380 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/72ebbba97c9749c8a3a038f29de89dcf.mp4 e967024c375b1a495df4ed4eb96fca73 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d0b55cba3fe8597a666cbb6202002d87.pdf 2107037f989728a32f81c88c97034517 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Robert Hartman (01:00:30) Interviewer: “Can you state your name, when you were born and the regiment you served with.” I served with Service Company and “E” Company of the 126th Infantry, 32nd Infantry Division, and the “Red Arrow” group. Interviewer: “Now, you’ve had an interview before and you went through your boot camp, so we’re going to jump ahead this time to when you left the United States. You were at the Cow Palace in California, can you tell me what happened there?” Well, the Cow Palace is what the name implies; it was where they had rodeos. It just had a dirt floor in the middle with cement seats around the sides and fold up chairs. We were there for a week or 10 days and it rained all the time we were in Frisco, the weather was miserable. 1:00 So I never had a good impression of San Francisco. We had to sleep in the seats and the lucky ones slept out on the floor in cots, but they gave us fold up cots and told us to stretch them across the seats and there was no way in the world, if you have ever been in a theater, you can stretch a folding cot across the seats and sleep, so we all slept sitting up with our coats and clothes on, that’s the way we stayed for the week or 10 days that we were there. 1:33. Interviewer: “Now, did you have any sense or idea where you would be going or what you would be doing?” We had no idea. We had no idea what country we were going to, we just knew we weren’t going to England like they planned. We knew we were headed some other place, 1 �but nobody had the faintest idea who we were going to fight, but we figured it would probably be the Japs seeing we weren’t going to be fighting the Germans. That’s about all we knew and that was just common sense to figure that out. 2:02 Interviewer: “Now, you were given orders to board the luxury liner the U.S.S. Lurline, can you tell us about that?” Well, the Lurline was a luxury liner that they hadn’t even completed converting to a troop-ship because they used the state rooms for the men and they were putting anywhere from 2 to 5 men in a state room and we were lucky because we got the ballroom up on the A deck where they had all of their dances and that and there was a hardwood floor and they had the big windows there and during the day they could roll those big windows down and we got this nice breeze. 2:43 The only thing was, myself and about 90% of the guys were seasick just about all the way across. Interviewer: “Was there anything you could take for that? What did you guys do to fight that?” Nothing. Ed Szudzk swears by lemon drops and the purser on the ship was going around selling jars of lemon drops and he said, “lemon drops will stop seasickness”, but what it did was made me sicker on the lemon drops, but Ed Szudzik swore by them and he said that they kept him healthy all the way across. Even my company commander, who told us that it is just a matter of mind over matter, for the first 2 or 3 days he was going around making fun of us and all of a sudden he’s just as sick as the rest of us, so we turned the tables on him that way. 3:40 Interviewer: “Now, when you crossed the equator was there a celebration?” 2 �Yes, we had what they called—one of the sailors was King Neptune and then you were a pollywog or, I’m trying to think what the other term was that—they shaved your head, a lot of them went around and grabbed a bunch of guys and shaved their heads and I thought it was so cool that I had mine shaved and I kept my head shaved for about 65 years after that. 4:13 I never did wear my hair long again. Interviewer: “So, were you initiated?” No, I wasn’t, they didn’t bother me, but they did some of the others, they pulled all kinds of pranks on them and I don’t remember what they all were, but they had us all up on deck going through this, but I was too seasick to even care what was going on. 4:35 Interviewer: “So you didn’t leave your room much? You just basically stayed in bed?” Not if I could help it, I lived on bread and coffee because they had fresh bread on board and they had coffee, but you went down into the mess hall and the food was all steam cooked like a pressure cooker and just the smell of it, I would leave the mess hall and grab a slice of bread and a cup of coffee and go back up on deck. 4:59 Interviewer: “How long did this trip take?” Well, roughly 30 days. I’ve heard every—if I go by my discharge papers it was 32 days, other guys got the same discharge papers, were on the same boat I was, they got on the same day, they got off the same day and some of them their discharge papers say 25 days. 5:24 It’s hard to tell, every time I read about it it’s a different time, so it’s anywhere from 25 to 32 days, but I have always said 30 days and in my mind that’s the way I figure it. Interviewer: “Did you have any idea where you were going?” 3 �We had no idea until we were almost to Australia and they told us we were going to land in Adelaide Australia. The reason we landed in Adelaide instead of Brisbane where we were supposed to, was because the battle of the Coral Sea was going on and the Americans were battling the Japanese for the Battle of the Coral Seas and we had to detour out around it to avoid getting caught in there with our troop ships because there were probably 5 troop ships in this convoy along with a bunch of other small cruisers that were there to convoy us over. 6:22 Interviewer: “You said you landed in Port Adelaide?” Yes, Port Adelaide was called the city of churches and it was a nice little town, but they didn’t expect us, but they treated us real well there. Interviewer: “What was your first impression when you landed? What did it smell like? What did it look like?” Well, it was just warm there and we got off the boat and we’re dressed in woolen clothes. They issued us woolen clothes to go to England and they issued them in Massachusetts and when we got to Adelaide the temperature was 85° roughly and we’re standing there with big overcoats on and woolen coats and all dressed up like we were going to the North Pole. 7:00 Interviewer: “Was there a crowd out there, people out?” No, just us, I don’t remember, but there probably were some other people around, but there wasn’t any welcoming committee or anything. We were just so happy to get back on land that we didn’t care; we just wanted to see dry land. Interviewer: “Where did you go from there?” 4 �We stayed at Sandy Creek for a couple of months and then we started up to Brisbane, Australia and we were loaded on trains and every state, there are 5 states in Australia, and every one has a different gauge track, so you go so far and you have to unload the train and load it onto the next train and go from there. We had all of our trucks and supplies and troops and it took us 4 or 5 days just to go from one end of Australia to the other. 7:58 Australia, of course, is as big as the United States. Interviewer: “Now, you said you stayed in Sandy Creek for a couple of months, what was that?” Yes, Sandy Creek was just the name of a place, I guess there was a town there or something, but it was just called Sandy Creek and where they got the—it was all sand I know that and it was a nice little place. 8:25 We were there in the summertime, our summer, but their winter and it got cold there and we didn’t have any stoves, but the coldest it got was if you put a bucket of water out at night, it would have a skim of ice on it in the morning, but by noon it was up to 75 or 80 again. We didn’t suffer or anything, we had nice warm bedding and that to sleep in and they did issue us summer clothing so we kept anything we wanted to of the warm stuff, so it wasn’t too bad. 9:03 The food was good there and there was a little German village right near us where they made wine, German wine from the people from Germany and a lot of the guys were buying wine by the barrel and drinking their wine, but I’m not much of a wine drinker, so I didn’t do much of that. It was nice there and we could go down to Adelaide once a month or so. 9:34 You took a train down there and coming back on the train, because they had added on so many cars to accommodate the soldiers that the train couldn’t make the hill coming back up. It wasn’t a big hill, it was just a long grade and we would have to get out and 5 �walk alongside the train so the train made the top of the hill and then we could get back on and ride again. 9:59 We would have maybe 4 or 5 thousand GI’s on the same train and they only had one little bitty engine and all the other good engines, of course, were hauling supplies for the war, but the Aussies were good people. 10:21 They are one of the countries that still thinks the United States is a pretty good country. Interviewer: “So, you guys got along, the soldiers and civilians?” We got along, especially with the soldiers when we met them in New Guinea. Of course, when we got there the soldiers, most of the soldiers of the Australian army were over in Africa fighting. They were fighting the Germans over there and they were called “The Rats of Tobruk” and they went through one heck of a thing over there and they brought them back and they rearmed them and sent them back up to New Guinea with us. 10:57 They had 2 separate armies in Australia, which differs from ours. When you sign up over there, you sign up for either part of the expeditionary forces or you can sign up for the militia. The militia never had to leave Australia, they were there for the duration and if you joined the AEL they could send you overseas, which they did. 11:28 There was quite a bit of antagonism between the 2 armies, the militia were looked down on, the others who had gone over to Africa and fought the Germans and then came back and had to rearm again and go right back up to New Guinea and help us, but they were terrific fighters, they were darn good men. 11:50 Interviewer: “What kind of interactions did you guys have when you were at Sandy Creek? Did they tell you about the fighting you might run into? Did they say anything about Japanese tactics?” 6 �No, nothing. We had no idea what we were going into, I don’t think anybody knew and we didn’t train for it, we just went out in the field. They didn’t do any special training for the jungle. I don’t even think they knew what the jungle was going to be like. 12:15 See, our company command was the one that did the training, it wasn’t—they didn’t bring in any Aussies from--there were a few Aussies up in New Guinea at that time already, trying to hold back the Japanese, but they couldn’t do it, there weren’t enough of them, so they needed our help in a hurry, so as soon as they could they flew “E” Company from Brisbane up into Port Moresby, which happened to be the first time in United States history that an American force had ever been flown into combat and that’s another first for the “Red Arrow”. 12:50 Interviewer: “Before we get to New Guinea, what kind of training exactly did they have? They didn’t quite prepare you for jungle warfare, but what were they preparing you for?” Just regular combat training like practicing with bayonets, which we never use, most of the guys threw their bayonets away, we marched back and forth and we listened to speeches and all that stuff, but they never really got into any real basic training. 13:21 One of the things we were trying to do was bring our group together because when we got on the Lurline we had a bunch of recruits that came out of California and they hadn’t even finished their basic training and they’re finishing up their basic training over in Australia. 13:42 So then we went up to Brisbane and from there we went on into New Guinea. Interviewer: “How long were you in Brisbane?” A month or two. 7 �Interviewer: “Just continued the same basic training?” Same thing, same thing all over again. Interviewer: “Did you have contact with the Aussies there also?” No, the officers might have had, or the high command might have had, the Generals or something, but as far as any of the men or—we never saw an Aussie soldier except the militia and they were no help because they never got into combat. 14:16 So, we never talked to anybody until we got up into combat and started talking to the Aussie troops that were up there and they told us what was going on and they gave us a lot of good information, but until then we were just as green as anybody coming off the boat. Interviewer: You left for New Guinea from Brisbane? Yes. Interviewer: “How did you get there? You said one company flew over, how did you get there?” We went by boat. Interviewer: “Can you tell me about that?” Well, they had liberty ships at that time, they were putting ships together that were welded instead of bolted and it was an innovation by a man—I’m trying to think of his name, it was Kaiser from the United States here and he started making the ships here in the United States and turning out 1 or 2 a day and they were just little tramp steamers all welded together and just solid steel all the way and there was nothing to them except the hold and the motor and that was it. 15:22 They put us down in this hold and just a steel plate between us and the ocean and you could see that steel would sweat from the cold water and it was warm on the inside and cold on the outside and the boat creaked and 8 �moaned all the way across there and it took us a couple of days to go from Brisbane up to Queensland and to Port Moresby. 15:51 Interviewer: “Where did you land in Port Moresby?” Well, Port Moresby was the port where we landed and there was nothing there except a couple metal sheds and one of them was a hotel, just a 2 story thing made out of rusted corrugated iron and I think it had a bar, we never got into the town really to look it over. They marched us right through the town and out on the—about 5 miles out of town and we stopped and everyone started walking over the Owen Stanley Mountains. Interviewer: “After you got off your ship and started walking farther inland where you guys were staying, did you have any contact with natives? Were there any Australians there? Did you see anybody? What did it look like?” Well, there wasn’t too much jungle around Port Moresby. 16:44 It was wide open and in fact they had an airstrip there and we were lucky enough, the first night there they sent us into this airstrip, right at the end of it and these Ausies, there were Americans there too on this airstrip and they were flying and trying to fight the Japanese in the air and at night the Japanese would come over and bomb this airstrip and they missed the airstrip and they were bombing us half of the time. 17:15 The first day there they told us that we better dig a foxhole and the ground was just as hard as a rock and we didn’t have pick axes so everybody just went out and dug a hole about 6 inches deep and said, “that’s enough” and that night they bombed us and they killed a couple of guys in the regiment and the next day everybody was out and the holes went down in a hurry that day. 17:42 We had big ones by nightfall, but just a few days later we started moving up. Interviewer: “How far out of Port Moresby were you camped?” 9 �Just 5 miles. Interviewer: “What was the name of the camp?” It had no name; we just called it the 5-mile airstrip. There must have been a name for it, but I don’t remember any. Interviewer: “How many days were you there?” Well, maybe 2 or 3 weeks. Everybody got dysentery that was there. The flies were so think, I have never seen flies that thick in all my life, it must have been the breeding season or something because you couldn’t eat your food, you had to keep waving the flies off your food all the way up to your mouth and everybody got dysentery and all of the sudden a breeze came up a few days later and all these flies were gone, just like they had never been there. 18:40 The wind just took them out into the ocean because they all disappeared and we never did know what happened. Interviewer: “For those of us who aren’t familiar with the symptoms of dysentery, can you explain that a little?” Well, it’s diarrhea and everybody knows what diarrhea is. Interviewer: “Did you have a cold? Did you have a fever?” No, no, nothing with it, just diarrhea and it was so bad that the men were passing blood some of them and they had nothing in those days to give them. The medics, they had nothing and they didn’t know what to do because they had never run into this before and they had run into cases of diarrhea and that in the states I suppose, where somebody would get sick and have diarrhea, but not where the whole regiment came down with diarrhea. When you got 2 or 3 thousand men with diarrhea there is nothing, the medics couldn’t—there was no store to go and get anything from. 19:38 They couldn’t get it 10 �from Australia because Australia didn’t have anything to help with it either and they would have to fly that if they could have got a plane to do it. Interviewer: “During that 3 weeks, were you waiting? Were you training? Were the Australians giving you any tips on how to fight the Japanese at that time?” No, there weren’t any Aussies there. Interviewer: “Did you have any information yet?” Nope, but the officers must have had some because they started moving up, the 2nd battalion started across the Owen Stanleys, the 3rd battalion and the 1st battalion and the artillery battalion stayed behind, but we were supposed to fly up later, which we did, but the 2nd battalion, plus the anti-tank, cannon company and part of the medics and part of the Signal Corps, all went over the Owen Stanley Mountains, which was a story in itself. 20:31 I wasn’t there, I didn’t go over—I didn’t walk over the Owen Stanley. Interviewer: “You flew in?” I flew in. After they came down the other side, they took the airstrip there and they enlarged it and they flew in these C47’s, which is just a 2 motor plane, but it was a big cargo plane at that time and it was the backbone of the army for years. 20:59 Interviewer: “So, when you flew in, can you explain that? Did you have to go back to Port Moresby to the airstrip or were you able to fly out from the 5 mile strip?” No, we were right at the end of the strip like 100 yards from the end of the strip and we just walked over the strip and got on the planes. Interviewer: “How long did it take you to get there?” Maybe 45 minutes. 21:23 Interviewer: “And it took them 45 days to get over the mountains?” 11 �Oh yes. It was a scary situation flying over because they flew between the mountains and we could look out the windows, there wasn’t any seating and we just sat on the floor because there wasn’t anyplace to sit in this plane, it was a cargo plane. They put us in there and we were just tight together, but we could look out the windows, a little bit of windows and you could se the mountain on one side and you looked out across the plane and you could see the mountain on the other side and it looked like the plane tips were almost touching, but they were probably a half a mile away, but to us it looked like they were going to crash any minute. These pilots deserve a lot of credit; we always said that, for flying the “hump” they called it. Interviewer: “Where did you land?” Dubador airstrip. Interviewer: “Was there any firing going on when you landed?” No, it had all been taken. It had been taken pretty mildly at first then once they got past that is when they really started running into trouble. 22:36 Interviewer: “When you landed did you stay there for a while?” No, we started right up for the front and we took one day of marching and we got up there and right away they put us right on the line and said, “well, this is it”. Interviewer: “while you were marching, what equipment did you have? What kind of gear did you have?” We had our full packs and we didn’t have to throw anything away, but it wasn’t long after that we found out that half of the stuff we didn’t need. We threw away our gas masks and blanket we started out with we threw away and rain gear we threw that away, we threw away—every day that you’re up there, every day that we were in combat we 12 �threw away more and more stuff. I would say that within a couple of weeks, January, I can’t remember, but in 2 or 3 weeks we were down to the bare necessities. Like myself, I just carried my rifle, my ammunition, my canteen, a first aid kit and a little pouch with some food in it. 23:54 Interviewer: “How were you getting food at this time?” They would bring it up by what we called them, the “Fuzzy Wuzzies”, the natives would bring it up and the Ausies who had worked with these natives, these were apparently missionary types that worked with these natives and the natives would bring the food up and the one thing that we lived on and I was lucky because we had these little cans, I would say a 4 inch can, one of them had beans and one of them had hash and one had stew and the 4th can had a little hardtack and a little soluble coffee and a couple of pieces of sugar and a couple of hard pieces of candy and that was it. And that was supposed to last us for 3 or 4 days and mainly what we wanted the most was just the coffee. We finally got them to bring us up some coffee in bagfuls and we would make our own coffee. Somebody would go back with a little Billy can and this was just an ordinary can with wire in it, and heat it over a fire, if you could get a fire going, and throw in a handful of coffee and drink it like that. We learned to drink it black and strong. 25:21 Interviewer: “From the airstrip, you said you began marching right away, where did you go and how long did it take?” Just one day, about 16 hours we marched straight and we got there and they bedded us down and the next day we started, I don’t remember exactly, they never told you too much because they didn’t know too much, they said, “ok here’s this line and there’s these 13 �guys over here and you guys gotta take this line here and hold it.” If we tell you to move up, you move up so that’s what we did. Interviewer: “What was the training like? You said down by Port Moresby there wasn’t too much of a jungle setting. Up there were you hitting dense jungle?” There was no training we just went into combat and that was our training, on the job training. 26:11 Interviewer: “The land, what was the land like?” Well, it was a jungle and a rain forest, a typical rain forest. When we were there, which happened to be during the monsoon and they get 300 inches of rain a year and most of it comes at this 3 months that we were there, October, November and December and part of January. Interviewer: “As you were marching in, was there a path for you to follow? What were you marching through?” Most of it was mud, but there was a path, probably an old—the natives had tracks allover New Guinea and you follow these tracks because the natives live there and it was a Buna village and it was where the natives had there little village and they had these little grass huts, they were made out of bamboo and they built them 4 or 5 feet off the ground and had little stepladders going up into them and they had a thatched roof on them and the natives would live in them a while and when they would get tired of them they move on. They just pick up their stuff, the women would carry it and they would walk ahead and somebody in this group always carried a little fire, a little bamboo with some moss in it and it had a little core of fire in there and when they would get to another place they would just dump some out and go on and start another fire. I don’t know what they did if 14 �they ever lost their fire because when we were around we would give them matches or anything they needed, in fact we were—the Americans were too good to them because we felt sorry for them and we would give them food and everything and the Aussies would tell us not to give them too much food because if we gave them enough food, they would just disappear for 2 or 3 days and they didn’t want to work. It was the natives way of doing things, they lived for the day not for the next week, they just lived for today. 28:18 They did, we called it the “betel nut smile” because they all had this—it’s an opiate of some type that they chewed on and their gums were all just bright red. It looked like they swallowed a cherry pit or something, we called it “the betel nut smile” because it was a betel nut they chewed, but it was an opiate of some type. I never did see it growing and I don’t think anybody tried it and nobody wanted to, but the natives probably needed it to keep going because the life expectancy was probably between 35 and 40 years old. 29:06 The girls would have babies at 12 or 13 because they matured early in the jungle there and by the time they were 25 they were down hill already. Interviewer: “Now, you were marching to Buna?” Well, we didn’t really march; we just followed one another through the jungle. Interviewer: “ Did you hear any sounds? Did you know you were getting closer to the front lines?” Well, almost from day one we could hear firing going on somewhere, it was just rifle fire mainly, machine guns, we could hear them, but the sound carried—sometimes it carried good and other times you couldn’t hear anything and you never knew which way it was coming from in the jungle. It was hard to know which direction was which. I would 15 �have gotten lost, but in my squad I had a guy that was pretty darn good at knowing which direction was north and south and I kept him close by me, so when they said to go over so and so, I would tell him, “we’re going to head south here for a ways” he would say, “ok’ and he would take off and meet me and he was usually right. 30:22 Everybody was getting lost at one time or other, there was nobody around to guide you unless you had a guide and half the time the guide couldn’t remember which trail he took because there are so many little trails that the natives had and the animals had theirs. We didn’t see many wild animals, but we did see the tracks of them. I heard there were lions and that, but I never heard of any, but I do know there was monkeys up around the tree tops and a lot of birds and a lot of little piglets like running around, but mostly those belonged to the natives. 31:07 Interviewer: “When you first got to Buna, did you go right into battle or was there a camp set up? What happened when you first arrived on the front lines?” No, we never had a camp set up, nobody ever had a camp set up and I don’t understand that myself. Everybody went in a different direction and everybody was fighting somebody and somebody knew where we were all the time, apparently somebody in the general headquarters knew. We had the maps that I showed you, but we had no idea and to this day I have talked to some of the guys and I would say that I didn’t know—they were talking about some of the guys were on the Sanananda Trail and some of them— like I was at the “bloody triangle”, that’s where I first got hit and I didn’t know how far that was from Buna Village, I don’t think I ever saw Buna Village. 31:55 We just called the whole area Buna like the whole area around here is Grand Rapids even though you never did get downtown to see Grand Rapids. I never saw the village, some of the guys 16 �did, but half the guys never saw Buna Village because all there was were just a few little native huts. There wasn’t any village; there wasn’t any staging area. Where the brass, the Generals stayed, I have no idea where they stayed. 32:29 I know we had Majors and Colonels with us, a Colonel from the regiment would be with the regiment and the Majors and the Captains and everything, but beyond that, I don’t know where the main headquarters was and I don’t think hardly anybody knew. We communicated by phone because we had radios, but they quit working after 2 days in the jungle because they weren’t made for the rain forest. 32:55 The instruments would get all wet and they would just fall apart and we would just throw them away, they weren’t any good, they were huge phones, they were probably 15 pounds apiece and if you tried to carry a cell phone that weighted 15 pounds apiece, you wouldn’t see many people using a cell phone. 33:15 Interviewer: “You said your first combat experience was at the “bloody triangle”?” Right, well, we fought some before that, but it was just piecemeal, at a distance, firing at vague shapes and stuff and we never really got into anything until we got to the “triangle” and that was on the 19th of December. 33:41 Interviewer: “Can you tell me about that?” Well, there was a pillbox up there and the Japs had been holding it and 2 or 3 outfits had tried to take it and because we were fresh troops they thought we could go in there and do it, but they just told me, “Sergeant, take your men and there’s a pillbox right up there (they pointed) and go out there and see if you can take it” so, I said’ “yes sir” and I said to my men, “let’s go” and we started, we got down and started crawling through the Kunai grass, which was probably 3 or 4 feet high, Kunai grass is just a sharp bladed grass 17 �and if you don’t watch it will cut you, it’s sharp on the edges and you have to be careful with it. 34:32 We had our long sleeves on and our jackets and we’re crawling along and all of a sudden, I’m in the lead, and I saw this place where the grass had been cut and I thought well, I’m going over here, it’s a lot better crawling so, I started crawling down around that and all of a sudden it dawned on me that this was a fire trail. It’s not cut for my benefit, it’s cut for somebody else’s benefit and it had to be the Japanese down at the end of it with a machine gun and when I thought of that I jumped for the side, from a prone position I leaped and they cut loose with their machine gun and I felt it hit my rifle and knock that out of my hand and I got hit in the arm and in the leg. 35:24 I got on the other side and I knew I was hit and I was scared to look because I didn’t want to know how bad it was, but finally I looked and it wasn’t that bad so, then I hollered at my men when I got over there,” for cripe sakes don’t jump across, don’t get in that fire trail”, so they stayed over there and after a while, I laid there a while, I jumped back across before they could start their machine gun again and I got to the other side again. 35:56 I went back and got a band-aid on it and came back and we crawled around there for a while trying to get close, but they kept us pinned down and we never did get up to the pillbox and finally they came and told us to come back, so we went back and I guess we tried again a couple of days later, we had reinforcements at that time and we still didn’t make it. 36:20 finally I don’t know how they did get that pillbox out of there, they took us out of there and put us over someplace else and like I say, they came along and said, “come on Sergeant get your men, were going over here”, of course I had a Captain, but I didn’t see him that often because he was busy with 2 or 3 other platoons out and he had to watch all 4 platoons of us. 18 �Interviewer: “Now go back a second, you said when you were in that precut fire lane it just dawned on you, you didn’t have any training or hadn’t talked to anybody who had warned you about these things, you just made sense out it, it was just common sense?” It made common sense because if I had laid there much longer they would have cut me up because that’s why they cut this fire lane and how they cut it I have no idea, but they had cut it real short, almost like my lawn, it was only about that high and I could crawl on it and I could see where I was going and in Kunai grass you can’t see 2 feet ahead of you, so I thought, “man, I can see where I’m going now” and all of a sudden I realized that this has been cut and it wasn’t cut for my benefit so it had to be for somebody’s and I was sure it wasn’t mine so, I knew right away that—those things flash through your mind in just an instant and it took me just long enough to gather myself and dive to the other side because I was closer to the other side than from where I started. 37:55 Interviewer: “How wide was the trail? Probably 10 feet wide. Interviewer: “You said you were hit in your arm and leg? Were those just flesh wounds, were they bad wounds?” No, they were just flesh wounds, they bled, but once I got back they put a band-aid on them and I never even got to see the medic or Captain, but somebody must have wrote it up. Interviewer: “Once you got back where?” I went back to the officers that sent me out there and I got a band- aid because I told them I got hit and they said, “that ain’t going to stop you” and I said, “no, but they got my rifle too.” They even clopped my bandolier of ammunition and I had to get a new bandolier, 19 �so they gave me another rifle and I went back up and joined my men. Of course I took a razzing from them because they didn’t know what a fire trail was either until I told them, but that’s the way we did things, you learn by experience and that’s what the whole thing was about, you either learn or die. 39:07 That’s what the whole Buna campaign was about. That’s why we had too many men die because you had to learn and if you didn’t learn you died. Interviewer: “How did the terrain affect your fighting?” The terrain? Interviewer: “The land.” Well, you couldn’t see anything. You could be 10 feet away from the Japanese line and you wouldn’t know they were there and at night one of the scary things was that at night we have to put up OP’s, listening post, and we put a man out there with a telephone 2 at a time and they had to sit out there all night long and report what was going on in case the Japs tried to come in during the night. 40:00 That was another thing that was scary and why we did it, I don’t know because I was out there myself a couple of times and you sit there just back to back with a buddy and that’s the way you sit there all night long. You sit there and your backs are touching each other, you’re leaning against each other and then you will say, “you sleep for a while and I will keep guard” and you take turns sleeping, but you don’t really sleep because if his back was to me and if I would shift a little bit, he would be wide awake and that’s the same thing I would be doing to him. 40:42 If he shifted a little bit, I would be wide awake and you would have your rifle up before you knew what was going on. 20 �Interviewer: “Now, I have heard the Japanese would tie themselves to the trees. Did you have any experience with this?” No, I never did. I never shot at a Japanese in a tree, I never go a chance to, I’ve shot at a lot of Japanese, but I never saw one in a tree. The one time I should have shot, I looked up in this tree and it looked like a guy was standing there on a limb and I said, “naw, that’s just my imagination” and I looked away and when I looked back there was an empty space there and I knew that I had missed him. 41:27 They did, at first they didn’t tie themselves to the trees and they would fall of course and that was it, but when they wound up tying themselves to the trees, they wouldn’t fall and then you didn’t know it and so you would keep on firing and firing and firing and then other Japanese would see you firing and then they would fire at you. 41:50 It was their way of getting back at you for firing at them I guess. They did a lot—we had one guy, kid, was killed because the Lieutenant told him to go up and see what he could see out of this tree and this kids name was Kent Frarry, he was from Grand Rapids here and Kent once told the Lieutenant, “Lieutenant, I don’t like climbing trees with the Japs” and the Lieutenant said, “don’t worry, I’ll be right here” and Kent climbed the tree and his own men shot him out of the tree, they thought he was a Jap. 42:31 That’s the way things went. Interviewer: “From Buna where did you go? How long were you in Buna?” Three months. Interviewer: “Just continuously going to the front lines and coming back?” No, we stayed on the front lines period. Interviewer: “How did you get supplies?” 21 �Somebody would bring them up or we would send somebody back to get just ammunition and food. We drank out of any stream that we found. Water was no problem of course, we would fill our canteens and we had little pills, I’m trying to think of the name of the pill, you put in your water to purify it. Interviewer: “Chlorine tablets?” Chlorine, that’s it, but after you drank enough out of your canteen you had to let the canteen dry out and you would have that much dirt in the bottom of your canteen because drinking out of holes and streams or whatever because we had no—they didn’t bring up any water to us, it didn’t make sense to bring up water to us when it rained every day. 43:42 It rained twice a day. You could figure on it raining about twice a day, especially about 4:00 in the afternoon, you could see the—we were between a mountain and the ocean and the land was real level or low there and the jungle was so just so thick that once you dug a foxhole and the tide was out, you could dig down a couple of feet and you could sit and when the tide came in, the water level would rise and pretty soon you’re sitting in 6 inches of water in your foxhole. 44:21 We complained, but it didn’t do us any good because nobody wanted to get up and run around and it wasn’t worth your life to get up and move, so you just stayed there and got wet. It would rain and it’s like when you get wet here in the rain, first the rain don’t feel bad, it’s 85 or 90 and the rain feels pretty good, but after you get soaked through and all of the sudden you get chilly even if it’s 90 degrees out and we would get there and the temperature wouldn’t drop very much, maybe down to 80 and your getting chilly and your clothes are all soaked and pretty soon they would dry and by the time they were dry the heat would come up and you would start sweating again and your clothes would get wet from the sweat. 45:17 Our clothes 22 �were damp almost all the time. Our shoes were damp and your shoes would rot right off of your feet, but it wasn’t just leather, it was the binding in the shoes that they sewed the soles on with that would just come apart and you would have the soles fall off of your shoes because they came right apart there. The bottoms would stay good and the sides would stay good, but it was the binding that they were sewn or glued with that just came apart. 45:52 Later on we did get jungle boots and that which wasn’t too bad, but that was over a year later before we got that stuff . Interviewer: “Were the men getting sick at this point?” A lot of them got sick. At first we lost a bunch of them due to malaria, dengue fever and there was another one that they got. They used to send them back with 100°, 101, they sent them back to Australia and the early guys were lucky, they got the fever right off the bat, malaria, they got sent back to Australia and they never did come back, but the rest of us, like myself, I didn’t catch malaria until way late and I’m up to 103° or better and I just went back to an aid station where they were bandaging people up and I told the aid man, cause he knew what I had, he sees me shaking and they give me 29 grains of quinine, laid me down on the ground and covered me up with a piece of canvas. 47:02 I stayed there for 24 hours and the fever broke and I went back to the line again. I wasn’t alone like that; we were getting to the point that we couldn’t afford to lose another man. We were outnumbered as it was by the Japanese to start with, but we whittled the odds down a lot, but we couldn’t afford to lose any more men. Interviewer: “So the men would stay on the front lines with malaria?” Oh yes, I stayed there—in fact I had reoccurring malaria, even after I got out of the service I would have reoccurring malaria. Every 30 days I would get sick. It would start 23 �with the chills and then you would have the fever and then the chills and then the fever and you would just lay in bed and suffer and I brought home—I was lucky, when I came home on furlough I went to my family doctor and he gave me a whole jar of quinine and so I was able to take that for quite a few years afterwards. 48:05 Interviewer: “How did it affect your fighting though if you’re in the middle of the jungle and you’re getting the chills and getting cold, how did this affect the battle?” I don’t know, you just hung on and you did what you could. You had to put it in the back of your mind I guess. I didn’t really have the chills up in the line, but I was weak because I was back there for 24 hours and you go back in the line and you’re as weak as a kitten and I don’t remember too much about it, but I know I went back in the line and I did my share and I had other guys come back and do the same thing. 48:50 Interviewer: “Did it make it difficult to hold your rifles, to do the marching and walking?” Ya, sure, oh yes, you’re just so darn tired, you just wanted to lay down and sleep and even if you could lay down you wouldn’t sleep anyway and everybody got the same stare and you could tell a man who had been in combat just by the look in his eyes. He just had that—his eyes were wide open and they just had sort of a glazed look to them and all I had to do was look at a guy and say, “That guy just came out of combat” you didn’t have to ask where he had been, you could just tell by looking at him. We got so we knew, it was sort of a brotherhood that we could look at each other and tell what this guy had been through. 49:38 Interviewer: “What happened after Buna?” 24 �Well, they took us back to Brisbane and then we started training there and they started training us to make beach landings. Interviewer: “Were you getting an introduction to jungle warfare training? You said that Australians at some point told you a little bit about it and were helpful.” Well that was when we were up there at Buna. Interviewer: “What did they tell you? What kind of advice did they give you?” Just everyday advice, keep your head down, I can’t remember all the things they taught you, it was just common sense things and nobody ever told me about the fire trail and I wish they had and I wouldn’t have crawled out there, but as it was, it was more of a good experience than a bad one. 50:34 Interviewer: “What kind of training did they give you in Brisbane then? Landings?” We had the ships, the small landing craft and we did beach landings and this is the way we were going to go on from there on. That was 6 months later and we landed at Saidor first and made a beach landing there and the navy was out there and the air corps and they bombed the beach and they raked it with these huge shells that the navy throws in there. It’s just like you see in a movie, all these little ships coming into the beach at once and the front end comes down and everybody rushes out and the only thing was that we didn’t run into too much opposition. 51:23 None of the beach landings that I made, I made 2 of them, there was no opposition, I won’t say none, but very little because the Japanese who had been there got out of there in a hurry when the navy started shelling and those that were left didn’t have much of a chance to put up much of a fight when we landed. 51:53 Interviewer: “Now when you landed and you got off the landing craft, where did you go? Did you go right into the jungle?” 25 �Oh ya, into the jungle, right—it was almost ridiculous, it looked like somebody had taken a bulldozer and went through there. Some of these big shells, they went through there and it was like taking a big bulldozer and clearing a path except that the stumps were this high where the shells had leveled them right off. They had gone through there and leveled them off pretty good. Like I say, the navy did quite a job for us and we were more worried over what we were going to get than what we got at that time. The first time we weren’t worried because we thought we were going into combat and we were going to go up there and show the Japs, we’re going to show them how to fight and they showed us, but we adapted, which is one thing that I think the American can do, they adapt and most of them are self reliant, they learn fast and it’s either learn or die and the Japanese are just more or less puppets. If you shot their officers they were at a standstill, if you shot their officers and they thought the same thing if they shot our officers, that we would come to a halt, but we didn’t because there was always somebody right there willing to take their place and I mean somebody capable of taking their place. 53:30 Maybe not as capable as the officer, but able to take over and stop things from going bad. Interviewer: “When you landed in Saidor, how long were you there? How long did this battle go on?” Maybe a month. Interviewer: “Did you go into the land quite a bit or was it on the outskirts?” No, we were just on the outskirts, up to the mountains and then we stopped there and we stayed there a while and we went back and we stayed there a while and then we got on the ships again and made another landing at Aitape. 26 �Interviewer: “Now as you were going into the jungle, you said you were at the base of the mountains, were there any rivers you had to cross? What was the land like?” There were always rivers. Interviewer: “How did you cross them? Did you just wade across?” Wade across or they put a rope across a lot of times and some of them were easy to cross and others were terrible because they would be in flood stage or something and if you didn’t hang onto this rope you fell in and we did lose a few men I suppose because you had your pack on and your rifle and everything and if you lost your footing and lost hold of the rope you could be swept out to sea before you knew what happened. 54:53 They tried to safeguard that, they had other guys down there below us trying to stop anybody that—I know they did that one time, they had some troops down there, back ups, if anyone lost their footing or lost their hold on the rope they would catch them farther down and drag them out. There was probably a stream every quarter mile or so because everything hit the mountains and started running down and it ran towards the ocean, but the jungle itself was just—I mean if it wasn’t for the tracks that the natives and the animals made you would have a hard time fighting. 55:40 As it was, I kept my bayonet and I sharpened that and used that and a lot of the guys were issued machetes which were 3 feet tall and had about 6 or 8 inches of blade and they were fine if you were just hacking your way through the jungle, but these things weighed 6 or 7 pounds and nobody wanted to carry anything on their back that weighed 6 or 7 pounds, when you’re going through the jungle you don’t need any extra weight on your back, so everybody dumped their machetes and they would either use little knives or a lot of them like myself and others, we sharpened our bayonets and used that if we had to hack our way through the 27 �jungle and so much of it was just green bamboo and green bamboo cuts fairly easy. 56:37 Interviewer: “Were you just being supplied by the troops that were coming in? Were there any airdrops? How did you get food?” They brought it up to us, especially from Aitape on, they had kitchens following us and at Aitape and Saidor we could go back and they actually brought the kitchens far enough up, but at Buna they couldn’t bring up any food, we had no hot food all the 3 months we were there we never had a hot meal, nobody. 57:05 I was lucky because I’m one of these people—I was brought up during the depression, but I like beans, I like stew and I like hash and those were the 3 main ingredients of the “C” rations that we had at Buna and to this day in my cupboard here, I’ve got cans of beans, I’ve got stew and I’ve got hash and I’ll make stew myself, I love stew and I love baked beans and some guys can’t stand that stuff, they can’t even stand to look at it. 57:46 Then we had bully beef, which was the secondary thing that came up, which is corned beef, I call it bully beef because a lot of it came from Australia and part of it is mutton and it’s greasy, but you eat it and you don’t like it, but when you get hungry you will eat most anything. That’s why everybody lost so much weight up there, I think the average weight loss they said, was like 40 pounds. I know I went out of there less than—(trouble with the microphone) I wasn’t much over that when I went in. I was just a little guy to start with. Interviewer: “How old were you when you went in?” How old? 21 58:30 Interviewer: “You said you were in Saidor for 1 month?” I believe it was about a month, yes. 28 �Interviewer: “What did you do from there?” We went to Aitape. Interviewer: “How did you get there?” By boat, we made another beach landing. Interviewer: “Was it the same? Did you have much opposition when you landed there?” No, the same thing as Aitape a little bit more there because they were—not on the beach landing, but later on they had some hard core Japanese there and I was moving up to the front and I got hit by a sniper and from then on I was out of it, so I didn’t see too much of Aitape after the first week or 2 I guess. 59:14 Interviewer: “How did you get hit by a sniper? What were you doing?” I was just walking up to the front and the sniper was behind our lines, so he got me and I always figured it had to be a sniper because I got hit and I don’t know how else I got hit. I was walking and the lines were 100 yards ahead of me yet and I’m walking along as carefree as anything and I’m going to the line and “boom” all of a sudden I get hit. The next thing I know I’m on a stretcher being carried out of there. 59:46 Interviewer: “Where were you hit?” In the stomach. Interviewer: “Did they get to you fast? Did they get you on a stretcher and brought you to where?” They took me to a base medic station there and operated on me and the only thing they did—the wound wasn’t too bad, the bullet—I was always curious—the bullet couldn’t go in too far because it hit my amo belt and went through—it forced it’s way between the 29 �cartridges of my amo belt and my regular belt and my clothing and into my stomach here and it only went in about an inch or 2 from what they tell me. 01:00:30 anyway, they dug it out and the next thing I know I was being shipped back to Australia and they patched me up and everything started going good and I got back to the states and I started having problems with, not gangrene, but anyway I had to go into the hospital every time and they put sulfa on it. They didn’t have penicillin in those days they used dry sulfa powder. 30 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hartman, Robert (Interview transcript and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hartman, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Hartman joined the Michigan National Guard in 1938, and served in Company E, 126th Infantry Regiment during World War II. Originally trained and equipped to fight in Europe, his unit was sent to Australia and New Guinea in 1942, and fought at Buna, Saidor and Aitape. He was wounded at Aitape and shipped home, and was discharged in June, 1945. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Brockschmidt, Kelly (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) Video recordings United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-06 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HartmanB1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/be4f930ff826e486fdb716f75d93b306.jpg 99fbca7e5c1ce43886254a640e6701da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HartwigHolly Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hartwig, Holly Description An account of the resource Holly Hartwig Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7d08555b9d81ddd5ec678391c237dac4.jpg 06b16cf0b50b9d1e5b2077dd8c5a8f9e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HartwigQuentin_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 Title A name given to the resource Hartwig, Quentin Description An account of the resource Quentin Hartwig, Health Sciences Director Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1976s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a1bb25eac1796c284fa4e12805b57281.jpg cedc4629426b203362ded58a06d92a42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HartwigQuentin_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hartwig, Quentin Description An account of the resource Quentin Hartwig, Health Sciences Director Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/99d04aec862a5b5ccb216f4118a30192.jpg b62ea9c2a8aaadf9acff53b55c4656f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HartwigQuentin_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hartwig, Quentin Description An account of the resource Quentin Hartwig, Health Sciences Director Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7cd5407f837ca55cf896d20cc762a7f3.jpg 19b3cecde047ba6c947d8a2f7fa052da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_I097-0024 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-07-26 Title A name given to the resource Harvesting in Poland countryside Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of farmers harvesting grain in the countryside of Poland. In the photograph, two horses are pulling a horse-drawn self-rake reaper in the foreground, while two farmers are working alongside them in the field and wheat sheaves are piled together in the background. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Poland Agriculture--Poland Harvesting--Poland Landscapes--Poland Sheaves--Poland Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7b93c8610dade654b749b847dbf1a72a.m4v 92ace895f96e03b02c561cda6b37349f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/75156d96c45b61e7434f05690f2a6764.pdf eb43b65c1b46636d79e230e0201c2228 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Duane Harvey World War II 1 hour 36 minutes 44 seconds (00:00:11) Early Life -Born in Smelter City, Oklahoma in 1924 -Father worked at the Eagle Pitcher Zinc Smelter -Worked part time during the Great Depression -Also worked odd jobs to supplement his income -Area did not get greatly affected by the Dust Bowl -Had “dusty days” but not the massive dust storms like western Oklahoma -Stayed in the same town growing up -Had two brothers and one sister, he was the youngest -Finished high school in 1943 (00:03:53) Start of the War and Getting Drafted -Heard about Pearl Harbor via the radio and by word of mouth -Aware of the war in Europe prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor -Local newspaper would cover the conflict -Didn’t expect the United States to get involved -A lot of the men in town enlisted after Pearl Harbor was bombed -National Guard members were mobilized -Didn’t consider enlisting -Felt he was too young and wanted to complete high school first -Draft was instated in 1942 [1941, but he was only old enough to be eligible in 1942] -Draft boards had quotas to fill which meant all men became eligible for drafting -Meant that when you turned eighteen you had to report to your local draft board -Granted deferments for thirty or sixty days before you were classified -Classified as 1A (fit for service) or 4F (unfit) for example -Still had to complete high school before you began basic training though (00:08:50) Basic Training -Started basic training in July 1943 -Got inducted at Fort Sill, Oklahoma -Took tests to determine which part of the Army you would serve in -Got sent to Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland for ordnance -Had a specialized replacement training center there for new draftees -Got issued his fatigues at Fort Sill before going to Aberdeen Proving Grounds -At Aberdeen got assigned to a barracks and his training unit -Basic training lasted eight weeks -Typical morning consisted of physical training, drills, and introduction to Army protocol -In the afternoon they were given firearms training which led to rifle qualification -Discipline was very strict in basic training -For infractions you had to do pushups or were given extra kitchen patrol duty -For him it was easy to adjust to living in the Army �-Had grown up with simple meals and few, to no luxuries -Had more clothes as a soldier than as a civilian -Didn’t have trouble with following orders -Grew up obeying teachers and parents and felt that the Army was no different -Recruits and draftees came from all over the United States -Trained with men from New York City, Chicago, and California -Got introduced to Poles, Italians, and Jewish men -Lived with these men so you bonded with them and ignored the differences (00:18:40) Ordnance and Other Training at Aberdeen Proving Grounds -After basic training began training to specialize in small arms, field artillery, and vehicles -Got assigned to a new group of trainees at Aberdeen Proving Ground -Ordinance training lasted about eight to twelve weeks -During this time got sent to Fort Meade, Maryland as part of a special training group -Showed promise of being a leader so he was put through Noncommissioned Officer School -Learned how to lead and how to teach other soldiers -Specifically requested not to be assigned to be a drill sergeant though -Final part of training was an urban combat course (00:22:05) Deployment to England -After training got sent to a staging area in Pennsylvania -From Pennsylvania got sent to New York City to board a troop ship in May 1944 -Wound up arriving in England just before D-Day -Had been granted a two week leave home prior to being deployed -Sailed over to England aboard the S.S. Argentina -Traveled with a convoy of other ships -Weather wasn’t bad and doesn’t recall getting seasick -At night no one was allowed on deck, and during the day the deck was extremely crowded -Led to not having much to do in the way of occupying time (00:26:21) Arrival in England -Ship stopped at Glasgow, Scotland -Did not disembark there and instead boarded a ferry bound for Liverpool, England -From Liverpool got sent to Birmingham -By now D-Day was well underway -In England he was assigned to Litchfield Barracks as part of an antiaircraft unit -Part of the 10th Replacement Depot -Started to receive word about how many troops had been lost in Normandy -Noncombatant soldiers were being reassigned to be riflemen -Others were offered the chance to join the 501st Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division -He volunteered because it would let him stay in England longer (00:31:06) Paratrooper Training -After volunteering to join the 501st he was sent to a “jump” (parachuting) school in England -Led by the well-known (from Band of Brothers) Captain Sobel -He never had any problems with him though -Carried out mock jumps on the ground -Repetitive drills that involved pretending to jump out of a C47 plane -Physical training was intense -Command wanted to wash out the volunteers that weren’t suited to be paratroopers �-Learned how to pack their parachutes a few days before a live jump -During the second week of training he did his first live jump -Did five jumps at varying altitudes and qualified to be a paratrooper in one day (00:38:12) Deployment to France -By now the 101st Airborne and 82nd Airborne were in Holland as part of Operation: Market Garden -Because it was a British operation American replacements weren’t being sent to Holland -He got sent to Mourmelon, France to join B Company of the 501st Regiment for a couple weeks -Wound up getting assigned to an S2 Squad in Headquarters Company -Job was to man the observation posts and to deal with prisoners of war -Upon arriving in France got advised to wear warm clothes for where he was being transferred (00:44:02) The Battle of Bastogne -Joined an S2 Squad with 327th Glider Infantry Regiment in Bastogne, Belgium in December -When he arrived there snow was already on the ground -Within a couple days he was selected to be part of a team to establish a roadblock -Set it up on the east side of Bastogne -First day there didn’t have any contact with the Germans -The next day they were shelled and lost a few soldiers -He spent most of his time on the back side of Bastogne -Didn’t get attacked by the Germans as bad as the front position did -Knew that Bastogne was surrounded by Germans -Word that they were surrounded traveled quickly -Knew that the possibility of being surrounded came with being a paratrooper -Had to dig into frozen ground to create their foxholes -The best way to survive was to dig a foxhole and hunker down in it -Unit was poorly supplied during the German siege of Bastogne -Stayed with the 327th Regiment for about a week before being rotated out (00:50:35) Alsace-Lorraine Pt. 1 -After Bastogne he rejoined his original S2 Squad -For three days he would man an observation post then get rotated back to headquarters -In their observation post had a field telephone, but no radio -Had to rely on calling a radio operator to make a longer range call -Remembers operating in an observation post in Alsace-Lorraine when he encountered Germans -Observed a German mortar crew that was nearby, but of no real threat -Sergeant ordered him to shoot them -Refused on strategic and ethical grounds: saw no reason to shoot them -Sergeant ordered another soldier to fire and that soldier did -Alerted the Germans to their position -Germans began to mortar their post and they were forced to move as a result (00:55:40) Detail about Bastogne -While in Bastogne he got the chance to stay in a nearby castle a few times -Helped provide security for the officers that were being kept there -Secure position and optimum for protection of high ranking soldiers -While there he found an officer’s down sleeping bag unattended in a hallway -Managed to grab it while no one was looking -Kept him warm throughout the winter in Europe �-Still has the sleeping bag to this day (00:58:05) Returning to France Pt. 1 -In March 1945 he was able to return to Mourmelon, France -Given a chance to shave and shower -Also given a haircut -Essentially given a small psychological reprieve from living in the field for months -Despite what his unit went through morale was always good (01:00:42) Alsace-Lorraine Pt. 2 -In Alsace-Lorraine during the Battle of the Bulge the objective was to maintain the frontline -Didn’t want to make any grandiose advances against the Germans -Just wanted to make sure that the Germans didn’t break through their line (01:03:50) German Prisoners of War -While his division would press an attack the S2 Squads would follow behind to collect POWs -His job was to guard them and transport them for later holding and interrogation -Saw most of the prisoners as just Germans, not as young or old, just as Germans -Most of the Germans were complacent with becoming prisoners of war -Knew they’d be treated well and were ready to stop fighting -Occasionally German prisoners would be shot if they weren’t worth transporting -Made no distinction between rank or affiliation with infamous units like the Waffen-SS (01:08:10) Returning to France Pt. 2 -After being sent to Mourmelon, France in March 1945 the 501st was kept there -Idea was to help keep the Soviet advance in check -Also began to pull German POWs away from the frontline to the rear -Concerned about the prospect of the Russians massacring German POWs (01:11:44) Interactions with Civilian Populaces -Had more interactions with the English civilians than with most European civilians -Language barrier in mainland Europe made communication more difficult -Initially found the French to be welcoming, but soon noticed they were opportunistic -The price of goods being sold by French merchants was being driven up -Had disdain for that behavior -Passes were handed out for visiting Paris and visiting the French countryside -Most men opted to stay on their bases though -Had no reason to go into cities or villages because food was too scarce (01:14:00) Occupation Duty in Germany Pt. 1 -At the end of the war he was sent to join the 101st Airborne in Berchtesgaden, Germany -Objective was to help carry out occupation duties and maintain an American presence -Helped to keep the Soviets from advancing out of their prescribed zones -Personnel in the 501st were being rotated to the 101st’s frontline positions -Men like Duane were being used to relieve the men who had been in longer -He was assigned to the 81st Airborne Antiaircraft Glider Battalion -After the end of the war in Europe the 101st Airborne was slated for the invasion of Japan -After the atomic bombs were dropped and Japan surrendered the 101st was deactivated (01:17:20) Coming Home -After the 101st was deactivated he was reassigned to the 82nd Airborne Division -Completed his service with them and returned home with them -Sailed from Southampton, England to New York City �-Marched in a 5th Avenue Victory Parade in New York City with the 82nd Airborne -Still considered himself to be a “Screaming Eagle” of the 101st Airborne though -When he got home it was January 1946 (01:18:00) Occupation Duty in Germany Pt. 2 -While still in Europe he remembers at the end of the war staying in “cigarette camps” -Military camps that had been named after cigarette brands -After the war ended he was assigned to be part of the force carrying out occupation duties -Still viewed the Germans with suspicion and disdain -Fraternization with the Germans was not allowed at least at first (01:19:30) The Death of Don Fair -Remembers one soldier by the name of Don Fair that he knew from high school -Got killed during a German artillery attack near Bastogne -Often wonders about what Don Fair could have been and done in life? -What could he have contributed to the Army and to the larger war effort? (01:21:26) The Death of Gulick -Near the end of the war he was attached to A Company for a raid across an ice covered river AT 01:22:00 to 01:22:20 SOUND CUTS OUT -Got placed in charge of six replacements -Basically told to keep them out of the way -Once the raiding party crossed the river he instructed the replacements on what to do -Follow his lead, don’t get in the way and follow the guy in front of you -Five of the replacements wound up missing -During the raid captured three German soldiers -Missing replacements returned with one soldier severely wounded -On the way back to base that soldier died -Last soldier killed in the last action of the war his unit saw -Later in life met a sergeant who happened to know who the wounded soldier’s name was Gulick -Learned that Gulick had survived D-Day and Operation Market Garden -Struck by how this soldier had survived so much only to be killed in the last action -Wondered what this man’s life could have been like had he survived (01:27:10) Reflections on Russian Contribution -Astounded by how much the Russians lost in fighting the Germans -Believes that had it not been for their sacrifice D-Day would have failed -Feels that mainstream culture needs to recognize what the Russians did for the war effort (01:30:04) End of Service and Life after the War -Went to Camp Chaffee, Arkansas and was discharged from there -Even in January 1946 when he was discharged men were still being drafted -Struck by how young the draftees that he saw looked -Felt that the war had forced him to grow up -Went to college after the war -During that time got married and had children -Knows that without the GI Bill he would not have gotten to go to college -Got married to a woman who became a doctor -He studied geology and went on to do various work -His wife was the “bread winner” of their household -Uncommon at the time, but he didn’t mind it �(01:34:50) Reflections on Service -Life as a civilian during the Great Depression wasn’t much different than being in the Army -In some ways being in the Army was an improvement -Serving with people from different backgrounds made him able to be more tolerant -Showed him that it was better just to get along and work together on a goal � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HarveyD1597V Title A name given to the resource Harvey, Duane (Interview outline and video), 2014 Description An account of the resource Duane Harvey was born in Smelter City, Oklahoma in 1924. He grew up there and finished high school there in 1943. He was drafted in 1942, but allowed to complete high school and was inducted into the U.S. Army at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in July 1943. He was sent to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland for basic training and for ordnance training. In the spring of 1944 he was sent over to England and arrived just prior to the D-Day Invasion. He was stationed at the Litchfield Barracks part of the 10th Replacement Depot until he volunteered to join the 501st Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division and become a paratrooper. After completing paratrooper and “jump” (parachuting) training in England he was sent over to Mourmelon, France where he was first assigned to B Company and later joined an S2 Squad in Headquarters Company dealing primarily with observation posts and processing German prisoners of war. He saw action at Bastogne and in Alsace-Lorraine during the Battle of the Bulge and after the war ended was part of the American occupying force in Germany, and returned home in January 1946. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harvey, Duane Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/540455bbd2a7cbd09178cace6cfd2783.jpg 7ce05042ca7d20916b6f2b327053d86b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Temple B'nai Israel Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Temple B'nai Israel (Muskegon, Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs, scrapbooks, programs, minutes, and other records of the Temple B'nai Israel in Muskegon, Michigan. The collection was created as part of the L'dor V'dor project directed by Dr. Marilyn Preston, and was supported by grants from the Kutsche Office of Local History and Michigan Humanities Council. Original materials were digitized by the University Libraries and returned to the synagogue. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital objects were contributed by Temple B'nai Israel as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Scrapbooks Synagogues Women--Societies and clubs Minutes (Records) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Preston, Marilyn Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Text Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1920s-2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08_Certificate_1952 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B'nai Israel Temple Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-09-15 Title A name given to the resource Hassadah Buds Charter certificate Description An account of the resource Hassada Buds Charter certificate, September 1952. Text reads: "Be it hereby known by all present that the following are chartered as founding members of the Hadassah Buds of Muskegon by the parent chapter of Muskegon Hadassah for the purpose of developing an understanding of the spirit of the Jewish people and of assisting in the realization of Jewish aims. Sandra August, Nancy Klayf, Lynn Cheolin, Carol Parker, Marion Greenberg, Raleigh Radoff, Phyllis Greenberg, Judy Siegel, Marlyn Stein. This fifteenth day of September 1952. President: Ruth Krause 1st Vice President: Irene Steindler." Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Charters Certificates of incorporation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the B'nai Israel Temple as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a6e5b1046217888246cdf4e8ec326cf.jpg 1c8b1642be0fae29644de9695bc46792 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PS1744.G35 H37 1898 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0412 Title A name given to the resource Hassan: A Fellah, A Romance of Palestine Description An account of the resource Binding of Hassan: A Fellah, A Romance of Palestine, by Henry Gillman, published by Little, Brown, and Company, 1898. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1898 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/831568e3f63b98d471c9ce10a72236fd.jpg 08b248a59f0bb529d3e7f247019a8940 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1192 Title A name given to the resource Hastings British civil transport Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Hastings, British civil transport, 113 feet, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Great Britain Military education World War, 1939-1945 Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2c781a463029e66b055fe0791b1135cd.jpg abe244c21b9a007657fdff9a82523bcd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_1147 Title A name given to the resource Hastings transport Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource Hastings British transport, October 1, 1947. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Slides Great Britain Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947-10-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a084ded1aa7aa5e3695ffc4f29addc70.jpg 8e38a6f1f369f63080ae4fce43167eb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HatmakerWanda_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hatmaker, Wanda Description An account of the resource Wanda Hatmaker, Public Health Career Couseling Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f065768e8f0905517f2b611b9a9a7889.jpg b6a0ea6d8a7f1696ce033f5b4f3fbb88 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HatmakerWanda_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hatmaker, Wanda Description An account of the resource Wanda Hatmaker, Public Health Career Couseling Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6701d50692095aa23abe3fd12d98f9e2.jpg 035f2af0b877e28b6efb5e06f76cba1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HattonJulian Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Hatton, Julian Description An account of the resource Julian Hatton, Fine Arts Director Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ae7e979262c2f7c6c26d6d437c5809b9.mp4 00ca6b853b1818e74b8b1c6d671f10c4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fa8de4c3e9d49e210fa858a67116ceb1.pdf 4f3ca218e9974dda84567ed5df7b765e PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Ralph Hauenstein World War II 1 hour 16 minutes 35 seconds (00:03:03) Beginning of Military Service -Working as a city editor [for Grand Rapids Herald] in Grand Rapids, Michigan before the war -Called into service by the War Department in September 1940 -He was a reserve officer at the time -Sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois -This was the beginning of his duty as an intelligence officer -At the time the Army’s intelligence capabilities were very limited -He was made the Public Relations officer for Fort Sheridan -He worked alongside intelligence officers -Worked with an intelligence officer who had worked in the FBI -His duty as a PR officer was to insure that Fort Sheridan had a good public reputation -One of his first duties was to investigate a fire that had broken out at Fort Sheridan -This fire then resulted in some promotions being withheld -Ralph suggested calling in the FBI to find out who, or what, caused the fire -As per his suggestion the FBI was called in and the cause of the fire was discovered -A soldier had been stealing gas, and smoking a cigarette while doing so -Worked in conjunction with Great Lakes Naval Station, Illinois -Acted as a liaison for the Army with the Naval intelligence there -Another job was to work in counter subversive operations -Select an informant from the lower ranks to report any subversive talk among soldiers -He felt that it was insidious -Eventually the operation was eliminated -At the time he had access to top secret radar detection systems -This was because one of Fort Sheridan’s primary duties was antiaircraft -When the machines arrived they were broken -It was initially thought to be the work of sabotage -Learned that it was just poor materials (00:09:27) Deployment to Iceland -He learned early on that the United States would eventually get into the war -He was made part of an intelligence team to be sent to Iceland with a Marine brigade -They were going to relieve British troops that had occupied Iceland -Iceland was technically in the zone of combat -The objective in going to Iceland was to stop Germany from taking over Iceland -If Iceland was lost German U-Boats could work from there to stop supply convoys -The British that they were relieving had been the ones that fought at Dunkirk, France -Went to Iceland in September 1941 -His assignment was to be an assistant G2 (intelligence) officer (00:13:00) Awareness of the War -He was convinced early on that the United States would go to war �-Thought that it would be because of German aggression, not Japanese aggression -Remembers when the Germans torpedoed the USS Kearney in October 1941 -This happened before the U.S. was even formally in the war -He had to take an Icelandic tug boat out to where the ship had been attacked -He made a report to be sent back to President Roosevelt -Tried to keep the incident quiet in Iceland so that the news couldn’t report on it -Had the news reported on it the U.S. could have gone to war much earlier (00:15:14) Living Conditions in Iceland -Slept in Nissen huts -Helped build up the infrastructure of Iceland -Building roads and setting up telephone lines -Had to live on spam for a few months -He worked with a good staff in Iceland (00:17:16) Start of the War -He was largely unsurprised that the United States was finally dragged into the war -The only thing surprising about it was that Japan, and not Germany, had attacked -This was simply because the focus had been on Europe, not on Southeast Asia -Immediately concerned about a possible German attack on Iceland -There were a few German battleships operating in the area -Had to hope that the British Navy would be able to aid them if necessary -Early on Germany began to send over bombers to gather intelligence -If they flew low enough to take accurate photographs they were shot down -He was sent to investigate a German bomber that had been shot down over the glacier -Went out with a team and discovered German naval codes had been onboard -He was sent to London to deliver the code book to the British intelligence -They realized the value of what had been found (00:20:47) Wartime Operations in Iceland -The main purpose of forces in Iceland was antisubmarine warfare -Remembers watching convoys of 50 ships being sent to aid the Russians -Only seven or eight would return -He was promoted to be the commanding intelligence officer in Iceland -Worked as the liaison between Washington D.C. and London -Part of his new duty was to oversee the recon operations being carried out in Norway -Worked with Norwegian troops that had retreated to Iceland -Helped them infiltrate Norway to gather intelligence on German forces there -Began working with two Norwegian agents: Beetle and Cobweb -They would later become instrumental in the success of D-Day (00:23:20) Transfer to London -He expected to be sent back to the United States in 1943 -Instead he was transferred to London to begin working on a special mission -He was placed on an intelligence task force to handle the invasion of France -Planning the intelligence aspects of the invasion -Working with French resistance groups to aid in the invasion -When he got to England he was allowed some leave time in London -His task was to plan a phantom invasion of France -A ruse to distract the Germans from Russia long enough for Russia to counterattack �-Unfortunately Germany didn’t take the bait and stayed in Russia -His new position in London was to be the assistant to the chief of the Intelligence Branch -Worked with him on numerous projects, but namely D-Day -Placing new officers in new positions created in the Army -Translators, interpreters, and intelligence officers specifically -Worked in the G2 (intelligence) and G3 (operations) sectors of the Army -For the most part the British had commandeered the intelligence operations of the war -Relied on a “bodyguard of lies” to protect the truth -Essentially, deceive the Germans as much as possible to trick them into making mistakes (00:29:29) Intelligence Operations in London -Project Bodyguard was a two part intelligence operation -Fortitude which focused on Northern Europe -Zeppelin which focused on Southern Europe -He would liaison with British intelligence staff, but worked with an American staff -Aided by the British “Body of Twelve” -Designed plans to deceive the Germans -Submitted the plans to American intelligence to review -Look for any possible flaws or logistic problems (00:32:54) Operation Fortitude -He helped work on the plan to convince Germany the invasion would happen at Pas de Calais -Had to insure that 2,000 German tanks were kept away from Normandy -Specifically wanted to deceive Hitler into staying away from Normandy -They were always successful in tricking Hitler -They were able to know what the Germans were going to do, before they actually did it -Used British “Ultras” to intercept communications between Axis leaders -Always made sure to never underestimate Hitler -Managed to keep the bulk of Hitler’s forces in Norway and Denmark and out of France -Created “phantom” divisions and real divisions of troops as part of the deception -Managed to convince Hitler that the invasion would happen through Norway -Worked in conjunction with the Russians and the Swedes to pull this off -Started setting up a phantom division in southeast England to be led by Patton -Used inflatable vehicles and mannequins to convince German recon aircraft -Relied on the help of German double agents to gather intelligence from occupied Europe -Convinced Germany that nonexistent forces were going to be involved with the invasion (00:40:48) Preparing for D-Day -On the eve of the invasion the biggest concern was whether it would be successful or not -Took part in a council of intelligence officers from the U.S. and the British Empire -Organized by Lord Mountbatten -He was one of the two American officers at the council -Addressed the council and told them that battleships would be needed for the invasion -His idea was dismissed at first, but later implemented -Held in the Scottish Highlands -Watched as British Royal Marines prepared to scale the cliffs of Normandy (00:43:05) Logistics of D-Day and the Liberation of France -The logistical preparations were led by General CH Lee -Convinced Hitler that they would invade with 87 infantry divisions and 7 airborne divisions �-In reality they only had 37 infantry divisions and 5 airborne divisions -The only logistical problem during the French liberation was the gasoline supply -Patton was advancing so quickly they couldn’t keep his vehicles fueled (00:45:10) D-Day -On June 6, 1944 he was in the war room watching Operation Overlord play out -It was a somber environment -Everything wound up going according to plan for the most part -The only snag was a German reserve infantry division showed up at the last minute -Had gone up to Normandy to train and was there during the invasion -Another problem was that some troops were being unloaded too quickly -Got dropped off in high water and drowned -Began receiving reports that the bombardment and paratrooper missions had gone well -He knew at the end of the first day that this was the beginning of the end for Germany -Received reports that the French resistance had done their part in aiding the invasion -They had managed to destroy roads and railroads necessary for German movement (00:48:51) Liberation of France -After D-Day the next major strategic moves would be in the hands of Allied generals -The intelligence forces were able to keep a good order of battle -Basically knowing exactly where Allied and German forces were at all times -His job became to oversee the analysis of aerial photographs and the interrogation of prisoners -He was sent to Normandy and from there flew into Paris -Landed at a soccer field -Met with the French Forces of the Interior who escorted him through Paris -It was a grandiose entrance for the French forces to reenter Paris -He was taken to the Majestic Hotel in Paris which had served as the German headquarters -He converted it into his own intelligence headquarters -Throughout the war gathered intelligence about newly liberated areas (00:53:17) Battle of the Bulge -By December 1944 he knew that Hitler would ultimately be defeated -The only reason Hitler’s bulge strategy worked was because of communication discipline -He had ordered all German units to maintain a communications blackout -As a result that is why the German offensive caught the Allies off guard -After the Bulge failed in January 1945 Hitler was, for all intents and purposes, defeated -Knew it was just a matter of crushing German opposition (00:54:43) Beginning of the Cold War -As World War II neared its end he could see the Russian advance across Europe -There was concern that the USSR would turn on the Allies and start a whole new war -Stemmed from Russian troops occupying areas they were not supposed to occupy -Patton wanted to strike Russia first as soon as the war with Germany was over (00:56:10) End of the War -At the end of the war in Europe there was a chance he’d be involved in the invasion of Japan -There were concerns about morale for infantrymen that were going to be redeployed -At the end of the war he was back in the United States working in the War Department -Helping to get the CIA established and the placement of intelligence officers -He was anxious for the war to come to a complete end and to get out of the Army -The main purpose in establishing the CIA was to insure the U.S. had a concrete intel service �-At the start of the war there had been nothing until the OSS came along -The OSS being the precursor to the CIA -He was overjoyed when the war finally came to an end -At the end of it didn’t think of himself as being anyone that special in the war effort -Just one man that was part of a larger force for a higher good -Feels there are so many heroes that suffered so much for the cause (01:00:27) Meeting with German Officials and the Holocaust -At the end of the war he was involved with interrogating German officers -The purpose was to gather as much intelligence from them as possible -He met with Field Marshal Von Rundstedt of the Wehrmacht -Amicable to talk with -Von Rundstedt had wanted to surrender even before D-Day had happened -Confessed that he had had no faith in Hitler whatsoever -Said that he should have stayed in the mountains tending a farm -Met Herman Goering commander of the Luftwaffe -Found him fat, arrogant, and narcissistic -He was part of the Allied force that liberated Dachau -Saw the unbelievable atrocities that the Nazis had committed -Saw rooms filled with corpses and lye waiting to be burned or buried -Saw the gold fillings ripped from the mouths of victims (01:05:19) Postwar Duty and Reflections -One of his last duties was to help with the organization of the occupying force of Germany -Getting intelligence officers from the U.S. to Europe and in position -Felt a sense of accomplishment with the war being over -Went from working behind a desk becoming a colonel in the Army -Because of what they achieved there was a sense of accomplishment in everyone 01:08:38 INTERVIEW ENDS � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_HauensteinR1701V Title A name given to the resource Hauenstein, Ralph (Interview outline and video), 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-10-31 Description An account of the resource Ralph Hauenstein was working as a newspaper editor in Grand Rapids, Michigan in September 1940 and in the Army Reserved when he was called to active duty was assigned to be the public relations officer for Fort Sheridan, Illinois. In September 1941 he was assigned to an American intelligence task force, along with an American brigade, that was being sent to Iceland to relieve British troops that were stationed there. He worked as an intelligence liaison between Washington D.C. and London and oversaw the recon operations being conducted by Norwegian troops into Norway. After the outbreak of war he was transferred to an intelligence task force that was based in London that was preparing for the invasion of Western Europe through France. In the time leading up to D-Day he was involved in deceiving German forces stationed in Europe namely in the hugely successful Operation Fortitude which drew the bulk of German forces away from Normandy to Pas de Calais. He served as an intelligence officer during D-Day, the liberation of France, and the Battle of the Bulge as well as witnessed the results of the Holocaust. At the end of the war he took part in the interrogation of high ranking German officers and helped build the CIA out of the OSS. After the Second World War his time with the Army ended and he left with the rank of colonel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hauenstein, Ralph Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/893c2c3eca4c6913f2df9d60145d5c9b.jpg 454917829521913f953d77369ff5ca77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00089 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1919 Title A name given to the resource Hauling timber in Tientsin Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of several dozen laborers hauling a cart filled with cut lumber down a city street in Tientsin (Tianjin), China. Several people are passing by on bicycles and rickshaws. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Tianjin (China) China Building Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8c9303ffe605f47d0ccd162b93dea749.jpg 33b27b1577da774fe0afacee786efe51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00090 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1919 Title A name given to the resource Hauling timber in Tientsin closer view Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of several dozen laborers hauling a cart filled with cut lumber down a city street in Tientsin (Tianjin), China. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Tianjin (China) China Building Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f0818b0c18b3986202dd4894b626f300.mp3 c5e8448eefaaa130b269d5a91f7a647f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Pentecost V Series The Fundamentals a Century Later Scripture Text Acts 5:27-39, Matthew 5:17-20 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20030713 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-07-13 Title A name given to the resource Have the Fundamentalists Won? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on July 13, 2003 entitled "Have the Fundamentalists Won?", as part of the series "The Fundamentals a Century Later", on the occasion of Pentecost V, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Acts 5:27-39, Matthew 5:17-20. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4388262303fc5a44fedc354621ce6669.pdf 8c2e8ad5e6ef4a7f3acef9978cf54363 PDF Text Text Have you ever done something that TOOK OVARIES? Bold, gutsy, brazen, outrageous, audacious, courageous, smart, brave, altruistic, silly, shocking, impulsive or in-your-face? SUBMIT AN OVARIAN STORY to be included in GVSU's production of That Takes Ovaries! in February 2012! Tell a true story about your own experience or that of anyone (no matter how they identify) that did something awesomely "gutsy!" The play That Takes Ovaries!: Bold Women, Brazen Acts, written by Rivka Solomon and Bobbi Ausubel, offers an exciting collection of real-life stories from women and girls about the gutsy, outrageous, courageous things they have done. The stories are multicultural, funny, sassy, and touching true tales of estrogen-powered deeds. Submissions are welcome from ALL interested peoples and they can be anonymous if desired. Submissions should be no longer than 750 words. Deadline: Nov. 1, 2011 to ThatTakesOvariesGVSU@gmail.com with "Play Submission" in Subject Line. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GVSU Sexuality and Gender Flyers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Rainbow Resource Center Women and Gender Studies Department Women's Commission Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity Description An account of the resource Digitized posters, flyers, event notices, and other materials relating to gender expression and sexuality at Grand Valley State University, with materials spanning from 1974 to 2019. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974/2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digitized from collections at the Rainbow Resource Center (formerly the Milton E. Ford LGBT Resource Center), Women and Gender Studies Department, Women's Commission, and Gayle R. Davis Center for Women and Gender Equity. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Gender identity Gender expression Sexual orientation Women's studies Queer theory Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-09_SGF_2011_Submit-Ovaries-Stories.pdf Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Women's Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-01 Title A name given to the resource Have you ever done something that took ovaries? Description An account of the resource Flyer asking students to submit stories of something they've done that was gutsy to be included in GVSU's production of "That Takes Ovaries!". Subject The topic of the resource Community centers Women Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women's Center Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/24c2cee3d482970f9cb624eef4e101c9.m4v d3308ad31643532ef901213475bd0d06 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/684f06a4affd709ee6b37102ea09921d.pdf dd0effa68815aaed1f799cba0783a36a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II and the Korean War Era Peter Haven (as told by wife Carol and daughter Eloise) (36:40) Introduction (00:20)    Carol Haven worked for Gordon Food Service and she also worked at a Sonoco Station. She graduated from High School in 1933. After high school, she had relatives that worked at the Grand Rapids Brass Company and she was able to work there running a drill press. She worked there until she was married, on December 7, 1940. (02:16) China (2:20)          Her husband was in the service at the time, serving in China. His sister-in-law was Carol’s Sunday school teacher and that is how they were introduced. Her husband, Peter, was in the Army and in China from 1936 – March 4, 1938 and served as a library clerk for the 15th Infantry. (3:10) In China he was stationed at Kinjin One story that was relayed to his daughter, Eloise, fifty years later was that her father and his friend were sitting on the bank of a river and a group of Japanese soldiers had captured a little Chinese girl, gang raped her and then beheaded her. They proceeded to throw her body in the river. The US soldiers loved the Chinese, and Peter was a translator. One job he did was to help officiate weddings and verify who was who. Pictures that Peter had were of bodies stacked up, the invasion, and how the Japanese used the Chinese for bayonet practice, and other atrocities. (5:32) When he was learning Chinese, he approached a farmer and tried to say “may we have your wife do our laundry?” but after he said “may we have your wife” he couldn’t find the page that told him how to finish it and the farmer came at them with a hoe. He made a comment about what war does to you after seeing all the bodies and death. (6:25) Stateside (6:30)       After leaving China in 1938, the 15th Infantry was stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington. At the end of his four year enlistment in 1938, he returned home to Michigan. Shortly after he got home, Carol met him. He was working at a car place somewhere at the time. They knew each other for about two years before they got married. (7:45) In 1940 they were married, and Peter was paying close attention to world events in Europe and in China. � Peter remained in the reserves, and after a week of marriage, he was recalled to active duty. Recalled to Active Duty (9:00)          He was sent to Fort Custer, and remained there for some time. From there, he was sent to Fort Hood, Texas. (9:46) Carol joined him there in 1943 and it was her first time on a long train ride. In Texas, Peter was working as Military Police at the Provost Marshal'ss Office. They had a son born that was the result of a three day pass. (11:50) Life in Grand Rapids stayed relatively the same, with some rationing being implemented. They did not have much trouble getting things that they needed even with the rationing going on. (13:44) When Pearl Harbor was attacked, they were at a restaurant eating out, celebrating their wedding anniversary. When Peter had to leave, Bishop's Furniture Company, stored their furniture for five years while they were away for free. (15:25) Texas (15:50)       Carol brought her son and he really enjoyed the train ride. They got an apartment on base, and she put borax around the windows and doors to keep out the cockroaches. At the time, Peter was a staff sergeant. During the day, Carol would attend services for the families and got together with other wives and families. (17:56) There was a little town off base, which they went to. At the grocery store the prices were higher for soldiers than for the locals. Europe (19:13)          Peter was eventually shipped out to Europe, and Carol went back to Grand Rapids. She wrote him a letter everyday. He wrote when he could. His letters were censored by the military, and they had large lines that were blanked out. He wrote about his family and his son. He told a story that he was looking at the water, and that was censored. (21:50) Peter was serving with the quartermaster and by Normandy; he talked about digging a foxhole. The family has about three volumes of V-mail that he had sent. Peter said that he loved the people in England. (23:10) He also used to give part of his c-rations away, such as his cigarettes. Peter was in Europe until around 1945, when there was a B-17 that crashed into the Empire State Building, and Carol feared that Peter was on it. He was still in Europe. (25:05) Back to the States (25:30) � Once home, Peter eventually got a job at General Motors.  Peter remained in the inactive reserves, and was recalled for Korea. Korean War (27:14)    He was stationed at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indiana. Back home, Carol remained in Grand Rapids at their apartment. His family believes that he worked as a troop handler of some kind, helping new recruits get to their proper duty stations. After the Wars (29:00)       Peter loved fishing, but his friends wanted him to go hunting, but he said “I heard enough gunfire in Europe, I don’t want to hear it here at home”. One story that was later revealed happened back in China when a rickshaw driver was being attacked by three Japanese soldiers and he broke off a tree branch and beat the Japanese. (30:55) The next day, a Japanese officer claimed that his Japanese soldiers were attacked by six American soldiers, unprovoked. No record has been found of the incident. (32:18) Peter may have been the first reservist called into duty from Grand Rapids. While her father was away, Eloise remembers the old record player that her father bought at the PX, they used to listen to old radio programs such as Boston Blackie, Green Door, The Stranger, The Shadow, before they had television. (34:22) Carol recalls that her son celebrated his first Christmas in Texas; the Army provided a meal for the families in the PX. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Haven, Peter (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Haven, Carol Haven, Eloise Description An account of the resource Carol Haven lived in Grand Rapids during World War II. Her husband, Peter, served in the United States Army and was sent to China, Europe and served in the states during Korea. He was a member of the 15th Infantry in China and was there from 1936-1938. In 1940 the two were married and a week later he was recalled to active duty because of the escalating conflict in Europe. During World War II, Peter worked for the Military Police in the US and in Europe. He was recalled again during Korea, and served in the US. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Kentwood Historic Preservation Commission (Kentwood, Mich.) WKTV WKTV (Wyoming, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-02-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HavenP0342V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8ec27da6777ce40688b91a217968e0b6.jpg a9a564ba588ebdf87e5bdae3e1b0f5b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HavilandMichael Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Haviland, Michael Description An account of the resource Michael Haviland, Director of International Studies Institute Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College administrators Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8d210618c51b05372960617886f9f831.mp4 f19d4d1639385f30ee84ec6ea653fa95 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f67c898b04d8d4e070573e818cdaf2f1.pdf 60f9485f522aa2734acff3df08eab661 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Albert Havinga 1:02:18 Background information (00:10)  Born in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, in 1921 (00:17)  His father worked as a tool maker (00:17)  There were 5 children in his family, 4 boys and 1 girl. He was the 4th child in the family (1:04)  His father had job during the Great Depression in spite of economic hardship (1:27)  He was in school until age 15 but had to stop due to the start of the war in 1936 [the Germans invaded in 1940] (2:42)  He had chance a after the war to go to the U.S. and took it (3:26)  He attended evening School for 2 years (equivalency of High school) and worked several jobs before the invasion of Groningen in 1940 (4:19)  Resided with parents at this time (5:16)  much attention had been paid to the aggressive actives of Germany (5:37)  radio and news paper was used to inform public of German activates and advances (6:23)  Was married July 27th 1948 (47:00)  The following spring he moved to the U.S. (in 1949) (47:27) German Invasion (7:00)  German invasion of his town in May of 1940 had been unexpected (7:29)  Very little destruction had been witnessed during the invasion (8:14)  Germans seen on first day of offensive (8:40)  Germans appeared very orderly, and sang as they marched into town (8:48)  Originally there had been few demands imposed upon the native peoples by the Germans, but slowly buildings had been seized and a curfew was set at 8 o’clock (9:32)  Not known if any soldiers had had been stationed in his town, but many German soldiers were present (10:04)  Germans had not been very polite to the native people (10:44)  In May of 1940 the bank he worked at was told that 1 of 2 people had to be sent to Germany to work. This encouraged him to quit the bank and go into hiding (13:00)  He took a job at a mental institution as an orderly for a year (13:40)  Many Jews had been committed there pretending to be insane but were not (13:45)  Germans needed more men to fill jobs that had been left so that men could fight in the war (14:33)  Germans did not attempt to recruit the Dutch as troops but some had volunteered in support of Hitler (15:16) �    After working as an orderly he traveled to the northern part of Groningen and worked in a grocery store (16:13) His cousin was a state trooper and was asked to apprehend several individuals but did not want to. This lead to the imprisonment of him as well as his parents by the Germans (17:38) Havinga came back to central Groningen in 1944 (17:40) Returned to lives with his parents (18:00) Effects of the Occupation (20:11)  no news papers were circulated within the last two years of the occupation 19421944 (20:55)  no radios, Germans demanded all radios be turned in (21:01)  no cars were aloud (20:06)  there was very limited if any gas available (21:13)  no bikes, due to the German seizing of tires (21:15)  no negatives (film) (21:40)  there had been no public transpiration within the last two years of the occupation 1942-1944 (21:45)  no train transpiration (21:50)  no toilet paper (21:56)  no gas for home heating or cooking (except for 2 hours in the middle of the night) (22:11)  In spite of the ban on radios, a lot of people had still owned one. Often they were hidden so they would not be taken away (22:46)  collection days where set up by the Germans for resources such as copper (23:50)  Food was not as scarce as in other more populated areas but still limited during the occupation (24:35)  Some bartering of goods and food had been done in Groningen. (26:63)  almost every night bombing could be heard overhead (28:48)  no air attack had been directed against Groningen specifically but some bombs had been accidentally dropped on the location (28:57) German treatment of the Jews and foreigners (30:03)  A close family friend had hidden a Jew from the Germans. (30:31)  Paper stars had been used in the town to identify Jews. (31:47)  Future wife was apprehended in 1941 as a result of having lived in the U.S. She was transferred to Amersfoort then Germany then to a camp in France. She was freed in 1943 (33:12)  She had been arrested as a result of technically being a U.S. citizen as it was where she was born. (33:43) Near the end of the occupation (35:40)  nearing the end of the war, German attitudes had been more bitter due to losses in other nations (35:45) �   In one instance, he had been used to transfer ration coupons for the underground. These were to be used to feed individuals that the underground kept in hiding (36:33) Germans often interrupted with the actions of the train to “clean” cars or check them for suspicious individuals. (37:00) Some friends and family had been sent off to Germany in order to fill work positions (40:50) After the War (42:40)  He re-met with very few individuals who had been taken to Germany or prisoner camps during the occupation (42:48)  It had been very difficult to get around due to the disarray of the country and transportation (42:53)  After he got engaged to his future wife, there was great difficulty in finding a home because none had been built for ten years (43:13)  Residents with no children were forced to take couples in (43:22)  He was placed on a waiting list to move to the U.S. with a projection time of 5 years. However after marrying his wife who had already been a U.S. citizen, he was able to move in 1949. (43:36) The Liberation of Groningen on April 13th-16th of 1945 (44:30)  Mortars and other weaponry could be heard so he and others took cover on the floor of a house (45:01)  The House took a direct hit from an explosive round. When he went over to investigate another round hit the home and plaster shrapnel was blown into his eyes making him unable to see (45:30)  Small airplanes where spotted overhead (45:50)  The liberation of Groningen by the Canadian army could not be “enjoyed” by him as he was unable to see (46:20)  The day after when his eyesight returned there were still German bodies on the ground and others had been surrendering and were taken away (46:30) Life after the Liberation (48:00)  Worked as an inspector of the distribution of fresh fish (48:08)  Worked in the office for a wine business for a year (48:46)  In this shop, a false wall was constructed during the war to hide all the oldest wines (49:10)  Worked in a cigar shop (49:43)  Cigarettes had been scarce. To cope with this some people even smoked dried grass (50:00)  A short time after he came to the U.S. in 1949 (50:08)  Took private lessons at this time to become an accountant (50:17)  Regular jobs in Groningen had been scarce during the war however these businesses and positions quickly resurfaced after the war’s end. (50:57) �Life in the U.S. (52:48)  His first job was at a bakery (Moe’s bakery) in Grand Rapids (54:00)  He worked this job for about 6 months (55:17)  After words he worked at Mueller’s bakery on 28th street for 12-15 years (55:30)  Parents came to the U.S. from the Netherlands in 1956. (56:06)  at this time he had 3 kids (56 26)  he had been running low on funds so looked for a part time job (55:33)  began working at the post office (56:46)  Worked at the post office for 7-8 years for 3 hours at night (57:37)  he began working full time at the post office ~45 hours a week (58:00)  children went to colleges including Michigan State University and Hope College (58:45)  Was unable to speak English when arrived in the U.S. (1:00:03)  Wife stayed at home and took care of the children (1:00:27)  The first house he and his wife bought was a two family house on Madison Ave. in Grand Rapids (1:01:15)  They lived there for 22 years till it had been paid off (1:01:26)  After that at age 55 he purchased another home in 1976 (1:01:45) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Havinga, Albert (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Havinga, Albert Description An account of the resource Albert Havinga was a civilian residing in Groningen in the Netherlands during World War II. In this Interview Albert gives an account of the invasion, occupation, and liberation of his city from 1940-1945, as well as the recovery of the state after the occupation had ended. In addition, Albert describes many social and economic hardships that where encountered as a result of the Nazi invasion. He also briefly touches upon his immigration to the U.S. after the war had ended. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-10-18 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HavingaA1283V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e926040076b6d5a406c0aa02bbb4068b.jpg 3b893cb5d0e00e7a591557d08653bbd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_C061-0015 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-05-05 Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Luau Celebration at MSU Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring a tropical Hawaiian Luau celebration gathering on the campus of Michigan State University on May 5, 1962. In the photograph, a room full of dining guests can be seen wearing summer holiday clothing and seated among palm trees indoors. Photograph by Douglas R. Gilbert. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan State University East Lansing (Mich.) Luaus Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9dbe225006433991cfc05750f4419e4d.jpg ce27aedfa4a1b4eddf76735a1d767ec6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_C061-0042 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-05-05 Title A name given to the resource Hawaiian Luau Celebration at MSU Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring a tropical Hawaiian Luau celebration gathering on the campus of Michigan State University on May 5, 1962. In the photograph, a couple is seen seated and dining among a room full of guests wearing summer holiday clothing. Photograph by Douglas R. Gilbert. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan State University East Lansing (Mich.) Luaus Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives