth the framework for action and form the basis upon which more detailed development decisions are made. Adoption of policies does not commit the Township to any particular recommendation, but does commit it to take actions that are consistent with the policy guidelines. The following statements reflect the primary goals of the Township, as stated in the most general terms: Goal I: Maintain the unique rural residential character and the desirability of the Township as a place to live, work and play. Goal 2: Protect the unique environmental features of the Township, the abundance of groundwater, lakes and wetlands, from deterioration as a result of too intense land use practices. Goal 3: Preserve local agricultural resources and promote the continuity of the Township's agricultural industry. Goal 4: Encourage economic growth opportunities (significant job and tax base creation) that are complementary to existing conditions within the Township, and in cooperation with the Village. Goal 5: Promote the use of comprehensive planning and review for future land development to achieve innovative land use planning and design. Such developments shall be characterized by commercial, educational and recreational facilities conveniently located near residential development, provision of useful open space, conservation of natural features, and promotion of economy and efficiency in the use of land, energy, and the provision of community services and facilities. The following describes the policy guidelines of Grass Lake Township necessary to implement the aforementioned goals: Policy l: Natural Resource Capability All development shall respect the following natural characteristics and constraints: Wetlands The protection of wetlands is essential to the preservation of water quality, stabilization of stormwater runoff, groundwater recharge and provision of plant and wildlife habitats. Highest priority is given to the preservation of wetlands in their natural state. .__ The specific boundaries and the special significance of each wetland area must be determined at the time of a site plan review (see Figure B for soils prone to flooding, ponding and wetness to locate potential wetland areas). Three aspects of wetland protection should be recognized in reviewing proposed developments Grass Lake Township 6 Community Goals and Policies �within the vicinity of a wetland area: I) the wetland area itself; 2) the adjacent fringe or buffer area; and 3) the larger watershed drainage system of which the wetland is a part. I ( Woodlands Woodland conservation is imperative to protect water, soil and air quality, mitigate noise pollution, moderate local climate and storm hazards, preserve wildlife habitats, and preserve aesthetic values and community beauty. Development which is permitted in and around wooded areas should be planned, constructed, and maintained so that existing healthy trees and native vegetation are preserved. The objective should be to preserve native trees rather than to rely on removal and subsequent replanting of trees. The diversity of woodland areas should be protected to ensure the long-term stability and variety of the species preserved. Groundwater Recharge Areas Groundwater recharge areas replenish water levels in underground storage areas and supply water to lakes, rivers and streams. Local reliance on individual wells deems the retention and protection of groundwater resources as highly important to both Grass Lake Township and the surrounding areas. Since aquifers and recharge areas extend beyond Township boundaries, County and regional cooperation will be necessary to effectively manage this problem. Recharge areas are best reserved for very low to low intensity land uses to retain as much of the permeable surface as possible. Land grading should be controlled to retain the water holding characteristics of the land. Vegetation e~ential to the water holding characteristics should be preserved or, where necessary, enhanced as part of a development program. Recharge areas should be protected from pollution by controlling all uses which discharge wastes into the hydrogeologic cycle. It is equally critical to monitor uses which handle or produce concentrated hazardous materials which may result in a point source of pollution, as well as the small, or non-point, producers spread across a large area. (Please see Appendix C: Figure C for soils conducive to ground water recharge areas.) Natural Drainage System Protection of slopes, woodlands, and wetlands within the watershed and proper management of land use and development are essential to the proper management of storm drainage. Natural vegetation and topographical features along stream corridors and waterways should be preserved. Uses should be restricted to those which offer no danger of topographical disturbance along the stream channel which may lead to increased runoff, sedimentation and degradation of water quality. Surface water runoff should not exceed the rate which occurs under existing, undeveloped conditions. Stormwater runoff management prevents stream I l - • Grass Lake Township 7 Community Goals and Policies �overloading and long-term erosion resulting from uncontrolled, high velocity discharges. Agricultural practices should respect stream corridors and waterways, and the natural drainage and runoff patterns associated with them, in concurrence with the development constraints listed above. Policy 2: Land Use Intensity The specific policy guidelines governing land use intensity shall be dependent on the physical and natural capability of the land to support various degrees of development, the need to protect vital agricultural and natural resources (as described in Policy I) and the Township's desire to preseive the unique, rural characteristics of the community. To that end, the planned intensity ofland use shall be based on the following: Very Low Intensity Very Low Intensity land uses are intended for areas where there is a need to protect vital agricultural resources and sensitive natural resources from residential or urban encroachment. Compatible land uses shall consist of farmsteads and accessory buildings, agriculture, open space and recreational land uses, and very restricted residential development. Areas included in the Very Low Intensity category shall be characterized by one or more of the following: An essential agricultural land designation as identified by Policy 4. Under local, State, or Federal agency ownership for use as a park, recreation area, or wildlife management zone. Soils characterized as having greater than 12% slope. A concentration of soils prone to flooding, ponding and wetness, including designated wetlands and floodplains, and which are not conducive to on-site septic systems. A concentration of soils conducive to groundwater recharge. A significant distance from community facilities and services. Low Intensity l._ Low Intensity uses are intended to continue the open space, natural area preseivation, and maintain the Township's rural atmosphere. The areas so designated are located where soil and other natural resource conditions are capable of supporting limited development. Suitable land uses shall consist of agriculture, open space, recreational land, and low density residential. Areas planned for low intensity uses are characterized by one or more of the following: A secondary or reseive agriculture designation as defined in Policy 4. Soil characteristics suitable to on-site sanitary waste disposal systems. Grass Lake Township 8 Community Goals and Policies �• Soils characterized as having slopes of 6-12%. A woodland area. A moderate distance from community facilities and services. Medium Intensity Medium Intensity uses are intended to be located where natural resource conditions are capable of supporting moderate levels of development. Suitable :,and uses consist of medium density residential with complementary local commercial, office, public and quasi-public uses. Areas included in the Medium Intensity category are characterized by the following: • Near existing developed areas. • A short distance from community facilities and services. Soil characteristics capable of supporting on-site sanitary systems. • A potential afea for future central water and sanitary sewer service. High Intensity High Intensity uses are intended to be located where natural resource conditions are most capable of supporting a high degree of development. High density residential, office, industrial and general commercial land uses shall be suitable land uses. Areas included in the High Intensity category are characterized by the following: Immediate access to a major thoroughfare. Adjacent to existing medium to high intensity land uses. A good potential for economic development. Soil characteristics capable of supporting on-site sanitary systems. A likely area for future central water and sanitary sewer service. Policy 3: Planned Land Developments To promote development based on comprehensive planning as stated in Goal 5 the approach of planned unit or cluster development shall be encouraged. Incentives such as greater allowed residential densities, mixed land uses and flexible land development regulations shall be applied to achieve this goal. Flexibility and innovation are to be encouraged and so shall be the use of site plan review procedures, design standards and approvals. . Gras.s Lake Township 9 Community Goals and Policies �Policy 4: Agricultural Land Use To maintain the Township's agricultural and rural character it is essential to preserve the local characteristics that contribute to a viable, stable agricultural industry. The agricultural land policy ~s meant to promote designated farmland in the following ways. To encourage the retention of the best identifiable soils, farmsteads and unique areas from residential encroachment. • • • To protect designated farmland from speculation and restrict division in o smaller parcels by discouraging further non-agricultural development. To increase the possibility for long tenn improvements which lead to a stable environment within the agricultural community. To lengthen the long term horizons for business decisions to be made within the agricultural community, such as improvements to buildings, machinery, and land. To minimize service costs to rural areas. The keystone of the agricultural land policy is the reservation of the most productive soils, as identified by the Soil Conservation Service, for agricultural purposes within a conservation area. The most productive soil types to be conserved are defined as: prime and unique soils, Class II soils, and soils capable of producing I 00 bushels of corn per acre. In addition, evidence of cultural factors such as major farmsteads, large parcels (80 acres or more), Public Act 116 contracts, and Centennial Farms are other variables considered during the assignment of an agricultural land classification. The process of agricultural land analysis assigned available (non-developed) Township quarter sections into one of the following categories: Essential Agricultural Land: those quarter sections which contain one of the above defined soil types and includes a major farmstead. Secondary Agricultural Land: those quarter sections which contain one of the above defined soil types, or contains a major farmstead that is either greater than eighty acres, enrolled in P.A. 116, or a recognized Centennial Farm. Reserve Agricultural Land: those quarter sections which contain one of the above defined soil types or a major farmstead. A complete explanation of the designation methodology is included in Appendix B. (. Policy 5: Residential Land Use Dependent on the capability of the natural resource base and the availability of public services, the opportunity for a range of residential densities and styles shall be provided. Residential land use is divided into three classifications. Within this classification scheme, there is the flexibility necessary to allow design innovation which may result in varying localized densities while . maintaining the overall density. Low Density Residential. Planned for areas designated for low intensity land use and provides for a maximum overall density of one ( 1) dwelling unit per five (5) acres. Grass Lake Township 10 Community Goals and Policies �Medium Density Residential. Planned for areas designated for medium intensity land use and provides for a maximum overall density of one ( l) dwelling unit per two (2.0) acres. High Density Residential. Planned for areas designated for high intensity land use and provides for a maximum overall density of one (1) dwelling unit per one-half(.5) acre. Higher densities are possible with the availability of central water and sewer systems. I '- In the absence of central sewers, the minimum lot size for each dwelling unit shall be three-quarter (0. 75) acre. Policy 6: Sanitary Sewers and Water Plans for the extension of water facilities and the construction of sanitary sewers shall be limited to areas where existing population densities and natural resource conditions warrant it necessary to protect public health, safety and welfare. The primary setvice areas shall be in close proximity to the Village of Grass Lake. Secondary setvices areas shall be at the 1-94 interchanges and the lake areas. With the extension of public sewer and water systems, areas currently planned for medium density, residential development may qualify for a higher level of residential. Medium density residential could become high density residential with the addition of water and sewer facilities. Policy 7: Roads The road network within the Township presents both opportunities and constraints to development. The capacity of the road network is emphasized as a primary consideration in land use planning decisions and is reflected by the preparation of a Thoroughfare Plan. Road improvement priorities are based upon a hierarchy established by the function each road serves. The allocation of improvement dollars shall give priority towards roads which function to benefit the greatest number of Township residents or provide the greatest economic benefit to the Township. The Thoroughfare Plan is based on the following classification system: Major Thoroughfares. The function of major thoroughfares is to carry larger volumes of traffic either between activity areas within the Township or through the Township. They also provide access to the expressways which serve the Township. The improvement of major thoroughfares rates the highest priority with the Township. I, - I Minor Thoroughfares. The function of minor thoroughfares are much the same as major thoroughfares, although more moderate volumes of traffic are carried. The improvement of minor thoroughfares rates the second highest priority within the Township. Collector Streets. The function of collector streets is to collect traffic from residential areas and carry it to major or minor thoroughfares. Traffic volumes are generally low. The improvement of collector streets rates the third highest priority within the Township. Grass Lake Township 11 Community Goals and Policies �Local Roads. The function of local streets or roads are to provide direct access to individual properties. Traffic volumes are very low. The improvement oflocal streets or roads rates the lowest priority within the Township. Further development of land for any purpose which maintains direct driveway access to a major thoroughfare shall be discouraged. Instead, the use of collector streets and local roads shall be encouraged. Policy 8: Commercial Development Due to the Township's low population density the amount of planned commercial land use shall be minimized and based on serving the convenience needs of Township residents as we]) as the capability of the land to support such development. • Commercial development shall be confined to areas planned for high intensity land use. Primary emphasis is placed on encouraging commercial use in downtown Grass Lake and in close proximity to the Village. Commercial uses shall be located with access to a major or minor thoroughfare and in areas which will have a minimal impact on neighboring residential areas. However, strip commercial development along major or minor thoroughfares will be discouraged. Instead, planned commercial areas which provide clustered commercial environments and minimize curb cuts and driveways will be encouraged. Special emphasis shall be placed on aesthetic as well as functional design standards. Provisions for less dense developments, allowances for greater green open space and landscaping, and parking requirements shall be appropriate to the size of the development and land area to be utilized. Policy 9: Industrial Development To provide for a limited amount of industrial land use to enhance the local tax base and provide employment for Township residents, the location of new industrial areas will be based upon the capability of the land to support such development and the need to minimize public expenditure to serve such development. Industrial land uses shall be confined to areas designated for high intensity land use. Clean, light industries shall be encouraged. Accessibility to 1-94 shall be emphasized. The suitability of natural features, such as topography and soil characteristics, to development shall be deemed as important as the availability of land. Protection of other uses, particularly residences, from intrusions by industry, both physical and visual shall be a priority. Grass Lake Township 12 Community Goals and Policies �LAND USE PLAN The Land Use Plan is designed to recognize existing development patterns, and acknowledge relevant demographic trends, while taking into consideration the Township's long .range goals and objectives as outlined by the Community Goals and Policies. Agricultural Land Use A significant portion of the Township has been reserved as an agricultural conservation area. Only very low intensity land uses will be allowed in these areas. The majority of land area north ofl-94 is reserved for agricultural land use and farmsteads except for the area to the east of Little Pleasant Lake to List Road, and those areas encompassed by the State Park. Significant expanses ofland to the east and west of the Village have also been designated for agricultural uses. Smaller land areas to the south and to the north of the Village have been similarly designated on the Land Use Plan. The agriculturally planned lands closely correspond to those areas determined to be "essential agricultural lands" as defined in Policy 4. Residential Land Use Low Density Residential : The second most significant land reservation is for low density residential. This land use category enhances the conservation of rural character and preservation of sensitive natural resources. A lack of public sanitary sewer and water facilities eliminates these areas' suitability for more intensive land uses. Two areas of low density residential have been planned. An area between the north ends of Grass Lake and Tims Lake and bounded on the west by Willis Road, to the east by Mt. Hope Road. The second area is much larger, and located in the southern portion of the Township. The northern boundary parallels Grovenor Road and the middle section line of Section 10 and 11. The west boundary follows the northern section of Grey Tower Road and a portion of Wolf Lake Road. The southern boundary follows Bellman and juts up to Curtis Road. The east boundary follows the north-south midsection line of Sections 11 and 14. Medium Density Residential: Lands planned for medium density residential development are primarily located adjacent to the Village, the Township lakes, near the Francisco settlement, and in the area of Maute and Kalmbach Roads. This plan reflects existing development patterns, provides a means of preventing sprawl and concentrating development near existing services. High Density and Multiple Family Residential: Due to the lack of public sanitary sewer and water service and the local concentration of soils with limited filtration capacities, high density and multiple family land uses have been planned immediately to the south and east of the Village, and on soils that do not exhibit more than a slight restriction to the development of on-site septic facilities. Multiple family units are an appropriate land use near other high intensity land uses or along a major or minor thoroughfare. The actual allowable density of high density and multiple family residential shall be highly dependent on the level of utility and public services provided now and in the future. Clustered Mixed Uses Mixed use development is specifically provided for within this land use designation. Mixed use provides flexibility and is intended to provide creative and adaptive land uses which will be compatible with surrounding uses. These include commercial cluster development, multiple family Grass Lake Township 13 Land Use Plan �units, and office uses. The two mixed use areas are located along the south side of Michigan Avenue on the west and east sides of the Village. One area of existing commercial use at Clear Lake Road is also designated as part of this category. Industrial Land Use The negative impacts of this intense land use is minimized by limiting industrial development to the areas of the Mt. Hope and Clear Lake Road interchanges. Mt. Hope presents the better opportunity and is planned as the larger industrial area. The second sma11er industrial area is located at the I-94 at Clear lake Road. The intention is to allow for economic and employment opportunity expansion within the Township without detracting from the rural character. I. Grass Lake Township 14 Land Use Plan �II ) GRASS LAKE WATERLOO ~ ~===!~V~~~ I l,..___,i----,=,1\ TOWNSHIP TOWNSHIP LJ D[ , t~ )7L~ t 1) e----+-- ~1 ~ f- IP=],..-~i j I I 1 ~1~ i ~ ~ ...J ...J f/1 L\"1}'~ ct X L---;,f-J--rl--#1- --+--~ PAGE ~I I I 12 3 0 a: __£.Q_; Agricultural Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential High Density Residential Public/ Quasi • Public Open Space / Recreation Clustered Mixed Use light Industrial D liillill] ti11~d E] NORVELL TOWNSHIP (UJ@® [?) ~@ITT) Grass Lake Township [L@ ITT)@ m • ~ 3000 MOO 72CO ii Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects I �TIIOROUGHFAREPLAN The Thoroughfare Plan proposes the hierarchy of transportation routes serving and resulting from future land use patterns. Based on existing circulation patterns, the Land Use Plan, and estimated population and traffic increase, these routes will be relied upon as major or minor thoroughfares, collector streets and local roads. As defined in the Community Goals and Policies section, a ''Major Thoroughfare" carries large volumes of traffic either between activity areas within the Township or through the Township. These roads also provide access to the expressway which serves the Township. The improvement of major thoroughfares rates the highest priority with the Township. A "Minor Thoroughfare" serves much the same purpose as a major thoroughfare but it carries a more moderate volume of traffic. The improvement of minor thoroughfares rates the second highest priority with the Township. A "Collector Street" transports traffic from local and residential streets to major and minor thoroughfares. Traffic volumes tend to be moderate. The improvement of collector streets rates the third highest priority with the Township. A "Local Road" provides access to individual properties, and typically has moderate to low speeds. The improvement of local roads rates the lowest priority within the Township. As stated in Policy 6, under the Community Goals and Policies heading, the future development of land for any purpose which provides direct access on to a major or minor thoroughfare shall be discouiclged. The purpose is to minimize the flow of traffic onto the major or minor thoroughfares except from controlled intersections. The intended outcome is a more efficient and safe circulation of local traffic. The use of collector streets and local roads shall be encouraged for localized traffic movements. The use of service drives would be an acceptable option along the major and minor thoroughfares. Major north-south thoroughfares include: Mt. Hope Road, Clear Lake-Francisco Road, Wolf Lake Road, and Norvell Road. Major east-west thoroughfares include Michigan Avenue (Old U.S. 12), Grass Lake Road, and Lee Road. Mt. Hope and Clear Lake-Francisco Road provide access to Interstate 94. Michigan Avenue connects Grass Lake Township to Jackson and Ann Arbor, and many other small communities that lie in between. Minor thoroughfares which run north-south include Willis Road, Fishville Road and Hayball Road. Minor thoroughfares which run east-west include Cedar Knoll Road, Knight Road, Page Road and Curtis Road. Willis Road connects the Township to the Waterloo Recreation Area, northern lakes and townships. Cedar Knoll and Knight Roads parallel 1-94. Some examples of collector streets are Morrisey Road, Kalmbach Road, Bohne Road, Barber Roads, Phal Road, Burkhart Road, and Grey Tower Road. At this stage of development the Township has few local roads, though examples are Mack Island Road near Wolf Lake, Island Road off Mt. Hope Road and the Lockwood Subdivision streets. Apart from Interstate 94, all Township roads are county maintained, and approximately two-fifths are gravel. The county primary roads, Mt. Hope, Clear Lake-Francisco, Michigan Avenue, Grass Lake, Curtis, Lee, Burkhart, Phal (between Wolf and Norvell), Wolf Lake and Norvell Roads are Grass Lake Township 16 Thoroughfare Plan �~ improved by the County Road Commission. At this time, Jackson County does not have a future Right-of Way Master Plan that impacts on Grass Lake Township. Grass Lake Township 17 Thoroughfare Plan �) ) ~ ~ nlXT& ~ l II Ill ~ ■ I I II oj / 'I I 1111 1, I - ~ 1 l:= ~ u ~ l iz ' ...0 "':z:.... i i 0 "'J ~ 12 2 M~EON TOWNSHIP ( ----- J. ---- MOfilVCLL TOW._... THOROUGHFARE PLAN B E·---~ MAJOR THOROUGHFARE MINOR THOROUGHFARE B B COLLECTOR STREET LOCAL ROAD No Scale Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects �I , IMPLEMENTATION The Township Master Plan serves as the broad framework within which the Township will guide future land use. Implementation of this Plan will require the ongoing efforts of Township officials, planning commissioners, board of appeals members, neighboring agencies and citizens. The effectiveness of the Plan relies upon the diligence with which its provisions are acted upon. Specific strategies available to the Township for implementation of the Master Plan and the policies include the following: Revise Township Zoning Ordinance to reflect the policies of the Master Plan: Establish corresponding residential densities. Establish corresponding conditional and special land uses within zones. Adoption of separate Township ordinances governing: Subdivision Regulation and Cluster Housing. Planned Unit Development Regulation. Wetlands Protection. Woodlands Protection. Groundwater Protection. Design controls and standards for landscaping, signs, and buffer zones. Environmental performance standards for special land uses. Engineering design standards for drainage systems and parking areas. 1 Development of a Capital Improvements Plan. Publication of a "Development Guide", an information handbook outlining Township development policies and guidelines. Development of cooperative planning efforts with adjacent communities, county, state and federal agencies. It should be noted that the list of strategies is not in any ranked order. These are the most common and feasible options currently available to the Township in implementing this Plan. As new legislation occurs it is possible that new options will be available while some existing ones will be altered or eliminated. The Master Plan was designed to be flexible by being adaptable to changing circumstances without weakening the established goals and policies. The effective implementation of this Plan will require long term cooperation and effort on the part of Township officials, staff, developers, landowners and citizens. An informed and involved citizenry is therefore essential to the success of this Plan. Grass Lake Township 19 Implementation ��Location and Access Location Grass Lake Township is located along the eastern boundary of Jackson County and adjacent to Washtenaw County. It is surrounded in Jackson County by the townships of Waterloo to the north, Leoni to the west, and Norvell and Napoleon to the south. Running north to south in Washtenaw County are the townships of Lyndon, Sylvan, Sharon and Manchester. Nearby urbanized areas are the City of Jackson (about 10 miles west), the Village of Chelsea (about 8 miles east) and the City of Ann Arbor (about 20 miles east). The Village of Grass Lake, a community of approximately 1,000 inhabitants, occupies the west-central portion of the Township and is the only municipality within its boundaries (See Figure A). Roadways Regional access is provided by two Interstate 94 interchanges, one at Mt. Hope Road and the other at Clear Lake Road. Crossing the Township in an east-west direction between Detroit and Chicago, 1-94 effectively separates its northernmost sections from the rest of the Township. However, north and south frontage roads along parts of the expressway do feed and collect vehicles from the interchanges onto other secondary roads. An ahernative east-west artery is Michigan Avenue, also known as "Old US-12", which links Jackson to Chelsea. Although an east west circulation pattern is dominant, both 1-94 and Michigan Avenue meet US-127 at points six miles east of the Township, providing access to Lansing in the north, and Hillsdale and Lenawee Counties in the south. Residents and recreational visitors are the major users of local roads, particularly the north-south roads (Willis, Wolf Lake, Mt. Hope, Maute, Fishville Roads). These roads, which lead to state and county parks, have become residential strips. Railroads Conrail maintains a single track for the Detroit-Chicago Amtrak passenger line that runs through, but does not stop in, the Village of Grass Lake. Airports I • The closest general aviation facility is just east of Jackson at the County's Reynolds Field, while complete services can be found in Lansing at Capital City Airport and in Wayne County at Detroit Metropolitan Airport. A very small private airfield is located on Sager Road in the northeast quadrant of the Township. I ' Grass Lake Township Appendix A �Figure A REGIONAL MAP );, I /,j 5 I ,, / /,. I , f / / Grass Lak.e Township 2 -/ ,/ Appendix A �Physical Characteristics ' i - A series of maps were produced by the Region 2 Planning Commission in 1985 and 1986 which depict the distribution of wetlands, developed areas, cultural and natural features, sensitive surface formations, groundwater recharge areas, and licensed public use airports. Topography Grass Lake Township is characterized by a mainly level to rolling topography, with elevations ranging from 950 to 1,050 feet above sea level, or about 275 to 375 feet above Lake Michigan. Area slopes range from zero to forty percent inclines. The steepest slopes are found to the north of 1-94, in the area of the Waterloo State Recreation Area. Though, the majority of Township land has a slope of zero to six percent (See Appendix C, Figure A). Most of the topographic features are the result of erosion or deposition during the Wisconsin gladation, the latest glacial period. Marshes and areas of organic soil are important topographic features, as they are the remnants of old lakebeds and glacial drainageways. Geology Grass Lake is part of a broad upland area of sedimentary bedrock extending from the Ohio-Indiana state line northeastward to Michigan's "Thumb". As the ice melted after the Wisconsin glaciation, a mantle of glacial drift was left on beds of sedimentary bedrock. Of varying depths, the drift formed mainly outwash plains, glacial drainageways and kettles in the area encompassed by the Township. Soils Two soil associations dominate the land area within Grass Lake Township: the Spinks-OnnasHoughton and the Boyer-Oshtemo-Houghton associations. Both associations are described as deep soils, and both exhibit well drained and poorly drained characteristics. Examples of each association can be found in any area of the Township but each half of the Township is dominated by one association. The Spinks-Onnas-Houghton association is concentrated in the southern portion of the Township. These are typically sandy or muck soils which fonned in glaciofluvial deposits or in organic material. The Boyer-Oshtemo-Houghton association dominates in the central-northern tier. These are loamy or muck soils that also formed in glaciofluvial deposits or in organic material. The northern most tier of the Township includes a narrow band of Boyer-Hillsdale-Houghton soils, associated with the wooded moraines of the Waterloo State Recreation Area. The well-drained Spinks, Ormas, Boyer, Oshtemo soils are suitable for com and other crop production, pasture, hayland, and woodland. The excessive moisture of the poorly drained Houghton soils can be reduced with various management and engineering techniques to make it suitable for use as cropland, pasture, hayland and woodland. Grass Lake Township 3 Appendix A �All above listed soil types have slight restrictions for building site deve1opment and severe limitations in regards to the development of on-site sewage disposa1s systems. The sandy composition of the soils may contribute to groundwater po11ution because of its inadequate filteration capacities. Soils with restrictions due to ponding, flooding, and wetness have been mapped according to Soil conservation Service Survey Data (See Appendix C, Figure B). Water Resources Seven hundred-seventeen (717) acres of Township land is under water. The Township encompasses aII of Grass and Tims Lakes, and portions of Notten, Little Pleasant, Goose, and Wolf Lakes. Wetland areas make up a significant portion of the submerged land. The lakes and wetlands are concentrated in two areas: a broad swath north of Grass Lake Village and another in the southern most part, with legs extending north to the Village and east along the Willow Creek. Both wetland systems extend into neighboring townships Nearly the entire Township of Grass Lake has been identified as a groundwater recharge zone by the Soil Conservation Service. Closer analysis of specific soil types has provided more detail as to which soils are most sensitively connected to the groundwater recharge system (See Appendix C, Figure C). As local aquifers are generaily shailow, the areas of sandy or loamy soils are vulnerable to contamination by potential point and non-point sources of poIIution. Grass Lake Township has not participated in the Federal Flood Insurance Program. The delineation of soils prone to flooding, ponding and wetness along the banks of water bodies is a conservative approximation of flood plain boundaries Woodlands As with aII of pre-settlement Michigan, Grass Lake Township was once heavily wooded. Most of the trees have been through the years cleared to aIIow for cultivation of the land. The remaining woodlots are primarily lowland hardwoods such as ash, elm, soft maple, and cottonwood trees; or lowland conifers such as white spruce. There are several remaining heavily wooded areas: Waterloo State Recreation Area, Sharonville State Game Area, notheast comer of Lee and NorveII Roads, and the north side of Curtis Road near the Washtenaw County line. Agricultural Lands A significant percentage of Township residents are involved in agricultural production. It is estimated that 4.5% are involved in some aspect of agricultural industry whereas only l. 7% of all county residents are employed in a similar occupation. The agricultural lifestyle is a long established tradition in the Township. According to the Michigan Bureau of History there are least five registered Centennial Farms in Grass Lake Township. The desire to remain an agricultural community is evidenced by the more than 6700 acres ofland enrolled under Public Act 116, the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program. Grass Lake Township 4 Appendix A �The Township boundaries encompass a moderate quantity of soils defined as agricu1turally prime or unique by the Soil Conservation Service. These soils are scattered throughout the Township, though the greatest concentrations are found in the southern region. Many of the remaining soil types, though not prime or unique, are highly productive soils which demand only moderate soil management techniques. The primary crop produced in the Township is com, secondary crops include hay and Christmas trees. The Township is the home of one of two intensive livestock operations located in Jackson County. I l • Grass Lake Township 5 Appendix A �Population and Housing The population of Grass Lake Township more than doubled between 1950 and 1990, and experienced particularly large increases in the 1950s and again in the 1970s. Despite population increases the Township has remained rural in character, with 2,871 residents (in 1990) occupying a total area of29,651 acres. The population growth of Grass Lake Township has remain between the surrounding townships in Jackson and Washtenaw County. During the same period, the population of Grass Lake Village remained fairly stable at a level of 900 to 1,000 residents. At the regional level, the population of Jackson County rose to 149,756, an increase of approximately 39% over 1950 figures, while that of Washtenaw County reached 282,937, an increase of about 110%. Table 1 POPULATION TRENDS 1950-1980 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND RELATED AREAS 1950 Number 1960 Change Number Change 1,233 35% 1,661 15% 1,909 43% 2,723 6% 2,871 Grass Lake Village Leoni Township Napoleon Township Norvell Township Waterloo Township Jackson County* 878 8,468 2,549 804 924 107,925 18% 35% 71 % 46% 77% 17% 1,037 11,430 4,350 1,176 1,638 126,488 2% 22% 26% 52% 9% 10% 1,061 13,953 5,500 1,788 1,788 138,645 -9% 2% 12% 35% 37% 962 14,259 6,141 2,418 2,444 146,024 -7% 903 13,435 6,273 2,657 2,830 149,756 Lyndon Township Manchester Township** Sharon Township Sylvan Township** Washtenaw County*** 750 2,295 670 3,378 134,606 38% 13% 13% 30% 28% 1,037 2,590 760 4,401 172,440 32% 10% 9% 16% 36% 1,373 2,856 831 5,086 234,103 50% Grass Lake Township } 1970 Number Change 5% 13% 64% 9% 13% 1980 Number Change 2,057 3,226 1,363 5,524 264,748 -6% 2% 10% 16% 3% 8% 6% 0.2% 5% 7% 1990 Numbe1 2,228 3,429 1,366 5,827 282,937 * : excludes inmates of Southern Michigan Prison ** : includes Village within Township boundaries *** : includes college and university students Source: U.S. Census Grass Lake Township 6 Appendix A �Chart 1: Population Trends 19 50-1990 4000 p 3600 0 3200 p 2800 u 2400 a 2000 t 1600 1200 0 n _ _ _ _---a_..1 - - - - - - - - 1 ,___ _ _ _-a__,r - - - - - - a 800 c;>-= 400 0 1950 ◊ Grass Lake Township 1960 1970 1980 1990 a Grass Lake Village Estimates and Projections Estimates and projections of population can vary considerably according to the methods and assumptions used. The State of Michigan Department of Management and Budget's estimates for 1986 show a slight decline in population for Jackson County as a whole, and for Grass Lake Township and surrounding townships, except that Norvell. On the other hand, figures based on the number of building permits issued for new residential units multiplied by household size suggest a slight increase, rather than a decline, in population for Grass Lake Township. For Jackson County, the State projects a general increase in population of 8.1 % between 1986 and 2000, which approximates the rate obseived in the 1960s. However, the constant share method they employ does not allow for variations between individual municipalities and therefore between municipalities and the county as a whole. This is important to keep in mind. For example, the growth rate in Grass Lake Township between 1970 and 1980 was 43% versus an aggregate rate of 5.3% for Jackson County. Also, projections prepared by Michigan State University for the Grass Lake Community School District show a 13% increase in school enrollment between 1986 and 1995, while State projections for the number of school-aged children (5 to 19) in the county as a whole are for a 6% decline. Of course, the impact of changes in population for a community will depend on the actual numbers of people and households the changes represent, rather than on percentages. Grass Lake Township 7 Appendix A �Table 2 POPULATION ESTIMATES 1986 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND JACKSON C'lUNTY Grass Lake Township Constant Share Residential Building Jackson County• Constant Share 1980 1986 Change 2,723 2,723 2,630 2,872 -3.4% 5.5% 151,495 144,450 -4.7% • including inmate population . ~~= • "Constant Share" figures came from the State Dept. of Management Budget ( 12/88) • "Residential Building" figures were based on the method used by the Washtenaw County Metropolitan Planning Commission (WCMPC) in CURRENT STATISTICS (3/88): I) permits issued '80-'85; 2) household size of 3.05 (size in 1980 less 0.1) Table 3 PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND JACKSON COUNTY : 1980-2000 Grass Lake Township Constant Share School enrollment 1980 2,723 1990 1995 2000 Change 2,689 2,892 2,765 3,275 2,843 n/a 5.73% 13.24%· Jackson County 146,024 147,693 151,849 156,121 5.71% Washtenaw County 264,748 288,991 318,555 353,238 22.23% • % change from 1990 to 1995 only Notes: • "Constant Share" figures provided by the State Dept. of Management & Budget (12188) • "School enrollment" is based on the ratio of the 1986 population estimate to the actual school enrollment in 1985-86 (i.e. 3.68), multiplied by the actual or projected school enrollment in the Grass Lake Community School District. Source: Grass Lake Community School District, Region 2 Planning Commission, WCMPC · Grass Lake Township 8 Appendix A �Table 4 ACTUAL AND PROJECTED SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 1980-1995 GRASS LAKE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT 1986/87 1987/88 385 394 402 386 435 376 779 788 811 1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 Elementary High School 437 447 438 ill 421 433 375 431 363 415 Total 884 849 854 806 778 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 Elementary High School 445 349 455 331 476 339 478 348 491 354 490 375 387 Total 794 786 815 826 845 865 890 1991/92 1992/93 1985/86 1993/94 1994/95 503 Source: Jackson County Intermediate School District, Grass Lake Community School District Figure B MAP OF GRASS LAKE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT Grass Lake Township 9 Appendix A �Characteristics Age Composition In 1990, the combined populations of Grass Lake Township and Village included a relatively small proportion (59.8%) of residents aged 18 to 64, the age group considered to represent the labor force. The proportion of younger and older residents was usually higher than in surrounding townships, particularly in the case of persons aged 65 and over. The median age of Grass Lake Township residents is 34.6 years and 33.1 years for Village residents. Households Households in Grass Lake Township numbered 1,270 in 1990 and averaged 2.85 persons per household. Household size was larger than in adjacent townships in Jackson County and most similar to Lyndon and Manchester Townships in Washtenaw County (2. 78 and 2.82 persons/household, respectively). Table 5 GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1990 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND RELATED AREAS IN JACKSON COUNTY Leoni Township Napoleon Township Norvell Township Waterloo Township 3,774 13,435 6,273 2,657 2830 149,756 34 .6 27.0% 59.8% 13.2% 34.0 26.3% 62.1% 11.6% 34.l 27.0% 62.3% 10.7% 36.0 26.0% 63.0% 11.0% 32.6 24.8% 66.6% 8.6% 33.4 25.8% 61.8% 12.4% 1270 2.85 5,039 2.66 2261 2.75 970 2.73 928 2.78 53,660 2.62 Grass Lake Township* Total Population Age Characteristics Median Age Percent under 18 Percent 18 to 64 Percent 65 and over Total Households Household Size • Jackson County•• includes Grass Lake Village ** excludes Southern Michigan Prison Source : U. S. Census Table 6 GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 1980 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND RELATED AREAS IN WASHTENAW COUNTY Grass Lake Lyndon Manchester Sharon Sylvan Township* Township Township* Township Township* County•• Washtenaw Total Population Age Characteristics Median Age Grass Lake Township - --------- - ---- - 3,774 2,228 3,492 1,366 5,827 282,937 34.6 33.2 33.8 36.3 35.7 29.2 I0 Appendix A �Percent under 18 Percent 18 to 64 Percent 65 and over Total Households Household Size 29.3% 59.7% 11.0% 1,237 2.82 23.2% 69.6% 6.9% 700 . 2.78 27.0% 59.8% 13.2% 1,270 2.85 27.2% 62.4% 10.4% 462 2.96 * includes Village within Township boundaries ** includes college and university students 27.0% 57.7% 15.3% 2,047 2.69 21.6% 70.9% 7.5% 104,528 2.50 Source: l 1• S. Census Chart 2: General Age Distribution 1990 1.00 p e r C e n t a g e 0.10 0.00 Grass Lake Twp. & Village [] Under 18 ~ 18 to 64 Jackson Cty Townships B Washtenaw Cty Townships 65 and Over Note: Figures for Townships in Jackson and Washtenaw Counties represent the averages of the Townships adjacent to Grass Lake Township: Leoni, Napoleon, Norvell and Waterloo in Jackson Co.; Lyndon, Manchester, Sharon and Sylvan in Washtenaw County. Educational Attainment Residents of Grass Lake Township and Village aged 25 and over tend to be slightly more educated than the average resident of Jackson County, but less so than that of Washtenaw County. Grass Lake Township l l Appendix A �Table 7 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 1980 Total Persons 25 and over Percent High School Graduates Percent with 1 to 3 years of College Percent with 4 or more years of College Grass Lake Township• Jackson County Washtenaw County 2,161 72.6% 18.6% 11.0% 88,518 69.2% 16.9% 12.2% 141,291 80.9% 18.5% 36.1 o/o * includes Village Source: U. S. Census Income The median income for Grass Lake Township and Village households in 1980 was $21,261, which was somewhat more than the average of surrounding townships in Jackson County ($19,834), but lower than that of nearby townships in Washtenaw County ($23, 118.). Housing Characteristics Home Ownership Of Grass Lake Township and Grass Lake Village residents, 81.3% and 77.5% respectively owned their homes. In Jackson County 73. 7% residents own their homes. Housing Value Between 1984 and 1988, the average home sales value rose steadily, then dropped 15% in 1989 returning to the 1986 average. The average sales value was $41,738 in 1989. Table 8 AVERAGE HOME SALES VALUES 1984 - 1990 GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP Year Number of Sales Total Dollar Sales 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 28 61 53 53 54 37 $907,350 $2,257,775 $2,205,400 $2,292,460 $2,639,200 $1,544,305 Average Dollar Sale S32A05 $37,013 $41,61 I $43,254 $48,874 $41,738 $76,100 Source: Grass Lake Township The median home value reported by the 1990 Census was $60,600. Grass Lake Township 12 Appendix A �Age of Housing Stock In 1980, the Township and Village's housing stock dated from a range of periods: over one third of the residential units (433) dated from before World War II, while close to a quarter (288) had been built within the preceding ten years. The Village accounted for most of the older units, which, together with several commercial and institutional buildings, give the community its historic character. Table 9 AGE OF HOUSING STOCK 1980 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE AND RELATED AREAS Total Number of Units Grass Lake Township & Village Built in 1939 or earlier Built from 1940 to 1969 Built from 1970to 1979 Leoni Township Napoleon Township Norvell Township Waterloo Township Jackson County 1,204 4,958 2,181 879 915 53,629 36% 26% 22% 27% 24% 38% 40% 55% 50% 45% 30% 41% 24% 19% 28% 28% 47% 21% Manchester Township Sylvan Township Washtenaw County 1,141 1,933 97,397 51% 42% 21% 28% 46% 52% 21% 12% 27% Note: Census figures for Lyndon and Sharon Townships are not available because their population was below 2,500. Source: U. S. Census Building Activity Residential building activity from 1980 through 1990 lagged considerably behind the previous decade: 108 units versus 287 units. The vast majority (30 units) were built in the Township, and all of these were single family homes. The Township added commercial structures - one industrial structure. During the same period, two commercial units and five multiple family residential units were built in the Village. Table 10 RESIDENTIAL UNITS BUILT BETWEEN 1980 AND 1990 GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE 1980 Grass Lake Township Grass Lake Village Total 22 0 22 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 11 0 11 6 8 0 8 4 0 4 8 0 8 11 0 24 6 30 8 0 8 6 Note: Figures equal construction less demolition Grass Lake Township 0 11 1989 1990 11 2 13 17 3 21 Total 130 11 141 Source: Region 2 Planning Commission 13 Appendix A �Economic Base Labor Force Characteristics In 1980, 85% of the combined labor force of the Township and Village was fairly evenly split between the following four occupational categories: operatives; skilled workers; technical, sales and clerical workers; and managers and professionals. Relative to Jackson County ru~a whole, there were fewer workers in technical, sales, clerical and service occupations, and correspondingly more skilled workers and more in farm related occupations. These differences are echoed in the breakdown by industry, with fewer workers employed in the service and trade sectors and more employed in agriculture, construction and manufacturing. The manufacturing sector employed 1/3 of Grass Lake Township and Village's labor force in 1980. This proportion has probably decreased, since overall industrial employment in Jackson County dropped 12% between then and 1986. Although light industry has recovered, employment in heavy industry remained down by 24 % . Unemployment, in 1980, at 9%, was slightly lower than the aggregate county rate of 10.2%, but considerably higher than the Washtenaw County rate of 6.8%. Table 11 LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS 1980 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND JACKSON COUNTY Grass Lake Township Number Percent Jackson County Percent Number BY OCCUPATION Managers, Professionals Tech., Sales, Admin. Support Service Farm., Forest, Fishing Skilled Workers Operatives, Laborers Totals 292 308 162 65 308 ~ l,491 19.6 20.7 10.9 4.4 20.7 23.9 100.0 12,138 16,831 8,756 1,132 7,808 13,484 60,149 20.2 28.0 14.6 1.9 13.0 22.4 100.0 1,036 2,591 18,099 5,744 11,669 2,375 4,078 11,892 2,665 60,149 1. 7 4.3 30. l 9.5 19.4 3.9 6.8 19.8 BY INDUSTRY Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries Mining, Construction Manufacturing Transportation, Utilities Retail & Wholesale Trade Finance, Insurance, Real Estate Business & Personal Services Health, Educ. & Prorl Services Public Administration Totals 7J 67 119 499 88 255 10 88 308 _j]_ 1,491 4.5 8.0 33.5 5.9 17 .1 0.7 5.9 20.7 _il 100.0 -1A 100.0 Source: U.S. Census Grass Lake Township 14 Appendix A �Chart 3 Major Occupational Groups p e r C 30 27 e 24 n 21 t 18 0 f 15 12 9 a 6 b 3 0 r 0 f Mgr/ProrI 0 Skilled Workers Tech/Sales Operatives Other r C e [J Grass Lake Twp. ~ Jackson Co. Employer Characteristics Employers in the Grass Lake area provided 597 jobs in early 1989, with almost half in health, education and social service fields and 1/3 in the trade and manufacturing sectors. Two out of the five manufacturers have moved to Grass Lake in the last two years. Table 12 EMPLOYERS BY SECTOR IN 1989 GRASS LAKE ZIP CODE AREA SECTOR Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries Mining, Construction Manufacturing Transportation, Utilities Retail & Wholesale Trade Finance, Insurance, Real Estate Business & Personal Services Health, Educ. & Social Services Public Administration Total Grass Lake Township EMPLOYEES Number Percentage 17 3% 12% 16% 72 93 0 101 0% 17% 0% l 6 1% 279 47% 28 597 100% 5% l5 Appendix A �Table 13 MANUFACTURERS IN 1990 GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE Number of Employees Established Pilot Plastics, Inc., Electronic Division The Monarch Press, Inc. Walker Manufacturing Co. Parts of America Aerospace, Inc. OPAT Machine Corey Laboratories 10 40 130 60 25 1 (incubator for other small industries) 30 1988 1927 1967 1989 1960 l 980's 1991 Tax Base The relative tax base values of agricultural and residential property shifted considerably between 1980 and 1989. The residential share increased from 46% to 64%, while the agricultural share decreased from 35% to 19% of the total tax base. Commercial and industrial values ·remained stable at around 4% each. In 1990, more than 6,700 acres of agricultural land was granted tax abatements under P.A. 116 contract agreements. Table 14 STATE ASSESSED VALUATIONS IN $1,000, 1980-1991 GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 REAL Agricultural Residential Commercial Industrial Total 11,667 15,097 1,428 1,224 29,416 11,271 18,318 1,563 1,327 32,479 11,096 21,318 1,617 1,330 35,361 10,800 21,352 1,656 1,274 35,082 10,401 22,235 1,742 1,226 35,604 10,819 21,533 1,854 35,488 Real & Personal 33,126 36,353 39,572 39,139 39,695 39,362 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Agricultural Residential Commercial Industrial Total 10,734 22,209 1,883 1,208 36,034 10,509 23,020 1,820 1,074 36,423 8,668 26,306 1,873 1,081 37,928 9,051 29,396 1,812 1,219 41,478 9,564 33,770 1,964 1,335 46,633 8,003 37,475 1,988 1,416 48,882 Real & Personal 40,401 40,505 42,252 45,929 46,854 49,503 REAL 1,282 Source: Grass Lake Township Grass Lake Township 16 Appendix A t'"\J)J)ellUI)!. I\ �Chart 4: SEV Trends 37480 33732 n 29984 26236 $ 22488 18740 0 14992 0 11244 0 7496 ◊ -0 0 0- 3748 0 1980 ◊ 1981 Agricultural Grass Lake Township 1982 □ 1983 Residential 1984 1985 ♦ Comm./Ind. 17 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Appendix A �Community Facilities and Services Police and Fire The Township has one fire department located on West Michigan Avenue in the Village of Grass Lake. Police service is contracted from Jackson County. Emergency Medical Service is ·available, though the nearest hospitals are in Chelsea and Jackson. Utilities Consumers Power provides electricity throughout the Township and gas in most areas. Telephone se~ice is provided by General Telephone. Sewer, Water and Solid Waste Disposal There are no central sewer or water facilities in the Township. Residents and businesses rely on individual septic systems and wells. The Village of Grass Lake has a central water system supplied by two wells, but no sewer facilities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are provided by private contractor. The Region 2 Planning Commission recently submitted a regional solid waste plan to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources which essentially maintains the status quo in Grass Lake Township. Roadways Apart from I-94, all Township roads are county-maintained. Of these, one half are primary roads. The remainder are fairly evenly split between paved and unpaved local roads. Schools The Grass Lake Community School District, a part of the Jackson County Intermediate School District, encompasses Grass Lake Village, Grass Lake Township and limited areas in adjoining townships. The District consists of one elementary school and one combined junior and senior high school located on the eastern edge of the Village. Parks and Recreation Grass Lake Township includes a number of lakes, natural areas, and public and private facilities that offer residents and visitors opportunities for both passive and active recreation. Grass Lake Township I8 Appendix A �Table 15 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 1990 FOR GRASS LAKE TOWNSHIP Name Location Type Description/Activities Waterloo State Rec. Area N. of 1-94 State Sharonville State Game Area SE portion State Fishing, camping, hunting, trails, nature e~chibits, etc. Hunting, fishing, hiking, dog field trials Various Scenic Drives N. of 1-94 State and private Grass Lake County Park E. shore Grass Lake County Grass Lake Township Hall S. shore Grass Lake Township Tennis court Coe House Museum W. edge of Village Village Historical Soc. Local history, special events Grass Lake Depot & Whistle Stop Park Village Whistlestop Park Assn. Exhibition hall & community activity center, scenic park Twin Knolls Golf Course near Wolf Lake Public All Seasons Resorts NE of Goose Lake Private Camping & RV Park Fa-Ho-Lo Park N. of Village Private Camping & RV Park Four Seasons Campground E. of Little Wolf Lake Private Grass Lake Township I9 Scenic country roads, views Camping Appendix A �Existing Land Use The existing land use map was compiled from the Region 2 Planning Commission's 1973 land use map. The information was recorded on a base map, updated with aerial photos taken in 1986 and field checked for recent developments. Additional information was provided by the 1977 Land Use Plan for the Township. Land use is devoted mainly to agriculture and low density residential development. The categories appearing on the land use map are as follows: Agricultural The majority of the Township's land area falls under this category, which includes both vacant and cultivated agricultural lands. One of two hog hotels in Jackson County is located in the northwest comer of the Township, but the largest expanses of agricultural land occupy the southern and eastern quadrants of the Township. Rural ResidentiaVFarmstead Farmsteads and homes on parcels larger than 5 acres are the dominant form of residential use throughout the Township. They are found along virtua1ly every local road with frequently sizable landholdings behind the structures remaining vacant or under cultivation. Residences are more prevalent in the northeastern part of the Township south of 1-94, along Michigan Avenue and in the southern tier. This designation also includes trailers or mobile homes located on individual parcels as opposed to mobile home parks. Single Family Residential Single family residential development on parcels of less than 5 acres is limited to a few strips near the Village of Grass Lake and the shores of Tims and Wolf Lakes. Multiple Family Residential Two four-unit apartment buildings exist on separate sites in the Township. Mobile Home Park Two small parks of a resort character are located in the Township, one east of Tims Lake, the other north of Wolf Lake. Public/Quasi-Public A few public/quasi-public land uses occur in the Township, mainly in proximity to the Village and along 1-94. Township and Village offices are in Grass Lake Village. This category also includes: schools, churches, cemeteries, utilities, and a freeway rest area and weigh station. Grass Lake Township 20 Appendix A �Open Space/Recreational A variety of open space and recreational uses are represented, but together they encompass relatively little land area. The north-central edge of the Township is overlapped by Waterloo State Recreation Area, and the southeastern edge by the Sharonville State Game Area. Other parks, resorts and golf courses are clustered around Grass, Tims and Wolf Lakes. (_ Commercial Small commercial and office uses are found along Michigan Avenue at the edges of the Village and at Wolf Lake. Industrial A few industrial facilities exist on scattered sites in the Township. The newest facility is located at one of the 1-94 interchanges. Grass Lake Township 21 Appendix A �GRASS LAKE WATERLOO TOWNSHIP TOWNSHIP a a: • • el~ >- ~ 0.. It ~ :z ill< 0 ~ ~11 z I ®(j) 0 ~7~~ • I § ~ I ; c( 3: w .J ® Q Q) ~ i) 12 3 0 a: ~1---=-:-=tr, NAPOLEON TOWNSHIP Agricultural Rural Residential/Farmstead Single Family Residential Multiple Family Residential Mobile Home Park Public / Quasi-Public Open Space / Recreation Commercial Industrial D m -- NORVELL TOWNSHIP ~~o@~□ mJ® [LtrumJ@ QJJ@@ EB Grass Lake Township ~ ~ 1200 3000 5AOO &oOQ 7200 ii Carllsle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects I ��Agricultural Land Analysis Methodology A definition of locally essential agricultural land requires more than simply a knowledge of the distribution of Soil Conservation Service defined Prime and Unique farmland. The long-term stability and viability of the Grass Lake Township agricultural community depends on a number of variables such as the availability of large parcels, a minimum of urban and residential encroachment, and an interest on the part oflocaJ farmers to remain in agricultural production. The agricultural land analysis applied to Grass Lake Township was designed to identify the areas (not specific parcels) within the Township which are essential to the conservation of the agricultural and rural character of Grass Lake Township. A goal of the analysis is to provide support to existing rural and agricultural land uses, and to discourage the encroachment of suburban land uses into primarily agricultural areas. The systematic ranking of local agricultural land forms the cornerstone of the Township agricultural conservation program. The agricultural analysis supports the designation of an Agricultural district where non-agricultural development is to be severely limited in order to encourage the continued agricultural use of these lands. A second goal of the ~nalysis was to apply a land evaluation system which would be flexible over time and to incorporate the individual property owners' right to a reasonable use of their land. IDENTIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES The following characteristics were applied to the available land base. Each characteristic depicts a strength within the Township agricultural base, and each has been examined and mapped as part of the process of differentiating agricultural lands. Included with the description of each characteristic is a brief explanation of why it was chosen. • Prime and Unique Farmland: Prime farmland contains soils identified by the Soil Conservation Service as composed of the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. Unique farmland contains soils other than prime which are used for the production of specific crops. Prime and Unique Farmland is a standard, though highly selective, physical characteristic employed to locate agricultural lands. • Class II Soils: Soils identified by the Soil Conservation Service as exhibiting only moderate limitations which reduce the choice of plants or require moderate conservation practices. Grass Lake Township has few areas which are identified as prime or unique farmland. Class II soils represent those soils within the Township which may be farmed with only moderate limitations to crop type and necessary conservation practices. • Soils Capable of Producing 100 Bushels of Coro per Acre: Township soils identified by Table 5 in the Jackson County Soil Survey as capable of producing 100 bushels of com per acre. This characteristic was included to expand the physical basis for agricultural production. It was the belief that this rate of com production would sustain a fanning operation. Grass Lake Township 22 Appendix B �• Eighty Acre or Greater Parcels: Parcels identified from the plat book which were eighty acres or greater in size. I identified areas within the Township where parcels exist which are large enough to support an efficient agricultural operation. It was also anticipated that large parcels indicated a limited amount of suburban residential encroachment. • Major Farmsteads: Initially determined by interpolating the concurrent existence of large contiguous properties, farmsteads depicted on the existing land use map, and P.A. 116 agreements. Refined with the input of Township officials. Identified where full-time farmers were currently located. • Public Act 116 Agreements: Properties identified through state and local records as enrolled in the farmland and open space program in 1990. Identified farmers (or land owners) who have an interest in remaining in agricultural production or a11owing their property to remain as open space. • Centennial Farm Registration: Farms registered with the Michigan State Department of History as a Michigan Centennial Farm. Identified farms which may have historical importance to the community, and should be recognized as part of an agricultural conservation program. MAPPING AGRICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ) The analysis base map used was an outline of the Township boundaries with the quarter section lines drafted on to it. The first step to mapping the agricultural characteristics was to eliminate those quarter sections which were unavailable for agricultural activities. Any quarter section which was fifty percent or more committed to a land use other than agriculture or open land was eliminated from the analysis. This included state recreation and preservation lands and quarter sections occupied by industry or suburban type homesteads. Each remaining quarter section was examined to determine if a given characteristic described at least fifty percent of the land area within the quarter section. Whenever at least fifty percent of the quarter section was covered by an individual characteristic it was marked. The result was a generalization over the entire one hundred-sixty acres contained within the quarter section, however it prevented identifying specific parcels. Overlays of the maps indicated patterns of resource distribution which were interpreted into the agricultural categories of essential, secondary or reserve. ASSIGNING AGRICULTURAL DESIGNATIONS The characteristics used to identify agricultural lands do not have the same importance or weight. For example, prime, unique or class II soils are much more important to the profitability of a farm than the presence of centennial farm registration. Combinations of variables may produce better or worse conditions for agriculture as well. Therefore, certain characteristics were related together to develop a hierarchy of agricultural lands. The first (highest) classification in the hierarchy is "Essential Agricultural Land." The term is applied to those quarter sections which contain one soil characteristic and a major farmstead. The concept is to recognize the most productive soils and existing operations. These land areas are to form the core of the agricultural conservation district. The agricultural district will allow only Grass Lake Township 23 Appendix B �those uses named in the Policy 2: Land Use Intensity as very low intensity uses. The second classification is "Secondary Agricultural Land." The term is applied to those quarter sections which contain one of the soil characteristics, or properties which are eighty acres or greater in size, or enrolled in the P.A. 116 program. The classification recognizes desirable soils, parcels of sufficient size to develop an agricultural use, existing farms of smaller size, or an owner's desire to remain in agriculture on open land use. The land uses permitted within this area shall be in the low intensity category. The third classification is "Resetve Agricultural Land." This classification primarily recof•nizes the remaining designated soils without any additional criteria. However, the classification was used to include farms which may not have met any other criteria but are noteworthy for other reasons {such as a centennial fann). Figure A depicts the designation given to each quarter section based on the above defined criteria. Figure B depicts the Agricultural Conservation Zone that was determined by the distribution of agricultural characteristics. To arrive at the area to be designated for Agricultural use the areas which were identified as essential agricultural land were sumed. It was decided that if necessary to arrive at a district that could be described in a continuous and fluid way that some quarter sections designated as secondary agricultural land were to be included as part of the district. The purpose of the secondary agricultural lands is to serve as a visual and physical buffer to the essential agricultural district. In addition to maintaining a map of Township agricultural lands and to delineating the Township agricultural conservation district, the analysis also may be used at the time of development and rezoning reviews, to aid the Township tract the loss of agricultural lands, and to measure the impact ofland use on the agricultural base of the community. Grass Lake Township 24 Appendix B ---- ~ -- --- �) ) WATERLOO J TOWNSHIP ::::::::::::::::,:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~,:,:,1,•,:•••:, ··········••.t,:,,,.,.,.,:,•,···•.•,.,.,.,. '•·············•1-•,•······································ ---..,..•. -~•:•:•:•t•?•!•~•-•:•:•:•:•,•?•:•:•:•:•t•!•: .~::•:::::::::~::::::::::::::::,:.:::::::: m~rrmmr:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:= •~•••••••••Y,/'--!'- ••::;;~;;;;;;;;;;;;i::: ,•,•, ······-· ~;l1:t··· ··········· ,:,;,:-:•:• !)!}! .:::::::::•· f ~ ~ V ...x "'z ~ z w :r 3' 0 I- 1- 4/l = GRASS AKE I~=::::::::::::::::: ·s;. : :::::::.;(::::::It::::::::::::::::: ::i::=:=:: ::_:_:_:_:~:~:~::It :_:_:_:_: :J:_:_: I :_::If;_::.=.• i't!tit!'!@l/@!i!iiiii!!l!Hi J.1 ~ :i. i : : : '/Mf!MM!!~~~MM!!~!1~m@~!f!!l!f1Ni/1//////////////////// ::::::::::::w:::::: ltfi:f ::: I.. : I \ul~11,,,. . ;ij , _···:·:·=w.r;; mm~~~~~;~ HORV£LL ~1·_L·:=.~:~ TOWNSHIP AGRICULTURAL LAND QUARTER SECTION ANALYSIS [~:~t:~:~:~:~:~:~:] ESSENTIAL AGRICULTURAL 1Jl1Jt:M SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL r........... ........ ·1 .......... ............ RESERVE AGRICULTURAL UNAVAILABLE LANDS No Scale Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects �WATERLOO TOWNSHI~ ilt?t:i:;:~=··.:,:, .... .... •,•. .... :•:• 0.. t: ~ 411 ~ u ' ...0 ~ j Ii~ li if!i!JJ~1li/!lll1l 1!1 1 111111 11 ! !1 1 1 1l■ .•c,c,,:;;;;:;;;;;:;;;::::;;:::;:;;;:::;;;:::::;;;;:;111111111:: :: ::: i:i:: .. ❖:;:;.:;:::.:.::;:::a::::::y·;; ·:'' ~ NORVtLL - IITITIITrJ lt1i£jJ TOWNSHIP AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION ZONE ESSENTIAL AGRICULTURAL SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL a D . ... RESERVE AGRJCUL TURAL UNAVAILABLE LANDS No Scale . Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects ��WAT'fR LOO .;::::::::::::::: TOWNSH I P .,J \'tJ!.A> __;-.._ 2'2 -:, -:~~:: ..::· .;,•, ;\: ~ l. ,::t:: l l~ ~ a. ....lo. .,, ~ z • OLJI I ,,___,nD1 .. V 0 I- I'\t"·~ii , I, . i : '1 --'''"_p,. '":: 0 IAI .J l ,I I , / Ii ••,,,,.,GRA S ~ E If ······ ,, 1 :: 4 = ~ ~1 ' ]) I - Ii D i 1 ~u ~f i J z w .,,~ i J - ·+-- - J ~r k:·J ,t,,y~:;:;t' , ,l ·•:•.:, . PAG{ ··.-:-::.- 0 Cl: ~ r I If •,•,•· •,·, ~ .. ~.;:;!;!:;T-.·· 12 lf--t"•~•:;:~:\:r- 3 J. RO I r ~ l T I ...=J- . ...J ' ,._ I ~4 3 -t ..... ~ ..oAV[LL • r .-::i~ MODERATE TO SEVERE TOWNSHIP SLOPES ( 10%-30% slopes) No Scale Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects __ ...,., IIWI'- -~~LJll.. ■ '11 ... '-i: ■ ('IT' -- �en en w co (.) ~ - (I) w ~ -Cl z 0 a. (!J -Clz 0 ·O I . _J ;~ -~~~-:· ·.\~;....\ ·- (1) C. 0 0~ U) CJ) U)"O cii~ ·====·=·•: \.•~:/•• G) '-- cu <( <( z . ---:::~·-:: ;-?_ ....-:-::r·: (1) .-t= -.c U) (.) <~ G) CJ ...•: 0 z Co - Cl z ~ff= 0~ Q) LL 0 f- w z 0 a: a.. Cl) - _J 0 (/) - _J ·-'<"a- ~ (1) o§cu . a.. ~ ." t: C ::s E E 0 () �,) WATERLOO en ' a:: ....... . .. •~v..... ' -· •.•'.·'.·'.·'.·'.·'.·'.•' ~! 1 1 1 .,,::::•••:::1••f•:ii! lt::::;:;:i:!! 1 !i:11ii/:11;;1::::,.~. _ : :~{· 1 1 TOWNSHIP 1 .• ·····'•!:::. ::i::· ·:::: :~;: •../J:;(::1:1 nf:¥8.•:•::::::::-:Jf:.. 11r•;=:ttt :•: ~_.>:: . ,r . . .:..~---·-l-······trn ,::.,. .:.,. . ,.:.., ...... . .,..•.......J .......... ci!:~.1;;;;;;;;;;;;;1;;;;,11;:;\;\;\;;;;;;;;~a lr:·:::::.:: ... ................ ................. ... . ': ~; _ '.)\f \{f\ i/}(1!Jf ie ~ I j ! ,::::::fdttttttttttlltftWttll!f.Jttf::l!{f:,•J '" .~ l'J I ~::•:::::;:::::::::,,c:,,::.,.,,".~;:·•·: :. .,. .: ...:•:·,·:·: : : : : :,: ❖:❖•❖•~·•❖ ,,ri 1:tsi,1 i...1,,·· ·: L'?' / j··;i,,,,,,,::::.l/""''''''''l~'@'l=J./. , ,. •·: t.•:•&T' '!ij!/:!!/t''''____,· ·· d~!!i!i!ii:i!i!i!i/!/i:;,,/!!i/ii:.,J :r::;~=? .}J:::i '7::;;•',i;;:10r _I t:' :::<..:,.;,:. '.,:~;,.L -<ll::::r 1 111Ii@i}F. :::=:,:,:::,:,:,:ii -=;/~f/f ~ U,.Y.; • ••• •,•,• -"-:; - \{L> .. •:•:•:•:•:•:•·· • • •.::- ~jJ ~QUL::t.,J.i - I - ~ ~ - - - , I -1 l .. .,. ~·: .:. . . . . . . . ~ JfJli]IJJJ;;;;==·=· ·•:•:••;•·· ::?{[[}f) .. ·•,•,•, ,,. ~ ··,t:,,_ I ~?3:,~ b ~LL • 1 ., I i - 1,. ,,;;:,'.-•·• .., f'..? t ~.;.;;;;:.:.::~:~¥~!JJ;4}"~JI/ ··:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:i... ··.:.:.:.:.:.:hw-:-:- 1 · ·""'1'·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•w;·;,:·;·:e········•••·,.,·,.. ·! TOWNS..- SOILS CONDlJCIVE TO GROUNDWATER RECHARGE No Scale Carlisle Associates, Inc. Community Planners & Landscape Architects � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Grass-Lake-Twp_Community-Master-Plan_1991 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grass Lake Planning Commission, Grass Lake, Jackson County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-11-12 Title A name given to the resource Community Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Community Master Plan for the city of Grass Lake was prepared by the Grass Lake Planning Commission with the assistance of Carlisle Associates, Inc. and was adopted by the Planning Commission on October 22, 1991 and the Township Board on November 12, 1991. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Carlisle Associates, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Grass Lake Township (Mich.) Jackson County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6f41f68256593dc58abd8c222369b933.pdf da1b1a90692be91be10fc35c4414937f PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decretum [folium 33] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_033Gratianus1485-86 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gratian, 12th century Description An account of the resource One leaf of Decretum (cum apparatu Bartholomaei Brixiensis) by Gratianus. Printed in Venice by Baptista de Tortis circa 1485-1486. Illustrated with red and blue rubricated initials. [GW 11369; ISTC ig00375500] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Venice: Baptista de Tortis Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Gratian, 12th cent. Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1485/1486 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f0d62f81074aa0d81dae6f1dc747294c.pdf 50af2e8636246e2c3703c1e38da1c687 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decretum (cum apparatu Bartholomaei Brixiensis) [folium 82] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_082Gratianus1476 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gratian, 12th century Description An account of the resource One leaf from Decretum (cum apparatu Bartholomaei Brixiensis) by Gratianus. Printed in Basel by Bernhard Richel on June 10, 1476. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW 11356; ISTC ig00365000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Basel: Bernhard Richel Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Gratian, 12th century Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1476 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f526e6c1f5840fc6ce398fa4a4606aec.pdf c41c7d69843380f87f41e570ca71fde3 PDF Text Text CONTACT L DAVIS FROM 4 31 .3 -664-1212 $20 FRID PM 15 TH SA ·T . S2-5 FRI. ~AT~SU • \ D _T· ,=ve. lllll"~~:::,!~!.,!:t..!-~T-1.P;{ES _ ISB3 SUN . 'l·-4 - ' 7 -11· • _·_MASTER MR NORTHERN .H OST DRUM KINGFISHER WAYNE DUKES 0 .F CEREMONIES DON BATEY OPEN DRUM' 1-4 SOUTHERN POW-WOW • HOST DRUM CHAIRMEN TECUMSEH LODGE DON MRAZ • J I M DEER ! HEAD SINGER 313-234-7917 C HEAD SINQER L SCOTT 313-292- 567B _P ARTICIPANTS DONATION s ,.e.g. SPE:CTATORS DONATION . ABSOLUTLEY NO~ IMPORTS s 1 so DR INKING OR DRLJGS �~~·1 :::;gt ,..... r lilll ~ u.... _ fj I I I.,1 12 : ., 11 I 1 ' \ 7 t Jik .153 11 Ki... llMI LAPEER L on g ~ lu111 L.1lrto "1,--,---· 1 I ~~}·1-~ !.!VIN!'..fTCN ® 1 \ I ·f u, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_annual-summer-pow-wow_1983-07 Title A name given to the resource 8th Annual Summer Pow-Wow, July 1983 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1983-07 Description An account of the resource 8th Annual Summer Pow-Wow flyer, Flint MI, July 15-17, 1983, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5594c2283537f7f30d1990e2b522781d.pdf 7db52a8e37bdd1e36882461d990e02a6 PDF Text Text GREKf LAKES INDIAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION MID·WINTER DANCE JAN. 13, 1979 SWARTZ CREEK HIGH SCHOOL SWARTZ CREEK, MICH. P. M. & 7:00 1:00 DANCES~ GYM HEAD DANCERS TOM JOHNSON ELAINE AL LEN SOU THE HN DRUM: EARL FENN ER & SINGERS CLOSED TRADERS WELCOME NORTHERN DRUM: · Please contact OPEN Larry Davis 135 Daley Road Lapeer, Michigan 48446 (313)-664-1212 BLANKET AND SHAWL RAFFLE Donations ,2.oo per person Take 1-69 to Morrish Road Exlt,turn south to Miller Road, · · No Iaporta Pleasel Ij turn west and fol low signs . to high school, MJY queot1ona, contact: Jack Shumaker 40 36 H111 Road SWartz Creek, Mi. 48473 Ph. (313) 655-8781 Traders: ou a orm. Send it w1th t15.00 set up fee to Larry Dav1.s. ame _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ dress 01 ty _ _ _ _ _state _ _ Zip Phone -------- ~~ ----!K ~t'"' '"1 P\ ,~~ ~1 1) '¾j[; I-78)51i ·1 "Ml L I ts f( .- .. T ~ :t- lo'1 -,, 1 •• Q~ "''3 "' +od,<.;.,oo\... • - - - - - - - - - - - , f ·,u •.,. ~;'Ii.~(...._ pA,.\c.;..., \l :9l 1 H "' Lo• J ;: i.: ~ ttJ Ri;L.~ 11 P, ~~ )) _ .___ _ _ _ _ _<t---=--.' J:" ~30..llb $+. NO ALCOHOL IC BEVERAGES OR . DRUGS, i I ~ ~~~d~ 1,, 1~cl->cx,\ 1 I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_great-lakes-mid-winter-dance_1979-01 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Assocation Mid-Winter Dance, January 1979 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979-01 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Assocation Mid-Winter Dance flyer, Swartz Creek MI, January 13, 1979, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/488930fcc69bc05a8aba794b688fb8b3.pdf 8d557c53a0793b7493d942c579845858 PDF Text Text W1w-"" ~ :r.,,~1wi-,.~ 2.Z. ~ z.~ r {(lfjk's W1:n, A I,.,~ i.t-n.. 11, 5uwL - .. ... .; ·-. .: .. C,0'11.£-!-ic~ .J j .:z..oo �&,rt-A1' LAl{E!J A110C-JA1'10.S 1./e.a" ) inr-r In,, ~c.~ , ·W,111rER . . 1om f7et~Y.J Cld.1'"URE'• ; l1i1 ,:f_lAi<I- 0pel1. P ~ Hon ~ -t cl.hS''ht·~.1 l>Attc.E Na!io,,a.J., &iiu;r.J·.- A ~ .J· t\ Howa.u.. ffl~.a.ii- 11 -r;4.Jo.7'-j lmt.u:l . W,Lc.Offlf.. • .:J-0 ~,~ : 4.1!, j..,I; ,J-, !, U11, ·, . 1 - j ra:t..uto-r., l>bt\JL~,J L4:rr:J t>..vi.). 30· ~~'1-/Zll t;_.oo Al,j0L11.tl.4.~ No ! lmpr:rr-½ - 1)..,.£11,lc.i,n,1 o,.. ~j - �Mo-r[L f I ,v - f/ec~111•DA -r~o/llS ,;f7es-rRv£,q.A/7'"i //4 t,) e',(L I -:t5,2 It. /1'7oN /J11cf/!C:A/\J ... (JS. ,23. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_indian-winter-dance_ Title A name given to the resource Indian Winter Dance, January ???? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ????-01 Description An account of the resource Indian Winter Dance flyer, Howell MI, January 22-23, ????, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5da16d004aaadb03cdd9c87766581689.pdf ee2135c5d3f0353e74737556f38779a2 PDF Text Text ) Great Lakes Indian (Culture Associati~6~ ID WI ~ @ ' /)HOWELL : HEAD MAN DANCE ~ HARRY EL~TQ'~ I I . HEAD LADY DANCCER: ,:.., C, ·.1 MARCI EL~t\~.~ .~ RAFFLES: INDIAN SHAWLS KAY SHARP TR~S $l~ AT $10-~T $5 -~ N FOcf, ~ND BEVERAGES ~ FOR A FEE: BREAKFAST AT ,MAU&' LODGE BY FRANK FLOREZ FEES. AND gi ONLY , ONLY ABSOLUTLY-NO REGISTRATION: DON MRAZ �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_mid-winter-dance_1984-02 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance, February 1984 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984-02 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance flyer, Brighton MI, February 25-26, 1984, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1467795ad209110afda76d4859b780ef.pdf fdb5a7bd6c9d8d3d8e67f6d25c1475fd PDF Text Text / Great Lakes Indian Culture Association ·· MID-WINTER DANCE MARCH 11 & . 12, 1989 BAKER COLLEGE~ OWOSSO, MICH. Traders! ·. Crafts! Rattles! - Public Welc9me! .... _,. ... _ . V i Head Man Dancer . Open Drum " Scott Winkler y ·7 He'd Lady Dancer \ e King J ', ~~ M.C. B -~ Trader Chairman Bill Henrion t 313-291-4106 1· ~9d Deyo 513-595-7427 / , I Spectators $1.50 Participants $2.50 Children under 5 tree ,) L Fe&I\S sa{~day 5p.m ~ - . ' ./Jimmy Head Veteran Kline / I - Dance Times ...., Sat. 1-4 & 7-? Sun. 1-4 . Scout Group in Uniform $1.00 per person Family group of 10 or more $1.00 per person ' ..,. �_. •. ,.,., I . . . . . f •. ., , '.. ' us 2 3 .. •~ (' ,, \ ,, .. i ..• .. GREAT LAKES [NOIAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION ¾ ROBERT JESTER 5850 SAN t.tAN[NO GREGORY, Ml 48137 I ' \ • • t ""· .,,".t Ji,.. >{'~ "') J FI~T CLASS NAIL .. ,: \. ,.J ' . \ l 'T. '~ J-" '~: • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_mid-winter-dance_1989-03 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance, March 1989 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-03 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance flyer, Owosso MI, March 11-12, 1989, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bd089f145e3b36f084b4033fff439491.pdf d404d31e2fac68cb0e97839a39a8e03a PDF Text Text Great lake5 .indian Culture Association MID-\llN'rER DANCE MARCH BilER 9 - 10, 1991 COLLEGE. ·OWOSSO, MICH. TRADERS! ClUF'r~ I PUBLIC RLCOUE! RAFFLES! Pow wow Drum/ _ Briayester HeadIW\Lady J>Rncer \ Trish Cassinelli ~~' ~ ~ :;., · M.C. Bill Van Dien ~ •',) Trader Chaifmen ,) 1HeAd Veteran Bill Henri ol\· 313-291-410, Rod Dey.o I 313-595-7421 ( /.----., .mi 1 Times s . / Prank Bueh - Dance Sat.- 1-4 & 7-? Sun .,,~ 12 noon to 2 • Spectators 11.50 Scout Group in Uniform Pariicipanta $2.50 Children under 5 tree s1.oo per person. P'-117 Group ot 10 o~ 11.oo·per person lllff4t �"-la~ Po \J 1'-'»IC I JI. . f:. o,, Dite£c. Tl ON S 4'-t:.11' Q &'114'.SSo ~f,,-N.· ·• . .: . us 1:z1 . ..• -~.. -- ~EAT LAKES INDIAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION ~ ROBERT JESTER !l!O SAN YAIUNO GAIGCIIY, Ml ...137 FIRST a.ASS MIL· . ' i· us·zJ· ~·- ~ ....,, .... · \t � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_mid-winter-dance_1991-03 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance, March 1991 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-03 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Mid Winter Dance flyer, Owosso MI, March 9-10, 1991, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1b9b61e884a330bb04c78dfc797e0c7e.pdf 095fc72b5a8a5ee404d4ba3af1cd138a PDF Text Text .. ·.:- .1-\ ·,8~1\...nT1ual I ~~KE$/, . ·: . .. . .. . _.: . .Great Lakes Indian Culture Association · · c, l' V1.1'i1:..er 1)a1'1ce" · · · · <'~ . : v,9 <:}"?,_. . ~ Ass0 1:>akeT" vUT1.tor lGolle~e Owo~so, 1.111.cl1.. ~ ~11a.re1l ,151- a11.a. 211.a ,.Dal_,: ,1,- 't pm. _a nd 7-1Tiid. 5uT1. : 1- 4 · . - paved JJa1-k1.1~ -- J.JlTL '~~W'O 1-1+\.14K." 1101-l.11.~r11. · 1Jru111. ~ 1-leaa .n11~er . JJ11:t1 . 11"le11'lberl.o . 4 . '111. ([/ ,.!, )eT1 ~Bears·k1.l1 , J,.-_ 1 .: 1-1ead 11:Jstn Dance1" : 1-a1-r,:9 Yer,Sa Fltrt1:, 111.i.cli.. .... . ,--;~~~--.....____L...,~~.L.I...__ , [,rader tGbairman 1.,arr:Y 1Javi.s _ ~ (;,13) "~ 4 ..;.1 2-12.- "1)ai--tcer-5 rea~t-"· . · - 4:30 pm.- 111arci.. tdvaras _1.a11.5ti.'"l3 , 111i.c11.. 1Jo:w:-Wo::w: {J1.a:trman : · i:tha1"'1es Sco'-ll:. · l313) 2..92. -- 5" 7 t, ' . Jlo :+\1col1ol ~ 1J1'..US.S . -. 11.o 11nporl:..s �7>.o. Bo)( 2 31 rtV~Si!'/l. h1 I. 7'J~2.£. · . Armada .... ··.· ·.· .. ·-·· .· ..... .. · _ . . --:- ----- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_owosso-winter-dance_1986-03 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance, March 1986 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-03 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance flyer, Owosso MI, March 1-2, 1986, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3c98922aa48c2f16c041c6344d6e5c75.pdf cc8afdbab75a38b1f5bb1c63de7589b0 PDF Text Text Great Lakes Indian Culture Association '\9~ A.nT1ua1 W1.T1ler 1,Jance n 1,:,al<..er Ju11.101- <Go11ege 0-wo.s.so , '11Qc~ re1Jr,uar):l 2.e,1-tL l:o $al~: 1-4 plil a1i.a 7-11lj.d. 111_arc1'1. 1,$ J,un : i - 4 v11'l rn 1J1:u1n. 'Rt! f ft 1 ""7 "'",., /}Al~bltA.K, 1),+J I.. y. ' ,'v 'fiVJ ~eclaloi-_s - -·.sl.50 ..- -.,, ,i' ~::pa1'e.d. ya.r\1.1:3 - • ,,"' I �Dance timesJ rand ~ntry- Saturday- 1-5 Saturday- 1&7 & 7-? Sunday- 1-4 3unday- 1 Faw ~o w ~csm ittee If you have questions en anyt hi ng ttese are the people to see. The y will be wearing white ribbons. Pow Wo w Chairman- Charles Scott Assi stant Chairmen- John Rousseau and Rodney Deyo Registration- Ed Green Raffles- Lynn Green Arena Directors- Marc Haubenstricker and George Peshick Trader Chairman- Bill Henrion Treasurer- Don Mraz Feast- Beth vostinar and Wes McLaughlin Publicity- Jim and Lori Vacek NO EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING IN THE GYM! (This includes traders.) Tom and Deb Johnson are our head man and lady dancers for GLICA's 9 th annual winter dance. Tom and Deb are from Lafayette, Indiana. Tom has been on the pow wow circuit for 15 years. Deb has been with the pwo wow people six years. Tom sings with the Kingfisher Drum. Tom wears traditional clothes when dancing and Deb wears modern clothes. This years drum is the All Nations Drum of Lansing. The head singer is Ben Bearskin, Jr. of Dearborn, Michigan. Ben will also be filling in as our emcee this weekend. He is Winnebago-Sia~~. Our head Veteran dancer for this weekend is Jimmy Kline of Allen Park, Michigan. Jimmy is an Ojibway. He is a Marine veteran of Vietnam and of the wounded Knee Occupation. �Please wait for the head dancers ta beg in each 3ong. ~on 't "jump in" ah=2.d of tte:Ti . Jar honor songs a~d specials please show respect for t ho se being honored by standing quietly and removing your hat. Before taping a song, taking photos or filming, please ask.permission. If you are a spectator please allow the dancers the first row of seats. If someone has a seat reserved with a blanket or the like, please do not sit there without permission. Thank you for coming to GLICA's 9 th Annual winter dance, we hope everyone has a safe and enj.oyable weekend! �Owosso-Corunna Area LODGINGS Bon-Air Motel 2650 South M-52, Owosso Phone 723-2896 The Owosso Inn 100 South Washington Owosso The Pines Country House 1730 East Main Street , Owosso Phone 725-5164 The Shia\-vassee House i'vlotel 2247 East Main Street, Owosso Phone 725-7148 BED AND BREAKFAST PROGRAM Williams Inn Motel 1513 East Main Street, Owosso Phone 723-5141 (for entire Shiawassee County) Contact Owosso City Hall - 723-8844 . ext. 225 DINERS' GUIDE Anthony's Dairy Delight 102 Corunna Avenue Owosso Betty's Donuts 723 West Main Owosso 8Ptty's Donuts Too 118 South Washington Owosso Baskin-Robbins 1494 North M-52 Owosso * Big John Steak & Onion 1054 East Main Street Owosso * Bonanza Family Restaurant 1441 East Main Street Owosso * Brass lamp Towne Square Mall 109 N. Washington, Owosso *Capitan's Restaurant 205 North Washington Owosso * Casa linga Restaurant 808 West Main Owosso *Celia's Drive-In 1515 East Main Street Owosso *City Club Restaurant 117 V: West Exchange Street Owosso * Country Ranch 237 West Main Owosso 42 * Eddje O'Flynns 2280 W. M-21 Owosso * Elias Bros, Restaurant Big Boy 210 West Exchange Street Owosso *Gi Gi House of Catering 538 East Main Owosso * Greg & Lou's 1460 North M-52 Owosso * Gorte's Restaurant 507 Sou th Washington Owosso *Great Family Restaurant, The 1900 East Main (M-21) Owosso * Hardees 426 East Main Street Owosso * House of MOK 601 East Main Owosso Itchi Bon Donut 527 S. Washington -Owosso 307 N. Shiawassee - Corunna Jerry's Donut Shoppe 1496 North M-52 Owosso *Jimmy's Coney Island 113 South Washington Owosso *Jumbo's .,, 200 South Washington Owosso Joan's Donuts 317 North Shiawassee Corunna * Kentucky Fried Chicken 1050 East Main Street Owosso * Little Caesars Pizza 2410 East M-21 Corunna * Lori's Diner 3013 West Main Owosso * McDonald's Restaurant 2400 East Main Street Corunna *Mr. Hot Dog 538 East Main Street Owosso *Owosso Taco House 907 West Main Street Owosso * Penguin Point 1706 West Main Street Owosso • Pines Country House, The 1730 East Main Street Owosso * Plesko's 3144 E. M-21 Corunna The Owosso Inn 100 S. Washington St. Owosso * Rainbow Restaurant 212 West Main Owosso Riverbend Bowl & Lounge 1001 N. Shiawassee Corunna *Roma's Pizzeria Restaurant 200 East Comstock Street Owosso * Ruggles Coffee Cup 401 South Shiawassee Owosso *Sir Pizza - Downtown 400 East Main Street Owosso * Sir Pizza - West 515 South Chipman Owosso * Sunset Inn-Woodshed Lounge 1833 West Main Street Owosso *Swallow lunch 113 South Washington Owosso *Tom's Restaurant & Lounge 1215 Corunna Avenue Owosso *Town House Restaurant 218 West Main Street Owosso Val's Pizzeria 210 South Washington Owosso * Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers 428 West Main - Owosso * Full Service �~·, / Great Lakes Indian Culture Association ''g~ 7\. " - n..n11.ua1 ¼r1ler 1,Jance 11 ·1,Jaker Ju11.101- (College 0-wo.s.so, Tlll.clc 'Ye1JruarLJ z.e,1lt lo ,Jal.: 1-4 prrt a1'1J. 7-lT{j.d. GRAND ENTRY 1 & 7 P.M. SATURDAY DANCE TINES SATURDAY 1-5 & 7-? P·"· SUNOAV 1-41 P.M. . RAFFLES Sho1ds Ool ls crafts 1 p.11. . -·- · ---·-- -- -- J. - ~ - E.MClE. HOST DRUM - S1N9llt - - HEAD MAN CANCER HEAD tdc:MAN OANCU HE.AO -. HEAD VE!'ERAN -- . - ·------ SATURDAY S- P.M. TRADERS ----==-- -- --- - Food, crafts,· ond the other usual goodies! - -- . Ben ill Ben ..· Tom Bearskin, Sr. -- Chicago, Ill. Nations ,Singers Bearskin, Jr. -- Dearborn, i"Ji. Johnson - Lafayette, Ind. ·tieb Johnson - Lafayet.t.e-; Ind. TJimay Kline -- Allen--P--ark, Mi. REGISTRATIC»t FEES: PARTICIPANTS ;i D~~$ , SPECTATORS:·--------TRADERS: _-i2s-:o,r FOR WEEKEND TRADERS: DANCERS FEAST Slll)A'f For acre tnf'a, IIOtlon ca-I 1: .CJ • -~~ .~ _ 3 1 ~ 8 Bill FA.wards at 517-646-6399 t11~JGHT AUCTICN -- 111_a.rc1'1. is - - -- -- $ 2 • .50 $ 1..50 -·- - - PLEASE CALL OR WRITE TRADER tHAIRl1AN LARRY DAVIS FOR ADVANCE REGISTRATION. LAPEER, MI. CALL lS,3-66*4-1212 OR WRITE 816 PLL11 CREEK RO., 4841416. ,.:: LIMITED ELECTRIC NO IMPORTS, NO ALCOHOL, NO/"DRUGS, ! MOTELS ARE AVILABLE IN THE AREA. NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENTS, THEFT, _OR OIVORCE!II �r' GREAT LAKES INDIAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION P,O, BOX 231 FRASER~ MICHIGAN 48026-0231 -~· : :· :·-~ F' F.'. -r E~ F~ ~~:; ·r f] ,~:, iii :i;~'. :'\;::!/ii:,'.;,\ Lif~ ~~r_::; 'i:_i\ ID f,) ;;? ':i 1. F.J 1 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_owosso-winter-dance_1987-02 Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance, February 1987 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-02 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance flyer, Owosso MI, February 28-March 1, 1987, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/38844246e7c26ccceefa73d27b27e6ee.pdf cdf8a41714edee692bc13f33ed7cac3e PDF Text Text l},{~om~ 4~In l~v j)a.,, te /ii,..-ury ~oj':J./ 7'> ~ /11,e /,'fa" ,.,••~' 4/111,11,/ f t111Y<I' 1/v-m,w . ·t' ')"'' . ! , /Ito/ J!Ja,.. J>.a-Me~\ · .,.,r' ~~ u ~ ·-'. . ·. .ijf <I ii.'· __;;,;:. . '- / ' /' \ \. ,.!f'' ,1t·~ I I ~~··-' .......,.•,.~... ,..,, ; ....,.......---..._,_ cbJ/ .f \l ;:::::'<\\. ,,i\ • ? I, .yP.um: ,,.,,,.,,...,.ll' ,,". 7 /'. ····--y.' pec,fg:loy~ I \ ~-1'1\·.\ .. \\\ (' , \ /~ t'1/1/r/,y'e" II ,ae/4 >" .1"'r' /Jir.r !)., '-=' o~/ -~ ])~ 11·\ " jl \~ .....-J.:.' "¥1 . /!JJ, J, '.70/I -;t·j, pI~ ,r , "--....·II,,. •.~·.;. . .I \.· ..,·~ I•. .• J (!Ii~~ "-s,·~~-: .;. _. ~-.:,::~ -·~.-:.:_~,.,, ¼, ! "'·-~----....~ :.F"'' ~ ·) V/ ~ 1 . ··/;1,:... .,,,,.,' . '.!!;Jg: . ..•.· " . ·:( //: } ~;Jrdt _,,..·{ J O,. / 'T \\IL.I) ,~ if\7r/ 7"'" 1\1 ,// j;---vtl ,JJ/,:.,\ ]}tVJC I! .....,_/ ' \ y;;, ~ · on(r /' r/', .4" ./4/1',y' y /r IVS ,t::;a J',./~ r 313-/,l,'/-1212.. �J I GREAT LAKES INDIAN CULTURE ASSOC. 4036 W. Hill Road Swartz Creek, Michigan 48473 FIRST CLASS MAIL � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_winter-dance_ Title A name given to the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance, February ???? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ????-02 Description An account of the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Winter Dance flyer, Howell MI, February 20-21, ????, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Culture Association Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4dfb33f97bb5ba474efc762ce1befd89.pdf 9f2f34ae31c8514976b55ee4f7f034f8 PDF Text Text POTAWATOMI HOME COMING ALL INDIAN POWWOW AUG 11- 12 CHARLTON PARK HASTINGS MICHIGAN SOUTH OF HASTINGS ON M-37 3 MILE TO M-79 EAST 3MILE CONTEST DANCING ALL DIVISIONS :AT. 2: 00 P. M. AN D 7: 00 P. M. SU N. 2: 00 P. M. : RI NG TENT and SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS DNE MEAL PER DAY FOR DANCERS AND SINGERS INDIAN TRADERS WELCOME TRADERS FEE $5.00 PER DAY SPONSORED BY 'REAT LAKES INDIAN YOUTH ALLIANCE � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_potawatomi-home-coming-all-indian-pow-wow_ Title A name given to the resource Potawatomi Home Coming All Indian Pow Wow, August ???? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ????-08 Description An account of the resource Potawatomi Home Coming All Indian Pow Wow flyer, Hastings MI, August 11-12, ????, collected by Edward Gillis included as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Great Lakes Indian Youth Alliance Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9da54230a0475259ff88274e63e0937.pdf eadaa62187f7afe9bb925538fc81f104 PDF Text Text Green Oak Township I Moster Plan • A Plan For the Prese--vafo1 of Rura , C1crc~ter Adopted December 18, 1997 r<evised and Re-adopted July 8, 1999 �• • • •I _Green Oak Township Master Plan A P !an For the Preservation of R ura l Chc racTer I I Adopted December 18 , 1997 Revised and Re-adopted July 8, 1999 •I I I I I I '~ Township Board Jan Plas, Supervisor Marlyne McKim, Clerk Michael Sullivan, Treasurer Rollin Green William Palmer Randy Schonfield Mark St. Charles Assisted by: Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. Community Planners and Landscape Architects Ann Arbor, Michigan Township Planning Commission Lary Marshall, Chairman Wallace Qualls, Vice-Chairman Harold Ludwig, Secretary Mark Chaput Rollin Green Matt Ikle Richard Rule �I I I I I I I -I I I I I I I I I -D TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I PAGE INTRODUCTION........................................................ II BACKGROUND 1 STUDIES........................................... 2 LOCATION.................... .. ............................. ... ............ ,., EXISTING LAND USE.................................................... 2 Classifications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Patterns.............................................................. 3 POPULATION AND HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Trends ................... .. ................... ... ........... ....... . 9 Characteristics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Housing Characteristics... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ECONOMIC BASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Tax Base............................................................ 17 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Commercial/Industrial Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES......................... 20 Government Offices/Public Buildings..... .... ......... ......... 20 Police and Fire Services........................................... 20 Water and Sewer Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Other Community Facilities....................................... 21 Recreation........................................................... 21 ROADS........................................................... ............ 24 Interstate and State Routes . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . 24 Primary and Local Roads......................................... 24 Functional Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Traffic Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Bridges............. ... ............................................. 28 Future Road Right of Way....................................... 28 Private Roads...................................................... 28 �NATURAL RESOURCES................................................. 32 Topography........................... . ............................ 32 Soils . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Surface Water ..................................................... . 33 Wetlands and Floodplains ....................................... . 33 Groundwater Vulnerability ...................................... . 34 Natural Rivers .... ....... ...... .. .. . .................. ..... ...... . . 37 ERC 37 Resources Capability and Lot Size ..... ........................ . 38 Environmental Contamination .................................. . 39 III COMMUNITY GOALS ................................................ . Citizen Input ...................................................... . 41 Planning Survey .................................................. . 41 Visioning Workshop ....... ... . ................. .......... ... .... . 41 GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP VISION STATEMENT ....... ....... . ... . 43 Goals and Policies ............................................... .. 43 IV FUTURE LAND USE PLAN ........................................ . 54 Natural Resource Planning Considerations .................... . 54 Land Use and Density Criteria .................................. . 55 •I Roads .... .......... ............. . . ........... . . ...... .. . ....... .. . . Natural Features .................................................. . 56 56 56 56 Adjacent Zoning and Land Use .. ....... ............... ......... . 57 I I Residential Land Use ............................................ . 59 Commercial Sector ............................................... . Commercial Land Use ........................................... . 65 66 Industrial Land Use ............................... ............... . 67 Research-Office Land Use ...................................... . 67 I I Public-Semi-Public Land Use .................................. . 67 Recreation-Conservation Land Use ............................ . 68 Natural River Areas .............................................. . 68 COMMUNITY FACILITY AND ROAD PLAN ........................ . 69 Community Facilities and Services ............................. . 69 Roads ........... . ........ ........ ................... .............. . 70 •I I I I I I I I Sewer and Water ................... :.... ... ... ......... .......... . Watersheds, Rivers, Tributaries and Drains .................. . 41 �I I I • • • •I I •I I I I I I I Cluster Housing/Open Space Planning ........................ . 74 74 74 74 Capital Improvements Program ...... ................. ... ... .... . 77 Federal/State Funds .............................................. . 77 Local Funds ......... ...... ......................... ........... .... . 77 Master Plan Updates ............................................. . 78 IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................... . Township Policy ................................................. . Zoning ............ . ........... ... ... ............... ................ . �•I I I I I • •I I I I I '• • • ' TABLE OF FIGURES PAGE Map 1 Existing Land Use 1988 ....... ........ ........ ... ......... ..... .. . 4 Table 1 Green Oak Land Use Comparison 1983-1994 .. .. ... .... .. .. . 5 Table 2 Large Public and Private Land Holdings . . . .... .... .. . .. . . .. . . 8 Table 3 Population Trends ... .. . . .. .. . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .... . .. . . ...... . . 11 Table 4 Population Projections . .. . ... .. . ... ... . . .. .... .. ... . . . ... . .... .. . 12 Table 5 Housing Units . ... .... .. . .... .... ...... .. ... . .. .... .. ... . .... .. . . . 14 Table 6 Characteristic of Occupied Housing Units . ... ... . . ... .. ..... . 14 Table 7 Characteristics of Year-round Housing . ... .......... . . . .. .. . . . 15 Table 8 Household Size and Occupied Housing Units ... . .. .. .. . .... . 16 Table 9 Comparative State Equalized Value: Green Oak Twp ... . . . . . 17 Table 10 Historical State Equalized Value: l 986-1996 .. ... .......... . 18 Table 11 State Equalized Value: Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities . .. ..... . . . ..... . ... . . . . 18 Table 12 Recreation Inventory . .. ... .. ... ....... . ........... . ........ . . . . 22 Table 13 Road Condition Assessment ... . . . ........... .. . .... ..... . .. . . 25 Table 14 Livingston County Long Range Transportation Plan .... . . Table 15 Functional Classification ..... ........ ..... ............ .. ...... . 26 27 Table 16 24 Hour Traffic Counts .... .. .... .... . .... ... .. ........ .. ..... . 29-30 Map 2 Inter-County Highway Commission Map ... ... ................ . 31 Map 3 Green Oak Township Wetlands ... .. ................. . ....... . .. . 35 Map 4 Green Oak Twp. Goundwater Vulnerability ...... . ... .. . . .... . . 36 Map 5 Green Oak Twp. Environmental Contamination ... . .... . ..... . 40 Table 17 Land Use Criteria and Location Factors . ... . ...... ... ... .. . . 58 Table 18 Residential Land Use Classifications and Corresponding Zoning Districts .. ... .. ... ....... ...... ... .... . Map 6 Future Land Use Map ........ ........... ... ... .. ............. .... . . 59 Table 19 Existing Mobile Home Parks in the Vicinity .. . . .. .. . ..... . . 63 60 �I I I I I I I •I I I I I I I I I I I INTRODUCTION It is the responsibility of the Township Planning Commission to prepare and adopt a Master Plan on behalf of the Township. Section 6 of the Township Planning Act (PA 168 of 1959) states that the "Planning Commission shall make and adopt a basic plan as a guide for the development of unincorporated portions of the Township." The Township first adopted a Master Plan in 1972. Since 1970, population has increased by 81 %, economic conditions have changed. and new Township officials have taken office. The Planning Commission recognized a need to reevaluate the Master Plan and received authorization from the Township Board to begin the updating process. The Master Plan and the 1992 Green Oak Township Community Planning Survey is intended to effectuate positive change in Green Oak Township. The Plan is based upon the existing conditions which are known and future conditions which are reasonably expected within the Township. Perhaps most importantly, the Plan was developed only after extensive discussions were held by the Planning Commission and with members of the public. The purpose of such discussions was to ensure that the Plan properly addressed issues of public concern regarding growth, development, environmental protection, and quality oflife in the Township. The Green Oak Township Master Plan is a community effort to respond to future challenges by planning for them today. The Plan represents the combined efforts of the Township Board, Planning Commission and individual citizens. The Township would like to thank the following groups and organizations from which input and information was received throughout the Master Plan update process: □ Livingston County Planning Department □ Livingston County Road Commission □ Livingston County Health Department □ Oakland County Health Department □ Huron River Watershed Council □ Sierra Club □ Green Oak Township Historical Society □ Southeastern Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) □ Livingston County Home Builders Association □ Environmental Research Council □ Carlisle/ Wortman Associates, Inc. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 �I I I BACKGROUND STUDIES A number of studies were conducted to determine existing and predict future conditions in Green Oak Township. The preparation of background information serves as the technical basis for the Master Plan. Existing land use was inventoried and updated from maps originally prepared in 1983. Population and housing was evaluated as to numbers, trends , characteristics and projections. The local economy was analyzed in terms of types of activities and tax base. Community facilities and services and road conditions were inventoried and their adequacy assessed. Finally, information regarding various natural resource characteristics such as flood plains, wetlands and soils suitable for septic systems was collected, mapped and evaluated. LOCATION Green Oak Township is situated in the extreme southeast comer of Livingston County. The western third of the Township is traversed in a north-south direction by U.S. 23 . The northern boundary of the Township is very close to I-96, a major east-west route in the State. The location of Green Oak Township is strategic because of its proximity to Lansing, Flint, and Ann Arbor and the northern suburbs of Detroit. The availability of land, rural atmosphere, and accessibility to major employment centers are important factors in Green Oak. EXISTING LAND USE A basic element in planning the future of Green Oak Township is the consideration of existing land use types and patterns. Mapping of existing land use was first prepared in 1970 and revised in 1983 and 1988. The updated inventory and mapping was conducted by field survey verified by aerial photography. The results of this mapping are presented in Map 1. Classifications To maintain consistency, existing land use was classified for the most part according to the same definitions used in the previous 1983 Township Master Plan. The following land use classifications were used: Vacant and Agricultural - Areas for crop land, permanent pasture land and land lying fallow. Vacant land not used for any purpose and areas occupied by streams, lakes and other bodies of water are assigned to this broad classification. I Single Family and Farm Lot Residential - Areas platted or unplatted, in which single family, detached dwellings and their accessory buildings are located. This category also includes farm and rural non-farm dwelling units. I I I Multiple Family Residential - Areas in which two or more dwellings per residential structure are located. This primarily includes apartments and townhouses. I Mobile Home Park - Areas in which mobile homes are clustered in mobile home parks. Commercial - All areas used for commercial purposes including the retail sale of goods and services. Green Oak T ownship Master Plan 12-18-97 2 �I I I 'I I I •I Industrial (including Warehousing and Storage) - Wbere raw or semi-finished material is processed, fabricated and/or manufactured. Warehousing and storage applies to land areas which are used for the storage of materials, whether enclosed in a building or not. Open storage for junk cars or waste materials are also considered industrial uses. Public, Quasi-Public and Institutions - Land areas and facilities such as schools and government buildings, which are available to or used by the public. Also included in this classification are areas and buildings that are used by a limited number of persons with particular interests such as churches, church-related facilities , and cemeteries. Recreational - Lands owned by public agencies or private organizations for the purposes of recreation. Extractive - Areas in which sand, gravel. clay, peat or rock are mined have been placed in the extractive category. Patterns The map of Existing Land Use on the following page illustrates land use patterns as of 1988. The Township covers an area of 36.8 square miles or 23,714 acres. Table 1 illustrates the approximate acres and percent of existing land use by category. I I I -I I I I I ~ Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 3 �.., "' "' ::, I I ALrl"Y e 2 , i , I i VACAN 1 @ SINGLE E) MULTIPLE. e MOBILE ® COMMERC tA •• "'0"-0 I -===~• 0 I ~ jjtf":c' 0 INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC, OU @. RECREATION ~. EXTRACTIVE �I I I I I I I I I I I I Single Family Residential In 1970, most of the higher concentrations of residential development were situated on Island, Briggs, Silver, Sandy Bottom, Limekiln and Whitmore Lakes. Residential patterns were largely established sixty years ago when lakefront property was platted for small lot cottage development. While the original purpose of lakefront dwellings were for seasonal use, the post-World War II trend has been to convert them to year-round use. Small waterfront cottages have been demolished to provide sites for larger year round homes. Extensive remodeling of existing cottages has also occurred. The redevelopment pressures and use of small lake lots without adequate utilities has contributed to sanitation problems and overuse of the lakes. Table 1 Green Oak Land Use Comparison (1983 - 1994) Use Category Single-F amil y Multiple Family/Mobile Home Commercial/Office Industrial Extractive Recreation Public/Semi-Public Lakes U.S . 23 Vacant/Agriculture Total 1983 (in acres) 2942 63 25 152 1,605 4,732 240 1,532 200 12,223 23,714 1994 (in acres) Change (in acres) 3980 82 80 790 575 5,400 733 1,532 200 10,342 1038 19 55 638 (1,030) 668 493 0 0 (1,881) 23,714 0 Until the 1970's, non-lake residential development was confined to scattered single-family dwellings along road frontages and a few non-lake subdivisions, such as Saxony-Willmor and Horizon Hills. With much of the lakefront property no\v fully developed, new subdivisions and single-lot residences have scattered to other parts of the Township. A particular characteristic in the Township has been "strip" residential development along major road frontages thereby "landlocking" interior parcels by limiting accessibility. Since the 1970's, numerous new subdivisions have either been initiated or developed along the Nine Mile, Ten Mile, and Rickett Road corridors. Additional residential growth has occurred as a result of lot splits and development of single homes on large parcels not associated with a larger development. Multiple Family Residential Four apartment complexes exist within the Township. One is located near Whitmore Lake on East Shore Drive. Two other apartment developments are located along Grand River. The Township's first condominium type complex, Centennial Farms, is situated west of Rushton Road near Ten Mile Road. Centennial Farms consists of units designed strictly for people over fifty-five years old. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 5 �I I I 'I ~ I Mobile Home Parks There are five mobile home parks located in the Township. One mobile home park is located on Bishop Road just east of Fieldcrest Road. Tv,:o small parks are located near Whitmore Lake, between U.S. 23 and Main Street. Another mobile home park is located on the corner of Silver Lake Road and Silverside Drive. Individual mobile homes now in existence were not mapped for the land use survey . .A summary of mobile home facilities is listed below: Mobile Home Park* Collins Trailer Park University Mobile Estates #1 Starlight Trailer Court University Mobile Estates#?. Silver Lake Mobile Park Size in l 1 nits * as licensed bv the State of Michigan Commercial I,. I I I I I I I I iii! t....· C. Commercial uses consisting primarily of local convenience businesses, service stations, and restaurants are scattered in individual locations throughout the Township. Many of these businesses have been established for years. Small concentrations of commercial development are located at the intersections of Lee and Whitmore Lake Roads. Academy Drive and Grand River Avenue, Ei2ht Mile and Whitmore Lake Road and M-36 and Whitmore Lake Road, Ten .\1ile and Rushton Road. The primary determinant in the location of the few existing commercial concentrations is the accessibility by large volumes of traffic, rather than proximity to Green Oak Residents. Industrial A number of industrial sites were scattered in various locations throughout the Township, many of which were in residential areas. The location of these industries was solidified when the current Township Zoning Ordinance was adopted in 1973 when many of these properties were zoned industrial. ~ • ... _ ___ • t' . . , -: • . -~:,~_-.;.~4-~ ~-~:rtr,,~ 't~ Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 6 �I I I I ~ I I I • • •~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I More concentrated industrial development has now occurred in four areas of the Township. The area north and south of Silver Lake Road on both sides of the C&O Railroad represents the newest concentration of industrial development. This includes the Gordon Foods complex and the industrial parks along Kensington Road. An industrial complex located on the north side of Grand River provides sites for a concentration of industries. Two other areas with significant industrial development are located adjacent to U.S . 23. North of the C&O Railroad on Whitmore Lake Road is Thermofil, Inc. and Export Corporation. Further south on Whitmore Lake Road is Kelsey-Hayes Company, Lowry Computer, Brighton N.C. Machine and others. The Township also is credited with a number of industrial parks . These parks provide jobs, tax base and opportunities for industrial expansion. By clustering these uses within an industrial park, inpacts to other uses can be minimized. A listing of industrial parks is provided below: Industrial Park* American Aggregates Industrial Park (Edward Levy Co. ) Trout lake Industrial Park Kensington Pines Zander Industrial Park Kensington Road Industrial Park Lowry Technology Park Colonial Acre Industrial Park Size in .-\cres 173 15 80 40 34 38 10 " onl y facilities over l O acres Public, Quasi-Public and Institutional The largest institutional use in the Township is the W.J. Maxey Training School which occupies 202 acres on M-36 west of Whitmore Lake Road. The remainder of public uses include the Township Hall, two Township fire stations, public school buildings, and the Northfield Township Sewage Treatment Plant. Several churches and cemeteries are also located in the Township. Recreation A dominant feature of existing land use is the large amount of land devoted to public recreation. The State-owned Island Lake Recreation Area occupies much of the northern portion of the Township. The Recreation Area geographically separates the Island-BriggsFonda Lakes area from the remainder of the Township. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority owns a substantial amount of land in Sections 7, 18 and 19. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority continues development of the Huron Meadows Metropark including an 18 hole golf course. Extractive A substantial land area of the Township was devoted to extractive activities. However, the amount of land is being reduced due to the phase out of mining operations. Only land which is actively being worked has been mapped. As mining operations close, a reclamation process is required to provide for redevelopment opportunities . This as well as the future use of mined lands are issues of major significance to the Township. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 7 �I I I I I I -I '- -~ ~ ~ ~ I • Agricultural and Vacant The amount of agricultural lands within the Township has greatly decreased. However, there are large areas of land that remain vacant and rural. The rural character of the Township has been maintained even though the rate of urbanization has increased in the Township in the l 970's and 1980's and through the present. Lakes , rivers creeks, and natural river areas are included in this category and occupy a considerable amount of area. Large Land Holdings A significant portion of Green Oak Township is held in large land holdings by both the public and private sectors. Table 2 illustrates large public and private land holdings within the Township. The largest landowner in the Township is the State of Michigan with the Island Lake Recreation Area and Maxey Boys School. Combined with Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority , public holdings constitute nearly 21 % of the Township land base. These public lands will likely remain in public ownership and will be unavailable for any future private use. Private large parcel land holdings are equally significant. The availability of large parcels of private land will be a key determinant in future development patterns. American Aggregates (now Edward Levy Co.) is one of the largest private landowners. As mining operations are phased out, reclaimed land will become available for private development. Another large privately held parcel is the Mariann Hill Missionary Society property owned by the Catholic Church. Mariann Hill occupies most of Section 20. Table 2 L arge P u bl'IC &. P nvate . Lan d H 0 Id.mgs Public OwnershiE Acres State of Michigan Island Lake Recreation Area Maxey Boys School 3.233 202 Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority 1.428 Subtotal Private OwnershiE 4,863 Acres % of Total 13.6 .9 6.0 20.5 % of Total American Aggregates (Edward Levy Co,2 517 2.2 Mariann Hill Mission~ 532 2.2 Demaria Investment 164 .7 Green Oak ProQerties 382 1.6 Louis Driver 232 .9 Llo}'.d Tuthill 188 .8 Other Qarcels (over 100 acres) 72arcels 847 3.5 1357 5.7 Other Qarcels (between 40 & 99 acres) 23 2arcels There remains a number of other private parcels ranging in size from 40 to 100 acres. The suitability of these parcels for development will be dependent upon a number of factors including accessibility to roads, natural resource conditions, environmental factors. development costs, and market conditions . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 8 �I I I I POPCLA TIO~ AND HOUSING A key concern in the preparation of a Master Plan is the preservation and creation of a living environment which is desirable to all members of the communitv. Past trends. current levels and characteristics, and future expectations of the population are all i~1ponant elements in detennining future land use and facility needs . Trends Green Oak Township is located in one of the most rapidly growing areas in Michigan. Population trends are presented in Table 3. The gro\:vth of population in Green Oak Township and surrounding communities has been substantial since 1960. The Township remains the third most populous community in Livingston County with a 1990 Census of 11.60-l- people. an increase of 7% since 1980. SEMCOG population estimates state the Green Oak Town ship popualtion in 1995 is 13,758. This is an increase of 18.6"c from 1990. In 1960 and 1970. Green Oak Township was the most populous community in the County. Population growth between 1960 and 1990 has not been as rapid in Green Oak as in other neighboring communities. HoweYer. Green Oak Township was more fully developed in 1970 than other communities and slower gro\vth rates are indicative of a more mature community. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 9 �I I I I I I I I I ~ Characteristics In addition to the actual number of people, the characteristics of the population are important in determining both the Township's development potential and future needs. One of the more important characteristics is age composition. Key facts regarding population characteristics from the 1990 Census, 1995 SEMCOG Estimates and 1996 SEMCOG Projections are presented in the following tables and summarized below: 1. The number of persons per occupied household is 2.82. slightly less than the County average. 2. As a result of Maxey Boys School, nearly 5% of the Township population resides in group quarters. 3 The percentage of minority population in the Township is not significant. 4 The median housing value in 1990 was S 102,000, slightly higher than the County median. 5. Per capita income for Green Oak Township in 1990 was S 17,272 which is slightly less than the County average. 6. A mid-decade census was undertaken in 1997 which revealed that the population growth from 1990 to 1997 exceeded 15%. 7. The 1997 census reports that the Township's total population is 14,924. ~ I ~ I I I I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- 18-97 10 �- .-..,. .... ___. ... ...... ,...... - Jiiliiillli ....... ....... ......... -~ -..;,J ,.._ ....,,... --... Table 3 Population Trends Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1960-1995 % Change % Change % Change Estimated % Change Community 1960 1970 1960~1970 1980 1970-1980 1990 1980-1990 1995 1.990-1995 GREEN OAK TWP 4,631 7,598 64.1 I 0,802 42.2 1 1,604 7.4 13,758 18.6 Brighton (City) 2,282 2,457 7.7 4,268 73 .7 5,686 32.2 6,026 6.0 Brighton Twp. 2,875 5,882 104.6 11,222 90.8 14,815 32.0 16,701 12.7 Genoa Twp. 2,402 4,800 99.8 9,261 92.9 10,820 16.8 12,708 17.4 Hamburg Twp. 3,189 5,481 71.9 11,318 106.5 13,083 15.5 16,046 22 .6 38,233 58,967 54.2 100,289 70. 1 115,645 15.3 133,600 15.5 Lyon Twp. 2,880 4,500 56.3 7,078 57 .3 8,828 24.7 9,907 12.2 South Lyon (City) 1,753 2,675 52.6 5,214 94.9 6,479 24.3 7,776 20.0 Northfield Twp. 3,279 3,975 21.2 4,672 17.5 6,732 44.0 7,220 7.2 Livingston County SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Census and SEM CO( i "J>opul:11io11 aml <k<.:upied !lousing Units in Southeast Mid1igan , 19<)5" Mid-Decade ( 1997) Census: 14,924 11 12-18-97 �Table 4 Population Projections Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1990-2020 1990 I PROJECTIONS CENSUS 199 .'i 2000 2005 2010 I % CHANGE IN POPULATION % Change % Change % Change 2015 2020 1990-2000 2000-2010 20 I 0-2020 20,983 21,549 25,586 . 30,677 12,700 10,761 6,998 12,960 4,713 15.8 37.3 3 7. 9 48.6 31.0 35.0 24.3 32.7 20.8 11.8 26.9 28. 5 30.6 20 .8 35.0 14.3 21.4 15.6 9.4 14.2 24. 4 20.8 16.9 37.3 7.5 17.3 14.4 -.6 -4.8 TOWNSIIIPS Brighton Genoa Green Oak llamhurg llartland llowell Putnam Tyrone Unadilla 14,815 10,820 It ,604 13,083 (,,860 4,294 4,580 6,854 2,949 15,689 12,769 14,000 16,587 7,92(, 5,036 5,137 8,002 3,282 17,151 14,854 16,011 19,440 8,990 5,800 5,693 9,097 3,565 18,160 16,924 18,089 22,517 9,909 6,679 6,174 10,053 3,830 19,177 18,862 20,573 25,390 10,859 7,835 6,509 11,047 4,121 20,230 20,401 23,243 28,227 1 I ,838 9,313 6,788 12,067 4,433 5,686 8,147 6,(>90 9,415 7,241 10,345 7,424 10,622 7,409 10,592 7,390 10,368 7,365 10,078 27.3 26.9 2.3 2.4 I 15,M5 135,558 151\,061 170,853 187,725 204,875 219,674 33.2 21 .8 cmES & VILLAGES C. of Brighton C. of Howell LIVINGSTON CNl'Y. 17 SOURCE: U.S . Bureau of Census, SEMCOG "Regional Development Forecast, June, 1996" PREPARED BY: Carlisle/Wortman Associates. Inc., 1997 .................... 12-18-97 12 - 1111. ........ �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Projections Migration and jobs are the most important factor in determining growth. While local government has little control over births and deaths, migration to or from the Township can be influenced by employment, housing, local government services, and the general quality of life. The inability of local government to exert control over all factors which determine population growth does not diminish the importance of local projections. In the case of Green Oak Township, development policies can have a substantial effect on the level and location of future growth. ... population projections serve not as a self-fulfilling prophecy, but as a target of a desired level of growth which may be altered through local development policies. As a result, the projection of population should serve as a guide to local decision making to assess the effect of growth on current and desired conditions in the Township. In this manner, population projections serve not as a self-fulfilling prophecy, but as a target of a desired level of growth which may be altered through local development policies. The Southeastern Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) has prepared detailed population projections for Southeastern Michigan communities. The results of the June, 1996 SEMCOG Regional Development Forcasts for Green Oak Township and select neighboring communities are illustrated in Table 4. The SEMCOG population projections for the year 2000 in the Township is 16,011 , for 2010 is 20,573, and for 2020 the projected popualtion is 25,586 which is an 83% increase from 1995. The total number of households are projected to increase from 4,256 in 1990 to 5,322 by 2000 and 6,127 by 2010. Although the level of growth had slowed since the boom of the 1970's and l 980's, the recent population increases have picked up again. The percentage increase from 1980 to 1990 was only 7.4%, while the projected increase from 1990 to 1995, only half the amount of time, was 21 %, nearly three times the rate from 1980 to 1990. Housing Characteristics Housing characteristics indicate that growth in housing stock in the Township has shown greater increases than population growth. While population increased by 7 % for I 980 to 1990, the number of housing units increased by 21 %. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 13 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 5 Housing Units Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1980-1990 Total Housmg Units Commuruty l~l'SO 1990 GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP 3,508 4,256 21.3 Brighton (City) 1,875 2,509 33.8 Brighton Township 3,649 4,874 33.5 Genoa Township 3,359 4,065 21.0 Hamburg Township 4,496 5,090 13.2 34,951 41 ,863 19 .8 Livingston County % Change 1980-1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census 1990 Housing data within the Township is presented in detail in the following Tables: Table 6 Characteristics of Occupied Housing Units Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1990 Commuruty lYYU Total Owner Occupied - % Renter Uccup1ed Median V aloe % Median Rents . Housing Units GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP 4256 86 .7 $102,000 13.3 $460 Brighton (City) 2509 63 $93 ,600 37 $472 Brighton Township 4874 92 .7 $128 ,900 7.3 $451 Genoa Township 4065 91.1 $120,900 8 .9 $419 Hamburg Township 5090 89.5 $100,200 10 .5 $467 Livingston County 41,863 84 .5 $97 ,300 15.5 $451 Source : U.S. Bureau of Census 1990 I I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 14 �•1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' Table 7 Characteristics of Year-round Housing Units Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities Community % Served by Central Water % of Houses Built % Served by Public · 1939 or Earlier f941J-1980 1980-1990 Water GREEN OAK TWP. 20.4 19.1 21.9 9.1 69 ----+-----+------1--------1--------~---~ 24.7 Brighton (City) 97.4 97.6 60 .2 15 .1 ""-----+-----+------1------~--------~---~ 29.5 Brighton Township 15 .6 3.7 3.2 67.3 --"---+-----+------1--------lf------~---~ 23.9 Genoa Township 15 .2 19.7 67 9 .1 _..---+-----+------1------~-----~---~ Hamburg Township 3.7 3.4 11.5 68 .4 20.1 Livingston County 23 23.3 13.6 64.3 22.1 •I ,, I ,i Source: US Bureau of Census 1990 The above Tables are summarized below: 1. Housing stock is overwhelmingly year-round versus seasonal resulting from new construction. 2. A greater percentage of housing units were constructed in the Township than in neighboring communities prior to 1939, reflecting the amount of pre-World War II cottage construction prevalent in Green Oak Township. 3. A smaller percentage of housing units were constructed in the Township than in Brighton Township and Brighton City, resulting in a slower rate of population growth. 4. The median value of owner-occupied housing is $102,000. which is higher than most nearby townships and fourth highest of all Livingston County Townships. 5. Median rents for renter-occupied housing are higher than other nearby townships. 6. Of all Township housing units, 13.3% are renter occupied while of the County's housing stock, 15.5% are renter occupied. 7. Of the Township's 4,256 housing units, 19.1 % are connected to public sewers. 8. The Township has 154 mobile home units. Most of these units are located within the Township's five mobile home parks. 9. Green Oak Township has the highest number of rental units of all Livingston County Townships. The Table below reveals that the national trend of decreasing household size is reflected in the trends in Green Oak Township. II ., Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 15 �Table 8 Household Size and Occupied Housing Units Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1990-1995 . .. Commumty " ....··, •, ' '1990 Persons Per ·Occupied . · Occupied_ Housing Housing Unit ' Units 1995 C , Persons Per .. Occupied Housing Unit Occupied Housing Units GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP 2.86 3.892 2.82 4,720 Brighton (City) 2.4 2.374 2.3 2,625 Brighton Township 3.17 4.659 3.12 5,331 Genoa Township 2.91 3.709 2.83 4,494 Hamburg Township 2.89 4,435 2.82 5,589 Livingston County 2.94 38,887 2.90 46,024 SOURCE: SEMCOG, "Population and Occupied Housmg Units 1995" Other findings from the Table above include the following: SEMCOG's estimates state the average number of persons per occupied unit in 1995 is 2.82. which is slightly less than the County average, and household size has decreased from 1990 when it was 2.86 persons per occupied housing unit. This decrease is indicative of the following trends: • Green Oak has a slightly older population than communities with greater household sizes • People are waiting longer to marry and have children, and are having fewer children, the combination of which results in fewer people per household. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 16 �ECONOMIC BASE The analysis of the local economy includes an evaluation of the existing tax base and employment sectors. An understanding of the local economy is important in order to: develop a long-range plan for commercial and industrial use of land compatible with other land uses: foster and encourage sound employment opportunities for the local population; improve the Township tax base; and, coordinate the overall physical development of the Township. To arrive at a viable and desirable plan, the economic base analysis must combine the existing situation with sound planning concepts, projections of the business market, and the aspirations and goals of the community. Tax Base The Township tax base remains even more predominately residential with 85% of the 1996 real property valuations stemming from residential properties. This is a five percent increase over 1982 in the relative predominance of residential assessments over all other land classifications. Commercial and industrial properties combined to compose 14.2% percent of the real property tax base in 1996, this is up from 10.5% in 1990. Agricultural properties have continued to decline in significance with the total number of parcels decreasing from 42 in 1990. to 32 in 1996. The total Township real estate valuations have increased 224% since 1980 or about 20% annually. This compares to 194% for all of Livingston County over the same period. In 1980, Green Oak total SEY represented 9.8% of the total County SEY. In 1996 it represented 12.3%. Green Oak is less reliant upon industrial and commercial land assessments than the County as a whole. The total SEY has increase 24.7% from 1994 to 1996. The 1994 and 1996 Green Oak tax assessments were as follows: Table 9 Comparative SEV Green Oak Township 1994-1996 Classification Number of Parcels % of Total Total SEV 1994 1996 1994 1996 1994 1996 Agriculture 36 32 $3,606,200 $3,634,600 1.1% .9% Commercial 86 89 $12,127,860 $13,569,100 3.6% 3.3% Industrial 245 241 $32,880,200 $45,546,019 9.9% 10.9% Residential 5540 6517 $285,076,710 $353,423,908 85.4% 85% TOTAL 5907 6517 $333,690,970 $416,173.627 SOURCE: Green Oak Township Assessing Department The Tables on the following page reveal additional SEY related data. In 1996, Green Oak Township was ranked #3 in the County for the percentage of contribution toward the total SEY in the County. This is down from #2 in 1992. Brighton Township and Hamburg Township rank #1 and #2 respectively in contribution toward County SEY total. Green Oak Township Master Plan ~ [2 - 18-97 17 �II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I • Table 10 Green Oak Township Historical State Equalized Value: 1986-1996 Year .TotalSEV % of County Rank in County 1986 $131.520.9 9.7 #4 1988 $157 ,201.7 9 .9 #4 1990 $230.952 11 .1 #3 1992 $289.520.9 11. 7 #2 1994 $361.605.-i 11. 7 rr.) 1996 $460.116.0 12.3 #3 ~-. Source: Livingston County Data Book 1995 Table 11 State Equalized Value Green Oak Township and Select Neighboring Communities 1996 (in thousands of $) Community TOTALSEV % of County $460,116 12.3 Brighton (City) $202,159.5 5.4 Brighton Township $543,220.4 14.5 Genoa Township $416,666.5 11.1 Hamburg Township 471,809.6 12 .6 Livingston County $3,753 ,364.1 100 GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP Source: Livingston County Data Book 1995 Employment Green Oak Township has one of the highest civilian labor force in the County. The labor force is largely "white collar" in nature, with a majority in management, professional, technician, sales, and service related positions. Although the Township is by and large a residential community for those who work elsewhere, it is not without significant local employment base. The Township's largest employers include: State of Michigan (Maxey Boys School and parks), Thermofil Inc., KelseyHayes Company, Export Corporation, and Weathervane Windows. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 18 �Commercial/Industrial Analysis As previously discussed, most of the commercial development in Green Oak Township can be classified as convenience or general convenience acti vity scattered in indi\·idual locations throughout the Township. Such uses consist primarily of small convenience groceries. service stations, and restaurants. There is only one shopping center within the Township and this is located near the intersection of Eight Mile Road and C.S. 23. A reason for the lack of maj or commercial shopping center in Green Oak Township is the proximity of other regional shopping centers located within the city of Brighton, South Lyon. Novi and Ann Arbor. An analysis of the Township zoning map. indicates that there are three classifications of commercial development within the Township. These are Highway Commercial (HO. General Business (GB), and Local Business (LB ). Currently there exists approximately 63 a..::res of zoned highway commercial land. Most of this commercial zonin2: is located along: the L .S. 23 corridor. Of these 63 acres approximately 30% are currently Yacant and~would be available for future development. I I I I I I I ~ - < ;. ..... '~~:· ~7.t~· _.,<'!,-', ,.•--~~ . •-· ': ,.•"":~-. ;_~~~iiT r~·] ;2;.-.. ._ : ·,.- i.;,~f. ::.:. . :·~:;·~1.. . In addition to highway commercial. the Township zoning map also provides general business zoning. Currently there is approximately 66 acres of GB zoned land. These are scattered through a variety of sites within the Township including the U.S . 23 corridor. Grand River, Rushton Road, etc. Of the 66 acres approximately 409c is currently vacant. The final commercial zoning designation is local business. Currently there is approximately 34 acres of local business land within the Township. These are also scattered through a variety of sites includes smaller stores, party stores and neighborhood commercial facilities . Of the 34 acres approximately 32% are vacant. I ~ ~ ~~ --~;:,;,,,;:. -_ . The Township's proximity to U .S . 23 and I-96 is a continuing factor in the location of industrial development. Existing industry such as Kelsey-Hayes and Thermofil haYe located adjacent to U.S. 23 to take advantage of expressway access. The developing industrial area south of Silver Lake and Kensington Roads is approximately 1 1/2 miles from I-96. The availability of land and rail in this area is an attraction for additional development. The need for road impro\·ements in the Park Place industrial subdivision remains critical. Industrial areas along Grand RiYer are limited for expansion due to lack of available land. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 19 �COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES Within the total development of the Township, one of the most important public services is the provision of adequate public facilities. Often the impression created by a particular community is directly related to its schools, parks, libraries, public buildings, public utilities and police and fire facilities. The adequacy or inadequacy of these public facilities has a direct influence on the Township's ability to attract new residents, businesses, and industries. This chapter will concentrate on public facilities over which the Township has control, with the recognition that these facilities are supplemented by private facilities. Government Offices/Public Buildings The Green Oak Township Hall is located on Silver Lake Road and is centrally located within the To\vnship. The original building was constructed in 1854 and is presently used as a public meeting room. Kitchen and lavatory facilities were added to the main building in 1950. The present office space was remodeled in 1968 and again in 1988. The Township Hall's office space is used by the Supervisor, clerk, Treasurer, Assessing Department, and Building Department. Although there are no immediate plans for expansion of the administrative offices, continued growth in population has placed increased demands on Township services. In general, Township office and meeting facilities are inadequate to meet the growing functions of Township government. Space within the present building will not be sufficient in the future and a new Township Hall or an expanded existing Hall will be necessary. Police and Fire Services The Township operates its own Police and Fire Departments. The Township has two fire stations. The original fire hall constructed in 1969, is located on Fieldcrest Road and has now been converted to the Police Department. New fire stations were constructed on Grand River A venue, and Whitmore Lake Road. Both fire stations are well-equipped and in excellent condition. As the Township continues to grow, increased administrative space will be required by the Police and Fire Departments. A new Fire Hall is being constructed on Rushton Road between Nine and Ten Mile Roads. Water and Sewer Services The 1990 Census indicates that approximately 20% of the year-round housing units in Green Oak Township are served by public or private water systems and 19% are served by public sewers. The Saxony-Willmar subdivisions are served by a central water system managed by the Township. The Centennial Farms Condominium development on Rushton at Ten Mile is served by a private central water system. The Maxey Boys School also has a private water system. A number of residences in the Fonda Lake Area are served by a public central water system constructed as a result of the infusion of salt brine in private wells by State Department of Transportation salt storage facilities along U.S. 23. The remainder of the Township is served by individual private wells. Localized water supply problems have frequently occurred. Especially prevalent are problems in the northwest quadrant of the Township. The Saxony-Willmar water system has been plagued by both poor quantity and quality. Moratoriums on water usage have been imposed in the warm summer months. Development has been limited in area to the south of Saxony-Willmar and in other portions of the Township because of water supply problems. Because of the number of individual wells in the Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 20 �7 Township, protection of the ground water aquifer must be a primary concern to the residents of Green Oak Township. Public central water systems may be required in the future in certain areas. The only portion of the Township ,vhich is served by public sewers is the area surrounding Whitmore Lake. Sewers were constructed in conjunction with the Northfield Township sewer system. The Northfield Township Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in Green Oak Township in Section 31, just off Lemen Road. The sanitary sewer system is adequate to handle existing users, however, the plant is at or near capacity and will have to be expanded in order to provide additional service. Private sanitary sewer systems are provided in the following developments: Centennial, Sandy Creek, and Holly Hock residential subdivisions. Other Community Facilities A public library is not currently located within the Township, but Green Oak residents have access to public libraries in Brighton, South Lyon, and Whitmore Lake. The Township does not have any community meeting or senior citizen center. However senior services are available in both the City of Brighton and South Lyon. Future expansion of Township administrative offices could include facilities for a library, community room, and senior center, as has been done in other communities. Recreation Regional Facilities An abundance of outdoor recreational facilities are available to Green Oak Township, both within the Township and nearby. Table 12 illustrates regional recreational areas located within a twenty-five mile radius of the geographic center of Green Oak Township. Over 90% of the Island Lake State Recreation Area is located within the boundaries of Green Oak Township. A variety of outdoor activities are available at Island Lake including swimming, fishing, boating, hiking and camping. Kensington Metropark, part of the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority System, is located adjacent to the northern boundary of the Township. In addition to water recreation and hiking, Kensington has a fine golf course and offers interpretive programs, cross-country skiing, and sledding. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority system, Huron Meadow Metropark, in Sections, 7, 18 and 19 of the Township is also available for recreation use. The site is traversed by the Huron river and includes a golf course, picnicking, food service, canoe rental, hiking and cross country skiing. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 21 �• ._, D J..__,i ~ .._ - TAULE 12 RECREATION INVENTORY Regional Recreational Areas Within 125 Mile Radius of Green Oak Township, Michigan Acreage Delhi Metro Park Dexter-Huron Metro-Park Hudson Mills Metro-Park Huron Meadows Metro-Park Kensington Metro Park Marshbank Metro-Park Maybury State Park Seven Lakes State Park Brighton State Recreational Arca Pinckney State Recreational Arca Pontiac State Recreational /\rca Island Lake State Recreational Arca Proud Lake State Recreational Area Highland State Recreational Arca Oak Grove State Game Area Chelsea State Game Area Gregory State Game Area Unadilla State Game Area 45 115 935 1,550 4,300 Swimming Picnicking 1,400 4,826 9,788 3,619 Camping Boating Fishing Playground Ettui1m1ent X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 100 Hiking X X X X Other Activities Softball Softball, badminton Nature Trails Golfing Canoeing. ice skating. sledding. golf' X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3,46(> X X X X X 3,515 5,504 1,796 X X X X X X X X X X State game areas offer ice skating & cross country skiing; provide primitive access; and offer no developed facilities X X 654 2,459 X X X X 891 X X 22 Horseback riding Hunting Hunting 12-18-97 �' ' ' 'I Local Facilities Despite the availability of regional outdoor recreation, there is a lack of local recreational facilities to serve community and neighborhood needs. There are few areas available within the Township equipped with such things as softball fields and playground equipment. Only the Hawkins Elementary School, located in the extreme northwest portion of the Township, has playground equipment, baseball diamonds, and other athletic fields. The Township does participate in the South East Livingston County Recreation Authority (SELCRA) which does provide recreational opportunities. however. local recreational needs are unmet due to c1 lack of a local recreation program and facilities to serve residents of all ages. I I I I I I I I I I • Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 23 �ROADS Highways and roads are developed to provide the safe and efficient movement of people and goods within and through a community. Adequate transportation facilities are therefore a major consideration in a community's development. Conversely, inadequate transportation facilities are also a factor in a community's development. In the case of Green Oak Township, the road conditions within the Township should be a major determinant in the location and intensity of future development. Interstate and State Routes The only U.S. trunk line route passing through Green Oak Township is the U.S. 23 Freeway, a four-lane, divided thoroughfare. It is the only thoroughfare within the Township that has State-wide implications. It connects the entire south central portion of the State with other regions via the freeway system. More specifically, the U.S. 23 Freeway connects the Township directly with such population centers as Ann Arbor, Toledo and Flint. The interstate free\vay system (I-96) which intersects with the U.S. 23 Freeway immediately to the north of the Township increases the accessibility of additional urban population centers such as Lansing and Detroit for Green Oak Township residents . The section of U.S. 23 in green Oak Township is approximately 5.7 miles. It has a 300 foot rightof-way with 24-foot pavement width on each side of the median. There are four interchanges within the Township (Lee Road, Silver Lake Road, M-36 - Nine Mile Road. and Eight Mile Road Whitmore Lake). This freeway adequately provides Green Oak Township residents with regional accessibility. The only State trunk line route within Green Oak Township is M-36. It begins at the interchange of U.S. 23 in the Township and travels west through Pinckney and beyond. This State route generally serves as a connector between smaller urban areas in Livingston and Ingham Counties. Approximately two miles of M-36 exists within Green Oak Township. Primary and Local Roads Primary roads are established by and are the responsibility of the Livingston County Road Commission upon approval of the Michigan Department of Transportation. By designating a road as part of the County Primary System, the County can obtain State and Federal weight and gas tax revenue for maintenance. All public roads not classified as primary are considered local roads but still under the jurisdiction of the Livingston County Roads Commission. Future funding from Federal, State or County sources will be limited. Any major road maintenance or improvement project will require additional funding by Green Oak Township. The condition of primary and local roads is presented in Table 13. Various stretches of road are classified as requiring conservation maintenance or substantial improvement. Roads needing conservation maintenance are basically in good condition, but will require more than routine maintenance to stay in good condition. Such conservation maintenance may involve re-surfacing, widening and drainage improvements. The cost of re-surfacing a hardtop road is typically S300,000 per mile or S60.00 per foot. Roads requiring substantial improvement, including paving of gravel roads, will require a large expenditure of funds ranging from $500,000 to S600,000 per mile to be upgraded to a good condition. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 24 �----------------- ........ TABLE 13 ROAD CONDITION ASSESSMENT GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP .i_~ Road Name :.• ., . Primary Roads Whitmore Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Doane Nine Mile Rushton Rushton Academy Ten Mile Marshall East Shore Lemen Winans Lake Rickett Lee Fieldcrest Kensington Silverside Local Roads Eight Mile Nine Mile Peer Maltby Musch Spicer Fairlane Tuthill Bishop McCabe Evergreen Twelve Mile I. Surface HT= Hardtop G = Gravel From ·• ·1 . '.! , . ,,,,. ., ' To··. · .,-· ' .... Twp. Line Fieldcrcsl Silverside Silverside Marshall Doane Doane Grand River Rushton Nine Mile Twp. Line Eight Mile Whitmore Lake Winans Lake Whitmore Lake Nine Mile Silver Lake Silver Lake Twp. Line Silverside Rushton Rushton Rushton Nine Mile Silver Lake C&ORR Twp. Line Silver Lake Nine Mile M-36 Twp. Line Twp. Line Marengo Lee Road Grand River Doane Marshall Rushton Ten Mile Twp. Line Winans Lake M-36 Fieldcrest Fairlanc Fieldcrest Bishop McCabe Rushton Twp. Line Twp. Line Twelve Mile Whitmore Lake Spicer Whitmore Lake Marshall Marshall Fieldcrest Evergreen Silver Lake Twp. Line 2. Approximate Length (miles) : · .. 6. l 1.5 2.0 I.I l.5 1.5 1.8 .7 1.5 1.8 Improvement Surface HT HT G HT IIT HT G HT HT HT Code 2 CM SI SI SI SI SI CM SI SI SJ IIT sr 3.0 1.5 IIT HT JIT IIT JIT IIT .6 HT SI CM CM SI SI CM SI 3.0 G SI .8 1 l.5 3.5 1.0 1.6 G sr 1.5 1.5 G G SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SJ .4 l.8 2.5 1.0 1.8 .4 1.0 J.5 r, G G G G G G G Improvement Code CM= Roads needing conservation maintenance SI = Roads needing substantial improvement *Based on 1982 Livingston County Road Assessment 25 12-18-97 �TABLE 14 LIVIN(;STON COUNTY 2015 LON(; RAN(;E TRANSPORTATION PLAN ROAD NAME PROM TO f.,ENG'/71 (MILES) Jlll//SD/Cl'JON DEf'ICIE.NCY Grand River Old US21 Kensington 3.62 I..C. R.C. Capacity B Road widening (2-lanc to 5- lanc) 1100 470(, Lee lfakt·tt US21 l'wy 0,70 I.. C. R.C. C'npacily II Road widening (2-land lo 3- lnnr) 900 610 Old US21 l.ce Spencer E. 2. 19 1..C. R.C'. Capacity B 1300 2847 Silver 1.ake Whitmore Lk US23 Fwy 0. 15 1..C. R.C. Capacity B Rickett I.cc Meyer 0.50 L.C.R .C. Capacity C Road & hridge• widcnings (2-lane lo 5-lanel Road & bridge* widenings (2-lane to 5-lane) Road widening (2-lane lo 5-lanc) 1300 900 195 450 Old US23 l.ee Grand River 1.07 L.C.R.C . Safety B See capacity improvement "' l11v11l vcr.i witk riit1J! of I 1U, 01 I JS2\ 11 vt·1 p;1':~: rl H' l'H•i!<. fc11 which :I l l' 11liR IMPROVEMENT COST/MILE. TOTAL.COST (• $/000) r• srooo, SOURCE. OF FUNDS PliD NON-FED FUNDS(• $/000) ff/) NON-FED TEDF-D.MTF 4706 610 MTI' TEIJf'.I) MTF 2847 MTF 540 1101 l11cl11d1·tl i11111l· cost l' i;Ji11111t cs sh11wn. ••tmlirotcs road r-c~mc nt 1h:1 1 h:-i s s11hs1:1111iall y higher volu me 1hnn 1hnt used for co mputalion of nccidcnl r:11es . May not he cnndi<lrlle for safely improvemen t. Ti er denotes pri orit y rnting (A rh ro ugh C) Tf:Df" denotes Tr:msporta1ion Economic 1Jcvelopmc111 Fund MTF denotes Michigan Trnnsporlalion Pund .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 .. .. 12- 18-97 11111 llll. .11111.. �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The Livingston County Road Commission (LCRC) has developed a long range, twenty year, transportation plan for primary road improvements. This plan establishes priority road improvement projects which are implemented as funds become available. A summary of identified LCRC projects is provided in Table 14 and include Grand River. Lee, Old U.S. 23. Silver Lake and Rickett roads . A short term , three year plan established by the LCRC, has also identified more immediate improvements to Green Oak Township. This three year plan provided funding for improvements of the Rushton Road and Fairlane Road bridges. In addition to primary roads. a number of gravel roads are in desperate need of improvement. Specifically, the gravel portions of Sih·er Lake and Nine Mile Road. The Township administration has frequently sought to have the LCRC pave these and other roads but due to limitation of funds. paving has not been accomplished. The LCRC has suggested a local millage or special assessment to pave these roads . The road network in Green Oak Township is indicative of the Township's rural character. The road network in Green Oak Township is indicative of the Township's rural character. Due to the Township's topography, natural features and large land holders, considerable meandering is required for anyone traveling within the Township. U.S. 23 and its service drives, facilitate northsouth travel through the Township and provides four intersections for east-west travel. Functional Classification Road classifications identify the volume and type of traffic that is appropriate for each segment of the roadway network. For purposes of transportation planning, a functional classification of roads has been developed. Table 15 lists the national functional classification for Principal Arterials, Minor Arterials, Major Collectors and :\1inor Collectors for Green Oak roadways. Table 15 Functional Classification Green Oak Township Roadways I us 23 Principal Arterials Minor Arterials I M-36, West of US 23 Ma.ior Collectors I Nine Mile Road I Grand River Avenue I Base Line Road 1 Rushton Road I ! Ten Mile Road ~ ~ ~ I East Shore Drive I Kensin1non Road I Silver Lake Road I Winans Lake Road 1 Minor Collectors Maltby Road I Doane Road 1 Ei2:ht Mile Road I Marshall Road I , Whitmore Lake Road SOURCE: Michigan Department of Transportation Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 27 �I I I I I I I I I I I Traffic Counts Table 16 on the following two pages depicts traffic counts taken by the Li\'ingston County Road Commission taken between 1990 and 1996. The roadway, direction, cross road. road class, and month and year the count was taken are all shown in the table. Bridges Green Oak Township has 13 bridges , 7 on primary roads and 6 on local roads. The Road Commission has classified bridges as adequate. A bridge is considered adequate if it provides safe travel without undue delays, with normal maintenance under normal conditions. Future Road Right of Way Green Oak Township participates within the Livingston County Inter-County Highway road right of way designation. This highway plan establishes future road right of way widths for major roads within the Township. Where possible, future development should adhere to the recommended setbacks as designated within this plan as noted on Map 2. Private Roads Green Oak Township has a significant quantity of private roads. Typically, these have a single point of ingress & egress (i.e. dead end) and serve residential subdivisions. Green Oak Township currently requires all private roads to be built to L.C.R.C. standards. but due to the excessive clearing required (minimum width 90') and the associated costs, much discussion has been held regarding the adoption of AASHTO standards for private roads. Many private roads in Green Oak Township are not currently built to L.C.R.C. standards. I I I I I I I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 28 �II 'II '• •.. .. f f , p p Table 16 24-Hour Traffic Counts for Green Oak Township 1990-1996 ROADWAY . -.... DIR. ·- y. Field Crest N N N N N s Grand River E w w w E E ! Kensington w w N N s s s s N N E E Lee w w w w :Maltby E w w w w .Marshall N N s w w Nine Mile E ' ' ' ' ' w E w I E E E w Rickett N N s s CROSSROAD ·· .. ' ,. Bishop Bishop N . Nine Mile Silver Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Kensington Kensington KensinITTon Kensington Pleasant Valley Pleasant Valley Pleasant Valley Pleasant Valley Grand River Grand River Grand River Grand River Grand RiYer Grand River Silver Lake Silver Lake Rickett Rickett Rickett Rickett Whitmore Lake Old US 23 Rickett Rickett Rickett Rickett Whitmore Lake Nine Mile Sandy Creek Silver Lake Dixboro Dixboro East Shore East Shore Field Crest Field Crest Rushton Rushton Rushton Rushton Lee Lee Lee Lee .. J], . ·:C LASS ~-;'i' i, - I L L L L L L p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p L L p L L L L L L L L L L L p p p p L L L p p p L L 7:MONTH ... -~ ",.:, YEAR , 2-WAY TOTAL I I ·>· 6 6 6 6 8 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 1 8 11 I 7 1 5 5 5 8 8 5 5 6 6 8 8 5 5 8 6 8 6 - . ~ ,. I 91 95 91 91 96 91 92 92 96 96 92 95 92 95 96 96 92 95 96 96 92 94 92 95 92 95 91 95 92 90 93 95 92 93 93 93 92 94 93 93 91 91 92 94 95 95 92 95 92 95 I . 820 1839 3597 911 907 305 4406 7684 6050 6541 7286 9912 12.251 14.651 4351 4850 6491 12.831 4030 4378 5198 6375 8033 12,424 1454 3672 10.202 2388 332 632 1826 1132 469 1090 896 1640 1876 2376 4458 5412 6665 7357 900 1671 1660 6013 7140 11 , 151 4096 6760 P=Primary L=Local 29 12- 18-97 �I I II II ' ' ' 'II • •II f f f f ' ,' Table 16 24-Hour Traffic Counts For Green Oak Township 1990-1996 - Continued ROADW~Y . DI,R. · CROSSROAD - N E E E E Silver Lake w w w I w w E I w w E E E w Ten Mile E E E N N Whitmore Lake s s N N N s N N I s s N N N N s s s N s s s Winans Lake E E w w w w ·~ . CLASS r-,M _O N.T H .... .. Winans Lake Field Crest Field Crest Field Crest Kensington Kensin2ton Kensington Kensin2ton Kensin2ton Marshall Rushton Rushton Rushton Whitmore Lake Whitmore Lake Whitmore Lake Dixboro Rushton Rushton Rushton Eight Mile Eight Mile Grand River Grand River Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Drive Leo M-36 M-36 Silver Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Silver Lake Spicer Winans Lake Winans Lake Winans Lake Winans Lake Musch Musch Musch Whitmore Lake Whitmore Lake Whitmore Lake I ! I I I I I I I i I I I I I II I i' ! i I YEAR ,· _;.. . L p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 2-WAY TOTAL "' ~ I i I I 6 6 8 8 7 6 6 7 7 6 5 6 5 6 8 8 5 8 5 6 7 8 10 J ! I , I I : I I : I I I I I I I 10 8 6 7 7 7 8 8 6 7 6 6 8 7 8 6 6 7 6 6 7 6 7 8 6 6 I I ! I I i I I I I I I I I I I I 95 91 96 96 92 9-19-196 96 91 95 91 95 9-19-196 95 92 93 94 93 93 96 96 92 93 94 94 94 96 92 95 92 93 94 96 92 94 95 93 92 93 94 92 93 92 92 93 94 I 3339 4381 5084 5802 2960 2936 3667 3399 3256 4297 2532 659 1305 5593 5964 7072 12,296 7542 8617 9281 6190 5771 15 ,624 16,361 12,247 15,084 14,899 7273 16,140 14,292 4462 3232 4172 3677 3551 3900 7001 7511 2409 7223 1524 1345 1616 7283 7021 6234 6280 7362 7334 P=Primarv L=Local SOURCE: Livingston County Road Comm1ss1on 30 12-18-97 �------------~~--------------•••• Map2 ~ ~ScalewIn Miles j ---.1~--llajor Thoroughfare """'"" HaJor Thoroughfare• • - - - Hajor Thoroughfare• Secondary Thoroughfare Secondary Thoroughfare• ................. Secondary Thoroughfare• • - - - Super ltlghway -·-·· = ~ ~ freeway 120' 100' 86 1 120' IOO' 66 1 20~• Right-of-Way Right-of-Way Right-of-Way Right-of-Way Right-of-Way Right-of-Way Right-of-Way )50' ♦ Rlght·of · Way •These width• have been established through special action of the Inter-County Highway Comnlsslon of Southeastern Hlchlgan. ~ __ -.,.•i'"{: :~fi:'.:~ .. . ~ \ -;, .. ,,,,,,• ''r;_. ' ; \ .,•' .. ' l . 11:. , - • ''! ·1c, ·, h•u•·,,·.•71~ .. ;!i . ~: ~· 1~, ' .... , . ,'l.hG •• , •• : ,!:i ~ \'iJ'lj• ' ;·•,tt.,:1' ~ -~ . •.l~ ,',l:t•• . ,, _.,tl, ~.... ,,.,..,( ,,,,.,.,,, ,, '.-:_.- ,, l 8 Ml. RD. \ 0 1 -- '=1~;,_,J-~-c, NALLY ~ ) lnter•county highw ~ y commission ol 1oulhoo110,n ,-4719 VAN OYK( michigon AV(NU( l!j ~ o m od . ll.,197c Frank 11 n O. HeyTr:P:'.: Exe cut l ve OI rec tor COUNTY OF LIVINGSTON STATE OF MICHIGAN HAP ANO RESOLUTION RECEIVED FOR RECORDING ON rnE 5 7 r>i DAY or APB/ L , 1973 A.o . , AT . /Oj Q;I O'CLOCK ANO IS RECORDED IN LIBER_~.J'.,0 . . . ' OROS .. ; -~-.;.;:~~}.~ft ' C(Nl[R llNl, MICHIGAN ,ao1s I l I JI 7 S 9 · 3 l -4 4 mr1r1Ea.e _ �I I I I I I I I • •I I I IJ IJ fl I IJ NATURAL RESOURCES The natural features of Green Oak Township have historically played a major role in influencing growth and development. The natural resources of the Township including the Huron River, its tributaries. and lakes have provided beautiful settings for homesites, and recreational facilities serving the entire region. Indeed, the attractiveness of the natural environment is one of the major reasons why people have located in the Township. While there are many opportunities for enjoyment and utilization of the natural resource base, particular features of the natural environment are incapable of supporting development or are of sufficient significance to be preserved. It is helpful to examine the various natural resource factors in detail to determine the opportunities and constraints for development. as well as weigh the value of preservation. Various individual factors were inventoried and mapped by the Environmental Research Council (ERC) and are used in natural resource analysis. These maps are on display at the Township Hall and include: . .. the attractiveness of the natural environment is one of the major reasons why people have located in the Township . • • • • • • • • • • Base Map Green ways Woodlands Wetlands & hydric soils Pre-settlement land patterns Michigan Natural Features Inventory Floodplains Groundwater vulnerability Watershed boundaries Topography A detailed description of the Township's resources is provided below: Topography The topography of Green Oak Township is gently rolling to hilly with sandy uplands and ridges, sandy plains and numerous wet flat plains. Land elevations range from about 860 feet above sea level found in the floodplain of the Huron River to about 1,035 feet above sea level, the high point of a moraine north of Winans Lake Road near the western border of the Township. This "rugged" type of topography presents many possibilities to developers with ingenuity. The Township's topography has been and will continue to be a principal attraction to residential development. Topography has played a major role in determining locations of highways, railroads, industry and other land uses. Roads in the Township have generally bypassed steep hills and swamp areas since the cost of cutting and filling is prohibitive. The numerous lakes in the Township have also prevented a rigid grid line road network which contributes to the rural character of the Township. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 32 �• • •II II II • • • ' 'I I ' ' ', ' Soils An understanding of soil characteristics is essential to the development of a community in a manner which minimizes construction costs. risks to public health, and environmental damage. This is especially critical in Green Oak Township because of the limitations of many soil types. Soil types within the Township are identified in the Livingston County Soil Survey prepared by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Detailed soils maps are available through County Planning or the Soil Conservation Service. Two soil characteristics which are most important to Green Oak Township are suitability for septic systems and susceptibility to wetness and flooding. The latter characteristic is typically associated with low-lying wetland and floodplain areas and is discussed in another section of this report. Due to the Township's geologic past, areas of sand and gravel have been deposited in large volumes. Over the years, much of this sand and gravel deposits have been mined. Many of these depleted areas are in the process of reclamation . Because the sanitary sewer system in the Township is limited, individual septic systems are the primary means of wastewater disposal. Therefore, the location of septic systems on proper soils is extremely important. There are many areas within the Township which exhibit severe limitations for septic systems. Such limitations are associated with slow permeability, high water table, or excessive slope. In some cases, limitations may be overcome with a more sophisticated and costly system or central sanitary sewers. In cases where severe septic limitations are associated with a susceptibility to flooding, development should be sited in more suitable areas. Surface Water One of the most significant features of Green Oak Township is the abundance of surface water. The Township is traversed by the Huron River. Other smaller streams and tributaries such as Spring Mill Creek, Davis Creek, and the South Branch of the Huron River meander through the Township. Much of the land adjoining the Huron River in the Township is under public ownership. The river is also protected under the provisions of the Michigan Natural River program. Glacial lakes are also a predominant feature. The largest lake within the Township is Silver Lake encompassing 152 acres. A portion of Whitmore Lake (236 total acres) is located in Section 32 of the Township. Other major lakes include: Island Nichwagh Fonda Briggs Sandy Bottom 140 acres 130 acres 83 acres 75 acres 56 acres Wetlands and Floodplains The pr<.!sence of surface waters, poorly drained soils, and low-lying areas gives rise to substantial floodplain and wetland areas within the Township. Wetlands and floodplains, once perceived as waste lands, are now being recognized as valuable natural resources. They play an important role in maintaining balanced hydrological and ecological systems. In addition to providing wildlife habitats, wetlands can provide valuable functions related to the maintenance of water quality: nutrient retention and filtration, sediment removal, and groundwater recharge and discharge. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 33 �I 1111 IJ Ill II • • • • • • • • •II Ill .. .. ~ Wetlands also provide \·ery valuable functions by acting as storage basins for flood waters and thus reducing the severity of floods. Portions of the rivers. creeks and their tributaries in Green Oak Township are \\·ithin the l 00 year floodplain as established by the Federal Emergency ~Ianagement Administr:1tion (FEMA). These floodplain areas were taken into account in the analysis described later. The wetlands map includes generalized areas as inventoried by the Michigan Resource Inventory Program (MIRIS) as prepared by Li\·ingston County Planning Department (Map 3). The MIRIS data was compiled from aerial photographs. County information. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Maps. In accordance with the Goemaere-..\nderson \Vetland Protection Act ( ..\ct 203 of 1979) as amended, dredging. filling and other activities in regulated \\ etlands require a permit from the Michigan Department of Natural Re~ources (l\ID~R'l. Bec1use of the ern·ironmental sensitivity of these lands and because of these regulations, development in wetland .ireas is discouraged. A Township Wetlands Ordinance is currently being considered which would regulate those wetlands not governed by the MDEQ . Groundwater Vulnerability The groundwater vulnerability map. (Ylap 4) is a composite of three factors that influence how quickly contaminants spilled on the ground may move into groundwater: depth to the water table, permeability of the underlying geology of the township. and soil permeability. The study used data collected from well logs completed by well drillers to derive a depth to water table map. Areas were then ranked, with least vulnerable areas receiving a one (depth to water table over 40 feet ), and most vulnerable areas receiving a five (depth to water table under 5 feet). The well logs also provided information about the types of geologic materials in the township. The study mapped which areas held the most permeable materials (such as sand or gravel). and ranked the areas, with the least vulnerable areas receiving a one (less than 209c of the materials are sand or gravel) and the most vulnerable areas receiving a five (over 80% sand and gravel present). County soil maps provided information about soil types and their permeability. The study mapped which areas held the most permeable soils and ranked the areas from one to five . The three parameters were then weighted and combined to gi\·e an overall vulnerability ranking. Depth to water was given a weight of 0.6. underlying geology a weight of 0.3, and soil permeability a weight of 0.1 . Rankings of one to tw o were classified least vulnerable, three moderately vulnerable. and four to fi \·e most vulnerable . Green Oak Township Master Plan [2-18-97 34 �• •I •I GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP / BR IGHTON " '"' . tf ,.. ~ -·· ···· ···· ·····-·· "·· ···········I!} ········ ····· ~ : ., ~ ~', I II :, • ····:··~ • • •II • • • • • ,"' e ····· ···,-······••..:-;-----+ Map 3 WETLANDS m,- 9j Sluub/Scrub Ill fflffl Wooded ■ Lakes ■ Emergent Flats Data Som-cc: M.lchigan Rcsom-ce Inventory Program (MIRIS) PREPARED BY LlVlNGSTON CO UN"IY PLANNING DEPARTMENT SCALE: l =60,000 DA'.It: June 1992 • �··············---·GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY TO CONTAMINATION GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP, LIVINGSTON COUNTY, M This map depicts the vulnerability lli groundwater to cont;-imination from !-Urface sou_rces. ·1 he classification is based on a weighted rnmhination of the following parnmctcrs: l) Dq., th to w.itrr t.iblr (60%) ::) Permeability of unconsolidi"lted, subsurface m.iterials (30%) >) Perme.ibility of soil surface (10%) .-L LEAST VULNERABLE - MOST VULNERABLE ~ MODERATELYVULNERA ~ - SURFACE WATERS / /' , / / / I // ./ / ''Qlllllllllllll''' -- 0 0.S t 0.5 // ·-:~; I/ / ;-~<<>>'./<>:> 1 Miles _/ / ./ / / ' ,I'~/ / / ./ /~··/.·,//.// ./·/,- .I ;~;~ ~~/ / ~I.'\. f ·"· •' • •. J:l i I,' ill '' . /; / / ;1./1tUt . /> I! ·~ I ' ~ ll> u +>, '/,,;;:~ )'.//,·;, .Y·/',, ////' / / / ,·' /'' / - ~ . / 1/, 01/ ./_/ .. _.,::_I •. .//~., /// I / / ~ / ../ ~ '/,/// / < ,·),',./,.////[ y/',// , /'/1 / ~)-<>~,, :->. ,}.,\,,~ / / / . .// ' ·'/ I ·' / ,• •✓,' . ,,/ ,•· _.. / / ~-~ </ ~ ~ ✓,,,;/-<J,··L/ , -~ ,< ,·· / ./ �I I I I Natural Rivers A key natural feature of Green Oak Township is the Huron River. The Township's 36 square miles provides important watershed areas which are critical to the maintenance of surface and ground water quality. Green Oak Township is a participating member of the Huron River Watershed Council. The Township supports this agency's efforts in monitoring surface water of the Township and for developing strategies for effective management of this important resource. I I I I I I I • • •II II Ill • A key natural feature of Green Oak Township is the Huron River. Green Oak Township includes riYers and creeks which are designated for protection under the Natural River Act (Act 231, P.A. 1970) by Michigan Department of Narural Resources and under the Township Natural Rivers District. The purpose of this designation is to preserve and enhance the scenic value and quality of rivers. Generally , the area 400 feet from the ordinary high water mark on each side of and parallel to the Huron river and its tributaries, Davis Creek and Spring Nlill Creek. is designated as Natural Rivers District. Regulations include a building setback of 125' from the river or 50' from the tributaries and a minimum lot width of 150'. ERC The Green Oak Environmental Research Council (ERC) was officially recognized as a standing committee by the Green Oak Township Board of Trustees on December 4. 1996. The committee was formed to develop an inventory of the Township's natural resources and to participate in developing a long range environmental plan for the Township. The Council is charged with the responsibility of developing recommendations to protect the rural characteristics and quality of life of the Township and for all its residents. Their mission includes the following tasks: Identification of natural resources within the Township Outline reasonable development processes to protect these resources Preservation of the Huron RiYer and its tributaries within the Township Protection of wetlands and assist in review of any drainage proposals for the Township Provide direction regarding environmental impact for any future sewage systems Provide detailed information regarding site characteristics comprised during a site walk for development applications, including subdivisions, rezonings, site condominiums, site plans, etc. As part of their work responsibilities, the Environmental Research Council has been actively involved in mapping various Township resources . These maps are incorporated within the Appendix of this Master Plan . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-1 8-97 37 �•II II IJ • • • •I I I I I • • • • Resource Capability And Lot Size There is a direct correlation between resources capability and preferred lot sizes. In areas where there are sensitive environmental features such as high water table, wetlands. hydric soils, and floodplains, smaller lots are generally not appropriate. Within these areas of sensitive environmental features is it often difficult to site a septic field and adequately protect ground water resources. Dredging and filling activities associated with home construction are often disruptive and harmful to these sensitive em·ironmental features . It is also difficult to obtain necessary isolation distances between the well and the septic field. Larger lots ( 1 acre and greater) are generally more conducive for the siting of homes within environmentally sensitive areas. Larger lots will allow greater land area to site septic fields in areas of acceptable soils. The larger lot will also afford greater isolation distance for on site wells. Finally, larger lots are more appropriate for the construction of larger homes, which is a common trend for residential home buyers. Larger lots allow ample room for attached garage , family room, deck. swimming pool. etc. The Livingston County Health Department has adopted a policy of discouraging on-site septic for lots less than 1/2 acre in size. The agency's policy states that the only ideal situation where less than 1/2 acre divisions should be considered are where sites include the following factors: 0 Topography is flat and "high and dry" 0 Soil conditions are predominantly coarse sand, with no water encountered within the upper 6 feet 0 House sizes are on the "small side" 0 Groundwater report concludes that the aquifer is protected and has the ability to accommodate high density ::J Sanitary sewers or community water is available ... the Green Oak Township Planning Commission discourages lots less than 1/2 acre in size and promotes larger lots in environmentally sensitive areas. With this new policy in place, the Green Oak Township Planning Commission discourages lots less than 1/2 acre in size and promotes larger lots in environmentally sensitive areas. In land areas incorporating Natural River districts or sensitive environmental features, the lot sizes should even be larger in order to minimize the potential for failing septic fields or nitrate contamination. Green Oak Township also recognizes the Oakland County Health Division Sanitary Code. This document adopts standards for minimal residential building site which states that a single family or two family residential building site must contain a minimum of 1 acre of area for each three bedroom residence . Minimum site size may be reduced when dedicated open spaces are provided as part of the total project (e.g. cluster homes). This sanitary code also includes extensive documentation, including over l 00 scientific articles, studies and reports concerning groundwater protection, nitrate contamination, and residential lot density . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- 18-97 38 �•I •I I I • • ' ' ' ' '• • ' , The interrelationship of residential home site within Green Oak Township and the Natural River areas make it necessary for Green Oak Township to adopt specific policies for protecting its groundwater resources. Control of the application of waste \Vater effluent is the single most effective method of controlling groundwater contamination within the Township and the Natural River areas. Therefor. density control and land use restrictions are rnlid methods which are utilized and incorporated within a comprehensive groundwater protection policy for Green Oak Township and the Natural River watershed areas . Environmental Contamination The Livingston County Health Depmment and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality has mapped sites of environmental concern. These sites are included on Ylap 5. and include areas of environmental contamination, leaking underground storage tanks, water supplies with nitrates, and closed dumps or landfill sites. Perhaps the most serious areas of environmental contamination invo]Ye contaminated ground water. The Livingston County Health Department has recently denied well permit requests for land development near the U.S. 23 and Lee Road corridor areas, as well as proposed residential areas near Spicer Road and Musch Road. Within these areas it will be necessary for developers to seek a community well and closely monitor groundwater quality . The Township and private developers will be forced to investigate options for groundwater improvement or extension of community wells or central water systems for these affected areas. Other areas of concern include numerous sites which have reported nitrate contamination within groundwater supplies. This includes areas around the Fonda-Island-Briggs residential areas, Lee Road/Maltby Road areas, as well as selected sites around Silver Lake. These areas of high nitrate concentrations are largely the result of failing septic fields located within small lot areas containing high ground water. As these septic fields fail. it is not uncommon for nitrates to percolate into groundwater resources, thereby contaminating on site wells. The Township and County Health Department officials are currently investigating options for correction of these areas of contamination. Possible options include central water service and stricter enforcement of septic regulations. On the local level, the Planning Commission has adopted policies which encourage larger lots within these sensitive environmental areas, as well as greater isolation distances between the wells and septic fields. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- L8-97 39 �I ' 'I • • 'I ' ' ' ' ' ', ' ~!,a ttiro'm~~ ] l1owoau@~@lli) @@@JBu~ ~an~ p fiaJ□©lli10@@ITD 7 '~~ ', ! ~ ,. !=' .- A: . ---- ,, • . 16 9 --- ~ ~ . z :II > ~~1 0 • LAf<:e R <-- MILE RO . 30 JS B MIILE R LEGEND 'A#' _ SITES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION v.::.::,J See Appendix A (; LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK ~ WATER SUPPLIES WITH NITRATES (Sppm or greater) • See Appendix B See Appendix C r II CLOSED DUMP/LANDFILL SITES I, See Appendix D ; Map 5 �I I I I I I I '• • '• • • • ', ' , COl\-IMUNITY GOALS The adoption of community goals and objectives is a vital step in the planning process. The desires and needs of the people must be properly interpreted so that workable solutions can be achieved. It therefore requires careful analysis of the various factors which characterize Green Oak Township and the specific problems to be faced. Citizen Input Citizen input is the core of any planning effort. In order for the goals of the plan to be achievable. general consensus regarding the vital issues to the community must be reached. Many techniques exist which facilitate the gathering of citizen input. and Green Oak Township has had the opportunity to utilize two different methods in this Master Planning endeavor which are described below. Planning Survey The development of community goals is based upon input received from Green Oak Township Board members, Planning Commissioners and Township residents. The goals are also developed in part from input received from the 1992 Community Planning Survey. This survey was distributed to over 4,000 Green Oak Township households. Roughly 33% of these households completed and returned these surveys. The survey is an excellent means of determining citizen attitudes on growth and development. It also measures the level of satisfaction for community services, roads, fire and police safety as well as the quality of life for residents of Green Oak Township. The specific results of the survey are presented as Appendix A of the Master Plan . Visioning \Vorkshop Another method utilized to collect citizen input was a Visioning Workshop. The goal of conducting Visioning Workshop is to attempt to gather citizen input on a variety of topics and to encourage conceptualization of desired future for the community. The visioning process provides a vehicle for people of diverse viewpoints to identify and agree upon the common dreams they have for their community, and encourages people to express with words a desired future . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 41 �I I • • • •I I I I I I I • • • • •~ The Township held a Visioning Workshop in December 1996. Approximately 80 people attended the workshop, including Township Board Members. Planning Commissioners, and others interested in future planning for the Township. The Workshop started with a brief overview of the evening's agenda, an explanation of the current Master Planning efforts. and a presentation of the role of Visioning in the Master Planning process. After this introduction. participants chose a group based upon a topic which interested them. Ten topics were included and were broken down into five small groups. therefore each group addressed two topics each. The topics and groups were as follows: 1) Community Facilities/Governmental Services and Big Picture 2) Environmental Planning and Natural Rivers Planning 3) Commercial Corridor and Industrial Uses 4) Density/Lot Sizes and Open Space Preservation 5) Roads and Public Utilities The small groups, entitled "break out" groups, were facilitated by Planning Commissioners. The facilitators generated and guided the discussion, and recorded vision statements. The groups brainstormed vision statements regarding the future of the community based upon the following principles: ✓ Visions should generate new and bold ideas for the furore ✓ All ideas and visions are welcome ✓ No ideas or visions will be criticized ✓ Participation from all in encouraged Following the above principles, each group generated lists of vision statements which reflected individual ideas regarding the group topics. After brainstorming, each group was asked to vote on the top five vision statements, deemed "Priority Vision Statements." After each group had voted, the larger group reconvened and each group facilitator presented the "Priority Vision Statements" from their group. The large group was then asked to vote on all the "Priority Vision Statements" from all five groups. All visions statements generated that evening are included as Appendix B to the Master Plan. The small group and large group votes are depicted as well. Overall, concerns regarding the pace of development and the decreasing amount of open space and farmland were prevalent themes . These ideas were summarized by one participant's statement that they wanted to preserve the ''Green of Green Oak Township." The vi sion statements generated that evening have assisted the Planning Commission is formulating the goals and policies of the Master Plan . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 42 �I I I I I I I I I I I II I -I Green Oak Township Vision Statement Green Oak Township is a residential community defined by it's rural characteristics. The re:.;idents and their governing body are commined to: ✓ the preservation of open space and rural characteristics ✓ protection of the Township's natural resources ✓ managing growth ✓ providing residents with recreational areas. quality services and appropriate infrastructure to meet social needs. Green Oak Township seeks to maintain it's natural beauty by identifying sensitive environmental areas, establishing goals, objectives. and strategies. formulating a thorough plan review process and enacting appropriate ordinances. Goals and Policies In terms relevant to community planning, goals and policies give the Master Plan the philosophical guidance it needs to address the present issues and advance plans into the future. They are defined as follows : Goals are overall broad statements that provide a focus for future discussions. Objectives are more specific planning statement used to quality the goals and provide more detailed direction for planning efforts. Strategies are very specific, action-oriented statements that would help achieve the goals and objectives. Policy statements provide justification to revise or draft new ordinances or regulations or finance specific capital improvements. I II Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 43 �I I I I I I I I I I IJ IJ IJ I I I lcoMMUNITY IDENTITY GOAL: I Green Oak Township's community identity should underscoi:_e the Township's rural atmosphere, the diverse natural beauty, its historic significance and the resident's commitment to maintain these attributes while effectively managing growth. OBJECTIVE I Promote the Township's natural beauty and provide accessibility to these assets for Township residents and visitors. STRATEGIES 1. Promote the Huron River as a symbol of the Township. 2. Evaluate feasibility of Township acquiring land along the River. 3. Coordinate efforts with the Huron Clinton Metro Authority and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to promote the ;\'atural River District and existing parks. 4. Recognize and promote the importance and significance of non -active open space in all planning activities . 5. Maintain the natural features of the Township which are significant to its image such as wetlands. woodlands, and water bodies. 6. Coordinate with and support the Greenway efforts in Livingston County. OBJECTIVE II Highlight and preserve the Township's historic significance and its historic resources. STRATEGIES 1. The Township shall create a Historic Commission which will strive to educate the community regarding the Township's historic heritage, foster civic beauty and promote civic pride. 2. The Township Historic Commission shall keep an inventory of all historic sites, homes and buildings. 3. The Historic Commission may recommend historic sites to be designated by Township markers for the educatiun, pleasure and welfare of the citizenry. The Historic Commission shall be responsible for design of the markers . 4. The Historic Commission will be available to advise property owners in recognizing and protecting their historic resources. 5. The Historic Commission may nominate properties meeting the established criteria to the State and National Registers of Historic Places. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 44 �I I I I I I I I • •I lcoMMUNITY IDENTITY continued 6. The Township shall protect historic sites. homes and buildings through enforcement of zoning regulations . 7. Development affecting historic sites and structures shall be coordinated with the Historic Commission . 8. The Township may create spec ific historic districts to safeguard sites and protect the exterior of buildings. 9. The Township may adopt a Historic District Ordinance to govern specific historic districts. 10. The Historic Commission may inform and educate the citizens of Green Oak concerning the historic and architectural heritage of the Township by publishing information and by sponsoring historic programs open to the public. 11 . The Historic Commission may promote historic site tours . OBJECTIVE Ill Develop and nurture community involvement, community pride and community awareness. STRATEGIES I. Develop a signage program which highlights significant community sites such as rivers , historic homes, and "Welcome" signs at entrance points signaling the Township boundaries. I 2. Support Township sponsored events celebrating the heritage of Green Oak Township. ~ 3. Promote awareness of civic identity through involvement of churches and schools. 4. Increase communication of Township activities and ongoing services via newslener, cable access, or web site development. 5. Continue coordination and communication between Township officials. Commission, Committees. citizen organizations, Planning Commission, Environmental Research Council. and Historic District Commission. 6. Identify the major and minor entry points into the community and treat these areas with special consideration during the site plan review process. Review the Zoning Ordinance and consider more stringent setbacks and landscaping requirements for these areas . I I I I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 45 �I I I I I I I I I I I I II !ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GOAL: Preserve_and enhance the Township's. abundant ~atural resources, including lakes, rivers, wetlands, woodlands, and rolling topography. Green Oak Township should protect its vast groundwater and aesthetic surface water resources by continuing to be progressive in its leadership toward groundwater protection and establishing a future legacy. OBJECTIVE I Protect the Township's ground water to ensure quality drinking water. STRATEGIES Consider development of an overlay zone to protect groundwater recharge areas. Site commercial and industrial land uses which use or process hazardous materials away from environmentally sensitive lands or aquifer recharge areas. 3. Incorporate groundwater protection measures into Site Plan Review standards. 4. Adopt a wetlands ordinance to protect those wetlands in their role of providing filtration and aquifer recharge. 5. Coordinate groundwater protection efforts with the Environmental Research Council , Livingston County Health Department and MDEQ . 6. Develop a wellhead protection program for community wells. 7. Consider establishment of Septic System Maintenance Districts for the lake areas with drain fields to ensure proper operation , inspections. regular pump outs. and education of homeowners. OBJECTIVE II Protect the Township's surface water resources including lakes, rivers, streams, tributaries, and wetlands. STRATEGIES Promote the minimization of impervious surfaces which contribute to increased runoff; this may include evaluating Zoning Ordinance requirements for parking, etc. 2. Require isolation buffers between industrial or other potential polluting uses and recharge areas. 3. Establish programs and appropriate land use regulations to reduce or eliminate the impact of failing septic fields on nearby surface waters. 4. Control stormwater and agricultural runoff. and nutrient loading . 5. Initiate education efforts on impact of fertilizers and pesticides in areas adjacent to watercourses and wetlands. 6. Discourage mass grading and encourage selective grading practices for development. 7. Adopt a local wetlands ordinance to regulate those wetlands not under ~DEQ jurisdiction. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 46 �I I I I I I I I I I I !ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION continued OBJECTIVE III Protect the Township's land resource features, including topography, steep slopes, wildlife habitat, flora and fauna. STRATEGIES I. Conduct a Natural Feature In,·entory to identi fy features of significance to be protected. 2. Identify areas of wildlife habitat in order to promote protecti ve mechan isms. 3. Discourage development in areas of steep slopes and consider greater setbacks for bluff areas. 4. Consider a Cluscer ordinance to promote preservation of open space. 5. Encourage contiguous open space systems between residential developments . 6. Consider programs for donation or purchase of conservation easements to protect significant natural features. 7. Adopt a woodlands ordinance for tree preservation. 8. Encourage the use of P.A. 116 Fann and Open Space agreements. 9. Consider the use of purchase of development rights as a method of preserving natural features. OBJECTIVE IV Protect the Township's air quality. or visual intrusion. Ensure protection from excessive noise, light STRATEGIES I. Attract clean industries such as hi-tech or research related uses. 2. Enforce industrial performance standards for noise. vibration, fumes , gases, glare, etc .. 3. Consider adopting a "Night Sky" ordinance, and/or adopting standards fo r light maximums in the Zoning Ordinance. 4. Coordinate protection strategies with MDEQ, EPA, and MI-OSHA. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 47 �I I I !NATURAL RIVERSI GOALS: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~ It is th_e goal of Green .Oak Township and its residents to preserve, protect and enhance the Huron River and its tributaries. OBJECTIVE I Continue existing management programs and develop new management techniques designed to protect and enhance the resources of the Natural Rivers and tributaries. STRATEGIES 1. Promote the protection of natural vegetation along shoreline areas and prohibit the dredging and filling of wetlands areas adjoining river front property. 2. Encourage activities of Lake Associations and River Associations and their efforts to maintain water quality. lake management, and lake loading studies. 3. Encourage lake or river front property owners to control application of pesticides, fertilizers and other forms of nutrient loading. 4. Promote the preservation of a 25' wide vegetative buffer along the lakes and rivers to help filter sediment and contaminants. OBJECTIVE II Continue existing regulatory controls and develop new zoning regulations or other Township regulations useful in efforts to protect and enhance watercourse assets. STRATEGIES 1. Limit density in lakeside areas and enforce state and Natural River District regulations in regards to setbacks and zoning. 2. Consider expansion of Natural Rivers District to include more of the Huron River's tributaries and flood plain areas in the Township. 3. Reduce the allowable percentage of impervious surfaces in the Natural RiYers District. 4. Identify view sheds and promote sensitive development in those areas via scenic easements. S. Develop regulations such as anti-keyholing ordinances to minimize the O\·ercrowding of rivers and lakes and limit public access . 6. Develop more stringent stonnwater management requirements along rivers and tributaries. 7. Identify areas that warrant protection through conservation easements. purchase of development rights, or fee simple purchase fo r public ownership. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 48 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !GROWTH MANAGEMENT: RESIDENTIAL GOALS: Develop residential growth management techniques useful in maintaining the Township's rural character. OBJECTIVE I Protect existing rural residential areas by preventing incompatible adjacent development which detracts from rural character. STRATEGIES I. Maintain low densit y or very low density residential uses in agricultural and li vestoc k areas to prevent land use conflicts. .., Provide land use buffers or transitional land use areas between existing or proposed single family residential areas and areas of commercial and industrial uses. 3. Provide sufficient open space to serve each dwelling unit either by larger lot sizes or large common open space areas. -+ . Plan higher density residential development only in areas that are properly serviced with public utilities and adequate roadway networks. OBJECTIVE II iitanage new residential development to retain the rural character of Green Oak Township. STRATEGIES I. Establish utility service districts with distinct boundaries. 2. Consider programs such as purchase or donation of development rights, conservation easements. and scenic easements. 3. Retain a high proportion of large lot areas to promote the maintenance of horses and other farm type animals. 4. Consider cluster/open space ordinance. 5. Support Greenways efforts and coordinate with planned open space in existing and proposed residential areas . 'I Ill Ill , Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-1 8-97 49 �I I I I I I I I GROWTH MANAGEMENT: COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL GOALS: Manage commercial and industrial development necessary to provide adequate services employment and tax base to support the Township and its rural residential character. OBJECTIVE I Limit industrial and commercial expansion to established areas or future designated areas. STRATEGIES I. Promote attractive and clean industrial or office research uses within the Kensington Road industrial corridor. 2. Ensure that industrial and commercial uses are well separated/buffered between residential and industrial uses . 3. Identify re-development alternatives for existing industrial uses currently located in residential areas. 4. Discourage the introduction of new commercial areas which by their location and method of development may encourage the creation of new "strip commercial" zones. 5. Develop design guidelines to encourage quality design and architecture 6. Promote shared service drives to minimize number of curb cuts along major roadways. 7. Consider de velopment of a M -36 Corridor Plan which would coordinate land use and traffic. The Corridor Plan will also be coordinated with the M -36 Hamburg Township Plan which establishes design guidelines for driveways. traffic management, landscaping, land use, etc. OBJECTIVE II Within designated areas, cluster industrial and commercial uses to minimize impacts on less intensive land uses. STRATEGIES l. Explore ways to cluster and/or stack commercial and industrial uses . 2. Promote placement of shared parking behind buildings. 3. Consider development of a Commerce Park to cluster commercial, industrial. and research uses and to prevent "strip commercial" type developments. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 50 �I I I I I I I I ' ' ' ' ' ' 'p p , , lcoMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES GOALS: All facilities o-r services such as schools, library, police, fire and parks -must be functional, safe and accessible to all residents. The facilities should be designed with one major goal - providing the best service possible to the residents. OBJECTIVE I The Township should explore options for shared services agreements with adjoining communities for such services as library, recreation, and other governmental services. STRATEGIES I. Coordinate Library services with adjoining communities. 2. Provide opportunities for a variety of recreation activities, both active and passive. throughout the Township and explore joint service relationships with adjoining communities. 3. Coordinate with schools in providing recreational opportunities. OBJECTIVE II The Township shall provide quality and efficient governmental services. STRATEGIES I. Provide convenient access and one stop service for residents . 2. Explore using computer kiosks to display information. 3. Development of a Township web site for residents to access information via the Internet. 4. Regularly evaluate services which seeks maximum value of tax dollar. OBJECTIVE III Provide quality facilities for Township residents. STRATEGIES I. Consider development of a new Township Hall or remodeled Township Hall. -, Consider creation of a Master Recreation Plan for Green Oak Township. 3. Maintain a Recreation Committee to assess needs and develop recommendations for future park development and recreation programs. 4. Provide adequate facilities and equipment for Police and Fire protection. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 51 �I I I I I I I I I I I II lcoMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE GOAL: I Provide quality infrastructure to effectively service the residents of Green Oak Township. OBJECTIVE I Discourage expansion beyond the capabilities of the current infrastructure. Development should not be allowed without the prior or simultaneous completion of the infrastructure improvements necessary to support the growth. STRATEGIES I. Infrastructure enhancements should parallel growth in order to maintain the health and safety of the Township. 2. Establish utility service districts with distinct boundaries. 3. Coordinate infrastructure improvements with adjoining communities to increase efficiency and save funds . -L Consider development of a Capital Improvements Plan process to ensure needed improvements are completed. 5. Do not allow "leap-frogging" or inappropriate extension of infrastructure improvements. 6. Adopt the Subdivision, Rules and Drainage Policies of the Livingston County Drain Commissioner and the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Rules for Livingston County. OBJECTIVE II Promote the development of a safe and efficient road system and circulation network. STRATEGIES I. Promote managed transportation plan/road improvements. 2. Pursue available grant resources for needed improvements. 3. Consider adoption of AASHTO standards for private roads. 4. Pursue ISTEA funding for the development of bike paths and green ways. 5. Maintain the Township's Road Committee to assess the Township's road and transportation needs. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 52 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I !RURAL CHARACTER GOAL: I Maintain the rural character of the Township by ensuring that existing and future development is in harmony with Green Oak Township's unique natural resources and that abundant open space is preserved. OBJECTIVE I Promote the rural residential character of the Township by promoting design guidelines which foster open space within existing and future development. STRATEGIES 1. Protect agricultural and like uses from the impact of residential subdivisions by encouraging residential dwelling units to be clustered and surrounded by dedicated open space. 2. Preserve parcels of land large enough for viable wildlife habitat. small scale agriculture, recreation and woodlot management through clustered residential development and dedicated open space. 3. Support the keeping of horses in low density residential areas. -+. Encourage greenbelts along roadways. incorporating existing trees and ,·egetation and preserving existing tree canopy. 5. Discourage frontage splits along roadways to preserve rural roadway character. OBJECTIVE II Promote the preservation of rural character through institutional and regulatory techniques. STRATEGIES I. Consider programs such as purchase or donation of development rights. conservation easements, scenic easements P.A. 116. and the creation of a land trust. 2. Identify areas of the Township where zoning may need to be altered in order to maintain rural character such as Livingston County "PEARL" zoning or an overlay district with open space prov1s10ns . 3. Continually evaluate the Master Plan as conditions change in the Township and in adjacent communities. This shall include a complete re-evaluation of every section within a fi\'e year period. 4. Work with the Environmental Research Council to identify preservation measures. 5. Develop Sub-Area plans for rural areas in order to guide proper development and preserve vital components of rural character. 6. Promote flexible road standards which preserve natural features . 7. Adopt zoning ordinance regulations which will assist in the maintenance of the Township's rural character. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- 18-97 53 �I I I I I I I I ' ' '• • • ,• , , FLTURE LAND USE PLAN The Future Land Use Plan. Map 6. presented in this section. establishes future land use categories, illustrates the location of land use and community facility improwments within the Township, and provides strategies for implementation. This section also pro\·ides ::i descriptive rationale as to the reasoning and placement of preferred land uses and density. The Plan is formulated to serve as the primary policy guide to local gowrnment regarding future land use decisions. investment in public improvements. and coordination of public improvements and private development. In one sense. the Plan presents an idealized Yie\v of future growth patterns in the Township. However. the Plan must also provide practical guidance to local decision-makers regarding today's issues. It is the intent of this Plan to be a working document \\·hic h will provide for the orderly development of the Township, assist the community in its effort to maintain and enhance a pleasant living environment. and spark a vision towards the future . Natural Resource Planning Considerations A positive influence on growth is the existing mral and natural character of the Township. The lakes. streams, woodlands and wetlands provide a pleasant natural environment. Low residential densities, which are prevalent in most of the Township. portray a rur::il ambiance which will continue to lure new residents seeking refuge from urban living. A positive influence on growth is the existing rural and natural character of the Township. Green Oak Township has a number of opportunities and limitations which will influence future growth. Among the most significant influences are U.S. 23 within the Township and 1-96 directly to the north. The north-south and east-west accessibility represented by the two expressways will continue to make Green Oak Township an attractive place to reside . Green Oak Township Mas ter Plan 12-18-97 54 �I I I I I I ' ' ' ' '• • ' ,' , , , The development of the U.S. 23 corridor will have a direct impact on the Township. A developable land base with moderate resource constraints. proximity to available utilities, and accessibility to expressway interchanges make the U.S. 23 corridor attractive to development. The proximity of I-96 will primarily affect the Kensington Road-Silver Lake road area. The expanses of publicly owned recreational land both encourage and inhibit new growth. The domination of public land in the north and west part of the Township serve as a barrier between various portions of the Township. In addition. it is unlikely that such lands will ever be put to an economic use which adds to the tax rolls. However, the location of public recreational lands adds to the uniqueness of Green Oak Township as a residential community with a large variety of recreational opportunities. A limitation on growth is the frequent occurrence of flood prone and wetland areas within the Township . The designation of flood prone and wetland areas and the restriction of their development is a measure designed to protect life. health. and property. In addition to providing fish and wildlife habitat. flood prone and wetland areas also maintain and stabilize groundwater supplies, reduce the dangers of flooding. and contribute to the improvement of water quality. Federal and State 13.ws regulate encroachment. dredging. and filling within flood prone and wetland areas . Another limitation on growth is the abundance of soils which are unsuitable for septic systems due to slow permeability. high water table, or excessive slope. In some cases, limitations may be overcome with more sophisticated and costly septic systems or central sanitary sewers. In cases where poor soils are associated with flood prone and wetland areas . development should be located elsewhere. A final constraint to growth in certain areas of the Township is the lack of a central supply of water. The inadequacy of existing groundwater supplies has been especially critical in the northwest portion of the Township. The availability of potable water will be a primary factor in the future growth of the U.S. 23 corridor. Land Use and Density Criteria It is important to consider various factors when locating land uses. The Land Use Plan should guide the future development pattern of the community into a logical arrangement which maintains the integrity and character of the community, protects the environment, ensures that adequate services exist, and provides for the general health, safety and welfare of the citizens. The factors listed in Table 17 are some of the factors considered when determining overall land uses and lot densities. Other issues to consider are population, market trends, economic factors, and other more elusive goals such as "community character." The criteria are meant as a guide for considering as many issues as possible prior to designating land uses and densities. The Land Use Plan should be based upon clear and factually supported rationale. The following is a discussion as to why certain factors included in Table 17 are important. The Land Use Plan should guide the future development pattern of the community into a logical arrangement which maintains the integrity and character of the community, protects the environment, ensures that adequate services exist, and provides for the general health, safety and welfare of the citizens. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 55 �Roads The proximity and access to roads is important in locating land uses for the following reasons: It is more efficient and less disruptive to natural features to utilize the existing transportation network than to develop in areas where the system is not complete or does not have the capability • The costs of sprawl can impact negatively upon a community as funds are used to build infrastructure in new places as opposed to maintaining the existing infrastructure • Higher densities are generally more appropriate in proximity to US23 and major arteries because more people then ha\·e access to the road systems Sewer and Water Proximity to services such as sewer and water is an important element in determining density because higher densities should be placed in areas where services are currently available. This allows for a more efficient system which is cost effective. Furthermore. siting lower densities in areas where services are not available prevents an undue burden on the Township to provide services to areas which are difficult to serve. Watersheds, Rivers, Tributaries and Drains The Huron River, Davis Creek, Spring Mill Creek and other tributaries in the Township are recognized as sensitive environmental features . These water courses and their accompanying watershed areas are indispensable and fragile resources that provide public benefits including maintenance of surface and groundwater quality, fish and wildlife habitat, stormwater runoff control, and aesthetic resources. The Township has recognized their importance by designating these streams within Natural River Areas (P.A. 231 of 1970). I I I I I I It is inappropriate to consider these fragile resource areas for high or suburban density development. Smaller lots within these areas can degrade natural resources. Clear cutting, dredging, filling and other activities associated with higher density development can be harmful to natural systems . It is therefore recommended that areas within close proximity of streams and watercourses be reserved for medium to very low density development. Natural Features Natural features play a vital role in the health of Township residents and the natural systems of the Township. Overall density and lot size should be closely related to natural features. In general, the Township may consider larger lots for environmentally sensitive areas and smaller or moderate size lots in areas more suitable for development. Large lot sizes can allow the following: • Greater flexibility in siting the home, septic system, and well for each lot. This is important in considering the isolation distance requirements between the well and the septic system, where unsuitable soils exist such as high water table or steep slopes, or where ground water recharge areas exist which are unsuitable for development ~ ~ Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 56 �' 'I '• • ' ' 'II II I I I I I • Reduction of impervious surfaces which reduces runoff and protects water quality • Greater setbacks for the septic systems and homes from water bodies or ground water recharge areas • Provision of buffers for run off filtration of sediment and pollutants • Less soil erosion and disturbances from construction activities because the density is lower • For larger areas to be preserved which contain woodlands or wildlife habitat • Protection from hazards such as flooding, wet basements, and sagging foundations It is recognized that large lots are not always a guarantee of environmental preservation. Large lots consume more land and may diminish local control of wetlands, woodlands, or other environmental features. Small lots or cluster residential developments may be sensitively planned to preserve natural features and may be more appropriate than some large lot development. In general, however, large lot development has the potential of creating fewer environmental impacts as noted in the above listed criteria. Adjacent Zoning and Land Use Adjacent land uses and zoning are important factors to consider. Increasingly, the separation of land uses is no longer the prime objective of zoning, rather, zoning objectives include allowing for a logical transition of land uses. There are land uses which are incompatible, for example, residential uses and intense agricultural production are not always compatible. Residential uses adjacent to heavy industrial facilities or commercial uses are also incompatible. Land use planning theory proposes an orderly transition of more intensive land uses to less intensive land uses , usually progressing as noted in the following figure: .A. More Intensive Land Uses Less Intensive Land Uses 'Y Heavy Industry Light Industry Commercial Office Multiple-family Residential Sirnzle-farnily Residential II II Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 57 �I I I II II II II II II II TABLE 17 PROPOSED LAND USE CRITERIA AND LOCATION FACTORS LOT SIZES CRITERIA .5 acre 1 acre 2 acres 5 acres Commercial Industrial L"'JFRASTRUCTURE Sewer service: public private Water service Emergency Service Accessibility Fire protection available Proximity/access to schools ROADS Proximity (s;_5 mile) to US-23 Proximity to major roads 1---------'-----'---D ire ct access to: paved roads t----public t----private ---gravel roads t-----+---p u bl ic t-----+---p riv ate Substandard roads NATURAL FEATURES Lakes t-----+----------------~-----1 Rivers Wetlands t - - - - - + - - Unsuitable soils for septic systems t-------G round water: recharge areas poor groundwater quality t-----+--W oodlands 1-------S tee p slopes t-----+--W ild life habitat t-----+----,.,.,.,.,..,...,,.,. Other unique features *Lands most capable of supporting development *Lands least capable of supporting development '------'-----'---~ (*See Resource Capability Map) ------- ADJACENT ZONING/LAND USE AgricultureNery Low density Resid. t-----+---L ow -density residential 1 - - - - Medium-density residential High to medium density residential Commercial or Industrial 1 - - - - - + - - - - 4 - - - - - - . . . - - In st itu ti on al High consideration f a c t o r = ~ Medium consideration factor = · Low consideration factor = Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- 18 -97 58 �Future land use patterns are graphically illustrated on Map 6. The following describes the key features of the Plan by land use category. Residential Land Use The predominant developed land use category in the Township is land used for residential purposes. The Plan calls for various categories of residential land use including single-family (very low. low. medium, suburban and high density). multiple family. and mobile home parks. In keeping with the Community Goals , the Future Land Cse Plan will perm.it a range of housing types and development concepts. The following residential land use categories and densities are accommodated within the Future Land Use Plan. Corresponding zoning \\,'hich is applicable to the proposed land use designation is illustrated in Table 18. TABLE 18 RESIDENTIAL LAND USE CLASSIFICATIONS AND CORRESPO~DING ZONING DESIGNATIONS I I Residential Land Use Residential Lot Density Applicable Zoning District(S) I Very Low Density Low Density Medium Density I Suburban Density* 1 High Density* 1 1 unit/5 acres 1 unit/2 acres 1 unit/1 acre 1 unit/1/2 acre 1 unit/less than 1/2 acre Residential Farming RF I Rural Estates RE Single Family R-3 Single Family R-2/R-2A Single Family R-1 ; ! I I I I *No additional areas are planned in the To'wnship with these land use designations The recommended residential lot densities shall be considered to be net density and shall exclude public road right-of-ways or private road easements, wetlands, steep slopes, and/or flood plains. For all residential building sites, adequate building area must also be set aside to accommodate a house, garage, driveway, primary and reserve septic fields, and well. The following residential land use categories are further described: Verv Low Density Single Family Residential is planned for areas with existing and adjacent very low density development and is intended to provide for the continued preservation of open space, natural areas, and the rural atmosphere of the Township. Many of these areas are characterized by flood prone and wetland areas are therefore considered to be least capable of supporting additional development due to natural resource and road conditions. Furthermore. it is unlikely that these areas will be served by paved roads or sewers which could allow more dense development. Very low density is also common in areas designated by the Livingston County Soil Survey as having heavy soils not suitable for on site septic use. Larger lot sizes are preferred in these areas in order to protect groundwater. Very Low Residential areas are common in the southeastern and southwestern portion of the Township as well as areas near the center of the Township where natural resource conditions, proximity to paved roads and other factors as listed under Table 17 preclude higher density development. This category of residential density is also recommended for areas near Monahan Lake , and Viking Lake because of its proximity to the Natural Rivers district and incorporation of fragile environmental features. Very low density uses are also recommended for areas northeast of Silver Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 59 �Legend Very Low Density Residenhat. 1 .., 0 5 •c. Low Censity Residential 1 d...:J. ac 2 Medium Density Residential. 1 c. u _ 1 1 Suburban :>ensity Residen t] 1 :1u. 2 ac High Density Residential. 1 :1 Multiple ::-amily Mobile Home Park Local Commercial General Commercial Research - O:fice Light Industrial ' ·: __; /ti , 13 ' Recreation - Conservation '.~ ~... ----- f Public - Semi-Public '· 14 ·- ' General '. ndustrial ----'- . - - -- - - Natural River ~ -----' ,- ---- .. t - ~ . :__\ --~=r ,-- -7 IDCPTcD !Y nE GRE9f CW: TOWNsHfp FVH<iNG<XlNMSSIONa.~, ... ...... ----_,_?"""...,_--.-v.t:!:,,~;::=-,~=i\6¾---r<.<~~ FUTURE LANO USE PLAN "' ~ Green Oak Towns Livingston County, MJchlgan -0 ~=--,2~-40!1=-----4800 1 J ! - .1 -- - �I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I •II •II Lake and along the Twelve Mile Road corridor where the current pattern of laroe lots prevail. Much of this area is within the natural river watershed and is served primarily by gravel roads . As indicated in Table 18, Very Low Density areas as designated on th~ Township's Future Land Use Plan would allow an overall density of one dwelling unit for every five acres. This density may be reduced to one unit for every two and one half (2 1/2) acres if a proposed development is incorporated within a Planned Unit Development (PUD) Open Space Community or cluster option. Within these types of developments. large amounts of open space are set aside for protection of significant natural resources and for the preservation of rural character. The granting of higher density is allowed under a Planned Unit Development, or a cluster housing option as snecified within the Green Oak Township Zoning Ordinance. While overall density may be calculat~d at one dwelling unit for every two and one half acres, the effective minimum lot size for building envelope areas shall not be less than one half acre in size. Low Densitv Single Familv Residential is planned for areas with existing and adjacent low density development. Although road conditions in such areas are not ideal, existing population densities are sufficient to warrant road improvements. The areas designated for low density uses include large portions of land where soils and groundwater conditions warrant larger lots. Soils are often heavy in these areas and are often not suitable for smaller size lots. The proximity to natural river areas and tributaries make these areas sensitive to watershed resources and groundwater quality and are therefore only moderately capable of supporting additional development due to these natural resource conditions. Low density and very low density designations are also preferred for the location of large acreage horse or livestock operations. These rural residential uses, in conjunction with optional livestock use, help preserve the preferred rural residential character of the Township. Low density residential development occurs primarily within the east central portion of the Township and southwestern Township areas. Low density uses as depicted on the Future Land Use Map are also appropriate in established large lot developments near the intersections of Dixboro and Silver Lake Roads, and Rushton and Doane Roads. This classification is also appropriate in areas near Winans Lake Road, Spicer Road and M-36 where poor groundwater quality is prevalent. Medium Density Single Family Residential is planned for areas with existing medium density development and areas that are more capable of supporting additional development due to lack of constraining natural resource conditions. Such areas are located primarily near the central portions and the northwest areas of the Township. The central portion of the Township contains a large portion of the Township's fragile resources. This includes the Huron Ri ver, Davis Creek, Spring Mill Creek and the chain of lakes. Lots less than 1 acre in size are deemed to be inappropriate for these areas because of the need to protect these valuable resources. Table 17 notes that there is a high consideration factor for medium density (1 acre lots) for land · areas having direct access to paved roads, land areas most capable of supporting development and for areas which are compatible with existing zoning/land use. Larger lots ( 1 acre and greater) are also more appropriate for those areas containing sensitive environmental features . Suburban Density Single Family Residential is represented in areas with moderate density upon lands which are most capable of supporting development due to adequate natural resource conditions and roads. It is recognized that there are existing areas of the Township where 1/2 acre lots are the dominant land use. This includes portions of the Ten Mile Road corridor. Silver Lake area Rickett Road corridor and areas southeast of the City of Brighton. However, no additional J/2 ~ere lot areas are planned due to concerns regarding impacts to natural resources and concerns Green Oak Township Master Plan 7-8 -99 61 �that 1/2 acre lots provide insufficient land area for house, garage, septic field and necessary isolation distance of a well. In order for additional lands to be designated for 1/2 acre zoning, sewer and water must be available, and the criteria in Table 17 must be considered. High Density Single Family Residential is represented in areas with existing high density development and where lands are most capable of supporting additional development due to the availability of utilities, suitable natural resource conditions, and the adequacy of roads. These areas are located near the vicinity of the City of Brighton and around Whitmore Lake. No additional high density areas are planned with this designation in the Township. Rather, sewer and water service is intended to assist or rectify existing developed areas where failing septic systems, or ground water contamination necessitate extension of water and or sewer services. Table 17 provides location criteria for these high density areas and includes availability of utilities, emergency services, fire protection, schools, proximity to U.S. 23 and land capability. Multiple Family Residential is represented in areas with existing multiple family development, proximity to available sanitary sewers, and existing adequate roads. A new area of approximately IO acres is planned along M-36 in the southwest portion of the Township. The area meets the oeneral criteria summarized on Table 17. This area has suitable natural resource conditions, is in ~lose proximity of paved roads and commercial services, and is in an area contemplated for possible sewer service extensions. ' 'I I i I l Green Oak Township Master Plan 7-8-99 62 �Mobile J:Iome Parks The To~shi_p currently has five licensed mobile home parks within the commumty (see page 6) . It is believed that the Township and region has sufficient sites for :nanufactured hous~ng ?oth within the Township and within surrounding municipalities. An inventory of these sites 1s presented below in Table 19. Additional capacity for future ITowth is provided by a 22 acre mobile home park site near M-36 and Whitmore Lake Road~ as not~d on the Future Land Use Map . This site is selected because of location factors includino access to paved roads, proximity to U .S. 23 , proximity to commercial services and proximity to anticipated sanitary sewers within the M-36 corridor. These location factors are also summarized by the density criteria as established on Table 17. TABLE 19 EXISTING MOBILE HOME PARKS IN THE VICINITY OF GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP .,; ·< :_·-'.{" .f' ;:-~.J .. i' ,:;_ .. SCHOOL:c,,l . NUMBER .•. TQi'WNS1UP -DIS'l'IDCT ;.•.. -OFCUNJTS ., Green Oak Whitmore Lake Green Oak Whitmore Lake 21 ;.;.. >; ·' -" .-) NAME ,.: Collins Trailer Park University Mobile Estates #1 University Mobile Estates #2 Starlight Trailer Court Silver Lake Mobile Park Woodland Lake Pine Lodge Hamburg Hills Coventry Woods Brighton Village Sylvan Glen Red Oaks of Chemung * Suburban Mobile Home Estates * Country Estates Kensington Place Northville Crossing (under Construction) South Lyon Woods ' ' .) Green Oak Whitmore Lake 55 Green Oak Green Oak Brighton Brighton Hamburg Hamburg Genoa Genoa Genoa Genoa Brighton Brighton Howell Howell Pinckney Pinckney Howell Howell Hartland Howell 48 27 64 46 152 195 195 482 248 103 Lyon Lyon Salem South Lyon South Lyon South Lyon 336 488 784 City of South South Lyon Lyon Northfield Whitmore Lake Northfield Estates .•x TOTAL , .. .,!if%)I:<<' ' • ,,{<&W>r .)0/t(s1:•rC > * Not Licensed by the Manufactured Housmg Comm1ss1on , ' 211 648 4,106 An additional site for manufactured housing will also be considered by the Township. However, a specific location is difficult to identify ~ecause of the ~ncert~i~t~ of sanitary_ sewers_. The Township is currently discussing_ extens1~n of se~ers with adJommg Tow~sh1ps. It 1~ . also possible that a treatment facility bmlt t<? ~erv1ce the Hidden Lak~ ~evel~pment will have add1t10nal sewage capacity to accommodate add~t10na~ gr<?wth. Actual s1tmg will also be dependent up~n detailed soils investigation, wetlands mvestigat10ns and _other factor~. Therefore, t~e Townshw will consider an additional site for a manufactured housmg commumty as changes m Township infrastructure occur or as specific development applications are forwarded for Township review. Green Oak Township Master Plan 7-8-99 63 �I I I I 'I It is the Township's preference that future Manufactured Housing Communities be submitted in the form of a PUD. This will allow the Township and developer to work in cooperation on a specific parcel. Consideration and successful siting will also be influenced by a determination that the site is appropriate and that sufficient analysis of site features has been conducted. Criteria used to evaluate a proposed manufactured housing community site will be based upon the criteria established in Table 17 as well as the following factors: • • • • • " I I I I I I • • • • • • • Frontage on paved roads Capacity of roads and/or intersections to handle additional traffic Proximity to existing or anticipated sanitary sewer service districts Proximity to commercial services Proximity to U.S. 23 or a freeway interchange in order to facilitate traffic flow and provide quick access to freeways Consideration for impact on the school district capacity Central water or availability of quality groundwater in sufficient quantity Hydrogeologic conditions where central wells will not have a negative impact on residential surrounding wells Lack of sensitive natural features such as unique wetlands, woodlands, steep slopes, groundwater re-charge areas Proximity to Township Fire stations Proximity to emergency services including police and ambulance services Consideration of a Planned Unit Development Manufactured Housing Community with specified limits on density, setbacks, buffers and land use controls I I I I I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 7-8-99 64 �Commercial Sector Commercial Area Concepts The extensive use of the personal automobile has brought many drastic changes to lifestyles and the physical makeup of communities. The most vivid change has been to shopping habits and patterns. In rural areas, such as Green Oak Township, an automobile is required for almost any type of shopping trip. Much of the commercial activity prevalent today is found in a linear or "strip" pattern on major roadways as opposed to planned clustered commercial areas or shopping centers. While understanding that the Township's development policies recognize that the Township's local commercial facilities are much different than regional shopping centers and are not intended to compete with the larger regional shopping centers in Brighton, Novi or Ann Arbor, the Township's policies favor local commercial development that is clustered rather than strip commercial land use. Factors favoring clustered commercial vs. strip commercial are listed below: STRIP COMMERCIAL • Dangerous disruption of traffic flow as a result of uncontrolled turning and parking maneuvers. • Frequently inadequate parking facilities. • Lack of coordination of commercial functions and activities. • Haphazard arrangement of buildings. • Difficult to service. • • Prevents "one stop" shopping. Often has blighting effect, particularly on contiguous residential land. I I I I • Loud and unattractive signs. I • I '~ PLANNED COMMERCIAL CENTERS GROUP CONCENTRATIONS • Functional and attractive grouping of buildings . • Controlled entrance and ex.it points . Controlled interior circulation Access from more than one major traffic route. Overflow area for future expansion. An abundance of parking spaces Economical and effective service facilities. • Can be effectively buffered from contiguous residential areas . • Uniform attractive signs . Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 65 �Commercial areas can be classified according to the function they serve. The following descriptions are generalized to allow a contrasting picture of the various types of commercial areas: Convenience commercial areas usually deal with goods that represent daily needs such as goods, medicine. laundry service, and beauty and barber shops. Convenience commercial activities mav be located either individuallv or in small centers which serve one or more neighborhood trade areas . Comparison commercial areas provide commodities that are purchased less fiequently. Therefore, there is a desire on the part of the consumer to compare price and quality at more than one store. Uses typically found in comparison shopping areas include larger supermarkets and drugstores, discount stores, department stores, appliance and furniture stores, and specialty shops. comparison commercial activities also may be individually located but are more typically found in shopping centers. Hence, comparison centers are normally larger than convenience centers, and have larger trade areas. In fact, the consensus of experts is that in order to have a true comparison center including a department store, the trade area should include at least 30,000 potential customers. General commercial areas are often highway oriented and individually located. Such activities include gas stations, auto service and sales, eating and drinking establishments, motels, and similar uses . General commercial activities are frequently located in a strip commercial pattern. The conclusion from this commercial zoning analysis is that zoned land for commercial development is available both now and in the future. It is anticipated that much of the comparison commercial shopping needs will continue to be met outside of the Township in Brighton, South Lyon and Ann Arbor. However the Township does have potential for convenient shopping to serve local neighborhoods and general commercial activities. It is likely that there will be continued expansion for local business, general business type development in response to an increase in residential building activity. These establishments will provide important residential service needs for local nei ohbor-h ood areas. The key to success for future commercial development is proximity to these neighborhood concentrations and accessibility by major roadways. Commercial Land Use 'I I The Master Plan calls for maintaining existing commercial uses which are currently scattered in individual locations around the Township. The development of the area along M-36 west of Whitmore Lake Road will be encouraged in a clustered, rather than strip fashion due to its proximity to U.S . 23 and the avail~bility of infrastructure. Commercial ~evelop?1ent within the M36 Corridor should also be consistent with long range goals and studies which promote traffic management, driveway access, landscap!ng and pot~ntial s_ewer district ~erv_i~e areas._ It is anticipated that the demand for large shoppmg centers will contrnue to be met m Cities of Bnghton, Ann Arbor, and South Lyon and will therefore not be constructed in Green Oak Township. Local Commercial. This designation is planned to provide commercial uses to support existing residents and local business needs . Local commercial uses would include stores, offices or other commercial activities which are small in nature generally serving Township residents rather than regional markets. Consideration factors as summarized on Table 17 inc_ludes accessibility to water and sanitary sewers, paved roads, and lands capable of supporting development. Local I I Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 66 �commercial is appropriate in selected areas near Silver Lake, and Ten Mile Road and M-36 as designated on the Land Use Map. General Commercial. General Commercial uses are larger in scale (generally more than 5,000 sq. ft .) and cater to a regional market. These areas have a closer relationship with highway uses and could include automobile related services, restaurants, shopping centers, etc. The criteria for location of these uses is also summarized on Table I 7 and include accessibility to water and sewers. proximity to paved roads and lands capable of supporting development. General Commercial is appropriate near U.S. 23 and M-36, U.S. 23 and Eight Mile, and U.S. 23 and the Lee Road intersection. as designated on the Land Use Map. Industrial Land L' se Two categories of industrial land uses are set aside in the Master Plan. Light industrial areas are designated to accommodate uses enclosed mainly within a building whose external effects are not experienced beyond their own property lines. General industrial areas are for industries whose influence or environmental effects are sometimes experienced beyond their own property line. At a future time, the Planning Commission may also wish to establish an intermediate industrial land use called Medium Industrial. This designation would accommodate more intensive uses than light industrial, but less intensive than general industrial. It would also allow the Planning Commission to restrict light industrial uses to those areas adjoining residential areas. I I I I I I a Key conditions in the location of industrial lands are the accessibility to adequate roads, availability of rail (where needed), availability of adequate water supply and wastewater disposal, and compatibility with neighboring land use. A large area of light industrial use exists west of Kensington Road. This is an ideal industrial park due to the proximity to I-96 and relative isolation from existing residential areas. Other limited industrial areas include several existing individual uses found in scattered locations around the Township. At some locations in the Township, older isolated areas of existing industrial uses exist which are incompatible with adjacent residential uses. These areas will be planned for residential uses in the future once these industries close. However, other less intense uses may be appropriate for these areas as well such as local commercial or office. General industrial areas are largely confined to areas of existing general industrial use. The largest general industrial area is located south of the intersection of Kensington and Silver Lake Roads. Future expansion of general industry will likely occur in this area. Other areas of general industry include a strip on both sides of Grand River Avenue, as well as areas near Lee Road and U.S. 23. Research-Office Land Use Research-Office is a category that provides areas for research and office uses which are clean, attractive, and developed in a campus-type setting. The ~ea planned for res~arch/of?ce acti:'1_ti~s. is focused around the Whitmore Lake Road and U.S. 23 interchange to provide maximum visibility from and accessibility to the expressway. Public/Semi-Public Land Use Areas set aside for public, semi-public, and institution~! _u~es are confi_ned to those_existing _uses in the Township. This would include schools, state facilities, cemetenes, fire stat10ns, police and Township offices. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 67 �I I I I I ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' 'p p If lands should ever be converted from public ownership to private ownership, the zoning of this property shall automatically convert from Public Land PL to the lowest density residential or Residential Farming RF. Recreation-Conservation Land Use The abundance of recreational lands provided by HCMA and the State of Michigan has already been discussed. While Regional and State facilities meet a portion of the recreational needs of Township residents, there is a decided lack of community playground and park facilities. The master Plan proposes the designation of an area to be devoted to community park facilities. This area is located near Silver Lake and Silverside. The greatest expanse of planned open space is found in the Island Lake Recreation Area. The preservation of the Huron River corridor in open space will be afforded through its designation under the Michigan Natural River Program and the Township Natural Rivers District. This also includes the Southeast tributary and Davis Creek. Recreation-Conservation uses are also appropriate for designated or future greenway corridors. These corridors could include connecting recreation areas utilized for bike paths, pedestrian easements, horse trails or scenic easements. The intent is to link Township open space or conservation areas within an entire greenway system. Future development is encouraged to provide greenway linkage incorporated within subdivision, site condos or site plans. Natural River Areas Green O:=tl<: Township includes rivers and creeks which are designated for protection under the Natural River Act (Act 21, P.A. 1970) by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and under the Township Natural Rivers District. Generally, the area 400 feet from the ordinary high water mark on each side of and parallel to the Huron river and its tributaries, Davis Creek and Spring Mill Creek, is designated as Natural Rivers District. Regulations include a building setback of 125' from the river or 50' from the tributaries. The Township proposes to expand these designations to include unnamed tributaries as shown on the Township's wetlands and surface water maps provided by the ERC. These expanded natural River areas include three tributaries south of Nine Mile Road, a tributary south of Twelve Mile Road and other small tributary segments. Many of these expanded tributary sections traverse wetlands and sensitive soil areas which are critical for wildlife habitat surface water filtration and ' groundwater recharge. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 68 �II COMMUNITY FACILITY A1'D ROAD PLAN I I I ' ' 'p ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' The impression created by a community is often directly related to its public buildings, parks, and roads. The adequacy of these public facilities has a direct influence upon the To\\11ship's ability to attract new residents. businesses and industry. Within Green Oak Township, there is an acknowledged gap ber-:veen the facilities that residents demand and the facilities that are provided. Rapid population growth. increased expectation of new residents. costs of public improvements, and constrained public budgets ha,·e contributed to the inability of loc:il government to provide extensive public improvements. The presentation of an overly ambitious Plan will not contribute to a solution of the problem. Too many plans have been developed which are nothing more than a ''wish list.·· Rather, the Plan attempts to identify broad areas of need and priority. not specific projects. Such an approach is intended to provide guidance to decision-makers in the allocation of tax dollars towards public improvements. The Community Facilities Plan is strongly coordinated ,,·ith the Land Use Plan so that scarce dollars are devoted to projects benefiting the greatest number of residents. Community Facilities and SerYices Efforts should be directed at the following areas of need: New or Expanded Township Hall - Three things which Green Oak Township lacks are adequate Township office space, adequate meeting facilities. and a community identity. The creation of a ne,v or remodeled Township Hall would contribute to alleviating all three deficiencies. Included in the Hall could be Township offices, community meeting hall, police offices, and senior citizen activity center. The exact location of a future To,,nship hall is currently being studied. Community Park - At least one community park is recommended to meet the recreation needs of local residents. One park should be integrated into the new Township Hall complex and provide such t~ings as picnic areas, pl~~~ound equipment, a shelter house for outdoor gathenngs, and recreat10nal fac1ht1es for Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 69 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I senior citizens. Another park should be developed to provide for more active recreation with such facilities as baseball/softball diamonds, and football/soccer fields . The preferred location for such a park would be near the intersection of Silverlake and Silverside. • Water and Sewer Extensions - The growth of the U.S. 23 corridor with uses which will be a positive contribution to the community is predicated upon the availability of adequate water supply and sewage disposal. The area which deserves the hiohest priority is the northernmost portion of the corridor in Sections 5 and 8 . .:oThe provision of central \vater sewer to this area will alleviate existing problems and prevent future problems from occurring. Sanitary sewers are also needed for the trilakes including, Fonda, Island and Briggs lakes. The Township has appointed a sewer committee to investigate the feasibility of sanitary sewer service and special assessment districts for this area. A committee has also been appointed for the M-36 corridor with the purpose of investigating long term sewer service alternatives. Until sanitary sewers are available, the Township should explore creation of septic field maintenance districts as promoted by the Livingston County Health Department. These districts establish regular maintenance, pump out and homeowner education for areas with severe septic system limitations. • Fire Station - An additional station will be required to serve the eastern portion of the Township. The recommended location is in the proximity of Ten Mile and Rushton Roads. Township Wide Solid Waste Collection and Recycling - The Township should consider soliciting bids for Township wide solid waste collection. This would maximize efficiency in collection, provide cost savings for residents, increase recycling and reduce illegal dumping of household materials. • Schools - The Township incorporates three school districts. These include the Brighton, South Lyon and Whitmore Lake School Districts. All of these school districts are experiencing over crowding and many schools are at capacity or have exceeded capacity. It is likely that the Brighton and South Lyon Districts will be in need of new elementary schools within the next few years. New schools will possibly be sited within Green Oak Township. This Master Plan recommends that any future schools be carefully sited and that location criteria be established which would consider the following: First, school districts should explore options for expansion at existing school sites. Some of these sites have adequate room for additional school facilities. Second, any future school sites should be located on paved roads and in close proximity to residential or neighborhood areas. Preferred locations for new facilities within Green Oak Township includes the Nine Mile/Rushton area, Ten Mile/Rushton area or the Winans;Rickett road areas. School officials and Township officials are encouraged to maintain open communication regarding long range planning in order to properly plan future school facilities. Roads The road network proposed by the _Plan is a hierarchy base~ upon the f'.'unction each road sef:'es. The four road classifications which are defined below mclude maJor thoroughfares, mmor thoroughfares, collector roads, and local street~ or roads. It is the intent of this pla~ to prov~de guidance regarding the allocation of future road improvement dollars towards roads which function to benefit the greatest number of Township resid~nts. For examp~e, it makes li~tle s~nse to improve a collector road which empties onto a maJor thoroughfare m a state of disrepair. No Green Oak Township Master Plan 12- 18-97 70 �I I I I I ' 'II attempt is made to propose costly road relocations or alter basic road patterns which have been established for years. In addition, no attempt is made to identify specific improvements projects. • Major Thoroughfares - The function of major thoroughfares is to carry larger volumes of traffic either between activity areas within the Township or through the Township. They also provide access to the expressways which serve the Township. The improvement of major thoroughfares rate the highest priority within the Township. • Minor Thoroughfares - The function of minor thoroughfares are much the same as major thoroughfares although more moderate volumes of traffic are carri .s. The improvement of minor thoroughfares rate the second highest priority within the Township. Collector Roads - The function of collector roads are to collect traffic from residential areas and carry it to major or minor thoroughfares. Traffic volumes are generally low . The improvement of collector roads rate the third highest priority within the Township. • Local Streets or Roads - The function of local streets or roads are to provide direct access from individual properties. Traffic volumes are very low. The improvement oflocal streets or roads rate the lowest priority within the Township. II The Master Plan also establishes long range road improvements for the Township. These projects are intended to upgrade the Township's road system and provide safe and convenient passage through the Township. A listing of long range improvements are listed as follows: " "• 'II ' 'p ', l) Work through the Brighton Area Council of Governments to prioritize and attempt to fund improvements to the five major problem intersections in Green Oak Township which are: Lee Road/U.S . 23 interchange, Eight Mile Road and North Main Street interchange with Whitmore Lake Road and U.S . 23 , • Silver Lake and Kensington Road intersection, • Silver Lake and Silverside Drive intersection (because of the intersection geometrics), and • Doane and Rushton Road intersection (because of the intersection geometrics and great change in grade). 2) Several bridges have inadequate load b~aring capacity and musJ be replaced as county, state and federal funds become available. These bndges over the Huron River and the Southeast Branch of the Huron River include: • the McCabe Road bridge the Fairlane Road bridge 3) As County Road Commission funds or as special assessment districts can be formed the following road segments should be paved: Green Oak Township Master Plan [2-18-97 71 �• Maltby Road from Rickett Road west to the Township line • Silver Lake Road from Silverside Drive to Boardwalk in Section 11 (2.2 miles) • Rushton Road between Silver Lake Road and Doane Road (2.1 miles) • Nine Mile Road east of Rushton Road to the County Line (1.2 miles) 4) The west shore neighborhoods of Whitmore Lake have had their access severely restricted by the construction of U.S. 23. The only outside access to the neighborhoods (some 200 homes and two mobile home parks) is from the south via the North Main Street Eight Mile Road/LJ.S. 23 interchange. This intersection is very congested at present. Extension of North Main Street ( old U.S. 23) north to the Nine Mile/U.S. 23 interchange could occur but environmental and traffic impact on the Nine Mile/U.S. 23 interchange may rule out such an alternative. Therefore, redesign of the 1 ·orth Main!U.S. 23 intersection must occur before approval of additional housing units in the area is given. Future residential densities shall be directly influenced by the design capacity of the intersection. 5) The Briggs-Fonda-Island Lakes neighborhoods were developed as summer resort/second home communities. The road right-of-ways are very narrow and winding. Although a public water supply and distribution system serves much of the neighborhoods, each small lot has its own private septic disposal system. As the neighborhoods have converted to year-round residences the infrastructure has become insufficient to serve the area. Any effort to resolve one of the many problems in this area, must also include resolution of the other problems. These problems include: I I • Properly paved roads, engineered to Green Oak Township public road standards, Coordinated stormwater facilities, Public sanitary sewer service throughout the neighborhoods, and • An improved source of water. 6) U .S. 23 Intersections - The Township has four freeway interchanges within its governmental limits. These interchanges include: • Eight Mile Road • Nine Mile Road • Silver Lake Road • Lee Road All four of these interchanges have inherent safety concerns. Issues such as excessive ramp speed, turning movements, sight visibility and driv~way ac~ess h~ve c~u~e~ numerous accidents at the~e interchanges. These concerns also have an mteractlon w:th adJommg land use. For ex~ple, 1f additional or new commercial uses are developed at these mterchanges, these land uses will spawn traffic with accompanying congestion. This congestion may further exacerbate traffic problems at these intersections. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 72 �The Township shall therefore encourage the Livingston County Road Commission and the Michigan Department of Transportation to evaluate these interchanges and develop long range traffic safety improvements. Like,"ise, the Township should carefully study the impacts of future land use, and devise access management strategies to reduce traffic safety hazards. 7) Other Intersections. In addition to the intersections associated with freeways, the Township has other intersections which are problematic. The Township should continue to monitor these intersections and encourage long range improvements by the Road Commission which will increase capacity, and traffic flow. At some intersections lane widening, signalization or adjustment of traffic light phasing \\ill also be needed to handle increased traffic flow. 8) Private Roads. The Township should also examine the Township's Private Road Ordinance. Revisions to this Ordinance will help ensure that all private roads provide safe and efficient travel. Revisions should also include incorporation of the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards. I I I I II Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 73 �IMPLEMENTATION Once adopted, the Green Oak Master Plan is the official policy guide to be used by the Township Board and Planning Commission to solve the existing and anticipated community development problems identified in this document. Through text and maps, the Master Plan illustrates the an itude and desire of the community toward future growth and development. Further, the Plan also promotes continuity in development policy as memberships on the Planning Commission and Board change o\·er the years. Through text and maps, the Master Plan illustrates the attitude and desire of the community toward future growth and development. To implement the Master Plan, the following specific recommendations are made: Township Policy The ~faster Plan is the official policy document regarding the development of the community. It establishes an idealized goal toward which the entire community can work. The Plan establishes the foundation against which private and public development proposals can be based. Too often, local officials and citizens find themselves in a reactive role to development proposals within their community. Without a firm base of information, communities must either accede to development pressures or be criticized for arbitrary denials. In addition, decisions regarding public improvements are often made incrementally and not related to any overall concept. Zoning The Land Use Plan reflects long-term desired growth patterns and land uses. The chief tool used to implement the land Use Plan is the Township Zoning Ordinance. Future rezoning requests should be reviewed for agreement with the basic proposals of this Plan. Cluster Housing/Open Space Planning I I I I I - The methods of cluster housing and planned unit development, offer the potential of setting aside tracts of open space while allowing the property owner some potential for development. This is desirable for both the property owner and the Township. The property owner is able to develop portions of the site while maintaining significant areas of open space helping to maintain the rural character of the Township. Prese,-vation of open space promotes the general ambiance and property values for current and future residents. There are existing methods available and several methods currently proposed by the State to help ensure the maintenance of open space. The following are examples of existing methods that can be utilized to ensure the maintenance of open space. It is emphasized that t?ese metho~s are options o_nly an_d wil_l req~ire incorpo~ation or adjustments within the Zoning OrdJ.?-ance. Thi_s ~aster Plan, m conJunctlon with Tow!lship B_oard concurrence, authorizes the Plannmg Conuruss10n to explore new open space zonmg opt10ns. These options are described as follows : • Zoning Regulations - Zoning standards can be written to include and promote open space in development. A Cluster Housing Option included in the Zoning Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 74 �I I I I Ordinance encourages developers to set aside areas of open space in subdivision development. The open space would then be restricted pursuant to the Zoning Ordinance (i.e., special use permits) and could be developed only under circumstances agreed upon by the developer and Township during site plan review. Clustering with agreements for open space preservation are the most important technique for open space preservation and should receive priority attention for zoning implementation. I II A development which proposes the use of Planned Unit Development or the Cluster Housing Option is eligible for a density bonus. For example, areas that are designated very low density residential with a corresponding density of one dwelling unit for every five acres would be allowed to increase density calculated at a rate of one dwelling unit for every two and one half (2 1/2) acres if the development is incorporated within the Planned Unit Development/Open Space Community or Cluster Housing option. It is believed that this density bonus is warranted due to the amount of open space that would be required to be set aside in order to make such development eligible for PUD or cluster option development. •I • • • • • • • - A second method used to maintain open space is the Planned Unit Development (PCD). A PUD is a rezoning that is tied to a specific plan. If an open space element is included as a part of the PUD, an amendment of the PUD, or a rezoning, would be required to alter the open space. The Township can then, of course, either approve or deny the amended PUD. • Restrictive Covenants and Deed Restrictions - These types of regulations can be used when open space is included as a part of residential subdivision . Depending on how these documents are written, restrictive covenants and deed restrictions can be effective, requiring both Township, subdivision association, or individual parcel owner approval for any substantial changes to the approved plan. These restrictions, though effective, can be somewhat difficult to monitor and enforce. • Land Trust - Open space created through cluster housing, sliding scale or a PUD can be placed into a land trust. A land trust is an organization that holds the development rights for a given piece of property through a recordable agreement with the property owner and, in some cases, the To~nship. Land Trusts are normally non-profit organizations that work directly in protecting land for its natural, agricultural, scenic, historic and productive uses. Land Trusts may acquire development rights through donation and, in rare cases, may purchase those rights. It should be noted that enrollment of lands in a Land Trust is a serious proposition as it is unlikely that the Trust will relinquish development rights except under extreme circumstances. Land Trusts can use conservation easements as a tool for preservation and can also offer long range tax incentives for property owners. Within Livingston County, the Livingston Land Conservancy (810-229-4141) is available to help property owners and Township officials implement open space preservation with appropriate funding. • Conservation Easement - Conservation easements are legal instruments executed between two or more parties where the property owner "gives up" the right to develop _to t~e other party_ (or parties). Traditionally, the property ~wner receives something m return. This may be a payment, a tax break, a service, or anything agreeable to the parties. The easement remains in effect for the period agreed upon and cannot be broken unless all parties agree. This is one of the most Green Oak Township Master Plan 7-8-99 75 �powerful tools for protecting open space because the term of the agreement can be long or short, the agreements are less subject to changes in township government, and they are more readily identified during a sale. The inclusion of a third party to the agreement in addition to the property owner and the community, such as an environmental conservancy group, might strengthen the long-term probability that the agreements would be maintained. The State of Michigan authorizes conserYation easements under Act 197 of 1980, the Conservation and Historic Presen-ation Easement Act. • ' ', ', , , , ' ' Public Act 116 Open Space Provisions - Act 116 of the Public Acts of 1974 provides for a development rights agreement for locally designated open space. This technique is similar to the conservation easements discussed earlier. It requires both local and state approval of the application. No subsequent development can occur without the permission of the community. No minimum acreage is required to enroll land in the State Open Space program. There is a 40 acre minimum requirement for the enrollment of farmlands under a farmland agreement. The tax benefits realized are through a reduction in value of the dedicated open space land due to relinquishment of the development rights by the property owner(s). The term of open space easements ranges from a minimum of ten years to as long as ninety-nine years. Local units of government may terminate an open space agreement at any time if they determine that development of the land is in the public interest and the property owner(s) agrees. The property owner(s) may request termination of an open space agreement by applying to the local governing body. The petitioner is required to pay a penalty plus interest on the development rights during the period it was held by the local unit of government. The primary purpose of these agreements is the permanent dedication of open space. Some agreements have a spin-off advantage of a tax benefit; the taxing benefit is a windfall for the property owner and should not be viewed as the primary reason for the dedication of open space. • Purchase of Development Rights - Purchasable Development Rights (PD R's), are used to compensate a landowner for value oflost development rights in exchange for maintaining the property at a desired use and density. PDR programs can be used to preserve resources, open spaces, and even affordable housing areas. A PDR can be used to buy some or all of the development rights of a landowner. Non-conforming Zoning In some areas of the Township, the Master Plan recommends larger lots and lower densities than what is currently recorded. This non-conformity is especially prevalent around lake areas where the Master Plan and zoning regulations require larger lots than what is currently provided. Larger lots and lower densities are preferred because of environmental concerns and overcrowding. The Planning Commission recognizes ~t the current no~-conforming status may place li~tation~ on property owners who wish to re-ht~ild or expand .. It 1s reco~ended_1l?-at the Township c~ms1der Zoning Ordinance amendments which would mo~1fy regulat10~s p~allll?g to non-conformmg lots and/or structures, thereby easing current regulat10ns and makmg 1t easier for property owners to utilize non-conforming lots or structures. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 76 �• •II • • • • • • • •II Capital Improvements Program The Township's role in providing and financing community facilities will undoubtedly increase in the future. An orderly procedure for planning and :financing such facilities can be achieved through the adoption of a Capital Improvements Program (CIP) attached to the annual budgeting process. The CIP is a schedule of projects developed for a six-year period and contains estimated costs and sources of funding. The CIP should be updated annually in conjunction \\ith the preparation of the Township budget . Federal/State Funds Given the high cost of public improvements, many local units of government have become reliant on outside sources of funding. Green Oak Township has already enhanced its ability to secure grant funds by adopting a Master Plan. The Plan not only sets priority for public improvements but should also be used to justify the need for such improvements to funding agencies . Local Funds The potential availability of grant funds does not eliminate the necessity to finance all or portions of projects with local funds . It is the rule rather than the exception that federal grants require the local unit of government to fund a portion of the project. Local funding can be raised through the following sources: 1. General Fund - The Township Board may make an appropriation from the general fund to finance certain improvements. However, this method is not considered entirely feasible because general funds are usually needed to finance essential services, leaving little available money for additional projects . 2. Revenue Sharing - Again, the Township Board may choose to appropriate a portion of federal and state revenue sharing funds for improvement projects. However, federal revenue sharing cannot be used as a local match to federal grants. 3. General Obligation Bonds - With the approval of the voters, the Township can sell general obligation bonds, usually having a long payback period and lo\v interest rates. GO bonds enjoy the backing of the full faith and credit of the Township. However, the sale of GO bonds usually results in a millage increase. 4. Revenue Bonds - Revenue bonds are paid off through revenues generated by a project. For example, most municipal water systems are financed thro1:1gh revenue bonds wi~h user charges paying off the bond. Revenue bonds are not necessanly back by the full faith and credit of the Township, do not require voter approval, and usually are sold at higher interest rates than GO bonds. 5. Special Millage - The Township Board may ask for voter approval to earmark increased millage for a specific improvement project. 6. Special Assessment- Many projects which benefit only a _segrnent of the community rather than the community at large are financed through special assessments to the benefit of property owners. Drainage and street improvements are projects frequently financed through special assessments. II Ill ~ Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 77 �Master Plan Updates This plan should not become a static document. The Township Planning Commission should anempt to re-evaluate and update portions of it on an annual basis. The bnd use portion should be updated at least once every few years and the Planning Commission should set goals for the review of yarious sections of this Plan on a yearly program. Green Oak Township Master Plan 12-18-97 78 �I I I I • GREEN OAK TOWNSHIP COMMUNITY PLANNING SURVEY TABULATION Section A. Changes in Green Oak Township have brought about numerous concerns to our community . These concerns range from environmental and planning-oriented issues to social seNice concerns now facing our communities. Please check if you think each item is ■ ■ ■ I • • • •II • • • --~ Current Community Problems a serious problem in Green Oak Township , only a minor problem in Green Oak Township , or not a problem at all. (Results givE:n in percentages) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 . 14. 15. 16 . 17. 18. 19. 20. Breaking and entering, crime . Drug use. Groundwater contamination. Air pollution. Declining quality of homes. Shortage of affordable housing. Unattractive or undesirable areas or buildings. Excessive signs or billboards. Excessive industrial development Excessive commercial or industrial development. Excessive residential development. Traffic congestion. Paved roads not maintained. Gravel roads not maintained. Incidence of stray animals. Lack of public services. Illegal dumping. Oil and gas extraction. Sand and gravel pits. Destruction of natural environment. Section B. Serious Problem Minor Probiem 19.3 25.3 29.4 13.6 5 .72 18.1 15.8 52.3 36.7 30.8 33.2 3.6 25.3 47.4 10.8 8.4 13.0 35.7 60.8 41 .2 30.1 17.7 29.5 26.8 17.5 9.8 15.4 6.7 7.6 13.3 29.3 23.7 24.9 56.1 54.8 51.5 7.0 8.2 8.8 30.3 42.3 40.5 29.8 34.0 32.5 37.0 16.03 21.2 34.9 37.2 28.4 20.7 10.1 43.8 39.1 17.9 6.0 40.4 19.4 4 .2 1.7 2.2 6.2 9.5 7.8 18.6 42 .9 30. 1 14.0 14.8 28.3 28.8 36.7 53.9 12.7 20.6 26.5 4 .7 8.3 31 .7 Not a Do not know Problem or cannot rate Future Planning Many changes are taking place in the development of Green Oak Township. Because of our location, change is inevitable. We would like to have your thoughts about this development and in which directions you would like it to go. What makes Green Oak Township a desirable place to live. Please answer the following questions with this question in mind . �ii 1. Original homestead. Good schools. Convenience to work. Natural beauty of the area. Desire for rural environment Property on water. Good place to raise a fam ily. Affordable. Other. (See attachment) • JI Why did you chose to live in Green O3.k Township. (Mark as many as apply to your situation.) 2. II •.. , , ~ 30.3% 69 .1% 72.6%. 27.3% 44.2% 44.8% What concerns do you feel Green Oak Township should give priority to in its plann ing ? (Check &I! that apply.) (Results given in percentages) "• "• •II 10.3% 27.4% Not a Priority Air and water pollution control 4.6 Availability of public sewage treatment 20.5 Availability of public water supply 25.3 Quality road system throughout the 4.8 Township 3.7 Preservation of the natural environment Other (See attachment) 3. Low Priority Moderate Priority High Priority 11.3 24.3 28.1 9.4 30.1 27.3 21.8 33.4 54 .0 27.9 24.8 52.4 4.6 20.1 71 .6 The Planning Commission is currently working on a Master Plan for the Township . We need your input. What kinds of development policies would you like to see the Townshi p follow in the future? (Check all that apply.) Low Priority Moderate Priority High Priori ty 8.7 11 .0 23.8 56.5 Encourage the Township to develop primarily as a community of residential subdivisions . 26 .1 21 .0 30.0 23 .9 Provide more subdivisions of smaller lots (one acre and less) . 57 .3 22.7 12.6 7.4 Provide more multiple and/or lower cost housing. 65 .1 17.8 11.1 60 (Results given in percentages) Work to keep the rural residential atmosphere with larger lots (one acre and above) . Not a Priority �Protect the unique natural water features of the Township such as the lakes, wetlands, creeks, rivers, and their watersheds. 1.1 2.7 12.7 83.5 Limit business and industry to planned centers. 3.6 6.2 23 .0 67.2 23.1 28.1 30.5 18.3 Provide more goods/services locally. Other. (See attachment) II 4. What do you like most about the Green Oak community? (See attachment) 5. What would you like to see changed within the community? (See attachment) 6. What is your vision for the future of the Green Oak community? (See attachment) 7. To what concerns should Green Oak give its planning? (Results given in percentages) "II Not a Priority 2.6 Open space 1.2 Natural rivers 3.8 Roadside trees 3.1 Drainage 3.3 Wetlands 1.3 Groundwater quality 6.1 Scenic vistas 1.5 Quality road system 6.7 Farmlands 9.8 Historical and archaeological sites 1.1 Lakes and streams 4.1 Unique wildlife or habitats 15.3 Large home sites 2.1 Rural atmosphere 4.5 Good schools 9.1 Recreation 12.9 Highway accessibility to regional shopping and employment opportun ities 2 .5 Police protection 6.5 Sense of community with neighbors II 8. Low Priority Moderate Priority High Priority 8.2 3.9 13.6 34.7 20.8 27 .5 38.9 29.1 16.7 33.5 29.1 54.5 13.5 10.0 2.1 74.1 55.1 44 .5 57.6 24.7 40.8 34.0 3.6 10.5 23.7 5.9 4.6 20.6 21 .3 19.5 26.9 29.5 22.0 20.6 37.9 34. 6 79.9 45 .0 63.7 32.3 31.5 75 .8 58.5 31 .5 70.0 70. 3 32.4 32.2 6.3 15.3 29.7 37.5 61 .5 40.7 15.4 5.7 20.2 Should the Township develop a community focus which would contain most or all governmental buildings and functions in a central location? Yes No Undecided 57.1% 18.6% 23 .0% �9. Would you support a Town Center is it included commercial businesses as well as sit down family restaurants, a hardware store, a bank, or medicaVprofessional offices? Yes No Undecided 10. 37.8% 42.9% 19.3% Please indicate if you would strongly agree, agree, or disagree with the following goal statements. (Results given in percentages) •Ill II : .. , Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Undecided a. The community should try to maintain a low density, rural atmosphere. 61.5 27.9 6.8 3.8 b. Housing regulations should allow developers to cluster houses in one portion of a parcel so that open space, woodlands, wetlands, and other natural features· can be preserved on the other portions of the parcel. 35.5 35.3 18.1 11 . 1 C. Green Oak should attempt to prevent surrounding communities from annexing portions of the Township. 55.0 23.2 6.9 14.9 d. The Township should play a more active role in promoting industrial and commercial development. 9.5 25.5 53.6 11 .4 e. 45.8 The Township should enforce regulations to prohibit the construction of new billboards along U.S . 23 and other major thoroughfares within the community. 32.9 11.3 10.0 f. Hunting should be prohibited throughout the Township . 35 .2 16.8 38 .3 9.7 g. Hunting should be prohibited only near residential areas . 30 .6 26.6 37 .2 5.6 �1 1. • '- II Please indicate your preferences for future land use development. (Check all that apply.) (Results given in percentages) Strongly Agree Single family residential on lots Less than 1/2 acre in size Between 1/2 acre and 1 acre One acre in size Two acres in size Five acres or more in size Apartments Mobile homes New, planned neighborhood commercial Office de" elopment Research and development Light industrial Mineral extractions 44.5 5.5 29.3 24.1 14.8 18.1 1.9 1.9 5.5 32.4 14.5' 38.3 43.6 33.1 21.8 19.9 7.0 28.2 18.7 70.7 27.1 23.4 39.3 45.5 70.0 85 .5 51.6 4.4 9.3 5.3 8.9 12.8 14.6 8.2 5.6 14.7 5.3 9.2 4.5 4.6 38.2 41.0 38.3 13.2 44.9 37.4 47.4 66.2 11.6 12.4 9.8 18.8 Agree Disagree · Undecided 12. Which roadways and intersections within Green Oak Township need to be improved? Please list you top three picks. (See attachment) 13. Where would you like to see improvements to U.S. 23 interchanges? (Results given in percentages) Lee Road Silver Lake Road M-36/9 Mile 8 Mile Do not know 14. Not a Priority 51 .1 46.6 40.2 43.5 Low Priority 21 .3 20.9 18.4 22.5 Moderate Priority High Priority 14.3 17.5 16.8 16.9 13.3 15.0 24.6 17.1 We would like to find out what kinds of business you would like to see more of in Green Oak Township. Below is a list of businesses. Please check if you would like to see more of each type of business listed. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. k. I. m. n. 0. p. Major supermarket Major department store (i.e. Sears , Hudsons) Major discount store (i.e . K-mart) Mall-type shopping center Clothing store Drug store Dry cleaners Laundromat Service (gas) station Barber or beauty shop Hardware store Shoe store Restaurant Fast food or carry-out establishment Variety or dime store 269 222 258 183 170 175 117 75 184 86 215 167 511 137 128 �q. r. s. t. u. V. W. X. y. z. aa. bb . cc . dd . 15. Home appliance, video, stereo store Book store Cards and gift store Jewelry store Flowers, plant Movie theater Automobile dealer Bank Medical or dental offices Attorney's offices Insurance company offices Day care center Adult foster care Other (See attached) 87 227 145 48 144 208 67 194 234 99 87 213 139 If you own multiple acreage in Green Oak Township, do you intend to develop it in the near future? Yes No 2.4% 97.6% SectiorC6mmunity Services 1. Green Oak Township would like to improve the quality of police services . Below is a list of standard police work activities. for each activity please check if police time and effort should INCREASE, STAY ABOUT THE SAME, or DECREASE. (Results given in percentages) Patrol of residential areas Patrol of commercial and industrial areas Crime investigation Speed limit enforcement Juvenile programs Community relations Local ordinance enforcement Other (See attachment) 2. Increase Stay about the same Decrease Do not know cannot rate 52.7 11.5 37.1 50.3 1.4 6.2 8.8 32.0 25 .6 27.7 32.6 30.4 27.8 44.2 54.0 34.6 43.4 46 .4 1.5 9'.4 2.5 3.3 3.8 28.6 9.0 30.4 23.0 22.0 Would you be interested in participating in a volunteer "neighborhood watch " program fo r your neighborhood by being alert and reporting unusual situations to the Townsh ip po lice department? Yes No 62.4% 37.6% �3 The current police millage is 1.0 mills for operation only. Would you favor. Increasing the millage 13.2% Renewal of the existing millage 61 .8% Not renewing the existing millage 7.4% Do not know 17.7% 4. Green Oak has a paid volunteer fire department. How would you rate fire protection seNice in Green Oak? 15.2% 35.6% 7 .2% 2.4% 39.7% Excellent Good Fair Poor Undecided 5. The current fire department millage of 0.5 mills is for capital outlay (buildings and equipment). Would you favor: Increasing the millage 11.0% Renewal of the existing millage 64.2% Not renewing the existing millage 5.8% Do not know 1 9. 1% 6. Would you be interested in the development of a Green Oak Township emergency medical services program? Yes No Undecided 7. If Yes, would you be willing to support emergency medical services with a tax increase? Yes No 8. 44.3% 26.6% 29.1% 44.5% 55.5% Do you live on a gravel road? Yes 44.3% No 55.7% (See attachment for list of road names) 9. If yes, do you want this road paved? Yes No Undecided 46.3% 42.0% 11 .7% �10. Are there any main Township roads you believe should be paved? Yes No 56.4% 43.6% If yes, please specify which road(s) should be paved. (See attachment) 11. Would you favor a special assessment to pay for public road paving? Yes No Undecided 12. Salt brine is currently applied to all public gravel roads to control dust. Should th is service be continued? Yes No Undecided 13. No 33.0% 67.0% Do you think the Township should continue to permit the installation of private roads? Yes No Undecided 15. 63.3% 14.8% 21.9% Do you live on a private road? Yes 14. 24.7% 52.5% 22.8% 48.4% 22.3% 29.3% How do you dispose of your household trash? Contract with private hauler Take it to landfill myself Other (See attachment) 16. Would you favor a Township-wide weekly household trash pick-up program? Yes No Undecided 17. 1155 103 48.1% 33.0% 18.9% If yes on question 16, how would you prefer to pay for this program? Monthly 14.2% Quarterly 37.7% On tax statement 28.6% Undecided 19.5% �When recycling becomes mandatory would your prefer. To separate and pick up at home by yourself 48.0% To source separation by hauler 20.4% Undecided 31.6% How would you rate the building code and zoning ordinance enforcement services of the Township? Excellent Good Fair Poor Undecided 4.7% 27.5% 22.3% 17.8% 27.7% How would you rate general ordinance enforcement such as junk cars, blight, others . Excellent Good Fair Poor Undecided 3.5% 24.3% 28.5% 28.4% 15.4% Livingston County is responsible for providing animal control services in Green Oak Township. How would you rate this service? Excellent Good Fair Poor Undecided 4.6% 28.1% 21.1% 18.5% 27.7% Green Oak Township has land reserved for a Township recreation park. For each of the facilities listed below, check one that you would like to see developed in the new park or elsewhere. Outdoor pool 354 Ball fields 657 Soccer fields 364 Football fields 178 Tennis courts 461 Open space/passive park? 14 Outdoor ice rink 422 Playgrounds 689 Jogging and exercise traiV01 Picnic pavilion 691 Basketball courts 300 Other (See attachment) �23. • • • I Should the Township acquire additional land for neighborhood park development? Yes No Undecided 24 . Would you favor a millage, for recreational use only, for park land acquisition and expansion of recreation programming and facilities? Yes No Undecided 25a . No 35.9% 64.1% Do you favor a millage increase to support a library? Yes No 25c. 21.7% 55.7% 22.6% Do you favor Green Oak Township, joining with a neighboring community to form a district library, bearing in mind that the law requires that the entire township be in one ( 1) district only? Yes 25b. 28.1% 44.2% 27.7% 27.3% 72.7% If a library is built in Green Oak Township, where should it be? Lee Road/Fieldcrest Area13.4% Silver Lake Road/US-23 21.3% Rushton/10 Mile Road 19.7% 9 Mile/US-23 7 .1% Have no preference 38.4% 25d. Do you use any of the following libraries? Brighton South Lyon Whitmore Lake Other 44 .6% 38.7% 7.3% 9.5% The increase in population and development of vacant lands often creates a need for public water and sanitary sewer service. We would like to assess the need or desire for these services in Green Oak Township. 26. Have you experienced poor water quality or contamination of your well ? Yes No Do not know 23 .1% 69.1% 7.8% �I I I 27 _ Should the Township develop a public water system? Yes No Undecided 2s Have you experienced septic system failure or had difficulty finding soil on your property that is suitable for a septic field? Yes No Do not know 29. 25.9% 49.6% 24.5% 10.5% 84.0% 5.5% Should the Township develop a public sanitary sewer system and sewage treatment plant? Yes No Undecided Section D. 27.5% 48.2% 24.3% Demographics What school district do you live in? South Lyon Brighton Whitmore Lake 2. How long have you and members of your household lived in Green Oak Township? Less than one year 1-3 years 4-5 years 6-1 O years 11-20 years More than 20 years 3. 43.6% 42.3% 14.1% 3.6% 19.7% 13.9% 18.2% 21.6% 23.0% How many persons presently live in this household? Mean=3 How many are 17 years of age or younger? Mean=1 for all households Mean=2 for households with children how many are 62 years of age or older? Mean=2 for households reporting at least one person age 62 or older. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Green-Oak-Twp_Master-Plan_1999 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Green Oak Township Board Green Oak Township Planning Commission, Green Oak Township, Livingston County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999-07-08 Title A name given to the resource Green Oak Township Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Green Oak Township Master Plan was prepared by the Green Oak Township Board and Planning Commission, with assistance from Carlisle/Wortman Associates, Inc. The Master Plan was adopted on December 18, 1997 and was revised and re-adopted July 8, 1999. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Green Oak Township (Mich.) Livingston County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives