384 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb41bd73e236fb02792a53beb0fcaf42.jpg 71c27788c9b8707ce1c7c72dc7904f79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendersonJohn Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Title A name given to the resource Henderson, John Description An account of the resource John Henderson, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1970s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ca531c6e3b915a342a768ee59bcfed5c.jpg efd115ec605f7916b97d942dd64f262d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendersonLarry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Henderson, Larry Description An account of the resource Larry Henderson Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b0fc252664f3bc98448b5f7d21942a34.jpg 3aa20fe3975c9465d368e140d86ca5ca https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0e2bf64bd6a2f4425f71d394a74d72a2.jpg 944f7b2ea24fbc9b5400c96e9ca235ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1968-Hendrika-Harms-Termaat-recto_img137 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Title A name given to the resource Hendrika Harms-Termaat, 1968 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Hendrika Harms-Termaat sitting on a chair in front of open door to house. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Alkmaar (Netherlands) Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8edb5906391612a8cb3ef6c4749442f8.jpg 336a869411e977dd1d9c449bd7a83247 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e7d1ac1d75c7492be4b65e60d313c7b2.jpg 5dd3ce99c289c565f8332ea8fcbeba60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1955-Hendrika-Termaat-recto_img094 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Title A name given to the resource Hendrika Termaat-Harms and Doke Termaat, 1955 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Hendrika Termaat-Harms with her daughter Doke Termaat in Amsterdam. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Amsterdam (Netherlands) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b4028654bcccbe8785588ff17ca9bce8.jpg 4f715ac5488e7b441af452bcf112bcd3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6c0cf3742905a32d28bb111a3685ee5e.jpg 7bfa02ecc49b9766390190bd9c153f05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1962-Hendrika-Harms-Alkmaar-recto-img731 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-02-21 Title A name given to the resource Hendrika Termaat-Harms, 1962 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Hendrika Termaat-Harms standing in a doorway in Alkmaar. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Alkmaar (Netherlands) Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/75b58ec7f4b3d4a6f5adc989fc2a1b41.jpg 1a820a544cca285659373dbbf9876866 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_PHOT_1966-Hendrika-Harms-img730 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Title A name given to the resource Hendrika Termaat-Harms, 1966 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Hendrika Termaat-Harms sitting in a living room, 1966. Subject The topic of the resource Dutch Alkmaar (Netherlands) Netherlands Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7c4b9ae91a3fa198566f4549902cb01f.jpg 2dbab425aabb00ee27ba6f65665a69b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7f5cc692e91e069cb4bdb7b791570e40.jpg ed63c5b1802d96a3d84ac430782acea9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/17e677bba762ed53eca17b2d9992d4fd.jpg 9b7097b3a2c40905d35c9fbac22a3885 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980 Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1980s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/538f05377f2326d8e5503e36afc4c561.jpg 679b546efc18e1460021b1e367f82c2a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d899ece5a146a906013477406d411938.jpg f62bd3a97171eb658c7f0a8b92afe5f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993 Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1993s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/de6c6bb73519f25d198d007583145a21.jpg 9796c6b6f571ec854b25c267ea166fba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HendrixTom_Photo06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hendrix, Tom Description An account of the resource Tom Hendrix, Geology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9d5272cc2a8bdd156662fdcf74c6d9bf.mp4 661ba34cf083a3d11e7f2663fcb48326 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a65390414257ae455963769a52f4df91.pdf 39ed359071f223b6a171be905808a2f9 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW Ed Henk Born: June 21, 1944 Grand Rapids, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither PhD, GVSU Veterans History Project, Transcribed by: Joan Raymer, May 28, 2012 Interviewer: Now Ed, can you start us off with some basic background? Where and when were you born? I was born in Grand Rapids on June 21st, the first day of summer in 1944, on the West side of Grand Rapids. I graduated in 1962 from Union High School, and right afterwards I went to Grand Rapids Junior College. I spent about three semesters there realizing, even at that time that a two year degree wasn‘t going to be enough, so I transferred up to Ferris. At that time I was getting into what they called data processing. Basically, I was going to be a systems analyst, and at that time there was really only two places in west Michigan that really had anything to do with it on a four year degree, Michigan State University and Ferris, so Michigan State had more of an engineering and scientific, and I wanted more of a business and that‘s why I ended up basically at Ferris. 1:12 Interviewer: To back up a little bit, what did your family do for a living while you were growing up? My dad was a salesman for a butcher supply and eventually went into what they call—he did the spices like that, but it was custom and bulk. He worked for—sold to places like what was it, Farmer Peet's, processing plants, Kroger, did everything in carloads or tank loads. His territory was pretty much all of the Midwest from—he did all of Michigan down to Indiana and Ohio. Being German, he worked with a lot of the German sausage makers and stuff like that 1 �Interviewer: had he been in the service? Yes, he was in WWII. He happened to be in Germany and my grandparents came from Germany, and my grandfather worked as a foreman in the twenties and thirties in the furniture industry. He brought my grandmother in from Germany, and up until—even until she passed away-- she was in her nineties and still had a real broken German accent. 2:18 It was one hundred percent German on that side of the family. He ended up in the Aleutian Islands and when he finished with that he ended up in an airborne unit. He was an instructor in Fort Benning, and that‘s one reason I went to fort Benning for OCS. We both kind of relate to what he was back there then too. Interviewer: In the period there where you’re going to college, did you have much awareness of what was going on in Vietnam? Oh yeah, at Union High School I was in the ROTC for three years, so I was very familiar with what was going on at that time. 3:00 Interviewer: During your ROTC training, did you give any thought to enlisting? Yes I did, I thought that—the draft was going on, and that has always been my idea because we had talked before that, and I was always kind of thinking ahead what it‘s going to be like. I knew anybody that was going to get drafted, the first place they‘re going to go is Vietnam, and so I wanted to be prepared. I was probably that good Boy Scout and I wanted to make sure I had my bases covered, so I was at Union for my sophomore and junior year, and senior year, so basically I had three years in the ROTC. Basically that was basic training because I had all the—I knew how to march, I was on the rifle team, I was on the drill team, and did some color guard work at the basketball games and that kind of thing. 4:00 So, I was pretty much aware of what the military 2 �was at the time. But, that was one reason I wanted to go to college, first get my four year degree because I figured that once I was drafted and came back home—with the people coming back and what the situation was at the time, I‘d never finish up. I wanted to get my four year degree in, so basically I went in and got my exemption for college, and that‘s when I got drafted out of college. I was actually a junior, in my third year at Ferris. Interviewer: So, how was it that you could get drafted while you’re still in school? They give you four years to get a four year degree. Interviewer: Ok, because you switched? I transferred, and when you transfer, and I was in a two year and I was taking technical English, so I didn‘t have enough regular English, and that was kind of funny because I did finish up when I came back in November of 1968, and in February I was back up to Ferris for the winter term. 5:04 I was—in 1968 when they had all the race riots, I was up in the Starr Education Building taking a humanities class because they didn‘t have it at the—at the time they didn‘t have it at JC, and when I was going up to Ferris I was going into data processing, Business Administration, majoring in data processing. At that time it was so small that you took Data Processing 101 in the fall, you took Data Processing 102 in the winter term and in the spring term you took Data Processing 103. You couldn‘t take it in the spring because you couldn‘t take Data Processing 101 at that time, so you had to be taking a certain area at that time, so I had to give up a lot of the freshman classes, and when I reached my senior year, in order to graduate, I had to have humanities and all my social studies classes, so I ended up being twenty-two years old in a freshman class, in 1968, in the Starr Education Building, on one of the nights they had the race riots there. 6:12 3 �Interviewer: All right, so that’s after you’re back from Vietnam. I was going to back up to the other end of it, so basically you’ve had your four year deferment and that was, as far as the Army, done? Your draft board said, ―You‘ve had four years to get a four year degree‖, and that ended up being, probably, September of 1966, and I was drafted in December of 1966. Interviewer: Take us then through the process at that point. You get the draft notice and what’s the sequence of events in terms of induction and testing and all that stuff? Well, I knew pretty much what I was doing at that time, I was just doing—I was working at the Spartan Stores in the warehouse, and it was just more of a part time job, we were just loading trucks, and actually it was just a normal type thing and I just went home—we quit one night and I went home. 7:11 I packed my bags and my mother took me down to the bus station, and the Salvation Army gave me a little New Testament Bible, got on the bus, went to Detroit, did all my, whatever they do, the physical and everything, and we took a train down to—actually it was St. Louis, and we took a bus down to Fort Leonard Wood. I took my basic training down there, did everything for basic training there, I was thinking I was going to be there for two years and decided what I was going to do. I was down there in basic training and I saw all these guys coming back from Vietnam, and I thought the vast majority of them were pretty messed up. 8:02 There was no psychological evaluation for these guys or anything. Once they got their orders they just went and stuck them into some kind of basic training unit and the guys didn‘t know what to do with them, so they pretty much sat off to the side and they were pretty much sitting around day after day doing nothing. No one would have anything to do with 4 �them, so they pretty much sat off to the side, and they sat around day after day doing nothing, sitting around the day room or whatever and we were doing our training. We came back and I would maybe talk to some of the guys and getting some really pretty good advice from them. One guy I got a kick out of, he said, ―whatever you do, always take your field jacket‖. This was the wintertime when I was down there and everything, and he said, ―When you go to Vietnam they don‘t give you a field jacket. Everybody thinks its a hundred and twenty degrees, and sometimes it gets down to fifty degrees, and you think it‘s fifty degrees in Vietnam, you think it‘s going to snow‖, so I brought—that was one of the things I always brought with me. It‘s the best thing, especially in the monsoon season when at night it gets really, really cold and it gets awfully, awfully damp there. 9:04 Interviewer: Basically these were men who completed their two years, they had been drafted or whatever, they spent their year in Vietnam, and now they have to park them someplace for the last few months of their term? They‘re in there for two years, so you‘re spending eight weeks in basic training, another eight weeks in in the IT, they ship you to Vietnam, by the time you come back you got, probably, another four or five months to go, so what are they going to do with them. You couldn‘t put them in a regular unit for only three or four months, so what they were doing at that time was putting them in, like with training units. Well, you had a lot of company commanders, all they were was National Guard, and they didn‘t know how to deal with these guys. There was no way—like they process today, you go through probably two months of some type of therapy. For me, when I came back and went up to Ferris, the best thing for me was, we had a vets club up there, and there were about two hundred 5 �vets. 10:06 We got to talk and that and one guy said, ―I have these strange dreams and everything like that‖, and someone else would say ―you think those are strange, you ought to see what mine are like‖, and someone would say, ―that‘s nothing, you ought to see what I‘m having‖, and I‘m thinking, ―oh, we must be normal‖, because everybody was having these weird dreams, but it was post-traumatic stress, and at that time nobody knew what that was, or wouldn‘t tell you what it was. I think they knew, but wouldn‘t say. Interviewer: The military had been aware, even in WWII they were aware, that there were various kinds of effects. They weren’t quite sure what to do with it, and called it combat fatigue and so forth. They didn’t know what to do with it and there wasn’t much of any kind of a system for engaging it, they had to kind of figure it out as they went. Right, they just threw you out into the general public. Interviewer: To go back into your story, describe what life was like at Leonard Wood. 11:03 It was different because when we were down, Leonard was in the southern part of Missouri, and when I graduated from basic I stayed down there for combat engineering school. I wanted to get into demolition work, and when I was in basic I decided to go into OCS. I had this three or four month period I wanted to use up, so instead of using it on the back side, I‘ll go into Vietnam and instead I‘ll use it on the front side, so I thought, ―I‘ll go to OCS‖ because at the time you could sign up for it. The thing I wanted—I said, ―Can I quit anytime‖? If I signed up for it I‘d want to be—they said, ―Oh, no problem, as long as you‘ll sign up, you‘re still in for two years by the time you‘ve graduated, once 6 �you graduate you have to re- up for four more years‖. 12:01 ―That‘s no problem on that‖, so I figured I‘d go—and one the reason I wanted to go in there is you‘re trained by Rangers in patrolling and guerrilla tactics, you fire every weapon in infantry inventory, I could call in artillery, I could call in air strikes, the whole nine yards, so that‘s what I wanted to do. So, I passed the test and you had to have and infantry MOS, so I was already down in Fort Leonard Wood, so I said, ―Can‘t I just go into Combat Engineering?‖ That was no problem really, and even down there we were getting a lot of people from the hills of Kentucky and Tennessee, and you have to remember this is 1968 and it was for me really a culture shock, because coming from the West Side of Grand Rapids, and in 1968 we were having all these race riots, that was bad enough. 13:04 1966,1967 and 1968 they were all in-- and people-- and that was another thing, some of my best friends, even in Vietnam were black and I came home and all these people said they were having race riots in Vietnam and I said, ―no‖, and that was really throwing me off when I came back because people were looking at the news and said they knew what was going on from the five o‘clock news, and they didn‘t know anything, it was completely the opposite. I don‘t know who was feeding these various news media or where they were coming up with this. Interviewer: So, you were training alongside people from all parts of the country, and there were black soldiers etc. there. Were there white southerners there as well? Oh, very much Interviewer: What kind of dynamic was there between the southerners and the black soldiers? 14:01 7 �Actually it wasn‘t that bad. There was to a certain extent, and I think it was more—I don‘t know if it was more with the southerners, they—I don‘t know how to explain it on that, it was different. There was a tension between them more than anything else. There was no aggression like, ―I hate you‖, or that. I think what everybody did—we all trained together and when we went back to the barracks everybody went in their own groups, and it actually ended up more like cliques. You had the black clique, you had the southern clique, and you had us with the northern white clique basically, that‘s how it ended up. Interviewer: Did the drill instructors just treat everybody the same or was there a difference? Pretty much the same, I never had that much in both basic and AIT, but the thing is, we were so busy you rarely ran into problems. 15:04 It was not so much at night because everybody was tired because they ran you eight to ten hours a day and more was on week-ends especially towards the end of the program. They give you more time to go off base, so everybody left, they couldn‘t wait, so everybody just left and came back on Sunday night, so even at that I didn‘t have that much of a problem in the barracks or anything like that at that time. Interviewer: If you went off base, out of Leonard Wood, what was there? There was nothing in Leonard Wood. It‘s nothing like if you had to go up to St. Louis or something, that would probably be a little different, but there wasn‘t really that much going on around there. That‘s what they call ―lost in the woods‖ because there‘s nothing down there. Interviewer: Like Joplin or something? 16:00 8 �Yeah, in fact one time we—one of the guys in our unit was, and I can‘t think of it, just a little town down there and we went down there, and we‘re northerners and we‘re going down to these southern people, and they just welcomed us. We were eating all this southern food and I didn‘t know what it was. Some of it was Opossum and Raccoon, and I said, ―This is better than the food we had there at camp‖. My idea of a diet is a see-food diet. I see the food and I eat it, so I wasn‘t that fussy about what I had to eat, I was having a good time down there. Interviewer: So you have the basic now. Was the basic training fairly easy for you to adjust to? Yes, because I had three years in ROTC. That was just—that was nothing. I was in a drill team, I had the rifle team and everything, and in fact, I went in in December and they gave us leave for Christmas for about ten days, but by the time we came back it was almost two weeks or well into January. 17:03 When we came back everybody forgot what they were taught the couple weeks before that, so I helped the drill sergeant out with that. These guys from—a lot of these southern guys didn‘t know how to drill; they didn‘t know their left from their right. You‘re supposed to start out with your left foot and they‘re starting out with their right foot, so what I did, and they would come up and ask me because I knew my drill, ―Would I take a couple?‖ Most of the guys in the unit, and there were about thirty of us in there, and there were about five or six that just weren‘t getting it. In fact, they had to learn how to do their left and their right by taking a garbage can cover and putting it in their right hand and telling them, ―This is your right, you start out with your left foot and do this, and then you go to your right where the garbage can cover is‖. So, when we came back, we were getting so far behind with what 9 �they had to have to graduate, they gave me some time to work with some of these southerners. 18:06 I knew some of these drill things, and actually, once we got going on it there, they were kind of smart and picked up on it. I looked around and said, ―We got some time to kill around here‖, so I taught them some of these drill movements like the drill team used and instead of taking the right shoulder arm we take it and rotate it and throw it up on there, so we went out there a couple times and they said, ―What did you teach these guys?‖ Interviewer: Your Advanced Individual Training, did you do that at Leonard Wood also? Yes, Combat Engineering Interviewer: That was the engineering part? Yes Interviewer: So, what are they actually teaching you then at that stage? Actually a little bit of everything because Combat Engineer is pretty much of a broad thing, almost like an infantry thing, and you learn everything from—in infantry you got, you know, learning how to run a machine gun, individual weapons, 45‘s and that type of thing. 19:04 Well, we did a lot of bridge building and that, that‘s what they do. We make a lot of—our main job was up in, even in Vietnam, we opened up the landing zones, built all the security, what we call the green lines, put out all the barbed wire, all the mines, we used a lot of Claymore mines, put out all the foo gas and this type of thing out there. So, we learned a lot of that, and while I was waiting for my orders for OCS they had a class just on demolitions and mines, and they had an area on trip wires and 10 �how to find trip wires and deactivate the mines and everything, so that was a specialty there. Interviewer: Now, were they gearing this very much towards the things that you would be doing in Vietnam? Yes, very much, a hundred percent. Interviewer: Were you being taught by people who had been there or not yet? 20:04 Well, these were older NCO‘s and a lot of them were from Korea and that type of thing. Interviewer: So, you complete this and as part of the master plan to not go to Vietnam right away. Now you go from AIT into OCS? Infantry officer school Interviewer: And where do they send you for that? Fort Benning, Georgia, on that, that was the infantry school down there. Interviewer: Was the base basically the same kind of place as Leonard Wood? No, this was a whole different ball game. The bigger town of Columbus down there in Georgia had—it was a whole different thing down there. It was the airborne school, they had the ranger school there and it was probably ten times bigger than what Leonard Wood was. Actually, it was quite small, like I said Fort Lawson was out in the middle of nowhere. Interviewer: What was the actual curriculum like, what were you doing? 21:03 Well, you were—the first twelve weeks it was just basic and twelve to eighteen weeks you were intermediate and then after eighteen to twenty-one weeks you were a senior, and that‘s when you wore a kind of infantry blue thing and walked everything. You were 11 �basically like a 3rd Lieutenant, and that‘s when you had to learn to be an officer. Everything from basic—intermediate was strictly—you learned how to fire every weapon in the infantry inventory, you called mortars—fired—called in air strikes, called in different artillery and that‘s all I concentrated on. All this other harassment, especially in basic, they—we were running everywhere, and in Georgia the summer of 1967 it‘s eighty degrees out there with eighty or ninety percent humidity and all the marches and all. 22:08 They ran us all pretty good there the first sixteen or eighteen weeks we were there. Interviewer: So, this was more intense than what your basic had been? Yes, very much Interviewer: At that stage were you being trained by people who had been to Vietnam? No, like I said, my tac officer, his name was Lieutenant Hughes, they called him ―Hughes horrible‖, and he wasn‘t in Vietnam, but he had just finished his Ranger and airborne training and he was a 1st Lieutenant. The company commander was actually from Germany. He came to the United States and enlisted or whatever and we never found out how much training he had. 23:07 He had a lot of infantry training in Germany. I don‘t know what his career credentials were or anything like that. The other officers, I think two of them had just graduated themselves from OCS and they were waiting to go into Ranger training, so we never had anybody, at that time, in our unit that had been to Vietnam. Interviewer: Now, in the training itself, did they try to simulate situations you would encounter in Vietnam? 12 �Where we got the training, where I enjoyed it, we were trained by Rangers, and that‘s where we got the nitty gritty, it was the training. They took us a couple times to the southern part of Georgia where the swamps and the low parts are. 24:02 They put you down there probably for about two or three—I think one was about ten days down there, the big training down there. They had what they call lane graders and every once in a while you would look around and it was a different guy, and what the idea was, you could see them, but they couldn‘t talk to you or converse with you, they were just there to observe. You ended up with a radio and some mortars and there were different exercises that you had to do. Then for re-supply they tell you to go to a certain area and that‘s where you got your water, your food, additional information, and then you got orders for the next exercise and what to do, and what the next mission was going to be. Once in a while what they do is they booby trap it, he‘s dead, he‘s dead and that type of thing, so we got kind of tired of that. 25:00 Being a demolition specialist, I just came through that class there, not that I had any big explosions or anything, I just had small ones from anti-lift devices that went bang and that type of thing, so I kind of looked around and found an anti-lift device is just like a mouse trap, you pick the thing up, the thing goes up and goes bang on it. If you stick a wire down through that thing you keep it from going up, so we just picked up the thing we wanted to go out and I reset the booby traps and booby trapped the guys that picked up on it, so we just put another box in and pulled the wire out. Interviewer: So, in general, how long did you actually stay in officer training? About fifteen or sixteen--the idea when I first went in there was I was only going to be in there about eight to ten weeks and then leave, but the longer I was there I figured this 13 �might not be too bad. I had my uniform and everything all ordered and about the sixteenth or seventeenth week I woke up and thought, ―What am I doing? The bottom line is I was going to be here four years‖. 26:10 I was still interested in going back to school and finishing up and I didn‘t want to make the military a career, but I was in the top five percent of my class and they didn‘t want you to go. If you were on the bottom five percent they were glad to get rid of you because by the eighteenth week they had weeded out a lot of people. I would say a good twenty-five to thirty percent of our class was gone by the eighteenth week. I put my letter of resignation in and of course they were giving me all kinds of a hard time, talking to the battalion commander and everything and the only way I got out of it was, I went to the company commander one night and I just basically told him, I said, ―Sir, basically going through all of this I finally realized the difference is between the Boy Scouts of America and the United States Army‖, and he said, ―What‘s that?‖ I said, ―At least the Boy Scouts of America has adult leadership‖, and that little German turned into a real German. 27:09 His Captain's bars there turned into SS‘s, and he said, ―out‖, and I ran out the door, went past my--all the people around there, up the stairs and I was gone bag and baggage the next morning out there. I ended up in an airborne holding company to wait for my orders and that took about two weeks, I had about a two week leave and then I went to Vietnam. Interviewer: How do they physically get you out to Vietnam? Well, I met a friend of mine, John Tegmeyer, he was in New York, so I spent—I had two weeks, so I spent a week home, a little more than that, and I went with him for a weekend and we went out of New Jersey. 28:05 What‘s that one in New Jersey? I can‘t remember the name right now. 14 �Interviewer: Do you mean the airport? No, no, the base Interviewer: Fort Dix? No, that‘s in California Interviewer: Fort Dix is in New Jersey. Fort Ord is in California. Ok, it was Fort Dix then, and we got on a plane there and went up to Anchorage, Alaska, went over Yokohama, and then over to Bien Hoa. Interviewer: Now, were these all military aircraft? No, this was civilian; I think it was charter, Tiger Airline we went over on. Interviewer: What was you first impression of Vietnam when you landed there? Oh, the smell. We walked off there and it was November of 1967 and the heat and humidity and just the smell. The guys were telling us, one of the guys I was going over there with was a Korean War vet and he was a medic and said he had been in Korea, and he has been in Japan and this was his second tour in Vietnam. 29:11 he said, ―This is the dirtiest country I have ever been in‖. We walked out and even just everything smelled like everything was decaying. That was my first impression of it. Interviewer: Now, you get off the airplane and what happens to you? We got on these buses, and it was kind of interesting, they were just regular buses, but they were all OD and they had barbed wire, not barbed wire, but all the windows were all fenced off. Then we went into a holding company and we were there about a week or so just to acclimate ourselves because in November up north it was pretty cold there at Fort Dix. 30:01 We just did a bunch of little odd ball things like we would collect things 15 �from a supply unit, pick-up things and take them to different PX‘s, picked up food and took it to the different mess halls and that type of thing. Interviewer: Was there any kind of specialized gear or equipment they were issuing to you, or just the regular stuff? No, pretty much everything I had. I thought I was going to have it pretty much made. I was supposed to go originally to the artillery unit south of Saigon, so I figured being a combat engineer there isn‘t that much to do in those areas, and I figured I would just be filling sandbags and working around the area just doing things like that. I didn‘t think that would be too bad and maybe I could get into Saigon a few times like that. Well, that didn‘t last long. I was waiting for my orders then and that‘s when I found out—they cut my orders to go to the 1st Cavalry, and I said, ―Where‘s the 1st Cav?‖ 31:05 They said, ―Well, that‘s up in the Central Highlands and that‘s where all the action is‖, and I thought, ―Oh, brother, you might know‖. Interviewer: Where did you actually then go? From Bien Hoa I went to An Khe and that‘s where the 8th Engineers headquarters were. They had what they called a charm school and being in the 1st Cav everything was done by helicopters and that‘s where we learned how to rappel out of helicopters. They had a big tower on that and they sent you out for a day or a night. You would go out and there were about twelve of us in a unit and we would stay out overnight. We set out our trip flares and everything like that and came back. That lasted about a week or so, and then shipped out to Bong Son, up to Camp Evans. 32:05 Interviewer: Where in Vietnam is Camp Evans located? On a map, where would it be? 16 �It‘s right along the east—the northern part of the Central Highlands. More along the east side, we were right off QL-1. Interviewer: Is that then where you were based out of? For that portion of the time, I ended up in the headquarters company and they put me out in another unit, I think it was B Company and it was working with the 173rd Airborne [Brigade], and that‘s where I ended up in a little bit of trouble. Like we were talking before--up until that point they were drafting people-- they were drafting people out of the ghetto and everybody they could get. 33:06 By the time myself and everybody else, that‘s when I found out while I was in my holding company at Fort Benning, I thought I was the only one doing this. Well, there were about twelve of us in the unit that felt the same way, everybody quit and was ready to get their orders for Vietnam. Unlike today, and that‘s why I don‘t think they‘ll have another draft. There are many reasons why they don‘t have a draft today and I‘m one of them, just one of them. I went into the unit and I went up to the platoon sergeant and the platoon leader, and the platoon leader at that time was a 2nd lieutenant and he came out of Fort Belvedere, and he‘s strictly an engineer. 34:06 I came out of Fort Leonard Wood, so I knew a lot more than he did, so I came up to him and to put it nicely, I said, ―Don‘t mess up because I will take over‖. Interviewer: You told him that? I told him that Interviewer: And you’re a private at this point. Yeah, I‘m an E-3on him, and we were having a—it wasn‘t really going over that great, and a couple days later, in the company area, a unit of the 173nd, a platoon, was like a lost platoon and they were getting hit pretty hard. They didn‘t have anybody that was 17 �close enough to get in there. They wanted somebody—the 1st Cav, and we had to rappel in there because it was a double and triple canopy jungle in there. 35:03 So, the way they—I forgot what unit it was—they took the platoon leader, the platoon sergeant, myself and three or four other guys. I had never been on—this was my first combat thing and I didn‘t have a clue to what was going on. Everybody else was pretty well seasoned. To make a long story short, we were coming in and we had to rappel in. The idea for us to get in there we needed some combat engineers to blow out an area, a landing zone, to get the wounded and everything out. We‘re coming in there and we had to make two trips and there‘s usually about five or six choppers in there, and when you rappel out only four people can go out, and there are eight or ten people in there. When you rappel all four have to go off at the same time because the plane is going up and down. 36:05 so, I didn‘t realize it, but when you--they had it all planned out, but I‘m coming in on a second thought on this thing here. I was sitting in the doorway, they give the thumbs up to get ready, we had a Swiss seat on with a D-ring and I hook up, I‘m out on a line and everybody is kind of looking at me like, ―What are you doing?‖ They give the signal to go, so I go down. Well, I didn‘t realize it that they were going to make another pass and they want the infantry to go down first, clear out the area and everything and come in. We were considered what they call a log ship, usually your second or third back in the line and that‘s why they had the four extra guys and they wanted in. We were supposed to go around and then the company engineers are supposed to go down in it, and they were supposed to have it all cleared out. 37:01 Well, I went down there and fortunately I ended up in a little valley and I had my pack and my M-16 and all I saw were green tracers just going over my nose and that. This Lieutenant said, ―Ok trooper, don‘t move‖, 18 �and I thought, ―oh, I‘m not moving out of this thing, not here‖. The next thing, they came in with ARA and gunships and they were just literally thirty feet off the ground, in fact, when the ARA goes the 2.75 rocket‘s about equivalent to a 105 round. Well, every time one of those rounds are going off the ground would shake, and I‘m going up and down and these tracers are going over the top of me. They finally got them pretty much cleared and the tracers all stopped, so everybody had to get up and go on it. So, they‘re taking this little hill, positions where the NVA were in there, 38:09 and the sergeant, platoon sergeant, told me, he said, ―Ed, stay behind me on that‖, once they went through there we had to basically clean up and make sure nobody was around there or anything like that. I said, ―What?‖ He said, ―We don‘t take any prisoners here‖, because we didn‘t have enough time to go back, because we had to go back to the 173rd and clear out an area. So, I‘m going and making sure no one is there and right afterwards he comes up to me and he said, ―you‘re just wasting ammunition‖, and I said, ―what do you mean?‖ He said, ―That severed head there that you were shooting at‖, and I said, ―Well, yeah‖, and he said, ―That was just a waste of ammunition‖. I thought he was just kidding and after a while I—because while we were going up there I saw this severed head and the eyes were open, and at that time the only dead person I ever saw was in a funeral home with their eyes closed. 39:04 So, you had to make a split decision like that, so I‘m going like that bang, bang, bang. Interviewer: You saw a head and didn’t think about the fact that there was nothing attached to it. Yeah, so I just blew it away and kept right on going, and all of a sudden this thing started—and I‘m on my down spiral pretty much from then on. That‘s why after a while 19 �you get to a point where life doesn‘t really mean that much and everything. You have to remember we had a lot of the mini guns, we had 227 and everything, well they‘re going out at three or four hundred rounds a minute, well, do you know what a body, what it looks like when it gets hit with a hundred rounds in one second? It turns into a red mist. Interviewer: You really hadn’t had any exposure to any of this kind of stuff and there it was, just all of a sudden? Just like that and all of a sudden I‘m being chewed out for shooting a severed head. 40:05 ―You‘re wasting ammunition‖ Interviewer: Did you get to what you were actually supposed to do? Did you get to be an engineer at that point? That was the other thing on it, 1st Lieutenant said, ―Well you‘re the engineer aren‘t you, eh, trooper?‖ They called us troopers, and he grabbed me and he said, ―I want the landing zone right over there‖, and I had the det cord and some of the blasting caps and everything so I started—what you do on that is, it was real thin trees and you wrap det cord, C4, only in cord, and you put it around and wherever you wrap it the second time is where it blows off and that‘s where the tree falls, so you can control on it. I‘m going around and in the meantime the other engineers were coming down there and they had to come to me to find out what was going on. Well, here‘s the platoon sergeant and the 1st Lieutenant come to me and I‘m telling them exactly what to do. 41:05 Well, that didn‘t go over very good, so a couple of days later, bag and baggage I went back to headquarters, to the company at Camp Evans. Interviewer: So, they felt like you were showing them up? 20 �Well, I—yeah, I guess. They just didn‘t go over that well on it, and see you have to remember too that draftees were basically a second class set, you ain't going to have— these were regular army officers on it and they aren‘t going to have some draftee, an E3, telling them what to do. Interviewer: Even though you had been assigned to go do it, right? Yeah, well—you know, but it‘s not—we didn‘t have a confrontation at the time. I told them what to do and when I found out later I talked to the company commander and everything, so he said, ―You‘re not going to work out here too well‖, so I said, ―Don‘t mess up because I‘m going to stay in corps‖, so that‘s basically what we did. 42:02 At another time we went out, we‘re usually one of the first ones out in the area, especially if we‘re making landing zones, we‘re engineers. Like on D-Day, actually combat engineers were the first to land on the thing to take out all the obstacles. In Vietnam, especially in the air cav‘s, especially in the landing zones, we were the first ones in, and we blew out the area, or cleaned it out and put in oppositions for whatever, the artillery or the mortars and everything and then we set up the perimeters and everything. The first one, when I had my own demolition team, was the Lieutenant came in there and we got on the ground and everything and with—everybody has to work, because--like at the time I was E-4 or if somebody‘s E-5. 43:07 That‘s what I liked about the 1st Cav, or actually being in the U.S. Army and everything, rank really didn‘t—when it gets to a point like that it really doesn‘t matter. We went out and we were a team and everybody had their own job and we had demolition people, but usually what you did was you only want one or two people doing demolition work because there‘s only certain ways—and you don‘t have too many chances to make mistakes, you only have one chance at making one mistake, or 21 �something like that and you don‘t want to do that. So, generally, and especially the teams that I had, there was just two people that did the demolition work and we did everything else to clean the area out. When we set up the C-4 we had different—we had kinds, we had linear charges and we had regular C-4 bricks and usually det cord that was C-4, just depending on what the situation was and what you wanted for how big it was. 44:11 To set it all off we used ten cap blasting machines. We never used fuses or anything like that because we wanted something that if it didn‘t work right away we could go and check it. If you used fuses you had to usually wait like an hour or forty-five minutes and go and check the thing out, so everything was all—what we did was work off ten caps blasting machines. To make the blasting caps—they came in a little box about that big and came all wrapped up with wire and it took time because you had to take each individual one out, take it apart, and it only took about a half of an anth to blow a cap up, so what you had to do is put the wires together and basically shorten it out. 45:01 So, the lieutenant would usually work on that and that‘s when he told me, ―Well, I‘m an officer and I don‘t have to work‖. I said, ―I wouldn‘t be sitting around here‖. He was just out of OCS and I said, ―Sir, you‘re going to have to‖, and I said, ―Ok, there‘s a tree over there, just sit down‖. Well, up there we had all kinds—the biggest thing of all up there was snipers, and if you‘re a sniper and you‘re up in a tree and you see all these guys running around working and you see somebody sitting off to the side, who‘s going to be your first target? You figure it‘s going to be that officer. 46:00 We‘re working and the way I treated snipers, I learned this in—that‘s one of the reasons I wanted to go to OCS—it‘s what they call the ―crack and thud method‖. Interviewer: Which is? 22 �This is the first time you hear—you never hear—I‘ve always used this and everybody I‘ve tried to explain this to never heard this thing on it. Anyway, the first thing you hear is the crack of the bullet going overhead, the second sound is the rifle going off. You put the two together it gives you the direction. Then you take a quick count, you go 1, 2,3,4,5 and that tells you how many hundreds of yards, or in this case, how many hundreds of meters, it‘s a different sound. So, you try to train your guys because you have to count it really fast. We were out maybe two hundred meters or something like that, or three hundred and that will tell you the direction and everything on it. 47:01 Then when we did our pre-op of the area, I worked with the artillery. When I was in OCS I had a seeker security and I could go with the division artillery and I could set up different targets, 1,2,3,4,5 and we used variable time, that‘s what they call ―Victor Tango‖ variable time. That‘s where a round goes off about three feet in the air. Did you watch the Band of Brothers when they were in the Ardennes Forest with those rounds going off, those air bursts? Well, can you imagine being a sniper? That‘s how we got rid of our snipers. Interviewer: Basically, you figured out where they were, estimate a distance and direction, and then you can call in artillery? Yeah, we can call in artillery, and we had two M-60 machine guns, we always carried two M-60 machine guns and everybody gets to---when we hear the shot, everybody‘s making the quick count. 48:08 I‘ve got two and a half, I‘ve got three, so were figuring two and a half to three hundred meters out and usually that‘s where they were anyway. Then I get on the horn for the artillery and the way I worked was that the battery, I like to use a three tube battery and I say, target five, one round or one tube, target five, second 23 �round, one click to the left and the third round, maybe another up one, so we kind of cover with three rounds in there. Usually ninety nine percent of the time it gets most of them because it will blow them right out of the trees. They come down and you take an M-60 machine gun, one on each side, keep it eighteen inches off the ground because usually they bounce and we didn‘t even have to go and clean them up. 49:04 Interviewer: A highly specialized technique. I know, we used this all the time and nobody on it, so by the time you‘re all done and headed back home, you bring him back in a body bag. You got a 2nd Lieutenant with a bullet in the head. Interviewer: Let’s try to go and put together your sequence here. Initially, you’re sent out and you’re assigned to 1st Cav with the 8th Engineer Battalion, and you’re assigned to support the 173rd Brigade, and that’s where you don’t fit in. Then you’re back to Headquarters Company? I came back to headquarters and the way the 8th Engineers are is with the 1st Cav, we didn‘t have a brigade, because a lot of times they‘ll have three battalions to a brigade and the brigade goes in. We were the only engineering unit in the 1st Cav that was a Battalion. 50:06 We had three maneuvering companies with the three brigades. Company A went with the 1st Brigade, Company B went with the 2nd Brigade and Company C went with the 3rd Brigade, and then we had headquarters and Headquarter s Company was in support of the whole division. So, I ended up coming back and basically they didn‘t know what to do with me and the only nice saving grace was when I was going to college I was doing some computer programing. At that time we had eighty column cards. Well, the only way you could get an eighty column card was by knowing 24 �how to type, so I had to take a typing class. Well, in 1968 and there‘s no women in the unit and nobody knew how to type. Here I had all this training and everything, so I ended up basically in personnel. Basically it was personnel in S3, supply, and I did a lot of clerk typing. 51:06 Here again we were in general support of the division, so I kind of went out when they had to have a specialty for whatever reason. Go out when they needed something right away and that‘s why I like to say I ended up being like a janitor. They had a job or something to clean-up that‘s what I usually ended up doing, depending on what they had to do. I did little small jobs like that. Interviewer: What kind of job assignments would that be? Basically starting out in—well, most of my time was right after the Tet Offensive, we were up at the DMZ up there, and actually in the summer of 1968 we had—a lot of people don‘t realize it, but we had it fairly easy—once the Tet Offensive and Khe Sanh was over, our main job was to watch the Ho Chi Minh Trail. 52:01 Like I say, after the Tet Offensive people don‘t realize, we actually won the war, and in fact, the mentality at that time was it was just a matter of cleaning this thing up because after the Tet Offensive you never heard of the Viet Cong, we basically wiped them off the face of the earth. Most of the big units ended up like small guerilla units, and it took them pretty many four years to even mount another large attack like that again. So, our main job was just to keep—well, we had long range recon patrol, rangers going out checking out the—along the ocean port and everything. Once in a while we‘d get called—one time they called and it was a suspected prison holding POW‘s in it. 53.02 We had to go and clean them out, or on it, and they usually did their own demo work, but they didn‘t have enough people, so I, it was like one of those last minute jobs, went out there and helped them. It 25 �was just a small village and we just cleaned that out and made sure everything was—got all the intel they wanted out of it and I just kind of booby trapped it, like on a door, put a shaped charge about head high and when flipped it would take a head off. I took a lot of—one I liked doing was, because they always used fireplaces again, I took a C4 in a chimney off to the side and run det cord and used a little fuse down below, and when they started a fire that thing would go up there and blow the hooch up. Interviewer: You’re basically going to places the enemy had used for bases and that kind of thing, and they run away when you show up? 54:05 Yeah, yeah, and they had this incredible intelligence that American POW‘s were in there and they said they needed some volunteers and I said, ―Well, I‘ll do that one‖. Interviewer: Did they find any Americans? No, as far as I know they didn‘t. By the time I was always there, I talked to the guys they said they thought they took them out. This was right after the Tet Offensive and there were a lot of POW‖s and they were figuring they were trying to work them out and back up to-Interviewer: Move them out of the area. Let’s back up to the Tet Offensive itself. The time that happened, where are you and what are you doing when that starts? So, it’s early 1968, Khe Sanh is already going at that point. Yeah, that‘s another thing; I never knew where Khe Sanh was. When we were in Camp Evans the whole division was going to pick up and go up to the DMZ. About twelve thousand guys, we just picked up and all headed up north. 55:00 We were going land, sea and air, so I was with the Headquarters Company at the time and we took a convoy down to Qui Nhon, which was about thirty five miles south of us. Went down there and 26 �got onto a LST, they loaded us onto one of those big LST‘s, took the LST up to Da Nang, got off at Da Nang, took a convoy—we were going to go—the unit I was on, we were going to go up to Camp Evans, that‘s thirty eight miles from the DMZ, it was an old Marine base camp. Well, on the way up we had to go through Hue. We went through Hue and we stopped just north of it and we were told by the battalion commander there was another convoy coming up in a day or two and they needed some guys to help them with conexes because they had to ship them or put them on trailers or use different-Interviewer: What is a conex? 56:03 Conex are basically big storage units, metal storage units just like they put on ships only smaller. Interviewer: Small metal containers. Yes, metal containers, they call them conex. There was myself and I think there were three equipment operators; we had a battalion barber, a couple clerks on that. So, they got us on a Jeep and went back to the MACV compound and that was the night before the Tet Offensive. We‘re lying around and, in fact, I was going on guard duty and that‘s basically when the Tet Offensive started on that. Interviewer: Now, the headquarters that you’re with, is that in the city of Hue? No, that was—there‘s two parts of Hue, the older part where the citadel and everything else was the old city and just south of the Perfume River is basically what they call the new Hue. 57:10 Interviewer: Is that where you were? That‘s where I was. The MACV compound is the Military Advisory Command and it was almost like an Embassy. In Hue, and I found out later on that, was very lightly 27 �defended because they always said—the old Hue was centuries old, and from what I understand there was a mutual agreement that Hue was going to try to keep that intact. There was very little, I think there was only one unit, one unit, ARVN unit, that was really in charge of the area. MACV compound was more of a—like an Embassy, it had a wall around it and it had a couple of buildings for offices and dormitories. 58:06 Even Australians used that for their play in there and the only saving grace was that they had an armory in there. The used that for their base of operations when they were up in—I never worked with them, but I know—when we were there we didn‘t even see any Australian officers or unit, but that was their headquarters. Interviewer: So, basically what happens at the point when the attack starts? Well, I was going on guard duty and there was three captains for the Air Force, they flew reconnaissance planes, and in the old city, the airport there, they had their base. They were reconnaissance and they were stationed out of there and they stayed in the MACV compound. Like I said, there were dormitories and mess halls and everything like that. Interviewer: So, you’re on guard duty and what happens? 59:06 Basically hell breaks loose and everything. One of the captains, he knocks out one of the VC that was coming in and you have to remember it was the MACV compound and we had a set of officers, intelligence officers and that type of thing, a lot of clerks and myself and a couple of heavy equipment operators and that was the only thing that ever saw any combat. So, that night we got everybody all together, surrounded what we could. We got into the armory, or the Australian armory in there, and got whatever weapons we could and surrounded the whole thing and we basically held the thing for that night. 00:01 28 �Interviewer: What kind of physical defenses did you have? The compound had a wall? It was just a small wall; you could look over the top of it. It wasn‘t to hold anything; it was more of a decorative wall than anything else. Interviewer: Did you have barbed wire or anything around you? It was just a wall? It was just a wall and you‘re hanging and in order to sit on it, there were no guard posts, we were just—you had to kneel down and put—and you didn‘t want to look over the wall that much. Interviewer: About how many people were attacking you initially? At the time we didn‘t know. Actually, like we were talking about before, I knew war was bad, but until afterwards, I didn‘t really know how bad it was. The people we had on it, they had sapper units and everything around there. Interviewer: So I guess basically you—what was the initial indication something was happening? Oh yeah, one of the gunnery sergeants went up to take a look around to see what was going on and he got a bullet in the head. 1:11 It didn‘t take too long to figure things were going—you have to remember, at that time we knew something might happen, because even at Christmas we were in Bong Son, we were on guard duty, and they doubled the guards because they knew something was—like they say credible intelligence, something big was going to happen. In Bong Son, I remember, on Christmas Eve I was sitting behind an M60 machine gun listening to—they had a chopper up there with Christmas carols. 29 �Interviewer: So the sergeant gets shot, or whatever, and was that the first warning? Pretty much, yeah—the first night we—actually the first wave came in and we pushed them back and then there was kind of a lull. 2:10 Over in the old city you could hear, I mean we could hear what was going on, that was—they weren‘t all just coming for us, it was in the whole city and mainly in the old city, and you could hear all the civilians yelling and screaming, all the gunfire and everything going on over there, but we didn‘t know what was going on exactly at that time. The next morning I talked to one of the gunnery sergeants, Marine gunnery sergeants, and he was kind of white and he was—I think he knew more of what was going on because they had the communications at that time, and I think they knew by eight or nine o‘clock that next morning, I think they had a pretty good idea, but they weren‘t sending anything on that to us. 3:03 I was talking to one gunnery sergeant and I said, ―Well, how bad is it? What‘s going on?‖ He said, ―Well, were going to have to defend the area and were going to have to go where the buildings are down there‖, because that‘s where the snipers, or NVA and VC were going. He said, ―To protect ourselves we‘re going to have to go and clear these areas out‖. Interviewer: So, what kind of force did you have to go and do that with? I told you, there were about two hundred of us and nobody had that kind of combat experience and nobody had street fighting or urban experience on that, so we had to do it by anyway we could. So, by that time I was an E3, I think I just got to E4, anyway, they put one of the heavy equipment operators, and he was an E5, no E6. 4:02 ―Sergeant James you‘re an E6, you‘re in charge, I want to see you to go out and clear that building out‖ and he goes ―I don‘t have—I‘m an equipment operator‖, and he was a black guy and he just went white. I told the sergeant, ―Don‘t worry about it‖. When I was in OCS one 30 �of the things they gave us was a short—one of the things we had to go through was how to take a fortified position, and the only thing I remember back then is they gave it to us like in WWII. You never went through a door and you never went through a window. Like if you‘re going to kick a door down or something and there is going to be a guy with a machine gun on the back end of it. These were like two stories with big, flat windows on it. Well, I went into the armory there and fortunately they had some Claymore mines and some grenades, and they also had 12 gauge sawed off shotguns with military loads. 5:04 Sixteen‘s, I realized, weren‘t—because if a sniper or NVA come out and you were there and I shoot him or they come between us, I could also hit you. That‘s why I said, ―Let‘s grab these 12 Gauge shotguns‖. I didn‘t know what a 12 gauge with military load was. I shot shotguns before, but I didn‘t know how powerful these were until I started using it. They started kicking down doors and everything. Marines took one side and we took the other side of the street. I said, ―We‘re not going to start kicking down doors‖, so what I did was we went up to the top, to the roof, and we took grenades and Claymores, bored a hole in the roof and jumped down there, or made a hole and dropped the grenade down there and then dropped down there and cleaned out the room there and took the shotgun and blew a hole inside the walls to the other side and threw a grenade and kind of worked our way down. 6:02 Actually, it worked out really well. It worked out really well because they didn‘t know what we were going to do and it really surprised them because. From what I understand later on, they were training to do this. The Vietcong, months before, they had everything, all the equipment, all the stuff and they were training, and waiting for us to come in. So, we ended up putting M60‘s on each side and as we were jumping out the windows there, and that‘s how we cleaned them out. So, 31 �after the first day we came back and the Marines, they were all shot up and everything and I never lost a guy. Then we came back from there and we got it cleaned out again. Then the trouble is, then we came back in, we had to stand guard again, so everybody was on the walls all night long. Interviewer: Did they try to attack the compound? No, not really, we got—the problem here again was with the snipers. Basically we owned the area at daytime and at night we came out. Interviewer: They weren’t bringing in a large unit trying to storm the place? 7:04 No, I didn‘t get the thing on there, I think what they were more interested in—I think, in retrospect, they thought they could run us over the first night and they couldn‘t. Interviewer: So, there was no plan B? No plan B, and you have to remember, and what I always found about the NVA, they were very, very regimented. They did this, they did that, even when they went to attack an outpost, they practiced it, and practiced it, and practiced it, and this is the way—they went into a form, or a V or whatever, and that‘s why I found out if you could break that formation up, whatever they were doing, that‘s where you could get your edge from, and I think that‘s what we did that night, or the next couple days, because it took, before we were relieved, I think it was three or four days. Before a regular Marine unit came up and relieved us, so we did this for about three days. 8:08 Interviewer: Basically you’re attacked at night, the next day you go out; you chase them out of the building, you go after—but then after do you go out again to do the same thing? Yes, only this time we didn‘t have to blow the wall out. 32 �Interviewer: So, you’re trying to clear out the area? We didn‘t have enough force to hold them, so we had to go back to MACV compound and they said, to just hold them until we get some relief and reinforcements. Well, everybody else from Da Nang all the way up—in my unit its self, I found out later, they went up to Camp Evans, and at Camp Evans they were just out in a big field. They didn‘t even have any wire out at the time the Tet Offensive started. The only fortunate thing for them was that the NVA didn‘t realize what was happening at the time. 9:03 But, that‘s what happened with Quang Tri and they were trying to get with Khe Sanh, and that was a different scenario, but basically at the same time. Interviewer: When you do get relieved, who shows up first? The Marines and it‘s kind of funny because they always took credit for everything up there anyway, so we might as well give them credit. Interviewer: Once that’s over, do you get to go back to your battalion? No, we fought our way out of there because you have to remember that lasted about three weeks. About three or four days into it, we‘re still doing this, even with the Marines in there. We were just kind of backing them up a little bit, and they said, ―You take this area‖, and that. 10:01 Sergeant James and I, one time we were—we got in this one building, went through the roof and everything on that and after a while they were, the NVA, were kind of getting an idea of what we were doing by coming through the roof and everything on that, and especially the hard part, we could always clear the top, but the second floor, we were throwing grenades down the steps and you could hear the metal grenade going down, so the grenade would go off and they would wait and then they would jump out. We were playing these cat and mouse games and everything, and this 33 �one house, it was a two story house and we went down through it, we were cleaning out, got two of the guys, two VC, and we found them in a closet and that‘s what I liked about the shot guns and everything—we cleaned out the closet pretty good with all the clothes and everything in it. 11:02 Some were down stairs and I said, ―Well, you don‘t want to throw a grenade down there, you can tell if someone is walking down a stairway‖. If you throw a grenade down you could hear the grenade coming down, so we got one of these dead ―gooks‖, and I said, ―I‘ll just throw him down there and we‘ll follow him down‖. Since I had a grenade—this was one of the biggest mistakes I made, I made a lot of mistakes in my life and this is probably one of the biggest ones, so I opened up the bottom of his pajamas and put the grenade in there and threw him down the steps. We cleaned it up, and we were—we found out too, things about a twelve gauge shotgun, they‘re hard to load with four or five rounds. You have to do it individually instead of putting a clip in there. So, by the time we got down to the bottom we were out of ammunition and we had to do hand to hand fighting. 12:01 Sergeant James was probably a little bigger than I was, and he would pick them up and he would slam them down and what I would do was I kicked their bottom jaw up into their sinuses and took my heel and pushed the nose back into it. We were covered with blood and body fluids and everything and the guys on the outside just couldn‘t believe what was going on. We heard about it later and we said, ―Why didn‘t you guys come in and help us?‖ They said, ―We never knew where you were, you were fighting up on top and all of a sudden you‘re down stairs‖. We heard the grenades going off‖, and we just sat around and all we could do was just start laughing. There was no way to get cleaned up either; we had to go back to the MACV compound even to take showers and everything. We looked at each other 34 �and I said, ―We have to get ourselves out of here‖. There was, at that time, only one way out and it was through the Perfume River. They had these LCU‘s; they‘re a little landing craft. 13:03 They are a little bit bigger than the landing craft they used in Vietnam for landing on it, but they were smaller than the big LST‘s with the brink on them and they had two 20mm cannons on each side and for the longest time that was the only way out because you couldn‘t—that was another thing we did while we were at the MACV compound just south of—like I said the 8th Engineers opened up landing zones and everything. We couldn‘t get the wounded out and like I said they controlled the area. We did it in the daytime, but at night we had to go back in there and we were just out by this Perfume River, just south of there and we opened up a little landing zone. You couldn‘t bring in—they had anti-aircraft all the way around it, so they couldn‘t bring in Chinooks and it was just enough to bring in a Huey. 14:05 So, they could bring some supplies in, and that‘s how we got most of the wounded out at the time. So, the LCU‘s would be coming in and they had a ramp on there and that‘s how we would get supplies in and out and basically we‘d literally have to fire our way. We got ourselves into, our whole unit into a LCU that was going out and we had two boats that were going out and on each side with weapons, M16‘s or M60‘s or everything on that and literally went out and ended up on the Perfume River and docked up at Dong Ha by the DMZ, there was a port up there and that was north of Quang Tri and then we had to come down to Q-01 and that‘s how I got back into Camp Evans. Interviewer: In order to do that, basically, did you have to get permission from the MACV commanders or something like that or did you just decide you were going to go? 15:09 35 �We just looked at each other and said, ―We‘re getting ourselves out of here‖. Interviewer: So, you just walked right out? No, once we got to the landing zone and everything, we just said, ―We got to get on‖. Interviewer: So, you had done whatever job an engineer could do at that point? Pretty much, yeah, we didn‘t get permission, they knew we were going. Well, like I said, we had three Air Force Captains, they were with us and they had their reconnaissance plane. Well, they knew they couldn‘t get to their thing and they had to get back to their flight, so they had to get out, they were trying to get up to Da Nang, back to Da Nang, so we were basically the only way out. By that time more Marines were coming in, so they really didn‘t need us as a unit. In fact, I don‘t think the wanted us being in a unit anyway. like I said the first three or four days—until they got relief in columns up in there. 16:08 That‘s when we really started finding out that things were really bad. More at night because when we were sitting there you could hear all the fighting that was going on and later we found out that they were actually executing all the counter revolutionaries. I found out later they were finding graves and we could hear all that going on, but we didn‘t know exactly what was going on. You can sit behind that wall and know what was going on, but you couldn‘t do anything about it. Interviewer: Did the Marines who came into the compound... did they tell you what they saw on the way in? Yeah, we had one that came in from more to the south and different villages and he said it was just bizarre. He said there were so many severed heads when they came down through this one village; they had kids in there ten and twelve years old kicking them around like they were soccer balls. 17:09 People around here worry about a little thing, 36 �but can you imagine kids ten or twelve years old doing that? And they were— whole families, decent families and everything and they were just taking those small villages and just wiping them right out. Interviewer: One of the things one loses track of sometimes is that the communists were not very nice people and they had very, very harsh policies. No they weren‘t and that‘s why I always say if you ever saw that movie ―We were Soldiers‖, that first scene, not only was that the enemy we were facing at the time, because anybody that was coming into that valley wasn‘t coming out alive, and we‘re finding out that was the same thing with us with the MACV compound, because we had a sapper battalion, a couple of sapper battalions out there and nobody was going to come out alive. Interviewer: They weren’t kidding. Now, finally you make it back to your unit, and did you get any particular kind of reception or was it just, “ok, you’re back now”? 18:14 It was kind of interesting. When we went back the third brigade was going back to relieve. They were on the west side of Hue at the time, so the other guys that were with me and everything, they went back to their own unit, they‘re heavy equipment operators and supply clerks. We went to Technical Operations because we were being debriefed in there, so their idea was, well, you know what Hue is like and everything on that, so I end up with a 5th and 7th Cav I was supposed to talk to. They had an intelligence guy there and everything, so I went back to Hue, they were west of there and we were—they thought I knew everything about Hue and everything and I didn‘t know anything. 19:15 I didn‘t know anything, show me a map and I know maybe a couple of blocks on that, 37 �and they thought I was more expert at it than what they were, so I went in on kind of an advisory type of thing. They were trying to find out a different—a place to figure out a place to put a landing zone, and more fire bases in there, and I was there—I worked around with them a couple days and everything and we ended up on one of the gates on the northwest side and that was kind of another interesting thing. We were bringing in artillery because at that time it was towards the end, this was the late—I would say the 20th or so of February. 20:10 We couldn‘t get any artillery support and one of the guys, somehow, got ahold of some naval artillery, a coordinator, and at that time the NVA were chaining all their people to their posts. There was—they had these small alleyways like I said, there were these two big tall buildings, two story buildings, and we called in for one round for spotting at the time—when you call it in the last thing you hear is ―shot out‖ and that means the shot is on the way. So, we‘re sitting there waiting, and waiting, for twenty seconds, ―Are you sure he said shot out?‖ We heard a thump, thump, thump thump, and here it comes, and we said, ―What is that? I never heard anything like that‖, well it came around the roof of one building and we heard a crunch, crunch, crack, and it came out and landed between the alleyways. 21:18 By the time the explosion both buildings were just flattened. I said, ―Boy this is good‖, and we were cleaning out, basically, this block there and we had this Marine Major come up and he was talking— we saw him come up and talk to the battalion commander and all of a sudden he‘s yelling, ―Stop, put a hold on it‖, and I said, ―What do you mean, you don‘t want it?‖ The Lieutenant I was working with at the time there, we were trying to coordinate this all together, and this Marine Major said we have to stop everything we were doing in there. This was the way, it was the agency of Indochina at the time and we were destroying it 38 �and we can‘t do that anymore. 22:08 I said, ―What do you mean?‖ They were chaining—on that, so they had to get them all together and I basically had to show them, ―This is what we did‖. Like I said, nobody knew how to do any street fighting at the time. Interviewer: Basically, the idea was, they were under orders not to destroy the buildings? They didn‘t care what we did with them, because by that time we were in the ancient city, the old city, and we were getting near the citadel and everything and they wanted to keep that in tact as much as possible. This was, like I said, around the 20th of February and they were still trying to save the city, and by that time it was just a disaster. And that‘s what I was kind of getting—I‘ve been kind of researching it for this interview and like I said, the only way we were getting any supplies in safely was from these LCU‘s going up and down the Perfume River. 23:08 You couldn‘t use the airstrip. There were all kinds of anti-aircraft around it, and they mined the roads every night, Highway 1 with mines and everything. So, when Walter Cronkite was supposed to make his famous thing, you know, the thing in Hue, and I‘ve been trying to get it on the internet, U-Tube, and I can‘t find it. I only saw it one time and, of course being in Hue, I was always looking in the back of the picture on there, and I thought, ―I wonder where he was in Hue, if he was in the old part or the new part?‖ I could never recognize it and like I said, the only way to go in was in these LCU‘s, the only safe way in. I was always thinking, ―There‘s no way they‘re going to let Walter Cronkite go up and down that Perfume River in an LCU. I don‘t think he ever was in Hue at that time. 24:06 39 �Interviewer: I guess he was—I heard of him being in Saigon, but not necessarily in Hue. I think he was in Hue, but in what they call ―Hue Phu Bao‖, because they always said he was in Hue, but if you really look at it—and there was really no safe way in for a civilian to get in there. I gave you that PowerPoint presentation. I found on U-Tube—there was a British film crew that was the only way, I found out, that was the only way they could get in there. It was showing them shooting twin twenties, and everything, on there, and I said, ―There‘s no way he could get in there at that time‖, and it‘s really bizarre. 25:10 Interviewer: You really kind of got in the middle of everything there. It got even worse than that after--when we finished and switched to the 7th we finally got a convoy and convoyed up to Camp Evans and that‘s when the A Shau Valley started, they wanted to clean that out. Well, since I did all this other thing, they wanted me to be the first one in. Well, let‘s call Signal Hill to go in—they said April 1st was the perfect time to get into the A Shau Valley and everything. You have to get with the 13th Signal Battalion and they set up—they wanted to set up communications and everything. Well, by time we were coming in there the fog was coming in too, and it was the middle of the monsoon season. It was towards the end, but it was still the monsoon season, so I got caught in that too a little bit. 26:04 Then we finally got into the floor of the valley, and there was just a bombed out airstrip and everything. We found two Russian bulldozers and we worked on them. We cannibalized one and got the other one going, and there were a couple trucks in there, I think they were Russian trucks, and we got those and we were able to use that. We were just starting to get the airstrip up and they brought in replacements, a fresher group for the group that was in there, a platoon in there. They 40 �took us back out and I was back in Nha Toc again and at this time Khe Sanh was still pretty much going on and that‘s when-- I think it was operation Pegasus that was starting up. They wanted me to go to this place called LZ Peanuts, and just south and west of Khe Sanh. 27:09 I had never even heard of Khe Sanh at this time or anything, and this was a Marine artillery base. They had credible intelligence that the thing was going to be overrun and they were almost overrun a couple of other times. Apparently there was a Special Forces unit or a village around the area that was overrun prior to that. Interviewer: There was one outside of Khe Sanh that did fall, yes. LZ Peanuts was just west of there and they needed some help there. At that time it was a Marine thing and eventually, I think the Cav took it over while another unit took it over anyway. So, we got in there and I went to the gunnery sergeant, and this thing sits on kind of a hill and I said, ―This is a piss poor place to put a thing. Usually we like it flat so you can set your fields of fire and that type of thing‖. 28:10 He said, ―Well, we're a fire support base for Khe Sanh‖, and I said, ―What the hell is Khe Sanh?‖ I never knew, even with all this going on you don‘t know all that‘s going on—I was in my little-Interviewer: You had been a little bit busy. With all that going on I didn‘t know Khe Sanh was going on, so when he said, ―We‘re fire support‖, it didn‘t mean that much to me anyway. So, we had to re-do what we called the ―green zone‖, security for the base, and Marines always like—they use these ―bouncing betty‘s‖ where they go up and I always like to use Claymore mines. They strung their barbed wire, or whatever you want to call it, with everything in straight lines. Well, I never liked to that because I always said these guys like to go and break up a formation. 29:05 They either come in a V or on. There were three, four sapper 41 �battalions out there, and the makeup of a sapper battalion is basically, I think they call them cells, I call them waves. The first one is the penetrator, and sapper is basically just a suicide mission, a Kamikaze type of operation, and all they are is, they just dressed up in—they put black soot over them because they‘re coming at night, and they have on little boxer shorts and little helmets on and the first wave was what they call the penetrator and they came in with Bangalore Torpedoes to blow the wire and everything up and the next couple waves were the attack waves and they usually carry a side arm with them, usually an AK47 or a RPG round, and they had probably eight pounds of satchel charges, one on each side, and we were trying to stop them and the fourth wave, fortunately we never got to it, it was the back and they came in with the heavy machine guns and the mortars and everything to take over the base camp or whatever they are going to take over. 30:19 Usually when they come in they come in either a V shape or head on depending on how they do it, and also, they practice these things until they get it down perfect. My idea was to break it up a little bit, so what I did, instead of making the barbed wire fences in a straight line, I funnel them in. Then I put my Claymore mines basically like an ambush, either in an L shape or you put it on one side and you put two or three of them right in front, so basically you stop them in front and you blow the sides on them, and get them on the side. 31:07 What we did is we set those up and we camouflaged them with old sandbags that had the color and everything on it and we would break those up and put them on the sides, put them on a rock with these sandbags, so when they came in we funneled them all in, so basically they were up in a straight line. Well, they came in a straight line and we fired the ambush off, and what we would do was I‘d shoot the first one off in the front and that would stand them up on it, and you 42 �have to remember that C4 blasted 25,000 feet per second, that‘s five miles in one second, and you got these Claymores that have centers with ball bearings that big, so you‘re getting somebody that‘s—if you ever seen somebody after a Claymore goes off, when we go to clean them up, all that‘s usually is just the front shell because the round is going in that big and it‘s coming out this big. 32:08 You can flip them over and the whole back side is just gone, so the idea was to—we‘d put a delay on one, about a tenth of a second, and that would stand them up and the other one would just blow them out, so you got those body fluids and everything going up. We made our own fougas, Napalm, and I put them in fifty-five gallon drums, and we mixed jet fuel with stuff like Knox gelatin, and blow that off at the same time, so that would set them up on that and then we would have the foo gas come over on top of them, and I got that on that PowerPoint presentation. You can see where the areas were all burned off. Basically you didn‘t have to clean up afterwards. Can you imagine all that body fluid and everything? 33:06 That was why, I like to say, when Robert Duvall said he like the smell of Napalm in the morning, well we liked the smell of burning bodies at night because then that meant we could go to sleep at night. Interviewer: How long did you stay out there at this LZ Peanuts place? Not very long Interviewer: Long enough to do the job? Yeah, that was basically that‘s what we did and then went back home. I forgot that our artillery unit would come in and take over. Interviewer: After that were you kind of—you get to the phase where things have quieted down a little? You were saying that eventually they did. 43 �Yeah, the summer of, I would say from about May on, was actually pretty easy because our main, like I said, from then on was to stop the traffic coming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. 34:05 Which was, like I say, after the Tet Offensive there everybody thought the war was pretty much over with. You never heard of a Viet Cong unit or anything because we basically wiped them off the face of the earth. Any other big NVA units were basically, what was left, was nothing more than a guerilla unit. There were still a lot of—they were trying to re-supply coming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. I went out, basically, like I said, I was like a janitor and anything they had to clean up, I would go do and everything. I had my own demo team and we would go up and do basically whatever we had to do. We would re-work a landing zone if they wanted to make it bigger or whatever, and even around camp its self because Camp Evens, even at the time, was relatively small, then it was division headquarters and it was basically getting bigger and bigger. 35:06 Our areas, the airfield had to be re-worked, the perimeters had to be expanded, and we did a lot of that work and a lot of landing zone work. We‘d usually go out for an operation and that was what was nice about the 1st Cav because you would have a landing zone going up, but the guys would usually have three or four fire bases that were supporting them, so we were building up all these things. A lot of times we‘d go in there and it would only last two or three days, you clean it all up and you go someplace else, a landing zone or anything, bring in four tubes of artillery or mortars, they‘re there a week or two and close it up. Actually we were quite successful, I was talking to one of our intelligence, S2, there and this is probably towards the end of— probably August or September there and they said the operation was going. 36:09 They were figuring for every thousand troops that were coming down the Ho chi Minh Trail, 44 �especially in the I Corps area, they were figuring eight hundred were dead within thirty days. The other two hundred or so wished they were, so it was really quite successful. Like I said, it took them three or four years just to come back, and anything to bring a big enough force down, I don‘t know what kind of forces they were bringing down. I don‘t know if they were more of a VC unit or if they were—they were NVA units, but I don‘t know what kind of units they were. Interviewer: Well, they were rebuilding in different parts of the country, so they would operate in various areas and it was difficult for people, but they were not launching the large scale operations. 37:07 No, we didn‘t have anything like the Tet Offensive or anything like that. Everything was really, really small time. Interviewer: During the time you were over there, did you ever have any leave time or R&R? Yes, to Bangkok, once on that. Interviewer: How did they organize that or work that? For us that was basically we were allocated—that‘s why I got kind of involved with that, because I worked with S1 because I knew how to type, so I ended up more-- when I wasn‘t working out in the field I came back to the area and I helped them type up orders and did that. One of the things we did was R&R type of things and making rosters. Basically we got an allocation every month for places Kuala Lampur, Singapore, Australia, Bangkok, Hong Kong, and I forget. Interviewer: Hawaii 38:00 45 �Yeah, Hawaii, for Hawaii it was usually for anybody that was married that went back to Hawaii. Nobody that was single went to Hawaii; it was anybody that was married went back to Hawaii. Interviewer: Their wives could come out to Hawaii. Yeah, they would fly them in and everything else. All the singles, which was probably about ninety percent, all went elsewhere. I went to Bangkok, and you had one in country R&R for about three or four days. That ended up, by the time you took the R&R and travel time it added up to ten days to two weeks. You needed to play it to get two weeks out of it. What would happen is, you get an allocation every month and it went basically by seniority, not so much by rank, but by seniority on that. You signed up and you‘re basically kept on that list. Interviewer: So, what did it feel like to get out of Vietnam for a few days? Oh, that was bizarre, especially in Bangkok that was just—we‘d go out. 39:08 The first thing we did, in fact, I went with Sergeant James, he was the guy I was with in Hue and he wanted to go together. You have to remember that this was in 1968 and he‘s black. A white and a black guy were buddy, buddies, going—we didn‘t room together, we each had a room. We went to the movies, we went to different places, different tourist things around and we did all that together. We went out to dinner a couple of times to these fancy restaurants and that was really bizarre. What I got a kick out of, they have these food vendors going around and all we had were C rations and Spam. We had Spam every which way you could think of, breaded, boiled, and barbecued, you name it. 40:04 And we‘re going around eating off all these things and the guys that are with us were saying, ―That might be monkey meat or something‖, but we didn‘t care, it was beef or something 46 �on that. What I liked was the fresh fruit. We went around and got pineapple, and their regular sugar was real coarse, but it had a little bit of cinnamon and you dipped that in there and oh, it was vine ripened and we thought we were in seventh heaven. Then you, we went to the movies and they had beer, cold beer, even at these theaters. They had regular theaters and American movies there at the time and you could buy the Thai beer and they sold it by the quart, ice cold and I forgot, but it was really high proof, it was like 12, 13, or 14 percent. Like I said, when we first went in there, in our hotel, we hired ourselves a—for a couple bucks a day or like ten or twenty bucks a day you can get a cab driver 41:10 We had our own cab driver take us all over the place. Interviewer: And then you have to go back. Actually that was pretty—because when I went on R&R it was towards the end of May and that was when everything was just kind of going down and I stayed primarily, at that time, in the summertime, with S1. I did a lot of oddball things on that and in fact, one of the things was kind interesting, and we never go to use it, was—because I had a secret security clearance. I was working in S1 and S2, well the Tactical Operation Center; the division was making contingency plans for invading the north at Hanoi. 42:06 The object of all that, I think, was the Cav, the 1st Marine Division, and I think the backup was going to be the 101st Airborne Division, but the idea was, they wanted 100% air superiority. That means we had to knock out every SAM missile site between the DMZ and Hanoi. So, we were getting pictures of their—how they set up these SAM missile sites. That was one of the things they did was they sent in a –they wanted to—there‘s a rail system that they had, they had a radar system that they had set up, they had a place for their barracks and they had their mess halls and everything. 43:11 They had it all 47 �pretty well set up, but the idea was for the SAM missile site, they had them on rail systems, so they slid up to the launchers on there. Well, they wanted to know how to destroy them. Well, you can‘t go in and bomb them because then you need bomb assistance going on. Our idea is if we went in there, one demolition team had to knock out two SAM missile sites the first day. So, they wanted to get an idea how these things were developed, or how they‘re made and everything, because the idea is, you wanted to blow the welded seams. If you blow anything that‘s bolted together, these guys take a little file and they hand make their own, and try to put the thing back together again. 44:06 I got a Ranger unit and another, I can‘t remember, they had all different special— their assignments basically is what they amounted to. So, they found one of the closer SAM missile sites and they went in there and destroyed that thing, and took a bunch of pictures. We came back in there and we made mock ups. Interviewer: So, they went into North Vietnamese territory to go and attack them? That‘s one of the things that are never supposed to happen. They weren‘t supposed to go over the DMZ. The only way really to find out is to actually destroy one, so they had to go in and they took the pictures and we ended up building a mock up and everything to figure out how to do it. 45:06 We were basically—and that‘s why we thought, ―If they‘re going to do that, this could be the end of the war‖. By the time you knock out Haiphong Harbor you got in Hanoi and everything on it. The idea was we were supposed to knock out all the SAM missile sites that gave you 100% air superiority and the 1st ARVN division can just walk in and basically take it over. Well, that never really came to—it was the end of October in 1968, that‘s when Johnson stopped bombing the north and I think that—see, this is what happened with Walter Cronkite, all this—we didn‘t 48 �know all this stuff was going back in there and that was the presidential elections and the whole nine yards. I don‘t think we even knew that Johnson wasn‘t going to run again because we didn‘t get that much information back, even from the states at the time. 46:09 We were all ready—the war‘s going to end, we‘ll go take the north and by Christmas time we could all be going home type of thing. All of a sudden Johnson decided to stop the bombing and then we got orders that we were heading south. They took the whole division, the whole 1st Air Cav, and headed south down to Phouc Vinh, south of, or down by Saigon, we were going to be a buffer between Saigon and Cambodia. Interviewer: Not too long after that you’re tour is up? That was November then. Interviewer: Did you do much when you got down south? No, because I went out about the 15th of November, I think, and the 20th or so of October we were all getting ready to head back. 47:09 It took us a couple days and then the 101st came in and took our area over, the 1st Cav was down by Phouc Vinh. I was down there—that was really strange too because when we were up at Camp Evans we were in the middle of nowhere. If you looked, I have some pictures of Camp Evans, you don‘t see any guard towers and that was a pretty good size camp at the time. We go down to Phouc Vinh and there‘s roads around the place, fences, guard towers and for whatever reason, they had a mine field going between Phouc Vinh and there and I‘m thinking, ―Why would you cut yourself off?‖ That was one of the first things when the Cav went in it; they took out that mine field. 48:04 Here I‘m watching all these people running around. We never had, like most units, I realized this afterwards, most units had a lot of 49 �civilians, and we never did out in the middle of nowhere, even when we were in Bong Son we never had civilian help. We‘d bring them in to help with the roads and some of those things, but we‘d pack them up we basically shipped them all out. We never—when we were in An Khe, that was more of a fortified position, they were using some, but when we were out in the field we never had civilian—well basically, in my demo teams, we never, that‘s what I learned in Hue, you never took prisoners. Standing orders were that if you took a prisoner, you took care of it. 49:05 If it escaped, you had to go after it. They know who you are, what you are doing, and how many there are, and like I said, with what kind of weapons or not, if we had that kind of information with a VA unit at least you know something to do with it —we never took any prisoners and number two, we has nobody to take care of them either, especially during the Tet Offensive. You were outnumbered and you have to figure that if you‘re outnumbered eight to one, you have to remember to waste the first four or five people because you got more people coming right behind them. Interviewer: Now, were you ever in a setting where you had a civilian population around you? That was the first time basically—well, when in An Khe, and when we were in An Khe, that was always considered a rear area, and when I was in English we had that. That was still the first time. 50:02 That was kind of, for us, we were kind of on-- the 8th Engineers was on the outside of the perimeter and we had some of the civilians do our laundry. We had the big concertina wire, we had our bags and everything and we‘d wrap it up and throw it over the thing, and they‘d come back the next day with it and we‘d put the money in a stone and throw it over and they would throw the laundry back over to us. 50 �There were no laundry facilities or anything on that, we just wore the stuff until it rotted off and went to the supply and got new clothes on. Interviewer: At what point do you get the orders telling you to go home? I was in Phouc Vinh and they call—I was working in S1, so I didn‘t have any problem there. In fact, I cut my own orders to go back. Interviewer: Once you got back to the states, did you get discharged right away or did you go to a base or what happened? 51:02 I went back to Fort Lewis, I went back to—I went to Cam Rhan Bay and then flew to Fort Lewis. This was in November of 1968 and it was seven or eight o‘clock at night and they told us, well, we could wait until the next morning, they work twenty-four hours a day, or you guys can start processing our right away. Hey, we had been sleeping for twenty-four hours; we‘re ready to go, so I was out pretty much the next day. We didn‘t have—like I said, by the time we went through processing and got out checks, through finance and everything, we pretty much got our orders to go.. In fact, they made a whole set of class A uniforms in less than twenty-four hours and everything. We were in our class A‘s, had our orders, and took us by bus right to the airport. 52.05 Interviewer: All right, we’ve gotten to the point where you get sent back to the states. Before we go further with that, are there other particular things about the time you spent in Vietnam, any experiences that you haven’t brought into the story yet? Oh well, there was—one of the things we had to do that I thought was—I got a call one time on pacification, they were taking villages and trying to relocate them. This is more when I was down in English in the Bong Son area, and it was one of the last things we 51 �were doing before we moved. I got a call from headquarters there, got a call from a bunch of MP‘s. 53:07 They were taking down a village, or basically relocating them and what they do is they take them in helicopters and drop them off to a point and we had to, because there were VC in there, we had to separate out VC, and basically not bringing in any weapons or anything and then they move them to another place like that. Well, they were bringing in—they had a squad of eight to ten MP‘s., well, they thought it was just a small village, just a little bigger than what they had, well; they were overwhelmed with all these people. Of course, they‘re extremely hostile and you have to search each individual person and basically pat them down. You think it‘s bad getting on an airplane today and getting strip searched, just trying to get on an airplane with x-ray, we had physically search them, men, women, children, everybody. 54:02 So, they called us up and said they needed some help on it. There was nobody else around and so they took me and a bunch of other guys and what we did was we took some concertina wire, we put them in the concertina, the rolled wire, just to hold them and we took Claymore mines, because they were having problems, they were trying to rush them and they didn‘t want to shoot them, they were civilians, but they didn‘t know is a civilian and who isn‘t. That was the problem in Vietnam, you didn‘t know who was who until they kind of search them out a little bit. That‘s what I found out with MP‘s, they profile really well, they knew how—they were trained at what to look for and who the VC was. Interviewer: Did they have any Vietnamese military assisting them? No Interviewer: They were just doing this on their own? 52 �At this time we were just on our own. They tried to get some and they had an interpreter, but usually it was our own interpreters that were in there. 55:02 Basically they didn‘t trust them, even the ones from intelligence, they wouldn‘t trust those guys, so we had our own, and each battalion had their own interpreters. They had our own interpreters; they had medics, because some people were having health issues and that type of thing. There were so many people and you‘re trying to have them stay back because you didn‘t want to get overwhelmed, so we brought in the concertina wire and just made a circle. They had, we call them pens, but sections, they roll it up and they had gates in it, and it was just a temporary one just to hold them because they had to check them all, they gave them clothes, food and everything and then they segregate them in whatever way they wanted. These were the VC, or maybe possible, and that type of thing, these are the ones that are going to be shipped out. 56:07 They brought the Chinooks in and took these people. The ARVN pretty much controlled that, but we were bringing them in and we wanted to do that pretty much ourselves on that, so what we did was just put a big circle and put them in there and we put Claymore mines, because they knew what Claymore mines were , we put them around. We brought them in through a gate and one or two of the MP‘s would strip down to their—because they would grab onto anything they could on you, if you had a weapon or anything to grab. So, we‘d get the bigger MP‘s and strip them down to the waist and they would go around and check them and you‘d be surprised what we found and where we found it. I asked them, ―How do you know what‘s VC and what‘s not, and basically that‘s where you‘ve got to do a little bit of profiling. You just watch them and look in their eyes. 57:07 You tell them you would like to talk to them and we have an interpreter over here, and that‘s when the MP‘s would kind of do an 53 �initial interrogation. A lot times, when I was there it was kind of interesting—a guy came up, pointed at another guy and said, ―VC, VC‖. The MP said, ―You have to kind of watch it because these groups, they‘re neighbors, but a lot of times they‘re a family in the group and they don‘t like each other and just because one guy says he‘s a VC, you don‘t yank them out or anything unless someone else says they‘re VC, and then they interrogate them. There were quite a few VC in there. There was one time—they put them in the pens and everything, and we had the MP‘s and everything, and there was a big commotion going off in one area on that. 58:08 He goes over there and he said— they had sanitary packs with a lot of toiletries, soaps, tooth brushes and that type of thing, and he said, ―Go over to the sanitary pack and get a bunch of these Kotexes‖, and he throws them in. I said, ―What‘s going on?‖ He said, ―They tell me one of these gals was bleeding over there‖, well, she was having a---- and I said, ―Do they actually know how to use those things?‖ He said, ―Are you going to go in there and show them?‖ I said, ―That‘s not my‖, and he said, ―Don‘t worry they know how to use them‖. So, you end up with interesting things like that. Interviewer: But that’s sort of a strange kind of contact to have with the civilian population. 59:00 But actually when I was in the Central Highlands and that, I think that‘s where I‘m a little bit different. My experience is more out in the field. When we were up in the I Corps area we were out by ourselves. Interviewer: Right, there were not a whole lot of civilians out there anyway. When we went out in an area it was a free fire zone, basically anything that was moving because we were watching everything coming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The Ho chi 54 �Minh Trail, basically, ninety-nine percent was a free fire. That‘s why I was kind of glad I could do it that way rather than be back. I was glad I went with the 1st Cav rather than staying down south around Saigon. I can see where you could run into a lot more complicated problems, yeah. Interviewer: You get back to the states, it’s the end of 1968, you get to go home, and you mentioned that you started back up in school pretty quickly. Yeah, I was drafted in my junior year. 00:08 I came back in November of 1968 and Ferris had tri-semesters, so I was up there in the winter. I went back right away on there and I was back in January of 1969. Interviewer: You had mentioned earlier kind of, it was your—back at the beginning of your story you were talking about the race riots. Yeah, that‘s when they had the race riots up in Big Rapids, up on campus—I was taking a night class up at the Starr Education Building and I was in there with another Marine. Here I was, I was a junior or a senior, and I was—because transferring from junior college, going to Ferris, I didn‘t have a lot of freshman classes, so in order to graduate I had to take these freshman classes, and here I was twenty-one or twenty-two, and I‘m a Vietnam vet sitting in a class with forty or fifty freshman. 1:08 there was myself and another Marine vet there. Interviewer: Then what happened? Well, this was when we were taking a humanities class and it was from 6 to 8 o‘clock on Tuesday and Thursday night and this must have been Tuesday they had all these race riots. These guys came into the Starr Educational building and they were locking up all the doors and everything around eight o‘clock because the class was just leaving. This 55 �other guy and I were talking to the professor when we were leaving and a couple colored guys were—they said, ―You‘re locked in for the night‖, and we looked at each other and said, ―No way‖, and we kind of pushed our way through, grabbed one guy myself, on one shoulder and he on the other shoulder, dragged them all the way down the stairway, we kicked the door open, and these young—―open up the doors‖, so they opened up the doors and kind of let us go out. 2:10 We went to the commons down there where you meet up with other guys there and the next thing you knew they had state police there, the Sheriff and everything. About an hour or so later there was a school bus, chanting and everything and bouncing back and forth. Interviewer: What was it like to come back to the U.S. in 1968? It was different. Interviewer: How did you—what kind of a reception did you get when you got back? It wasn‘t too bad coming back to West Michigan. We got a lot of—I don‘t want to criticize, but there was a lot of debate and that kind of thing, but at Ferris at that time, we had the vets club and there were about two hundred people and that was probably one of the biggest organizations on campus at that time. 3:04 Interviewer: So that wasn’t a place where there was a lot of hostility? No, even if there was we didn‘t care. Like I was saying before, for me, that was a lot of therapeutic—we were, not bonding, but working with other vets and everybody was saying PTSD and nobody knew what that was at the time. Everybody was saying, ―At night I get these weird dreams‖, and they kind of explain the weird dream and another guy said, ―If you think that‘s bad, you ought to see what my weird dream is‖, and another 56 �guy said, ―That‘s nothing, I had a worse one than that one‖, and after a while everybody‘s telling about having weird dreams‖, so we‘re kind of doing our own therapy together. That really worked out well and that was the best thing we did. Interviewer: Now, once that you’re back are you paying much attention to the news and things like that. The way the war was being covered? 4:01 Oh, yeah, that‘s what I said before, after the Tet Offensive we thought the thing was over. That‘s one reason, I think, that a lot of guys voted for Nixon at the time, because we did absentee ballots and everything. At the time, I think the mass majority, other than regular army guy—regular army guys, officers and everything, were all voting for Humphrey, and all of the others were voting for Nixon. We were thinking, ―He‘s going to end the war and everything and we‘re going to be marching out of here‖. Well, he just extended it and probably made it worse than anything else. Interviewer: Well, the politics behind it were, both before and after that, were just enormously complicated. Oh yeah, and it was nothing relative to what we were doing at the time. We‘re coming back here and it was on the television, you could see everything and it was nothing, just propaganda. Interviewer: Or the way journalists will do things, you get an isolated snapshot of something and then they make up the rest of story. Yeah, well, the thing that got me, and I think about it more now, was Walter Cronkite. 5:10 Like we were talking before. Well, he‘s going in—well it was a stalemate—there was no stalemate. Well, I realized it was political, there was really two reasons for war, either economic or political and this was strictly political. There‘s no oil, or no fighting 57 �for oil like we are now. This was strictly a political was, so how can you win a political war? Interviewer: Yeah, and that ultimately was the larger problem. Now, another little story or quip, was when I was up north I had a chance to take a—there was a two star General and he was in charge of the I Corps out of the engineers and they wanted me to take him back, when we were up at Camp Evans, to go back to Saigon. We had a few minutes, so I was sitting in with him in a Jeep and I said, ‗Sir, what‘s going on with the war? What do we consider—how do we win this thing?‖ 6:07 ―What‘s going to happen once we leave?‖ What‘s the end game with this thing here?‖ He said, ―Basically it‘s going to end up being like the old west. The idea was to have places like Hue, Da Nang, and Qui Nhon, everything being like we have now, big base camps. Like the forts out west, when things were good the civilians would go out and do their farming or whatever, and when things went bad, bring everybody back in the gates and if they need some reinforcements, bring them up from Saigon or Hue or you know, Da Nang and everything and go out—basically that‘s what it was going to be, just like the old west‖, and I said, ―That‘s it? That‘s the best hope we could get?‖ 7:04 They weren‘t trying to control anything, they were just trying to keep the DMZ. I thought maybe they were trying to take over the north, or that, but they were just happy—just like Korea. Korea was basically a blueprint. Interviewer: Except Korea was a peninsula and Vietnam wasn’t. Yeah, that was the kicker on it and that‘s why you got into Cambodia and everything else on that. 58 �Interviewer: Now, for you, you go and you get your degree and then what do you do after that? You get out of school. That was another trip because I had all my background, I had my own demo teams and everything, I didn‘t graduate, but I was in OCS and everything, I was going back and I got my degree, a BS degree in business administration, so I thought, ―Well, I had it made in the shade‖, so we had—when I was graduating in my senior year, I had my resume and everything, we had people from Caterpillar, and everything, come in on campus to do the interviews and everything on that. 8:10 They didn‘t want anything to do with us on that. I would go in there, they would look at my resume and say, ―Well, that‘s not exactly what we were looking for, we‘re thinking of going in a little bit different direction‖, so I kind of found out and within about six months I took all my experience off of Vietnam and everything and I just put-Military-U.S. Army, duty area, Vietnam. That‘s all I put on there. I didn‘t put anything else or any explanations on that. Interviewer: Did that help? No, because it was more of a network. I got a job at Lear Siegler at the time as a data coordinator and it‘s not what I know, and I had the background and everything, but I knew a couple of people that worked in there. 9:02 From there—I was laid off, because this was back in the 1970‘s, and off course of you know anything about the economic conditions of the seventies, that was the world‘s worst time, you couldn‘t find anything. Economic conditions were bad enough, back then you had inflation, double digits, unemployment, double digits, and the whole nine yards. Interviewer: Not a great time. 59 �No it wasn‘t‘, so that wasn‘t a good time at all economically. I was just married, in fact, I met my wife the day I got, almost the day I got out of Vietnam and that was November of 1968 and we were married in September of 1970. I was going—my last year up at school and I had a semester to go and I was driving back and forth with a couple of guys up to Ferris. I worked at, like I said, Lear Siegler, and then I got laid off because I was the last one in and the first one out. 10:02 A neighbor of mine worked for Clark Equipment and it was on Richmond and Leonard, metal fabrication. He said, ―Well, do you know how to do grinders and stuff?‖ We need people like that‖, and I said, ―I‘m not that fussy‖, and I didn‘t know how long I was going to be laid off, so I went with them and had an interview and they didn‘t care what kind of background I had, they didn‘t hardly even look at my resume. They took me out on the shop floor and they were showing me these grinders and said, ―Can you do this?‖ I said, ―Well sure‖, and then I was working there a couple weeks and I had to join the union, so I joined the union and they put the job posting up, so I go—they had a job for a welder, with set-up and everything, so I sign for that on there and nobody else wanted to do it, so I ended up—I never had a welding hood on in my life. 11:07 So, it was on the job training, so for a week or so I was learning how to do some link welding and they said, ―Well we got a job‖, and one thing leads to another and about six or eight months down the line I get a call back from Lear Siegler and they wanted me to come back to work. I‘m going—I said, ―Sorry bob, I don‘t think I can do that, I‘m making too much money now‖, and he said, ―No, no, I want to talk to you‖. So, I sat down there and what It was doing was working a ton of overtime, and he said, ―Well, you don‘t want to be in a union anyway‖, and even with Lear Sieger they had a union, but I was in the administration end of it on that and he said, 60 �―You have to pay all those union dues‖, and I said, ―I don‘t worry about it‖, because I actually ended up with better health benefits than they did. I had dental and vision with it. We were working so much overtime, and couldn‘t get enough people in there. 12:02 What I was doing was I was working a double shift on Friday nights and everything was piece rate, was rated, and I knew the jobs we were doing. In the first eight hours I could make up enough, so when I was working the second shift, we were working on third shift and all I had to do was work four or five hours and I could have two or three hours off because the supervisor said, ―If you can make a hundred percent, you can‘t do any more‖, so I had it made in the shade and everything. Then we were working Saturdays and Sundays, with time and a half for Saturday and Double time for Sundays. We were going down there and he said, ―You‘re making more money than I was as a supervisor at Lear Siegler‖, and everything on that. After that, I was there for about a year, no eighteen months, they took the whole plant and moved it up to Tennessee and they wouldn‘t let anybody move down there with them. 13:06 That is when everybody was starting to outsource and everything on that. So, my wife was an LPN and she worked for a doctor and he was doing some work with Steelcase, so I worked there for about a year at Steelcase, this was 1979 to about 1980, 1981 there, and I walked in there the first time and I—everybody thought it was the greatest place to work and they had some piece work there but it worked out to just be back pay, and they had the day rate, and second shift all you were doing was cleaning up these schedules and everything on there and at the end of the week, I basically had just enough money to pay my bills, had enough money to put in my pocket to use for gas money and I had to have the bonus and everything just to pay the house payment. I had to pay the house payments three or 61 �four—then I just moved out to Coopersville when they were still building the Coopersville plant. 14:12 So, I thought I would try to get into GM out there. They were running a jobs fair at, I think it was, the Army Reserve out there on Michigan Street and College, out in that area, so the first couple days you couldn‘t even get near the place, especially in and around that area, they were—Wednesday and Thursday was—and my wife said, ‗Why don‘t you give it another try?‖ So I went and there was nobody around there, I just drove up to the Army, walked in there, gave them my resume, filled out the paperwork and they said, ―See those two guys over there, go and talk to them‖. There were two guys from Coopersville over there and I talked to them for a while and told them I lived out there and they said, ―Oh, that‘s good‖, and they were all nice and smiles and they just put the thing on a pile. 15:07 I thought I would never hear from them again and about a couple weeks later, this was around February. It was the first of March, I was out raking my lawn, this was on a Saturday morning, and my wife comes out and said, ―There is a guy from General Motors that wants to talk to you‖, and I said, ―At nine o‘clock on Saturday morning?‖ and I thought it was Arnie down there, down on the corner and he‘s kidding around with me, so I‘m going to—I was kidding around with him on the phone and started talking to him, you know and realize that this guy is for real. So, here again, I went down there and did an interview and at that time the only thing that helped was my Vietnam experience. They were more interested in giving Vietnam vets preferential treatment. It wasn‘t anything I did and that‘s how I ended up working for General Motors. 16:06 I tried to get into Coopersville, but it was still being completed, it was still under construction, so I worked in the Burlingame plant for a while in that. You had to be in the union and after ninety days then you could transfer 62 �out. Well, I didn‘t even make it to ninety days and I got laid off and ended up on 36th Street and I was there for twenty-eight years until they closed the plant. I ended up, I was working production at the time and myself and a neighbor and I, we went back and forth and traded off driving, did our own carpooling and everything, and we looked at each other and said, ―We‘re not going to be doing this for thirty years‖, because I was thirtysix at the time, when I went in. 17:03 ―I‘m going to be sixty-six when I get out. If I stay here for thirty years, I‘m going to be sixty-six, and there is no way I‘m going to be able to do this production‖. I ended up taking pre-apprentice classes and when I finished up this, I ended up being a welder. I liked the welding portion of it and they tried to talk me into doing the tool and die and that type of thing and I decided not to, so that‘s when I took the Millwright Welder classification and everybody said, ―Well, with all your background and everything‖, and I said—here again I did the same thing as—I didn‘t realize, but that‘s part of my PTSD type of thing. I didn‘t like anybody in management, so here again—it was probably a good thing I was in a union shop and everything on that. But the same thing with me is what they call steel stores and that‘s where they bring in the coils and everything and this kind of put me as the only Millwright on first shift. 18:11 Interviewer: They kind of left you alone. They let me do my thing. I worked with the set-up guys and everything and the idea was that they wanted somebody in maintenance, if something went wrong right away, to get out there and figure out what was wrong with it and analyze on it. Well, you had a lot of free time in-between and I don‘t sit around too well, so I worked with some of the set-up guys and we would walk and see the different operators and the different set-up and 63 �everything on that. I ended up doing a lot of the ergonomics and safety thing. You have a lot of safety inspections and things that have to be done, things of that type, so I ended up doing a lot of that work, and a lot of small stuff. Interviewer: Now, to look back at the whole thing, you mentioned some of the effects of your time in the service had on you. You notice that you did take a certain amount of PTSD with you and there are certain memories and things like that. How else do you think your time in the service wound up affecting you, either positively or negatively? 19:07 Oh yeah, positively or negatively, I don‘t ever really try to look on the negative ends of it. I try always to be positive because people always say, ―well with your background in data processing or business administration and everything, how did you end up doing welding and stuff like that?‖ But working as an engineer, I wasn‘t that mechanically inclined. I always try to kind of look ahead because I couldn‘t design a car or a motor, but try to put a car together; you know all the nuts and bolts and that type of thing. The same thing with ergonomics, that‘s how I got involved in ergonomics and safety, because if you get an engineer he would try to analyze it too much, and being a combat engineer, we used everything we had around us. I didn‘t care too much about ordering parts, I just kind of looked around and if we needed some safety rail, I wouldn‘t order the pipe and everything, I would go out in the back pipe, or go to our—whatever was available. 20:17 That‘s what a combat engineer did. I explained to you too, when we were in English and Bong Son there we were making hooches and places to live, well, we didn‘t have lumber, two by fours, two by sixes or twelve, we would take ammo cases, and in this case the cases they were using for 2.5 rockets for gunships and there were hundreds of these 64 �things laying around. We would literally take them apart; we would build our own hooch‘s and everything. We would put sandbags in like about six feet high and put them all the way up and put a flat roof and these cases, they had asphalt and plastic and we made our own water proof roofs and used, they had a name for it, it was kind of like fortified asphalt we put on top of it. 21:12 Then we had walls between each one. Well, the case would open up, so we put it sideways, so when you opened it up you had a place for storage and you had a lid, so you could put it up and lock it up. So, we had that and we even had an indoor shower and everything. We put a big gas tank an old fuel tank from a jet plane, or fighter, and fill that full of water and put it up on top of the roof. We made our own support and used the sun to heat it up in the daytime and that was our hot water at night. Interviewer: So, you learned how to make things work. Yeah Interviewer: Well, it makes for a good story. Basically we were jacks of all trades and a master of none. Interviewer: Well, thanks for coming in and telling me about it today. 21:58 I hope you learned something. Interviewer: I certainly did. 65 �66 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Henk, Edward (Interview transcript and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Henk, Edward Description An account of the resource Ed Henk was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on June 21st, 1944. After graduating from high school, Henk attended Grand Rapids Junior College for three semesters before transferring to Ferris State University to study data processing. However, in 1966, the middle of his junior year at Ferris State, Henk received his draft notice. Following basic training and Advanced Individual Training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri for combat engineering, Henk attended OCS at Fort Benning, Georgia for sixteen weeks, although he never completed the school. After leaving OCS, Henk deployed to Vietnam in 1967 and served with the 1st Air Cavalry Division. While in Vietnam, Henk fought through the Tet Offensive, including the defense of the MACV compound in Hue. Following the completion of his tour, Henk returned to the United States and received his discharge. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-03-03 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HenkE Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cfebfecc45a575dbc9fa4e59e778e20c.mp4 fd719438581a0f8eeed37d7f77d218bc https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46902beb2d99d6394fa3f7d2dace6a5e.pdf 8c80cee37ffabec7596445a35c807d5c PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Charles Hennesen World War II Total Time: ~1:27:00 Childhood and Pre-Enlistment (00:00:00) • • • • • • • Born in Fort Erie, Canada on August 27th, 1920 Born to an American mother from Buffalo Grew up in Buffalo, NY Attended Buffalo Polytechnic High School Attended Canisius College in New York Tried to get into the Air Force [Army Air Corps] when the war broke out, but eyesight was to poor. (00:01:50) Was in the Reserve Corps during his time in College. Training (00:02:46) • • • • • • • When he was moved to Active Duty from the Army Reserve, he was transferred to Fort Niagara in New York. Was there for a couple of weeks. Got sick from a Typhoid shot and was in the hospital for several weeks. Became a Platoon Sergeant and stayed at Fort Niagara until it was closed. Transferred to a Camp in Macon, GA. Did not enjoy this experience. Recalled how hot and clammy it was. Applied for officer school. Deployed from Camp Shanks in December 1943. (00:09:00) While in GA, was trained to be a replacement for units which had lost men and needed to be brought up to full strength. Active Duty (00:09:30) • • • • • • • Crossed the Atlantic on the Queen Elizabeth with 15,000 other troops. The ship was alone but was escorted by submarines. Landed in Glasgow, Scotland and was railroaded to England. This was at the end of 1943. (00:10:46)Assigned to the 39th Regiment during his time in England. Some of the men in the company were veterans of campaigns in North Africa and Sicily. (00:13:20) Spent some time helping to clean up London after the blitz. (00:15:48) Shipped out from Southampton, England June 9th 1944. (00:16:25) Landed on June 10th in Normandy. Landed in water that was too deep and several of the men drowned. Landed under some German fire. Stayed with the landing force once they landed. The Germans had flooded the farmland so they had to stay on the roads. Tried to wade across the canals. �• • • • • • • • • • • • (00:19:50) Moved inland and towards Fort Octeville [Quinéville}. He was one of the first people into the fort after his team took it. After Octeville moved to Cherbourg and then on Cape De La Hogue. Had four day leave there. Most of the troops that they fought in this are were troops from Nazi satellite states. (00:29:08) After leave, was sent to Le Désert. This was where his unit got a Presidential citation. Recalls firing his bazooka at a tank for the first time. Knocked the track off of the tank. (00:31:54) Moved on to Saint Lô. American bombers attacked the town, but hit many of their own men. (00:32:50) Moved from St. Lô to Mortain. His company was ahead of the others and got attacked. One of his Lieutenants got hit in the torso by a mortar and thought he was dead, however the man lived. Over the campaign in Normandy, their company took around 50% casualties. Company took on replacements at Saint Lô. While in Sainte Lô, was in a Jeep that hit a mine. He was thrown in the air in and landed in his spine. Only he and another man survived the episode. (00:39:50) After Mortain, his unit moved to Versailles, and then moved into Paris. They then moved into Belgium and on to Philippeville, where he shot a tank. (00:43:35) After Philippeville, moved on to the Meuse River, where German resistance prevented their crossing for a time. Then they moved on to Theaux, where they meet a civilian that feed them eggs. Described the different forms of resistance the Germans gave them, especially in the Hurtgen Forest. He remembered the fighting here to be very heavy and casualties were very high. From Hurtganen Forest, moved into Germany. (00:54:45) He was wounded while advancing on Aachen. He was sent to break up a German roadblock and was fortifying a bivouac position after the attack, when he was hit in the hip by a German railroad gun. He had a wristwatch in his pocket which he still has some of in his body. The watch likely saved his leg. He had a hole about the size of his head in his hip. He denied the medic’s offer of morphine. He had emergency surgery on his leg, where they removed the shrapnel. He spent a year and a half in the hospital. Put in a body cast and then in traction. (1:01:30) Made the trip home on the Queen Elizabeth one bunk over from the bunk on the trip over. Made it back to the states in January 1945. Spent time in hospitals in the United States until November 1945. Lost his gluteus maximus and medius. Post-Enlistment (1:05:55) • • Took a job coaching football at Canisius and then worked in the printing business in New York. Then worked at the VA hospital in Geneva, NY. Also worked in Real Estate, and as a Manufacturing Agent. Has recently had surgery on his hip to replace it. �• Sees his experience in the military as a good one, however he would not do it over again. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hennesen, Charles (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hennesen, Charles Description An account of the resource Charles Hennesen was born in Fort Erie, Ontario and grew up in Buffalo, New York. He joined the Army Reserves while in college and was then called into Active Duty upon graduation. He served in 39th Regiment, 9th Division, in the European Theatre, specifically in Normandy, Northern France, Belgium, and Germany. He was wounded in the hip during an assault on the town of Aachen, and spent around a year and a half in hospitals in both Europe and the United States. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-08-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HennesienC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7732fed5a64c6608ce06485bf842a92a.mp4 bec3257f037a4f140b1321a5d47fd1ef https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e873bb8d5458dd399169283f7f1272b5.pdf 5aa64e6feccc819a4d5d7476ed01f31f PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam War Michael Hennessy 1:21:47 Introduction (00:20)        Mike was born January 6, 1949 in Savannah, Georgia. His father was a World War II veteran who served in the artillery as a second lieutenant. After the war, he went to business school and joined the Georgia National Guard; he retired from the Army Reserves in 1973 a full colonel. His mother was from Savannah, and was a registered nurse but she stayed home with Mike and his two siblings, a brother and sister. When he was in high school, he attended Benedictine Military School and graduated in 1967. (02:43) Since it was a military school, it was also an ROTC. His senior year he was the cadet colonel and commanded the cadet brigade. After high school, Mike went to the University of Georgia for a while but returned home and went to the Armstrong State College. At the end of 1968, he was getting tired of school. During his sophomore year of college, Mike decided to enlist in the United States Army. Military Training (04:03)    Mike went to basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and then attended Airborne AIT (Advanced Infantry Training) at Fort Gordon, Georgia and then went to OCS (Officer Candidates School) at Fort Benning, Georgia aka Benning School for Boys. (04:23) He spent 22 of the 24 weeks at OCS, when he decided that he did not want to go to Vietnam as a second lieutenant, so he turned down his commission and was assigned to be a eleven bravo ten (light weapons infantryman). Mike was given thirty days leave and then reported to Fort Lewis, Washington and flew out on May 15, 1970. Vietnam (05:48)    He arrived in Vietnam through Cam Ranh Bay, and after being processed he was assigned to the 101st Airborne. Mike attended SERTS (Screaming Eagle Replacement Training School) when he first arrived at the 101st. After that, he was assigned to Delta Company, 1/506th Infantry at Camp Evans. Evans was located north of the city of Hue. Mike joined the company around the 29th of May with several other new men that were also assigned to the 101st, including Lieutenant John Smith who became Mike‟s platoon leader. (07:08) He was flown out to Firebase Katherine, and it was there that he finally met up with his company. Mike was sent to the 2nd Platoon, 2nd Squad. �               Life on Katherine was boring, but they had a place to sleep, and they got at least one hot meal a day. They were there a couple of weeks and during that time he was able to get to know the men he was serving with and they got to know him. When they left Katherine in June, they went to Firebase Ripcord. It was quiet on Ripcord. They knew the enemy was outside the wire, but they did not engage them. The unit was then sent to Firebase Bastogne, down in the southern part of the 101st AO (Area of Operation). Around that firebase, they conducted patrols through the jungle, but were shortly after sent back to Ripcord. Due to inclement weather, they were detoured to Camp Evans and had a short stand down that resulted in a party with steaks and lots of drinking. (09:53) The next day when they flew out of Evans, the majority of the company was hung over. They arrived on July 18 and landed on a hilltop near Ripcord. That same afternoon, a Chinook helicopter crashed on Ripcord, which could be seen in the distance. The helicopter landed on the 105mm Howitzer Battery that was stationed there and it also destroyed the ammo dump. On July 19, Mike was sent on a reconnaissance patrol that walked down into a valley and discovered a cave that had about a dozen dead NVA soldiers that had been there for a while. (12:08) After searching the bodies, they brought back some documents that were written in Vietnamese. The climb back up the hill was difficult. Since he had not been in combat, he and the other new guys were very jumpy. When they were dropped in a hot LZ, Mike was riding in the helicopter and he saw what looked like Christmas lights coming out of the jungle, which turned out to be people shooting at him. One of the choppers was hit going in but made it back to Camp Evans. On the side of the LZ were large trees followed by the tree line. They were instructed to get to the wood line and he had to hurdle downed trees to make it there. (15:37) 1st and 2nd platoons set up a defensive position on the right side of the LZ and then broke for lunch. As Mike was eating his c-rations, the machine gunner that was watching a nearby trail jumped up and yelled “Chieu Hoi Mother Fucker” and began firing. There were three NVA soldiers coming down the trail just talking and jabbering because they had no idea that Delta Company was there. (17:06) They later learned that the three NVA were on a work detail digging what seemed to be a mortar pit. That night, Mike and some others were sent out from their NDP (Nighttime Defensive Position) and set up an LP (Listening Post) to monitor enemy activity. They spent the whole night listening to the NVA moving and talking all around them. The next morning around 6 am, they pulled back in and joined the company. Shortly after that, Mike heard incoming mortar rounds and soon realized that they were being hit with CS gas. (19:30) Thirty seconds after the gas attack, they were hit with a whole slew of HE (High Explosive) mortar rounds. During the attack, Mike was hit in the butt with some shrapnel. They fell back to the LZ and Mike was told to get in a foxhole with their Kit Carson Scout. (23:15) �            The NVA tried to come up the hill and push them out, but once they got to the LZ and dug in, they were able to hold the hill. As Mike stood in his hole, he saw an American baseball grenade coming at him. He claims that he could read the yellow writing on the green grenade. However, it was overthrown and went off behind him. Next, a satchel charge was thrown at him and it fell short and exploded just in front of the hole. Mike was firing at the tree he knew the NVA was hiding behind on full auto, and when he saw the man‟s arm come around the tree with another grenade, he shot it off with his M-16. (26:31) This all happened on July 21st. Because they were using so much ammo and taking so many casualties, there was an almost constant supply of choppers coming in and dropping off ammo and supplies and medevacs coming in and taking the wounded. Once they broke contact, Mike and several others were tasked with going out and getting the ammo and bringing it back. Mike told the sergeant that it was best to lead from the front, and that when he ran out there to get some ammo, they would too. So the sergeant ran out and grabbed some and the rest of the men followed. (28:15) Things were quiet for that morning with some mortar rounds. Later in the day a helicopter was shot down. After the last supply chopper left, someone yelled “That‟s it till morning”. That was as lonely as Mike has ever felt. He was sure that they would be overrun during the night. (31:57) Mike was tasked with some others to go back to their NDP from the night before to gather weapons and ammunition and some of the bodies of the men killed. Mike functioned as the radioman for the patrol. They received word that Delta Company, 2/506th had landed on a LZ two clicks up the hill past the NDP to help secure their position and provide reinforcements. At that point, Delta Company, 1/506th had about 20 men, while Delta 2/506th had about 80-90. (35:10) About 3:30pm that afternoon a message came through telling the men to get ready because they were being extracted. As a squad radio operator, Mike had one of two working radios in the entire company. Once they were extracted, the men were brought back to Camp Evans. (37:50) Out of the two birds that arrived at Camp Evans, only eight men had made it back. The third bird leaving the LZ was for Captain Workman and the remaining men, however, mortars came in near the chopper and the rotor blade came down and either decapitated him or just cut him in half, either way he was dead with only twenty two days left in country. Everyone in the company thought the world of Captain Workman. His replacement was already in country, but he chose to stay with the men because he didn‟t trust the new guy to bring out his men. (39:55) When the chopper that killed Captain Workman crashed, the door gunner was thrown out and had the skid of the helicopter land across his legs. James Fowler, a man from East St. Louis, Illinois ran out and lifted the skid while taking mortar fire and freed the door gunner. Jim Fowler was later awarded the Silver Star for that act of bravery. (41:30) The next day during muster, they had 15 men left in the company. It was July 22. The company was put on stand down until August when they received enough replacements to refill the company‟s ranks. Before the 15th of August they were able to be combat effective again and returned to the field. When they returned to the field, Mike did not want to be radioman anymore so he �      passed it off to one of the new guys. Mike choose to become the point man for the 2nd Platoon, he did this until two weeks before he left in April. (44:10) They had to cross a river that was 75 yards wide, and someone asked if anyone was a lifeguard, and Mike said that he was. He striped down, tied a rope around his waist and began to swim across. When he was about half way through, he looked up and saw some Vietnamese on the other shore. They turned out to be ARVN soldiers. He got across and tied the rope off and the rest of the men and Mike‟s gear were brought over. (48:03) In November, Mike was able to go on a three day in-country R&R to China Beach. He had been in the bush since May, and had more field time than anyone else in the company. He had a great time and was able to sleep on clean sheets, plus they served beer with breakfast. He began talking to one of the lifeguards there and he told him about his lifeguarding and water safety training and experience. He was told to go and talk to the NCOIC (Non Commissioned Officer In Charge) about getting a job as a lifeguard. Mike was told that if he would extend for six months, he would be given a job as a lifeguard there in China Beach. He decided not to go through with it. (50:18) Once he was too short to be in the field, he quit walking point. On one mission they were conducting a patrol south of Camp Evans when they began taking rifle fire from a hedge of trees ahead. Mike was at the end of the patrol and he grabbed a couple guys and tried to flank them. He threw a hand grenade that resulted in three explosions. The remaining enemy ran away. (52:20) When Mike had left the field, he was attending an award ceremony. He was standing in formation with a filthy uniform and an Irish flag in his helmet sweat band. The Division Sergeant Major began to yell at Mike because of his uniform and he told him to take off the flag. Mike told him „no‟. After explaining some history to the Sergeant Major and that he had the same last name as the Division Commander, the Sergeant Major gave up and stormed away. (54:54) Mike was at Division Headquarters being processed out of country on Easter 1971. After a little Easter party, he ended up sleeping in the post office on bags of mail. Mike had gone through SERTS with the mail clerk. Back in the States (55:35)      Mike left Vietnam at 6:15am on the morning of April 15, 1971. He flew back to Seattle, and arrived at 6:10am the morning of April 15, 1971. He arrived in the states five minutes before he left. The next day he made it back home to Savannah, Georgia. (56:28) On the plane from Atlanta, he sat in the front of coach so that he would be the first one off the plane, shortly after he fell asleep. Sometime later he was shaken awake by someone asking if he was going to get off the plane, he looked around and he was the only person left on board. After returning home, he still had some time in service so he was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division, Alpha Company, 1/2nd Infantry. He was there until January 1972. Mike carried two books in his rucksack the entire time he was in Vietnam, Norton‟s Anthology of Poetry and The Complete Works of William Butler Yeats. (58:53) The day he got home, he was awake for 48 hours. That afternoon, a friend that he had known since the 7th grade came over to visit. While there, she asked Mike how many �   babies he killed over there. He told her to get up and get out or he was going to throw her out. (1:00:33) When he went to the 1/2nd Infantry, he was stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas. Mike was given a job as the Battalion Finance NCO. He addressed complaints and set up allotments for people in the unit. It was an 8-5, Monday through Friday job with no formations, extra duty or PT. (1:02:30) In October 1971 he flew to Germany with the whole Division, picked up some equipment and did some maneuvers for about a week of the four weeks that he was there. He had a blast. They were able to go into the villages and try the beer and food. Mike was given an early out January 5, 1972 because he had been accepted to go back to school. He arrived home the next day, which was his birthday. National Guard (1:04:40)            Mike went back to Armstrong State College in Savannah. He found a job as a lab tech at a quality control lab. In September, he thought that maybe he should join the National Guard. He went over and signed up with a field artillery unit. Mike went to OCS and served one weekend a month and two weeks in the summer. He received his commission as a second lieutenant in August 1974. He never went to Fort Sill for his basic field artillery course; instead he took them all by correspondence. (1:06:40) After spending some time as an observer, he was then transferred to a firing battery and went in as the FDO (Fire Direction Officer) with a 155mm Self Propelled gun unit. Mike went to Charlie Battery, 1/230th; which was the unit that his father was the battery commander for in 1951. Mike became the executive officer of that battery. He was there until 1980. He was asked to leave because he could not make the weight standards. (1:08:42) He went back into the Reserves and made his commission as captain. In 1985 he came back in after he got his weight down. In 1989, he was hard up against the move to major. January 1990, Mike resigned his commission and enlisted in the Georgia National Guard as an E-5. He was there when his unit was mobilized for Desert Storm. (1:11:06) He was at summer camp when Kuwait was invaded. The rumor was that they were going to go from summer camp straight to the Middle East. They were mobilized in November 1990; after going to the National Training Center at Fort Irwin they were deemed not to be combat ready. They were never sent overseas, and were processed out of the Army in April. (1:14:53) Mike retired from the National Guard in January 1994. In 2009, he started receiving his retirement benefits which include a check each month, plus medical and travel benefits. (1:17:42) His father retired from the National Guard and the IRS and he was living very well, so Mike wanted to stay in the Guard until he too qualified for retirement benefits. If he had to go back and do it again, he would have stayed active duty and finished OCS and served his time there. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hennessy, Michael (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hennessy, Michael Description An account of the resource Mike was born in Savannah, Georgia, in 1949. He graduated from the Benedictine Military School in 1967 and started college at the University of Georgia. Eventually Mike tired of school and enlisted in the United States Army in 1968. He started OCS but later dropped out. He went to Vietnam in May 1970 and was assigned to Delta Company, 1/506th, 101st Airborne. Mike operated around Camp Evans and Firebase Ripcord. He left Vietnam in 1971 after spending a year in country. After he got out of the regular army, Mike joined the National Guard as an officer. After resigning his commission, he retired from the Georgia National Guard as an enlisted man in January 1994. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army United States. National Guard Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-11 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HennessyM1535V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a608c34a904ce48c02e612db86e8ea69.jpg 28a0fd4b2b3dcedb72a39e6092785523 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) Scrapbook Subject The topic of the resource Science--Study and teaching East Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Rapids (Mich.) University of Michigan Description An account of the resource The Honors Institute for Young Scientists provided a competitive scholarship to an advanced summer educational program in science and math for high school juniors and seniors in the Grand Rapids, Michigan area. It expanded to include approximately 12 states by 1962. In 1966, Grand Valley State College took over the program, changing its name to the Honors Institute for Young Scholars. The scrapbook includes articles and photographs of the Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) in Grand Rapids. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/465">Honors Institute for Young Scientists (RHC-38)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-28 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-38 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-1966 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/465">Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) scrapbook, RHC-38</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-38_HIFYS27 Title A name given to the resource Henry Heetderks (left) and Keith Termaat try out remote-controlled arms Subject The topic of the resource Honors Institute for Young Scholars Honors Institute for Young Scientists East Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Valley State College Science--Study and teaching University of Michigan Science Description An account of the resource Henry Heetderks (left) and Keith Termaat try out remote-controlled arms that can manipulate radioactive materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46a747687e06e5a6364980a07a2003aa.jpg 1fb3379d40b1721a8a6aa4b05fa9e4d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_D183-0002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06-30 Title A name given to the resource Henry House, Brooklyn, New York Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a sidewalk view of Brooklyn, New York, featuring business signs for Henry House and Bunce Hardware. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Brooklyn (New York, N.Y.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/83b2554bc73f39523d44476a7a7e4562.m4v e6c610d796d72cb473d8f72c24c63855 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fab0d0fcc75611c53237f7e97fa72a2a.pdf 99ac32fc6cbb39a843b7b3b311c6fced PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Earl O. Henry Jr. Cold War – Vietnam Era 1 hour 5 minutes 6 seconds Note: Earl is also telling the story of his father, Earl O. Henry, who died on the USS Indianapolis. (00:00:40) Earl Jr.’s Early Life -Born in Mayfield, Kentucky, on June 19, 1945 -Lived there until he was 8 years old -Father died on the USS Indianapolis when Earl was only six weeks old -Moved to Nashville, Tennessee -Lived there for the rest of his life save for time in college and the Army -Mother grew up in Mayfield and attended Western Kentucky State Teachers College -Taught in Tennessee and met Earl’s father in Tennessee -Had a fairly normal childhood -Grandfather and uncle became father figures for him -Uncle took him to baseball games, on fishing trips, and effectively acted as his father (00:03:30) College & Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps -Attended Vanderbilt University and majored in business -Went to University of Washington for graduate school -Got his Masters of Business Administration -Joined the Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) in college -Went to ROTC summer camp in 1965 -Received six weeks of basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky -The same as regular basic training just without biological or chemical warfare training -Went on the infiltration course -Crawling under barbed wire while live rounds are shot over your head -Ran on Heartbreak, Misery, and Agony Hill -Became an officer in the Army upon completion of college and ROTC training -Note: Most likely a 2nd lieutenant (00:05:30) Service as a Quartermaster Officer -Sent to Fort Lee, Virginia, for Quartermaster and Officer Basic Training -Received training on how to manage non-commissioned officers’ clubs and officers’ clubs -Remembers scandals in the NCO and officers’ clubs at the time -Army wanted men with accounting and business knowledge to handle the clubs -Assigned to the officers’ club at Fort Knox -Worked with non-commissioned officers, officers, and civilian workers -Nontraditional position for an officer -Spent nearly two years in the Army -Discharged six weeks earlier than planned date due to spending cuts -Doesn’t regret forgoing a career in the Army, because it wasn’t for him -1969 to 1971 was not an ideal time to be in the Army -Poor morale and bad esprit de corps -Fortunately, he never experienced any harassment from people for being in the military (00:09:41) Earl Sr.’s Early Life -Born in Clinton, Tennessee, in 1911 and grew up in Knoxville, Tennessee �-Attended and graduated from Knoxville High School -Collected bird cards from Arm & Hammer (similar to baseball cards) -Joined the Bird Club and became an amateur ornithologist -Had good eyesight, good hearing, and the ability to imitate bird calls -Led to him recording bird calls at the Naval Academy in January 1944 -Proficient with taxidermy -Allowed to collect one male and one female bird of each species for taxidermy -Mounted 88 birds and donated them to the Ijams Nature Center -Mother kept three mounted ducks as a memory of him -Father attended the University of Tennessee to study dentistry -Graduated from there in 1935 (00:15:17) Naval Service – Stateside -Came to Knoxville to practice dentistry -Went on Navy active duty with America’s entry into World War II -He and Earl’s mother got married in October 1941 -Earl’s parents were at a party on December 7, 1941 -When the last guest arrived they said that Pearl Harbor had been bombed -Ordered to report to Parris Island, South Carolina -Earl’s mother was able to join him in South Carolina -They rented a cottage in Beaufort -Stayed there for a year -Earl’s father received orders to report to the Naval Academy to join the Dental Corps -Parents moved to Annapolis, Maryland (00:19:57) Service on the USS Indianapolis -In 1944 he volunteered for sea duty and was assigned to the USS Indianapolis -Earl Sr. felt he should take his turn at sea like other men -Service on the Indianapolis was considered a prime assignment -Joined the USS Indianapolis at Saipan on July 25, 1944 -Flown out to Saipan -Father painted a war poster in August 1944 -Bald eagle defending the US flag, clutching a bleeding snake with a Rising Sun around its tail -USS Indianapolis returned to Mare Island in San Francisco in November 1944 for repairs -Earl’s mother came out to meet him there -Spent Thanksgiving 1944 together -Stayed there for six weeks -Visited relatives in Fresno -Mother returned home after that visit -USS Indianapolis took part in the invasion of Iwo Jima in February 1945 -At the time the Indianapolis was Admiral Spruance’s flagship -Assisted during the battle of Okinawa -On March 31, 1945, the day before troops hit the island a kamikaze hit the Indianapolis -Nine men were killed as a result -Admiral Spruance transferred to a different ship -Returned to Mare Island for reapirs -Got a three week leave to Mayfield -Earl (Jr.) was not expected until the end of July -Grandparents visited for a week while he was in Mayfield -Visited the naval facilities in Memphis as a possible postwar duty station -Had dinner with Earl Jr.’s mother and had their picture taken �-Only family photo (since Earl’s mother was pregnant) -Earl Sr.’s leave ended and he returned to Mare Island to board the USS Indianapolis -Received news that Earl Jr. had been born six weeks early -If Earl Sr. had known, he could have gotten an extension of leave, and lived (00:30:13) Secret Mission & Sinking of the USS Indianapolis -Indianapolis received orders for a secret mission -Note: Mission was to deliver the atomic bomb components to Tinian -Stopped at Guam en route to Tinian and received baby photos of Earl Jr. -Sent a short note to Earl Jr., last communication before dying -Note: At 12:14 a.m. on July 30 the I-58 torpedoed and sank the USS Indianapolis -300 crewmen went down with the ship, among them Earl O. Henry Sr. -Earl Jr.’s mother received news of Earl Sr.’s death on the same day Japan surrendered -A few weeks later, Earl’s mother went to a movie and saw a newsreel featuring the I-58 -Ran out of the theater crying -She contacted Captain McVay III (captain of the Indianapolis) to ask about Earl Sr. -Told her that Earl Sr. was a proud father and showed the crew pictures of Earl Jr. (00:41:00) USS Indianapolis Reunions & Other Events -Earl Jr. and his mother went to the 25th survivors’ reunion in 1970 -Painful experience -Always assumed Earl Sr. went down with the ship, and other crewmen confirmed it -Glad he got to talk with other survivors including his father’s closest friends -Went to the dedication of the national memorial in Indianapolis (coincided with 50th reunion) -Made prints of his father’s war poster (with the eagle) to distribute at the event -In 2005 he finally got the chance to present his father’s story at that year’s reunion -In 2005 he began speaking at middle schools about the sinking of the ship and his father’s story -In 2005, the American Legion magazine ran an article about Earl Sr. -He was interviewed for Sara Vladic’s documentary about the sinking of the USS Indianapolis -Participated in presentation about the sinking at a community college -Saw the Enola Gay (B-29 that dropped the atomic bomb) with two other Indianapolis survivors -Note: The Enola Gay dropped the Little Boy atom bomb delivered by the Indianapolis -Also visited the World War II Memorial with those same survivors (00:52:44) Media about the USS Indianapolis Pt. 1 -Sara Vladic, a director, started the Indianapolis Legacy Project -The Indianapolis Legacy Project: 10 year long project interviewing survivors and families -Way of documenting the experiences of the crewmen, both living and dead -Directed a documentary, USS Indianapolis: The Legacy, about the sinking of the ship -Abandon Ship!, published in 1958, was the first major book dealing with the sinking -Later books, such as Only 317 Survived and In Harm’s Way, include new information from the Navy (00:56:30) Opinion of Captain McVay III -Knows that his father deeply respected Captain McVay III -Earl Jr. feels that Captain McVay shouldn’t have been court-martialed for losing the ship -Note: Only captain to be tried and found guilty for losing a ship in wartime. Later committed suicide in 1968 over the guilt. -Feels the Navy unfairly treated Captain McVay -Sees him as a victim just like the other crewmen (00:58:28) Media about the USS Indianapolis Pt. 2 -USS Indianapolis is receiving more exposure -Believes the film, Jaws, helped introduce more people to the story of the sinking -Note: One of the characters in the film survived the sinking �(00:59:55) Public Knowledge about the Sinking -Strange that schools tend to not talk about World War II, with no attention given to the Indianapolis -Even the World War II Museum (in New Orleans) only has a small plaque about the ship -Interviewer, as of 2016, is working on erecting a memorial in Lansing, Michigan -Commemorating the Michigan crewmen -Hopefully, more memorials will lead to more people learning about the Indianapolis -New book, Indianapolis, has a planned release date of Memorial Day 2017 (01:03:05) Connection with Other Survivors -In 2012, he visited one of the survivors who served as one of the ship’s doctors -The doctor, Earl Sr. and the ship’s chaplain tried to look after the other crewmen on leave -Watched over them and kept them safe -The chaplain, Father Thomas Conway, survived the sinking but died before rescue -There is memorial for Father Conway in Waterbury, Connecticut � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HenryE1945V Title A name given to the resource Henry, Earl O. Jr (Interview outline and video), 2016 Description An account of the resource Earl O. Henry Jr. was born in Mayfield, Kentucky, on June 19, 1945. He attended Vanderbilt University and the University of Washington, and while in college was in the Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps. After graduation he was commissioned as an officer in the Army and received Quartermaster and Officer Basic Training at Fort Lee, Virginia. He was assigned to manage the officers’ club at Fort Knox, Kentucky. He served from 1969 to 1971. Earl’s father, Earl O. Henry Sr., was born in Clinton, Tennessee, in 1911. He served as an officer and a dentist in the Navy. With America’s entry into World War II, he served at Parris Island, South Carolina then joined the Dental Corps at the Naval Academy. In 1944 he volunteered for sea duty and was assigned to the USS Indianapolis. He joined the ship on July 25, 1944 at Saipan. He participated in the invasion of Iwo Jima and survived the kamikaze attack near Okinawa on March 31, 1945. Earl Sr. was aboard the USS Indianapolis when it delivered the atomic bomb components to Tinian, and was killed in action when the I-58 sank the Indianapolis on July 30, 1945. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Henry, Earl O Jr Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Hammond, Steve (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-08-23 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/66a73952d7eb56ee85b98ea54cb94e61.jpg c4e5eb45943a6e2d610633b6f19b6cea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HenryPaul Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Henry, Paul Description An account of the resource Paul Henry, Representative Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/37deb28bcb80ce3999c85fb7de83ba5d.jpg 780af80a75a5bdc19cc3ca7c3589af22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context StokesKarenHenry_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Henry, Paul B. Description An account of the resource U.S. Representative Paul B. Henry Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc438f23d4e392b9b5a9b8f2713071cb.jpg 5cdc0e1c1b101d1d262c12b24505adb3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HensonThomas Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Title A name given to the resource Henson, Thomas Description An account of the resource Thomas Henson, English Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1979s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9f183d9be98159f470f0a71f6d64aafc.jpg afba0323515c67931941641d3227c63d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HensslerGene Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Title A name given to the resource Henssler, Gene Description An account of the resource Gene Henssler Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1982s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0782ad741625294c591dd6641740aae.pdf 7a48eefaf315c4248f4f6c4d1d9bf6f3 PDF Text Text WOMEN'S Fall 2008 YENTER Shatter myths about women in leadership positions WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER I 7TH WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 12TH Jeanne Arnold Vice-President for Inclusion & Equity Sue Sloop, Work Life Consultant 12 -I p.m. 12 -I p.m. Kirkhof Center - Room 2250, ABC Kirkhof Center - Room 2266 For ind ivid uals needing special accommodat ions please contact t he W o men's C enter at: 6 16-33 1-2748 or w omenctr@gvsu.edu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_Womens-Center_2008_Fall_Her-Story.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Women's Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Title A name given to the resource Her Story: Shatter myths about women in leadership positions Description An account of the resource Handout with the information on the fall 2008 events. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Leadership in women Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women's Center Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bc67410cf720d8a668f0ab120312e82b.pdf 8f48d5738b63a49aa0258ee00803f55e PDF Text Text WOMEN'S Fall 2009 g-ENTER Shatter myths about women in leadership positions ·THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24TH Dr. Cheryl Boudreaux, Assistant Professor WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4TH Cassonya Carter-Pugh Director, Student Services Kirkhof College of Nursing ·12 -1 p.m. 12 -1 p.m. Kirkhof Center - Room 2263 Kirkhof Center - Room 2263 For individuals needing special accommodations please contact the Women's Center at: 616,-331-2748 or womenctr@gvsu.edu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_Womens-Center_2009_Fall_Her-Story.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Women's Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Title A name given to the resource Her Story: Shatter myths about women in leadership positions Description An account of the resource Handout with the information on the Fall 2009 events. Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Leadership in women Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women's Center Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives