371 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1081f53f4a2a3f0c4782334d84d840d6.jpg 623a3b5823eaef704654c54b65ce4f89 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/102b1b183997c91267200a874c5ce737.jpg f64b6c93fc9f7b50e17cf34b36120aa9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-70s-coll_0040 Title A name given to the resource Group Picture on a Deck Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a large group of people gathered on a deck. They appear to be male friends standing arm in arm with one female in the group. The back of the photograph is blank except for a stamp which reads "Chamber of Commerce, Saugatuck, Michigan." Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas Chamber of Commerce Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich) Allegan County (Mich) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the Saugatuck Douglas History Center as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d7a55d11837b33638ffaa0d3a1f4f0d7.jpg 0e84fa317afc07ab0ca6395bb49db9ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Brigham-D_0066 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brigham, D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Title A name given to the resource Group picture on the dunes Description An account of the resource Photograph of five people standing in front of a sand dune. An older man is sitting on the sand looking at the camera, behind him the two younger people are smiling at the camera (Barbara Lou Eddy in red shorts). Two older women ( Barbara Paton Eddy in blue stipes) to the right are looking at each other. Circa 1940s Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by D. Brigham as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/41868ff6bf12af9033c5252939dc38b3.jpg b47c5bdd85448e0a4d4fbfca3968ab6e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000142 Title A name given to the resource Group seated in lecture hall Description An account of the resource Group seated in lecture hall. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Classrooms Students Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7ecf5ff79841a88ea5144732018420f4.pdf 735a5ca783d2251ee526147e96edd5db PDF Text Text -· • •• . , . ■ .. •• < ........ . ....... . ·. .. .. ,,- .... ,- "'" ~ • .-! ■ ..... : I ..... '• .. . I I .. ...•- ~· ~ ._ I ~ •' ._ ', - I ,_-. I, ... - ~; Ii~• . .._ •• ■ - • .. r. a'LS1!lll.~ANil' IN yRS,..1-l . . - P~\~~~\_ . , . - - _-' . ·.'.. _•.!. - 1 •••• =- :·;•.:• : (- ·. ·. -~-e.w·-: _-: IJ -·· _. - __ • ■ a. I -.. - '• " �LEO JAKOBSON AIP SAFA CONSULTANT IN URBAN PLANNING , MANAGEMENT 1815 SUMMIT AVENUE MADISON, WI 53705 (608) 233-7444 December 1977 Laketon Township Muskegon County Michigan DRAFT - FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY GROWTH MANAGEMENT: A MASTER PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface i Introduction 1 The Development Process 9 AND DESIGN �I. II. The Planning Context The National Perspective 16 The Regional Perspective 26 The Local Perspective 53 Resident Attitudes Purpose and Design 75 Respondent Characteristics 81 The Groundwater, Drainage and Sewerage Problems 90 Attitudes Towards Community Services 95 Recreation: Participation and Attitudes 98 Attitudes Toward Growth III. IV. V. 101 The Elements of the Plan The Conceptual Framework 107 The Environmental Zones 111 Residential Development 121 Commercial Development 126 Industrial Development 132 The Traffic Plan 134 Utilities Development 140 The Plan Evaluation Survey Purpose and Design 147 Survey Results 150 The Master Plan Purpose, Contents and Effects 163 Steps in Implementation 167 A Proposed Master Plan Ordinance 169 MAPS 1. Settlement Structure, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 31 2. Administrative Jurisdictions, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 41 �3. Rates of Growth 1960-1970, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 46 4. Intensity of Development, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 47 5. Age Structure, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 48 6. Educational Attainment, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 49 7. Occupations, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 50 8. Household Income, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 51 9. Groundwater Condition 56 10. Man-Made Conditions, Land Use and Traffic 65 11. School Districts, Muskegon Urbanizing Area 67 12. Residence Area, Precinct and Census Tract Boundaries 82 13. Job Locations of Laketon Residents, in Percent of All Employed 87 14. Locations for Development, Laketon Attitude Survey 105 15. The Shorelands Policy Zones 113 16. The Environmental Zones and Proposed Open Space System 117 17. Proposed Residential Districts 123 18. Proposed Commercial Districts 128 19. Proposed Major Road System 136 20. Proposed Sewer and Water Service Zones 143 21. Master Plan for Growth Management 164 FIGURES 1. Development Process Model 10 2. The Multi-Level Development Process 15 3. The West Michigan Shoreline Urbanizing Triangle 29 4. The Lower Great Lakes Megalopolis 29 5. Annual Rainfall and High Water Level Mark, Lake Michigan 1921-1976 58 6. Monthly Variations in Lake Michigan Levels 1974-1977 59 7. Muskegon, Prevailing Winds 60 8. Muskegon, Average Monthly Temperature 60 9. Muskegon, Average Monthly Wind Velocity 61 10. Muskegon, Average Monthly Humidity 61 11. Muskegon, Average Monthly Cloudcover 61 12. Muskegon, Average Monthly Rain and Snow Fall 62 �13. Muskegon County, Suspended Particulate Survey 1967-1976 63 14. Muskegon County, Air Pollution Index 1970-1976 63 15. Socio-economic Change Rates 1960-1970 71 16. The Plan Design Framework 110 TABLES 1. Percent Employees on Non-agricultural Payrolls by Industry Division 1960-1974 39 Unemployment as a Percentage of the Total Labor Force 1960-1977 39 3. Per Capita Income in Current Dollars 1950-1975 40 4. Per Capita Business Indicators 40 5. Area, Population, Development Intensity and Rates of Growth 1950-1970 42 Age of Population, by Groupings, Percent of Total Population 42 Educational Attainment, Percent of Persons 25 Years Old and Older 43 8. Major Occupations, Percent of Persons Employed 43 9. Family Income, by Percent of Total Families 44 10. Suburban Growth Rates, Muskegon County 69 11. Growth of Laketon Township 69 12. Laketon Attitude Survey: Response Rate 80 13. Respondent Voter and Population Distribution by Subareas 82 14. Length of Residence in Laketon Township 83 15. Location of Prior Residence 83 16. Lot Size by Area of Residence 84 17. Respondent Occupation 86 18. Trends in Socio-economic Characteristics 19. Extent of High Groundwater Problem 91 20. Respondent Attitudes Toward Existing Drainage Facilities 92 21. Respondent Attitudes Toward Existing Sewerage Facilities 93 22. Respondent Attitudes Toward Responsibility for Solving High Groundwater Problems 94 Respondent Attitudes Toward Community Services and Facilities 97 2. 6. 7. 23. 1963-1973 1970-1976 1960-1976 88 �24. Participation in Recreational Activities 25. Motor/Recreational Vehicle Ownership 100 26. Respondent Attitudes Toward Various Development Types, by Area 103 27. Attitudes Toward the Future of the Muskegon Area 106 28. Laketon's Holding Capacity at Full Development 125 99 �PREFACE This report in Laketon's Planning Services Program presents the consultant's recommendations in regard to growth management. It is based on the findings of a community reconnaissance conducted from June 1976 to September 1976 followed by a resident attitude survey. The survey findings have been augmented by analysis of regional social and economic trends. In addition, the consultant's prior work in-the Greater Muskegon �ii area has provided considerable data and an information base for this current work for Laketon Township. The conceptualization for the plan was made by Professor Leo Jakobson and the design was carried out under his supervision. Lee Madden, Landscape Architect and Environmental Planner, prepared the soil and water table hazard interpretation underlying the environmental zone classifications . He also prepared all graphic presentations. Michael Hoffman, James Tomelin, Joni Brooks, Pamela Wiley and Amy Gillenson researched various elements of the plan and participated in the preparation of the various interim reports and discussion papers presented during the plan preparation period. Martha Lillie typed the final copy of this report. • Special acknowledgement must be given for the help and encouragement the consultant and his staff have continuously received from Donald Johnson, Township Supervisor, Kyran J. Kane, Township Clerk and Nonnan H. Erickson, Chairman of the Planning Commission. Without their interest and involvement, this effort would have been wanting. The participation and counsel of the other members of the Township Board and the Planning Commissionhavealso been most valuable. So has been the advice of the Township's attorney William Spaniola. Needless to say, this plan would not have materialized without the interest and cooperation of the local citizens. Their willingness to respond to the attitude survey as indicated by the high return rate (over 40 percent) suggests that residents not only are concerned with their living - environment and its management but also are willing to actively partici- �iii pate in the conduct of Township affairs. It is hoped that adoption of this plan will encourage and facilitate citizen participation in Township governance. �INTRODUCTION Nearly half of all Americans live today in suburban communities like Laketon. This distribution developed dramatically during the post- World War II boom growth era when from 1950 to 1974 the suburbs accommodated 70 percent of our total population increase. In the same period central cities grew only 14 percent and the rural areas 16 percent. Despite this enormous growth, suburban planning until -very recently �2 did not receive much attention from the planning profession, in part because the suburban communities themselves did not perceive the need for such service. The history of American planning can be characterized as - successive waves of "crisis planning": a search for remedies after conditions have reached a critical state which not only is easily perceived but also is being felt in the pocketbooks and in the comforts of large numbers of people. This history is marked, for example, by the "slum clearance crisis" of the late 1940's, the "downtown crisis" of the early 1950's, the "freeway crisis" of the late 1950's, the "regional planning crisis" of the early 1960's, the "crime crisis" of the late 1960's, the "environmental crisis" of the early 1970's and now the "energy" and "suburban" crises. This latter is evident by among other things the surge of new books dealing with suburbanization, by the Federal interest in a national land use and urban growth policy, and by the simple fact that suburban communities in large numbers are embarking on planning efforts of their own. The perceived state of an emergency legitimizes planning: becomes the expected panacea for all problems. it suddenly Unfortunately, serious limitations tend to render crisis planning difficult if not unworkable. For example, the phenomenon causing the crisis perception (here, suburbanization) is new and, therefore, not well understood. Consequently, there is no tested theoretical base from which to plan. On the other hand, the social, economic, institutional and physical manifestations of the phenomenon have already taken place; they are ~eal and cannot be �3 easily changed or reversed. Under such conditions, planning, in order to be effective, must be inventive and opportunity-seeking, and must address itself to specific local issues and resources. However, because of the aforementioned lack of theory and the relative newness of the practice of suburban planning, developing an appropriate planning scheme for a community like Laketon must first critically examine the historical dynamics and trends of suburbanization. In this way we can see why, and from where, suburbs evolved, in order to determine what direction planning for their futures should take. The- advent of the twentieth century suburbanization was a result of several factors which cause people to want to escape the city, while being lured to the hinterlands. In the early part of the century, the pressure of growth at the cities' centers forced these areas to outwardly expand. These central business districts absorbed adjacent neighborhoods, which tended to be wealthy areas. Their residents, forced to relocate, were lured to the less developed areas on the city's fringe, which provided an escape from the congestion and "evils" of the city. phase _o f the process was slow: This earliest the wealthy were the only ones who could afford the transportation costs associated with suburban living; consequently, the fringe served as their exclusive domain. Technological advances such as the commuter railroad and the automobile accelerated this outward migration. This marked the emergence of the "modern" suburb--a residential subcommunity dependent upon the economic and cultural functions of the urban center. During the ZO's--until the Depression interrupted the trend to disperse--the au~omobile became a �4 major decentralizing force. The World War II period evidenced a reassertion and acceleration of the trends toward suburbanization and decentralization. As the demands of wartime industry filled the inner city with lower income workers and minority groups, the desire to escape from the city was reawakened, especially among the Nation's growing middle class. When the war ended, a construction boom and massive "flight" to the suburbs were stimulated by the lifting of restrictions on residential construction, Federal guaranteed mortgage programs, and the advent of freeways, in particular _ the Federal Interstate Highway network. This was -essenti-al-ly a middle class migration reflecting a longing for a home in a garden. spot in a homogeneous community, away from the city's evils but not too far from its economic and cultural amenities. The result--the so-called "bed- room" suburb of the 50 ' s which existed as a satellite of the central city--has in part already become outdated. Suburbia is rapidly becoming urbanized. Its character is changing and diversifying as a result of economic decentralization along freeway corridors and circumferential beltways. This spatial pattern, highly depen- dent upon the use of the automobile because it is not easily serviced by public transit, results in a significant drain on energy resources. The widespread relocation of manufacturing, office and corporate functions and the commercial trade and service industries to the urban fringe has altered commuting patterns (by dispersing endpoints) as well as the exclusively residential and consumptive nature of the suburbs. What has evolved it a formless sprawl of urbanized suburbia, no longer . dependent upon �5 central cities. A concomitant result has been the lack of any unifying governmental system. This has had several important implications . Traditionally it led people to believe that planning for suburbia was an impossible task. As a result, there has been little success in developing com- prehensive and long-range plans for the future development of suburbs. What little "planning" there has been has tended to be non-creative and accepting of the natural forces leading to sprawl. A laissez- faire approach on the part of local government was the tradition. What little control there was was justified_-on- the basis of -preventing -9r removing public nuisance, and the zoning ordinance was believed to be a sufficient tool to do so. This reliance on zoning ordinances tended to provide the basis for "planning" in most localities. For example, this was true in Laketon. Traditionally, emphasis in the suburbs was on family and personal space interests rather than the public need or the development of community services. In addition, physical development usually precluded environ- mental considerations. Planning and development decisions tended to focus exclusively upon local concerns, with little regard for geographically broader impact. A second implication is that ideas about how to cope with the problem of overlapping jurisdictions tend to be contradictory on several levels. One of these has to do with the push to centralize planning and governmental functions. This has been accomplished, for example, by creating special districts to solve problems on a functional basis, and by attemp- �6 ting to consolidate planning functions into Regional Planning Commissions. However, there is an inherent contradiction in this approach; by creating new units to deal with special functional or regional problems, jurisdictional fragmentation is increased. The West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Commission is a local example of this . Why then is there still a perceived need for local planning? Why did the Muskegon Board of County Commissioners just recently vote for a county land use plan? Or Laketon Township engage the services of a planning consultant? This leads to another contradiction to be noted. Parallelling the push for centralization and areawide planning -have been pressures for local determinism and citizen participation in the planning process. Obviously the opportunity to participate is greater in smaller governmental units; thus this concept emphasizes local planning. By allowing each village and town to plan for itself, however, fragmentation is maintained. A new approach which accommodates both concepts must be developed. Intervention in the development process through planning can be successful on the local level. However, two considerations must be emphasized. Localities must accept that they do not exist in isolation, and therefore should recognize their interrelationships with the region of which they are a part. The gap between local participation and centralization can be bridged by a framework which allows for multi-level governmental participation in planning and development. the next chapter, "The Development Process" . Such a model is outlined in �7 The process which is outlined recognizes the dynamic nature of development . However, if it is not guided, development is unlikely to occur in such a way as to match the goals, functions and needs of the community. Thus government must determine a developmental strategy which reflects the needs of its jurisdiction. The strategy which is recom- mended is that of viewing development as an opportunity to move towards the fulfillment of the role of the community. The function of planning is to discover opportunities by examining the forces behind change in the community, thereby facilitating creative intervention in the development process. For every such opportunity there is an appropriate govern- mental response based .upon the perceived role of the community. Not every governmental unit is ~apable of making the appropriate response to every developmental opportunity. Thus interaction between units and levels of government becomes a necessary part of the planning/development process. The context within which this process occurs is examined in Part I of this report. First, general regional and national trends have been examined which might affect the development of Laketon. Next, a develop- ment framework more specific to Muskegon County is outlined. It summarizes the economic and population characteristics of the County and identifies Laketon's position in the metropolitan growth patterns. Finally, the specific internal conditions of the Township are assessed from the physical environment to the most recent trends in home construction. Part II presents the results of a community attitude survey conducted in December of 1976. The results of this survey were _used in the formu- �8 lation and analysis of alternative development concepts for the Township. The strong support for rational environmental management principles in the guidance of Township growth coalesces with the conclusions of the reconnaissance described in Part I, providing a solid factual and attitudinal basis for the various growth management measures proposed in Part III of the report. These proposals were summarized in a concept sketch for Growth Management. * The concepts underlying the plan were discussed at various meetings with the Township Board and Planning Commission. tation of the plan was made on April 21, 1977. A full presen- This meeting was attended by a number of leading citizens representing various community interests. During these meetings many suggestions were made and many of them were reflected in the report. The reconnnendations of the concept sketch were tested in a plan evaluation survey in July, 1977. survey are described in Part IV. The results of this All proposed growth management measures and the concepts and principles for the formulation of a master plan were strongly supported and endorsed by survey respondents. The final sections of this report in Part V present and describe the recommended Master Plan for Growth Management and list the steps the Township should take to assure that the plan will become an effective tool in the management of Township affairs. * Leo Jakobson, Growth Management: A Concept Sketch, Report No. 3, Laketon Township Planning Program, June, 1977. �9 THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Development is a dynamic societal process. Occurring in a variety of ways, development affects the quality of life in a given area. An understanding of the nature of this process is essential to pur- poseful planning. To begin to form this understanding a framework must be constructed to provide concise reference points for the main aspects of development and planning. In the case of Laketon, �10 three concepts have been identified as central to this process: (a) the role of Laketon as perceived by its residents and as modified by the realities of the Muskegon region of which it is part; (b) the functions of Laketon required by its role image; and (c) the governance of Laketon, existing and potential. These concepts establish the relationship between the quality and character of an area and the nature of its development. Most important, they identify the means by which government can guide development to desired ends . This framework can best be illustrated by reference to the figure below which describes the development process. Here development is perceived as a self-adjusting mechanism which can reach a desired state by appropriate governance. This will be clarified in the following discussion of the concepts of the model. DEVELOPMENT ROLE FUNCTIONS I I ~f '\ t- - - - - - - - - - ~VERNANC:.) Figure 1 Development Process Model I.I �11 A. COMMUNITY ROLE The process of planning for development takes into account all aspects of the human and physical environment. The goals, attitudes, and images of the community are especially important in the first steps of the planning process. It is from these elements that the role of the community is derived. The term "role" thus represents the summary expression of the goals, attitudes, and images which comprise the unique identity of a given comrnunity. The idea of a "role" provides, in effect, the rationale for public guidance through planning, and at the same time furnishes a standard for evaluating the · effectiveness of such intervention. B. COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS Given the above discussion of the role of the community, further clarification of the developmental process comes with an understanding of community functions. "Functions" are the activities offered by , or performed in a community - for example, businesses, industries, schools, and the provisions for housing. These functions are continu- ously measured against the accepted, assumed, and/or projected role of the community. Therefore, the development of functions guided by planning and governance provides the means by which the desired community role is realized. The functions of a community require supporting services, e.g., roads, water and sewer systems, etc. It is the guidance, provision, and regulation of such activities and services which are often the main tasks of government. The governmental unit is central in determining �12 those services the community is capable of providing in order to facilitate the progression from mere 'functioning' to role attainment through development. In view of the importance of these tasks, the concept of governance must be expanded. C. GOVERNANCE The notion of governance as a guidance mechanism in development has two facets requiring explanation: strategy and administration. By 'development strategy' it is suggested that government activities embody some dominant theory as to how the community should be planned. As suggested in the introduction, the logical strategy -in the case -of Laketon is to view its suburban role as an amenity generating opportunities for development towards a desired end. Planning attempts to discover opportunities, acts as a catalyst in their realization, and through guidance keeps the course of development directed towards community role. Opportunity-based planning requires government to state its developmental strategy in concise, explicit terms. This process also entails viewing the community and its region as a complex system in which each part affects the dynamics and substance of all others. The need for approaching planning in this broad con- text is of particular importance when the regional economy, which is the traditional focus of planning, has been stagnant for as long as has been the case in Muskegon. The particular role of planning is to be explicit in defining the component systems, their interrelationships, and the consequences of these relationships. Doing so increases the degree of knowledge about the overall system, the>eby increasing �13 the potential to generate and implement opportunities. In principle, then, the greater the knowledge of the system and its processes, the greater the likelihood that decisions will be made whose consequences are both intentioned and welcomed. Focusing upon the forces which initiate change in a system provides the most important information for opportunity-based planning. The full potential of any opportunity will not be realized unless intervention occurs at the proper time. Sensitivity to what the "proper" time is develops through observing the dynamics of the system and of the component sub-systems over time. Pulling a range of apparently independent decisions into this single framework allows for the coordination of political, social, economic, and environmental decisions. Consequences can be anticipated, and decisions made simultaneously for all sub-systems. Despite the apparent validity of the opportunity approach to planning, it alone is not sufficient to insure proper development. It is necessary to couple this strategy with appropriate and effective administrative mechanisms. A governmental unit utilizes opportunities only by being in a position, with reference to its powers and capabilities, to respond effectively to each situation which presents itself. For every developmental opportunity there is an appropriate governmental response. Such opportunities represent means by which community functions may be fulfilled. The appropriate response is determined by the sphere of governance for each governmental unit. The important factor in this determination is scale, the reason being �14 that there are differences in the required base for the provision of various services. For example, some services can best be provided at the neighborhood level and others at the regional or state level. This is of particular importance to Laketon. Because of the limited legislated powers of township government, governance at present is largely a matter of external administration, primarily from the county level. The different governmental units which must be considered are the State, the West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Connnission, Muskegon County, Laketon -Township and the surrounding local governments. 1 Each unit has its spheres of governance, with administrative trade-offs occurring among them. The spheres of governance for each of these units, in the context of development planning, will be studied and outlined in the plan management and implementation parts of the consultant's programs. At this juncture it is important that this two part concept of governance is understood to be an integral component of development planning. As shown in Figure 2 on the next page, we can now expand the development process diagram to an abstraction depicting how it applies to Laketon's current planning effort. Obviously this diagram could be expanded to include the State of Michigan, the Upper Great Lakes Region, the United States, and even the world. 1 To Though WMSRDC is not a 'governmental unit' as such, some of its review functions, e.g., A-95 review, make it a participant in area-wide governance. �15 THE REGION (Muskegon County) LOCATION ENVIRONMENT ECONOMY COMMUNITY (Laketon Township) THE -+---------GOVERNANCE Figure 2 The Multi-Level Development Process illustrate this enormous world-wide interdependence and how it can affect the everyday lives of people living in a 'remote' neighborhood, one can mention that in the recent steel mill controversy one of the strongest arguments for a lakefront location was the opportunity for direct shipment to overseas markets of the mill's product. Another example is the decision of a British firm, Fisons, to locate its new American plants in Muskegon because of the unique capabilities of its wastewater management system to accommodate chemical industry. �~-- .a.; ...... .•.._· -.. ·- -···....··~- ...-.: . .- .. * "' -, - 1 .-.. ■iii ._ ■ • I • 'I '' -. ·-. - ,i· .: I . -.........,-I: • I .. • ,..,. :,. .. , -. tr · t 1 :• J."I •.1 • - .• • -.-1111~••L · - ■ - . -. .. . "i'. - .. •'.. '2'"" -11-•"'- -·~ - ~~;-..-..... ·- - i!.. •• - •..- c' - . _, •· -~ --- ;·-1 ~. _; l -.l _- -lt'li,::'~.:S.~..,." _'p. . ,I' ■:_;,.___ - •• - ■ - ~ l/-~ •,1 -• p I •'I • I ! fl_,,/, •• I I • ~ . �16 THE NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE As pointed out in the preceding chapter, a community does not exist in isolation. Laketon is no exception to this rule. Most importantly, as a suburban community, its dependence on the region of which it is a part is even stronger than that of more peripheral rural townships which may possess a degree of economic self-sufficiency thanks to agriculture or that of the central cities which tend to dominate the �17 urban economic scene. Similarly, the Muskegon urban region of which Laketon is part, has been and is being shaped by forces which, for the most part, are national, if not international, in scope. The following provides a brief glance at these forces, how they have affected Laketon's development and how they may affect it in the future. From the point of view of planning they give an indication of what alternative 'roles' Laketon may assume and they may indicate opportunities for development beyond those perceived at present. This information thus - becomes one - of the first building -blocks in the tool kit for Laketon-'-s .development guidance. A. IN HISTORY: THE INDUSTRIAL ERA SINCE INDEPENDENCE THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY STEADY ECONOMIC GROWTH AND RAPID URBANIZATION. This steady expansion enabled American society to attain an unparalleled standard of living. The market-oriented values of individuals and establishments were compatible. The future was assumed to be a bigger and brighter reflection of the present. Public decision-making primarily attempted to resolve problems only after they occurred. INDUSTRIAL AMERICA RELIED ON THE EXPLOITATION OF RAW MATERIALS IN A "LINEAR" ECONOMY, WHICH ASSUMES THAT THE EARTH IS AN "OPEN" SYSTEM WITH UNLIMITED ENERGY RESOURCES, RAW MATERIALS, AND CAPACITY TO �18 ABSORB WASTES. The shift from human labor to machines greatly increased productive capacity. The industrial economic system was based on mass production and characterized by a high degree of specialization. THE MODEL OF LIFE FOR INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY WAS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND GROWTH. THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF THESE INDUSTRIAL THEMES WAS ONE OF URBAN GROWTH. This was a time of increasing urbanization, both suburban and internal (the -expansion of urban industry). It_was also charac- terized by fragmented suburban governments appearing to protect highly localized and divergent interests within the structure of an urban area. The growth of individual income and the availability of inexpensive products created a society of "mass consumption". THE COMBINATION OF RAPID URBAN GROWTH, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY, AND THE ARTICULATION OF ANTI-URBAN SENTIMENTS, INCLUDING THE DESIRE TO BE NEAR NATURE, LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF SUBURBS IN ALL LARGE CITIES BY 1910. At the center of the city, residential density was declining as the area converted to industrial or commercial use. Meanwhile, on the urban edge, residential development was increasing as metropolitan regions tended to spread themselves out. Overall residential density continued to decline with distance from the central city, while the wealth of peripheral areqs increased �19 relative to the core. Many residents of large cities who could afford to live anywhere had decided by this time that the "good life" - beauty, cleanliness, and nature - could best be found on the edge rather than in the center of the city. BETWEEN 1900 AND 1945, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS SUCH AS ELECTRICITY, AUTOMOBILES, TELEPHONES, RADIOS, AND SEPTIC TANKS INCREASED THE APPEAL OF OUTLYING AREAS BY MAKING THE CONVENIENCES OF THE CITY AVAILABLE TO WIDELY SCATTERED SUBDIVISIONS. After the Depression and World War II, expansion of the money supply through mass creditprovidedfamilies with the financial means to purchase their own homes. Highway construction opened hundreds of thousands of acres of land to residential development. Factors such as zoning and Federal home-loan policies institutionalized suburban growth. B. THE PRESENT: AN AGE OF UNCERTAINTY RECENT GROWTH TRENDS INDICATE MAJOR SHIFTS FROM LONG-TERM STABILITY TO UNCERTAINTY AND AN UNPREDICTABLE ECONOMY. Growth as it is presently interpreted is ending in certain "saturated" areas of production such as energy-inefficient gadgetry and the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources. Service activities now command a larger portion of employment than does manufacturing industry. For example, rapid growth is occurring in such service areas as health and recreation. �20 NEW SOCIAL PATTERNS ARE EMERGING WHICH CREATE A DEMAND FOR DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING. The transition from a production-oriented to a service-oriented society requires a shift to flexible and innovative forms of decision-making. Traditional planning reflects the values of efficiency and economizing, and is directed towards problemsolving. It relies heavily on the notion of cultural homogeneity and is thus not designed to acconnnodate pluralism or diversity. New ~forms of planning which account for the limitations and uncertainties o~ the period must be -<leveloped to cope----with the conditions of transition. THE EMPHASIS OF TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS ON EXPLOITATIVE RESOURCE ALLOCATION NEEDS TO BE RE-EXAMINED. In no way is the concept of a "linear" economy more inappropriate than in its definition of the world and its constituent national units, like the United States, are relatively "closed" systems, limited in their capacity to assimilate pollutants and in their supply of many non-renewable resources. A recognition of this "closed" condition demands a reassessment of resource utilization patterns and more efficient new and innovative approaches to dealing with a declining resource base. THE REGIONAL ECONOMY NEEDS TO BE UNDERSTOOD WITHIN THIS FRAMEWORK. IT IS BECOMING EVIDENT THAT SIMPLY ATTRACTING OUTSIDE DOLLARS INTO THE REGION DOES NOT ALWAYS LEAD TO GROWTH. GROWTH OFTEN IS RELATED TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH INFLOWING DOLLARS ARE SPENT AND RE-SPENT WITHIN THE �IL 21 REGION. A "linear" regional economy is oriented towards production of goods for export and purchase with "outside" dollars. The new concept describes a "circular" economy in which inflowing dollars make many internal cycles before being used to purchase outside goods and services. Thus, there are large amounts of internal sales and purchases with fewer purchases external to the region. The result is that considerable income is generated within the region. THE CONSUMER IS BECOMING SATIATED WITH "MASS-PRODUCED''. SUBURBIA AND FINANCIALLY ABLE TO TURN TO HIGHER AESTHETICS OF LIVING AND LIFESTYLE. THE FARTHEST EDGES OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA - THE EXURBS - ARE GRADUALLY BEING DEVELOPED. The spatial dimension of current trends in economic development and urbanization suggest a continuation of the "megalopolis" phenomenon. Residential and non-residential locational decisions are increasingly being based on considerations of amenity. Tech- nology has made the basic necessities of home and business so uniformly available that recreation and aesthetics are becoming primary considerations. The forces of decentralization can thus be linked to this "quality of life" ethic. This is not only an exurban movement, but also a regional shift to areas rich in these desired amenities. CURRENT ECONOMIC THEORY AND POLICIES ARE, IN A SENSE, RELICS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ERA AND HAVE NOT ADAPTED TO THE CHANGING PATTERNS AND VALUES �22 WHICH CHARACTERIZE OUR CHANGING SOCIETY. The emerging "quality of life" emphasis is no longer synonymous with the continued maximizat,i on of quantitative growth; nor is specialization widely accepted as essential. to growth. The mono- tony of the assembly line has contributed to declines in worker satisfaction and quality of output. As a result, some firms have experimented with various innovative production schemes such as flexible work hours, worker teams assigned to a variety of different tasks, etc. The debilitating effects of over-speciali- zation have been especially acute in those economies with an overcommitment to basic industry with non-basic or ·service activities· relegated to a secondary role. Basic export - industries do not necessarily produce self-sustaining economic growth. The service/ commercial activities may be critical for developing a strong foundation of external economies for the economic system, whether regional or national. C. THE FUTURE: A POST-INDUSTRIAL AMERICA IN POST-INDUSTRIAL AMERICA THE NOTION OF "CIRCULAR" ECONOMIES WILL BE INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT. CIRCULARITY IS ACHIEVED BY PROMOTING INTERNAL LINKAGES AMONG THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A LOCAL ECONOMY. The economy is now viewed as a closed system in which all parts affect each other. Circularity requires a move toward more self- sustaining regional economic systems. Both industrial and service/ commercial functions are integral to economic well-being. The role of industrial activities has declined in terms o~ employment. The service/commercial/government area has emerged as the job-generation �23 sector. SOC~ETY HAS BECOME MORE HETEROGENEOUS, COMPLEX, AND SOPHISTICATED. Political demands and human rights have multiplied, and orientation to the future is eroding traditions. This is exemplified in the increasing role of women and minorities in skilled and professional work-roles, the rise of the two-income household, the drop in the birth rate, and increases in communal and non-traditional forms of living. WHILE THE RATE OF URBANIZATION IS SLOWING, METROPOLITAN AREAS CONTINUE TO EXPAND INTO SPRAWLING REGIONS -OF COMPLEX ACTIVITY WITH MANY CENTERS SEPARATED BY LESS DENSELY DEVELOPED AREAS. THIS SPATIAL CONFIGURATION IS KNOWN AS MEGALOPOLIS. Locational decisions of the past - both residential and nonresidential - were consistent with values based on efficiency in terms of closeness to work, to transportation, and the market. The values of "post-industrial" society, in particular the quality-of-life ethic, have considerably altered the nature of the demand for lifestyles and living quarters. The above discussion represents a summary of materials collected from our recent corporate long-range planning reports, e.g., General Electric's "Our Future Business Environment"; the Institute of Life Insurance Trend Analysis Program Reports, in particular, report 12 (Fall, 1975), entitled "A Culture in Transformation: Toward a Different Societal Ethic"; and a series of articles in the Wall Street ~ournal in the spring of 1976 entitled "The Future Revisited" in which a similar series of �24 articles published ten years earlier was re-examined in the light of events during the past ten years. Unfortunately, this kind of infor- mation is seldom presented and discussed in local government planning reports, supporting the consultant's earlier contention that public planning and decision-making has primarily attempted to resolve problems after they have occurred, and based plans on projection of past trends assuming the inevitability of such linear progression. The West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Counnission's recent land use analysis showing areas of "projected development pressures" is a local example of traditional information dissemination in the govern-_ ment sector. The preceding outine of national trends in urbanization and economic growth shows that the era in which we are now living presents several general and specific concerns to current planning efforts in Laketon. First, the economic changes accompanying the shift to post-industrialism imply uncertainty about the direction of future development. This suggests that it would be unwise to engage in long-range plan-making for very specific types of growth. Secondly, the growing individualism, diversity and complexity of· American society must be accommodated. Both these conditions are in support of the open-endedness inherent in the building block approach initially proposed for Laketon's planning program. Additionally, Laketon's physical amenities and fringe location can now be identified as consistent with the residential and recreational lifestyles of a growing number of Americans. suggest developmental opportunities. is needed. These characteristics begin to However, more e.xplicit information The regional level usually provides the bridge between broad �25 n~tional perspectives and local opportunity realization by identifying how much local conditions differ in time, space and intensity from the national experience. �26 THE REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE The formal West Michigan Shoreline Region consists of the counties of Oceana, Muskegon and Ottawa. These counties are distinctly different in their social, economic, and political-institutional characteristics. They also differ in scale and in the nature of developmental pressures. The regional communality lies in sharing a location along the shore of Lake Michigan and the environmental concerns emanating from this �27 location. Because of the great differences between the three counties, the term "region" in Laketon's context is applied to Muskegon County and to the northwest corner of Ottawa County - the Grand Haven area which is an integral part of the Greater Muskegon Urban Area. In the following, the region will be examined from the point of view of its geographic setting and economic and social trends. A. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING To establish the geographic context for development in Laketon requires a recognition of the several -geographic levels in which such development -· must exist. THE BASIC FRAME OF REFERENCE IS THE WEST MICHIGAN SHORELINE REGION, A SERIES OF THREE COUNTIES SHARING A UNIQUE MIX OF AGRICULTURAL, RURAL AND INDUSTRIAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT WITH A PRICELESS ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ALONG ITS LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE. The fine sand beaches and windswept dunes extend northward and southward along major portions of the state, but at no point are they combined with such a populous urban area as that which centers on the Muskegon-Holland-Grand Rapids triangle. THE MAJOR RESOURCE OF THIS AREA IS PRIMARILY AN ENVIRONMENTAL ONE. Planning has proceeded to maximize this resource potential and to interlink development in such a way as to provide for careful staging and control of the exploitation of this potential, for the recreational value of this shoreline is further increased by proximity to metropolitan centers of the midwest such as �28 Detroit and Chicago. AT THE SECOND LEVEL, SHOWN ON THE MAPS ON THE NEXT PAGE, THE LOCATION OF THIS AREA IN RELATION TO THE NATIONAL EAST-WEST SYSTEM OF GOODS FLOW OFFERS A SUPERB OPPORTUNITY FOR NON-RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AS WELL. On the northern edge of the urbanized belt stretching from Ohio through Illinois and bending around the western border of Lake Michigan into Wisconsin, major goods transportation routes pass near the Muskegon --area on their way from the east to Chicago; Milwaukee-;- ··· and - beyond. A MOD~RN FERRY SERVICE CONNECTING MUSKEGON WITH THE INDUSTRIAL CENTERS OF MILWAUKEE, RACINE, AND KENOSHA WOULD PROVIDE A SHORTER AND MORE DIRECT ROUTE BETWEEN THESE CENTERS AND THE DETROIT INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. It would make it possible for truck traffic to bypass the congestion of the Chicago area, drawing an amount of this east-west goods traffic northward to the Muskegon area. Secondly, this east- west goods traffic is crossed by the north-south route of access to the recreational opportunities of northern Michigan, and the proposed trans-lake connector would place Muskegon precisely at the crossroads of these two major movement systems. THE CROSSROADS LOCATION ON THE NORTH-SOUTH RECREATION ROUTE SUGGESTS CONCERTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST-ATTRACTING RECREATIONAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL. With the fine deep-~ater harbors and superb recreational resources close at hand in the form of the shoreline dunes and the local �29 Figure 3 The West Michigan Shoreline Urbanizing Triangle '• { , !IUI, Figure 4 l 1 The Lower Great Lakes Megalopolis 1 ll1 d PIT'l'SB ,I .....: ·.... ·:. �30 lakes, the Whitehall-Muskegon-Grand Haven urban area is in a unique position to capitalize on one of the fastest growing industries in the country. THESE ADVANTAGES ARE FURTHER ENHANCED BY THE FACT THAT THIS CROSSROADS LOCATION IS WITHIN FAVORABLE RECREATION TRAVEL TIME FROM THE 12 MILLION PLUS URBAN DWELLERS IN THE DETROIT-CHICAGO-MILWAUKEE MEGALOPOLITAN COMPLEX. In terms of motoring, the area is within three driving hours from Detroit and Chicago. In terms of waterborne pleasure craft, it is within the range of a one-day cruise from the dense crest of urbanization along the southwestern bend of Lake Michigan. THE THIRD GEOGRAPHIC LEVEL TO WHICH LAKETON MUST RELATE IS THE WHITEHALL-MUSKEGON-GRAND HAVEN URBANIZING A..'llEA (MAP 1). This area is characterized by an older three-node settlement pattern consisting of a center comprising the cities of North Muskegon, Muskegon, Muskegon Heights, Roosevelt Park and the part of Norton Shores which lies to the north of Mona Lake, and two terminal nodes: the twin cities of Montague and White- hall to the north and the city of Grand Haven and Spring Lake Village to the south. SINCE WORLD WAR II A WELL-ESTABLISHED REGIONAL TREND TOWARDS SUBURBANIZATION HAS EMERGED. This area covers the townships of Whitehall, Fruitland, Laketon, - Dalton, Muskegon, Egelston, Sullivan, Fruitport, Spring Lake and �32 Grand Haven, and the incorporated areas of South Norton Shores, Ferrysburg and the Village of Fruitport. THIS URBAN PATTERN IS THE OUTGROWTH OF SEVERAL SETS OF NATURAL CONDITIONS AND MAN-MADE FACILITIES. The most notable of these are: (a) the afore-mentioned shore opportunities in the form of dunes, a series of offshore lakes from Grand River-Spring Lake to White Lake, enhanced by four large state and several county and local parks; (b) an excellent north-south freeway (U.S. 31) paralleling the shore but at a distance from it; (c) large open space reservations immediately proximate to the urbanized area (the Muskegon State Game Area and the Manistee National Forest); and (d) a recently completed but already world-renowned wastewater treatment facility occupying a large area to the west of Muskegon's central urban core. THE UNIQUE FEATURE OF THIS URBAN PATTERN IS ITS LINEAR QUALITY. This linear distribution is a result of the shore location and the lack of a strongly dominating urban center usually found in most metropolitan areas. For example, the population of the central urban core is just over half of the total population. Retail activity is divided between three nearly co-equal centers located along the U.S. 31 highway corridor. TRADITIONAL PLANNING WOULD CONSIDER THIS DISPERSED PATTERN DETRIMENTAL TO THE EFFICIENT USE OF LAND AND PUBLIC SERVICES. Planning oriented to the maximization of opportunity and amenity, however, recognizes the potential in this linear pattern. L_ Compe- �33 tition and pressure to locate in a single center are minimized, thereby reducing congestion. This allows for a more balanced utilization of many public facilities; for example, major roads are less likely to experience uni-directional flows of traffic to or from a single center. As a corollary it allows for easier access to other iinear features of the region's geography, such as the Lake Michigan shoreline. B. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRENDS IN THE REGION The courses of economic de~elopment and urbanization in the region have closely P?-ralleled ,many of the __nat.:J.onal trends outlined in the preceding section. THE MUSKEGON REGION IS GRADUALLY BECOMING MORE TIGHTLY LINKED TO THE GREAT LAKES MEGALOPOLIS. Muskegon lies on the northern edge of an urban belt which extends from the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, including the entire Great Lakes Region. Historically, the region enjoyed a locational advantage with regard to industrial and commercial activities because of its access to major transportation routes and markets. We have seen that currently the trend is toward locational decision-making being based increasingly on non-economic, physical amenity factors rather than on accessibility. The Muskegon region, with its unique environmental amenities, thus stands to augment its economic growth because of its locational advantage and potential for industrial attraction. - HISTORICALLY MUSKEGON 1 S ECONOMY HAS RELIED HEAVILY ON A SINGLE INDUSTRY. �34 The regional economy is heavily dependent upon manufacturing, especially of primary metals and heavy machinery. This concen- tration has been at the expense of all non-manufacturing activities. Retail and wholesale sales have traditionally lagged considerably behind other Michigan counties and metropolitan areas. Thus, the regional economy has been distinctly "linear" in nature. This means that the economy has developed very few internal linkages, i.e., that outside dollars coming in to purchase the area's main products do not make many internal cycles before passing through the regional economy. THE EFFECTS OF THIS OVER-COMMITMENT TO MANUFACTURING HAVE BECOME EVIDENT IN RECENT YEARS . The region has experienced severe unemployment for many years. This not only parallels a nationwide economic downturn, but also the overall decline of the manufacturing industry as a provider of jobs with a corresponding increase in the importance of service activities. Several other factors have specifically contributed to the decline in the region's economic vitality and in the competitive position of Muskegon manufacturers. Markets for the independent producers of the region were severely reduced by the auto industry's entrance into many of the same areas of production. In addition, changes in product transportation tech- nology (air cargo, fast freight, etc.) have tended to negate the transportation location advantage of Muskegon. In addition, the region has experienced substantial outmigration of the younger, more highly skilled and educated members of the labor force. This is a �35 result of the limited possibilities for advancement in local industry due to limited expansion and the seniority system of the unions. The manufacturing emphasis has limited the range of skills of the labor force, decreasing the likelihood of location of firms requiring more technical skills. The appeal of the region to other industries has been further reduced by the serious degradation of the valuable environmental resources of the region due to inattention to the effects of industrial pollution. MUSK.EGON HAS ATTEMPTED TO REVITALIZE ·. THE- REGIONAL .ECONOMY THROUGH CREATIVE INTERVENTION INTO THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM.. Central to the efforts at revitalization is the Muskegon County Wastewater Management System. The system has had imme- diate and pronounced effects on the water quality of the lakes and rivers in the county and has begun to generate substantial income and public/private cooperation with regard to its agricultural operations. Most significant, however, has been its ability to attract certain high-technology industries, particularly those with significant waste discharges that would normally have to pay the price of their own pollution abatement facilities. The System has the capacity to assimilate water-home industrial wastes and thus has encouraged a number of international chemical firms, such as Fisons, to locate in the Muskegon area. OTHER DEVELOPMENTS INDICATE THAT THE REGION HAS RECOGNIZED THE NEED FOR ECONOMIC DIVERSITY AS A PRECONDITION TO MAINTAINING $ELF-SUSTAINING GROWTH. �36 A county-wide Economic Development Connnittee was formed to coordinate economic development and to promote the region as a whole as attractive to industry, rather than allowing individual municipalities to compete.....for particular industries. The curriculum of the Muskegon Community College was altered to emphasize particular skills that might be of interest to the chemical finns and other high-technology industries that might locate in the region. The downtown shopping mall in the City of Muskegon and the revitalization of other central business district activities show -signs of success -and represent positive steps toward bolstering the deficient retail sales sector of the economy. Finally, proposals have been made to coordinate and expand tourism, and to promote recreation as a future growth industry. OVERALL POPULATION GROWTH IN THE REGION HAS SLOWED. CONSISTENT WITH NATIONAL TRENDS, THE GREATEST PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH HAS OCCURRED IN SUBURBAN AREAS. AS A WHOLE, THE POPULATION IS AGING. IN PARTICULAR, THE PROPORTION OF ELDERLY IN THE CITIES HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY. SUBURBAN AREAS HAVE SHOWN A SHARP DECREASE IN THE PROPORTION OF YOUNG RESIDENTS (0-5 years). Between 1950 and 1960, the County grew approximately 25%. figure dropped to 5% between 1960 and 1970. This However, the region's suburbs showed high growth rates, reflecting an internal migration from the cities to these outlying areas. People born during the post-war baby boom reached adulthood by 1970, swelling the 15-24 age bracket. Both urban and suburban areas of the region showed �37 this general pattern. The statistics show that the greatest per- centage of elderly reside in older urban centers, such as Grand Haven, Muskegon Heights, Muskegon and Whitehall. Lower income, blue-collar areas show a high percentage of young (0-5 years). Wealthier suburban areas show a low percentage of elderly and a low percentage of young. The decrease in the proportion of young was more pronounced in the suburbs than in the cities, and more so than in the U.S., Michigan, or the County as a whole. THOUGH MANUFACTURING DOMINATES EMPLOYMENT IN THE REGION, IT I~ DECLINING IN IMPORTANCE. RETAIL, WHOLESALE, .J3ERVICE AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMEN-T- ARE INCREASING. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IS RISING THROUGHOUT THE REGION. SO ARE INCOME LEVELS IN BOTH URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS. In terms of educational attainment, the region's level compared to that of the U. S. is low. than the suburbs. Urban areas have shown slighter gains As can be expected, the wealthier suburbs show a higher proportion of persons with higher levels of educational attainment; the less wealthy, blue-collar suburbs show low percentages of college graduates or persons who did not complete high school. The most dramatic income increases occurred in the suburban areas of Laketon and Norton Shores. However, the urban areas have a greater proportion of persons in the extreme income categories (under $6,000 and over $25,000) while the suburban areas show more persons in the middle income ranges . The statistical tables on the following pages represent selected economic and social indicators for the region of which Laketon is a part. They �38 illustrate and support the preceding discussion. Though in some instances details are not available for small geographic areas like townships, regional information gives a general picture of the trends which prevail in the area and which influence development there. Comparison of these trends with national and state trends provides further insight into the changes which are taking place in the social, economic, and spatial structure of urban America. Every development decision should take into account the effect of these structural changes over time regardless of the- specific time context in which the decision is made. This is of particular importance- in hitherto sparsely developed areas like Laketon where long-term opportunity for new development outweighs the need for immediate remedial action for correcting deficiencies created by past unguided development. Tables 1-4 present county level economic data. nature of the regional economy. bleaker. They reflect the sluggish If projected, the outlook would be even However, the facts as represented by these figures do not por- tray the latent opportunities in the Montague-Whitehall-Muskegon-Grand Haven Urban Corridor and its corresponding shoreline region. Nor do they reflect changes that will occur in the future in such diverse phenomena as lifestyle, the ratio between work and leisure time, business location decisions, etc. Under these conditions of uncertainty the watch for opportunity becomes the critical dimension in plan-making as well as in plan implementation. Statistical indicators can only provide a benchmark for existing conditions. An assessment of the future can only be made on the basis of artful conjecture. �39 1960 MUSKEGON 1965 1970 UNITED STATES 1960 1965 1970 l.0 0.9 1.2 1975 1.0 Mining 2.3 2.1 2.0 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 Contract Construction 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.4 5.0 4.7 3.5 3.1 5.4 5. 4 4.7 li.5 55.0 55.2 45.4 38.1 41.5 41.4 35.6 31.3 30.3 29.8 26.5 23.8 5.5 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.8 5.2 5.0 4. 6 7.3 6.6 6.4 5.8 15.3 14.9 16.5 17.9 18.7 18.5 20.2 21.0 22.3 20.9 21.5 22.0 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.5 Services 9.3 9.7 11.3 14.5 9.9 12.1 14.4 16.6 12.5 14.6 16.5 18.2 Government 9.8 9.3 10. 7 18.2 14.9 14. 1 16.8 18.8 16.3 16.7 18.3 19.2 Transportation 1 'Wholesale and Retail Trade Finance and Insurance 2 1960 MICHIGAN 1965 1970 1975 0.5 Manufacturing 1975 1 2 Includes utilities Includes real estate Source: Table 1 Percent Employees on Non-agricultural Payrolls by Industry Division 1960-1974 MUSKEGON COUNTY OCEANA COUNTY 1960 7.6 10.6 1965 4.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976* 1977 7.5 8.1 7.8 6.5 7.6 13. 1 9.5 6.0 * Table 2 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; Emplo)'lllent and Earnings Month of September 9.1 9.9 9.7 8.2 9.5 15.8 11. 6 7.2 OTTAWA COUNTY MICHIGAN UNITED STATES 5.0 6.7 5.5 2.9 3.9 4.5 6.7 7.6 7.0 5.9 8.5 12.5 8.7 7.0 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7. 1 5.5 6.0 5.2 4.5 6.0 9.4 7.2 4.1 Source: KENT COUNTY 6.0 6.6 5.7 4.9 6.6 10.2 7.9 4.5 Michigan Employment Security Commission, Annual Planning Reports Unemployment as a Percentage of the Total Labor Force - 1960-1977 �40 ;-;;,;;. MUSKEGON COUNTY OCEANA COUNTY OTTAWA COUNTY KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN UNITED STATES 1950 1,605 1,048 1,370 1,805 1,701 1,496 1959 1,993 1,383 2,091 2,329 2,287 2,161 1965 2,695 2,065 2,919 2,932 3,039 2,770 3,798 4,023 4,485 4,865 5,217 3,933 4.026 4,626 5,099 5,602 4,180 4,499 4,950 5,506 5,880 3,966 4,149 4,513 5,011 5,450 5,340 5,689 6,240 5,834 1970 1971 1972 1973 1~74 3,516 3,579 3,960 4,305 4,797 1975 5,037 4,122 Source: Table 3 Per Capita Income in Current Dollars 1 ~ t S - car.-.. lM),,,61 ltU-JJ .Jute . , "1dli.- ----..c-q Ott-C-ty .._c-., Clt'J•f .........,_ cit, ., c.,-, .._ Cl'f et c..-a ._'CJryef Li.Mi.tt-. Table 4 Michigan Employment Security Commission·, · Annual Planning Reports .. ...,., , ,.., ·- .... &1.1 S&.1,- "" ..... i,n ,.,._ ... ···... . ... ... . ... ... ..., ,.,,. ..., - - · - · • ...1- ... ...., , 11., ,. ... ,., ··. .... ... ,_,.,."''" .... ..,.,. ,.,,.. ,1.....,,. ,.... .... ..., ,. 1. 7 U,.t 1.n, 1• l,OU l , J.U 1. Ju 1.u, • 1. 0 t,on -.l. . 1 - t .J .su 1.1.. J,J'7 J, JU 1, lJI 1 ,11, u., n., u., 1.:11• 1. ,.. 1 . ... lt.1 n., JJ . t 2,no ,.uo J, UO J, )00 n .1 ,, ,._ u .s u .o u .o l 0 1H m 1 . .. , 1950-1975 J. tl.D - J, 1 l ,.JJO 1 , ... 10. , -u .> l, lt) 1, Ul ) , HO m Per Capita Business Indicators "" 11 . 1 -u ., u ., '1 .o , 1, SlO l,.UO ,,. 4,4t,O 12 . S ,S . J "·' , ,.., ,.. lll 1.. ....... ......" ...'" 0 .2 -1 . 1 '1, 0 1963-1973 ,l e l < t c t - ~1m m n .t n., 10> "' "' •11 l'1 ,., n .1 U .J 14 , 1 '"""- , n .1 no 1.01' 1, llJ 11., u., ,,., n.• ltl.S M 141 . 0 M uo. , ~ ., o., . o.,..~ ., c-n: • . ...,•-•ft ... C - , c....,., ._.&e!!! The groupings are based on the urban structure concept discussed in the geographic setting section of this chapter. lQJ .1 ..... . .. ... . . . . .,. ,, These statistics are presented by minor civil divisions as shown on Map 2 on the next page . z.1n t,JU 1. 11, The following Tables 5-9 provide detailed information about population characteristics of the area. un 1.... , 4J.O ·- ................ .... ··.... . , �41 v~~~-;l-~:,-+ ~ y\ -,- I,-- I ----->-- __ _J __ _ ' -- J ·r-~:. \ Ir;--\ -~-; ~--·-~ ' ,_ ',• .. -... _ ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTIONS KEGON URBANIZING AREA --~---------------------------------------------..-----·--r---'- ,•'' _________ """'"°'""""°""' 2 3 .J LAKETON TOWNSHIP. Map 2 MICHIGAN U O .J,t,l(CIISON _, _ t'061..1.TAHT .,. l.ABAH I ' \ . ~ ~ Al'C> OEStGN �42 Acre•/ Per•on Pop . 19SO Area Pop. 1960 Acres/ Ch•n9e in Pop. ' Per ■ on Pop . Acre ■/ 1970 Per aon Chan9• ' in Pop . Nort.hern Urban Node Whi t.eha.11 Cit.y 1878 Montaque Cit.)' Nort.h•rn Suburban sector Whi teha 11 Tvp. Fruitland Twp . Dalt.on Tvp. Lake ton 1'vp. Total Cant.ral Urban Core North Mu•ka9on Mu•Jca9on Cit.y Mu•keqon Hai9ht.s Roosevelt Park North Norton Sbor•• Total £a•t.ern Suburb&n Mu•keqon Tvp. E9elaton Tvp. Sullivan Tvp . Total l.Ol l. 10 lS JO ~ I":06 2590 2366 0. 7) 4956 C>.72 16.S l. l s,. 6 tt.O )01 7 2)96 0. 62 0 . 10 i'iTI 0.66 9:-i 42. 4 0 . 71 6111 2S1 24 . JS .96 12. 12 97. 6 1064 S 1-i 114.S 22. S18 1S48 14 . S9 2574 8.77 1200 llll 1901 6. 81 S. 84 40.2 SJ61 24.] 22 . 8 2 . 70 68U -.-:-is 116.4 u,o 7.06 l. 9S 60. 990 4lb6 4114 11,SSD ,.a, 66. l 21. 197 11.10, 69.S 10911 7312-+9228 2018 661 ]847 2424 ,1.,2, o. 45 11,828 1254 1000 0 . 11 18S5 46,485 O. lS o":13 19,552 2571 6799 79,269 l. Jl S. 61 14. 82 17,537 6104 1S77 O. SJ l.28 i7.Ti7 7l.9is" "T.Te o. 28 2. 04 12.2 lS , 06S .:OS ll.8 S9 . 0 4241 44,611 0.26 0.21 l. 8 10S. 6 126.6 17 , 304 4176 0 . 12 0 . 16 0.39 - ,.o - - 0.16 o. 10 0 . 26 0. 57 , .o 9129 10.l ll.S 62 . 0 4◄ . 6 1-:T ~ io:1ai o7JO 0. 9S l. 62 9. 59 l7.5 SC. 9 54 . 6 ll , 754· 6690 2051 1.07 l. J1 7. )7 2.72 'i'i":J° TI:m J7os -10.8 o. ,. 39 . 1 78 . 1 92.4 74. 2 12. 2 12,442 10,214 4979 S489 2196 35,320 0.87 1.88 1 , 86 1. 68 0.89 12., 28.5 1S.2 S7 . 8 34,6 o":"30 s ■ ctor 16.655+14,7)9 22.119 15.120 68,633 Southern Suburb•n Sect.or South Nor ton Shor•• Fruitport Tvp. Spr1.n9 Laite Tvp . Cr and Haven T"Wp. Ferrysburg: Tot.al WH I TERA.LL-NUS ltECON-GJlAND HAVEN URBAN AJtEA 12.757 3941 1020 10 , 880 19,194 9240 9216 1955 50,485 southern Urban Node Spring Lake Village Cr and Haven C:it.y Tot.al IT:"Tia "T.TI Em 1. 37 4. )0 4 . 11 4 . 61 1. l ◄ l l , 01 7 7949 4322 )479 16)1 7921 446 ◄ 2246 1997 1454 18,082 ~ 'i":7i 182 ◄ 660 3270 9536 o . 36 0. 34 IT7iio 2063 11, 066 l9lO o":'TI" ll.129 211,757 lll,257 1.61 162, S20 Source , Table 5 1119 1677 ms Total o. s . Oepart•ent ot Co•••rce, 2. 41 2 . 14 2 . 65 l.20 SM I":7i lJ.l 16 . 0 0. 32 0.30 o73o 1. 30 Bureau ot - r:-o ~ 47 .1 7.0 0 . 22 0.28 JOJ ◄ ll ,844 rr:r; ~ o."26 . u":"J 2]. 8 173,lS4 l. 22 , ... 7 Census of Pooulttio~ tho Census, 1950-197 Area, Population, Development Intensity and Rates of Growth 1960 Under Northern Urb&n Node Whitehall City Montague Cit.y 12. S 14 . l s 1970 5-1 ◄ 15-24 25-34 35-64 21. 4 12. 2 11. 8 ll.2 12 . 8 l l. l 29 . 0 10 . S 12 . 9 ll.4 1S.9 ll.6 12 . l 11. S 11. 4 ll . 8 ll. S 2J.) 21.6 9.6 ]0 . 1 6S+ ... Under s S-14 lS-24 2S-34 JS-64 )1.0 31 . 3 10 . 7 7. 1 ll.2 7.1 9.1 7. 1 S. l 65+ 9.6 8.l 8.2 23.0 26.9 19 . 2 16 . 0 12 . 2 10 . S 14.9 JO . )0 . 29 . 29 . 0 6 7 8 7. 7 6.6 S. 7 S. l tl.9 9.1 9.] 7.8 2l. S 23.6 26.0 26 . l 15. 7 14.6 16 . 6 15 . 4 12.5 lJ. s 12. S 12. 6 40 . 4 )4 . 8 33. l JO. 1 ll. 2 7. s 10 . S 7.S J. l J.8 6. 8 8.8 9.9 8.0 8.0 19.0 H, . 4 lD . 0 10 . 7 22 . ) 26 . 6 15. 7 18 . J 17.8 lJ . 9 15.2 10 . 6 22 . 2 9.8 11. 5 ll. 9 29 . 8 JS . 2 )◄. 0 11. S 12.8 9.9 9.1 4. l 29 . 0 26 . 2 s. ) 9. l 10 . 6 ll. 7 24 . 6 26 . 9 29 . 6 17 . 3 17 . 9 14 . l 12 . 4 12.6 16. 2 JO . 8 27 . 4 24 . 7 S.8 4.6 l.S 16 . 2 1 S. 6 15 . 2 l l. 8 18 . l l l. 13. 14 . 15 . 12 . 5 2 0 6 2 30 . 4 J l. 7 30 . 1 ] l. 4 North•rn Subu.rban Sector Wb1.teh•ll Twp . P'ruitland Tvp . Dalton Tvp. L•keton Tvp . 14.7 21. 4 25 . 2 25.6 24. 0 Cent.ral Urban Core North Muskegon ttualteqon City "usk•9on Heiqht• ltoosevelt. Park Hort kl Norton Shor•• 10.0 ll.2 13.2 16 . l 1S. S 21. 4 19. 2 21. 8 23. 4 2◄ . 2 10 . 2 9.l 10 . 5 10. 8 17. J 14 . l Eaatern Suburb•n Sector "uske9on Tvp . E9elston TYp . Sullivan Tvp . 1S.O 1S . J 16 . 6 24 . 5 27 . 6 26 . 2 12.6 14 . 0 13.8 l 3.7 ll. l 1S . 2 23. 8 l. 8 4.6 13.7 15.4 24. 2S . 22. 23. 11. 9 1l . 1 12. 4 ll . 8 12 . 7 14. 6 17 . l 14. 8 32. 28 . 28. 28 . S. 2 l. 9 •. 0 S. 7 9.0 9.2 9.• 9.8 8.9 2l . s 13 . 8 15.6 26 . 24 . 25 . 2). 8 9 7 9 Southern Urb•n Nod• Spring L•k• Vill.aqe Cr•nd N•ven Ci i:y 10 . 2 11. 0 22 . 9 11. J 11 . 0 12 . 7 11.9 11.l 12. 6 9. 9 33 . 1 10 . ) 7.6 8.2 22 . 4 19 . S 17 . 6 18 . 0 10 . S 10 . 7 )2 . ) 8. l 11. 2 Oceana Count.y Muskegon County Ott.aw• Count.y 11. 6 ll . 2 lJ . 2 22 . 2 22. S 22. 7 12 . 7 l l. 0 14. l 10. l 12.l 12. S JO . 7 12. 6 ll . 9 7. l 29. l 8. l 8.6 9. 1 9. 6 22. 8 ll. l 2 l. 6 lS . 8 16 . 9 18. l 10 . 8 12 . l 12. 9 ]0 . 1 ll . 0 28 . l 11. 8 8.5 ,. 6 Nic:h.a.9.an Unl.t.ed St.at.es 12 . 4 11. l 20 . 7 19 . 8 12 . , ll. 0 12 . 1 ]2. 8 33 . 4 9.1 8.C 21. 4 19 . 9 17. 7 17 . 8 12.2 12. l 31. 0 )1.8 8. S 9.8 Southern Suburban sect.or Sout.h Norton Shore• Fruit.port Tvp . Spr1n9 L•ke Tvp . Cr and H•ven Twp . terrysburq 14 . 5 13 . 3 ll.9 Source : Table 6 1 0 J 2 •.s ll . 6 u.s . 4 l 2 9 8.l 9. 2 D•partaent. of co .. inerc:e, Bureau of 19.S the C ensua . Census of Age of Population, by Groupings, % of Total Population l0 . l Jl. 2 ]3 . 0 ) ]. , ] ). 6 6 .1 ,.8 4.8 • . 9 S. l Popu l ation �43 Below Sch . Graduate H19h Northern Urb ■ n 1960 Hi9h Sc h. Crad1.1ate 1-J yr• . Co1l•9• 1 970 lel·ow ffi9h Sch . Craduate • or •ore yrs. Coll . Hi gh Sch . Graduate 1 -l yrs . Colleqe • or y rs . aore Co ll. Mode Whit.ehall City ,1 .2 Montague City 44 . 6 LLD 12. 2 ,o .1 ll. l 1 2. 2 1 4. ◄ ll. 8 10 · ' l 7. r. 4) . 2 11.9 ':' . l ll. 2 5. 2 • •7 7.7 l.6 5.6 2. 0 , .6 52 . 9 )l.6 JO . 6 33 . 7 JS . 7 8. 8. 9. 10 . 2 4 0 3 7 .) ll . l 2. S ll.9 16.2 7. 7 , .8 14 . 2 ll. 2 19 . 4 4. 8 3.2 12. l 1O.O 33.) 19 . J 8.5 22.7 17. 2 6.1 ) .5 l.l 25 . 8 24 . 1 25 . 6 25 . 8 7.• 5.7 9.8 S. 2 21 . 6 )J.0 Northern Suburban Sect.or Whit.•hall Twp . rrui t.land Tvp . Dalton Twp. Lak. ■ toc Tvp . S6 . 5 62.l 68 . l 5S . 5 Central Urban Core North Muakeqon Muake9on Cit:y Nuak ■ 9on E• ■ tern 25 . 0 )2 . 2 34 . 6 Park North Norton 27 . 0 29 . 8 8 ,, .1 Hei9ht• R.oo• ■ velt. JO . S Shor ■■ 22 . 19 . 37 . Jl . 72 . 2 )6 .7 4S . l 8 0 4 49 . 8 s, .• 42 . 2 24 . 57 . 69 . 36 . JO . 7 5 0 0 2 23 . 0 )9 . , ]9 . 2 l.S o. 9 l. 2 57 . 7 66. 0 )0 . ) 25.l , .1 56 . 7 34 . J 6. 6 l. 2 7.6 ◄9. l S5.9 14 . 7 27.7 5.2 6.) 2. 7 14 . l 10 . 2 15 .5 lS . 2 8. 2 6.9 3.8 4.6 2.0 9.• 7.6 10 , S 9. l 10 . 4 ll.O S. 2 ll . 8 Suburban Sector 66 . O 81.0 78.6 Nu ■ ke9on TVp . Tvp . Sullivan Twp . l9el ■ toa 24 . J H .6 ... Southern Suburban Sector south Norton Shor•• Fruitport. TVp . Sprinq Lake Twp . Grand Haven TYp . 60 . 2 67.0 57.0 6 ◄ .6 ... rerryabarg )2 . 0 38 . 0 40 . S 41 . 8 36 . 8 ◄5 , 0 )2 . 9 l8 . 2 6.6 Southern Urban Nod• l l. l 24. 6 9. 0 I .) •• • 8 38 . 8 )l.6 11. 9 58 . l 11 . 8 11 , 8 65. ◄ ll. 7 a.1 so . 1 33. 8 Ott•"'• County 63. 7 63. 7 23. 9 22 , 9 7.3 7.6 l.6 5.l 5.8 SJ. 5 49. S 32 . S 10 . 0 8. 9 9.5 5.5 6 .8 8. 5 Michigan Un i ted Stat.ea 59 . l 58 . 9 26 . 0 24 . 6 1. 1 8.8 6. 8 7. 7 47 . 2 47 . 6 ll . 7 Jl.l 9.7 10.6 10 . 7 Spring t.•ke Village Cr.and Haven City Oceana County Muskegon County JO . 8 9 . • Source i Table 7 Educational Attainment,% of Persons 25 Years Old and Older 1960 White Collar Northern Urban Node Whitehall City Monto1191,1e Ci ty Nort:hern Suburh•n Sector lrfh.it:.•h•ll Tvp . Pruit:land Tvp . Dalt:.on Tvp . l..aket:.on Tvp . Central Urban Core Nort:.h Huake90n Muste9on Cit:.y Nuate9on Heights Roo••"'•lt: Parlt North Norton Shor•• Eeat.ern Suburban Sector Mu•lr.e9on Tvp. E9el at:.011 Tvp . Sulliv•n Tvp . souchern Sub,aban Sect.or South Norton Shore• Fruitport Tvp. Spring- Lake Tvp . C:rand Haven Tvp . rerryeb-ur9 Southern Urban Node Sprin9 Lake Vil1•9• C:rand Haven City Service Collar worker ■ Workers Collar 50 . 0 44.8 ◄ :Z .l 7.5 9. 2 o. s ◄4 . 9 l. 6 5S . 2 16.9 ◄ )6 . 2 9. ◄ 8.5 12 . 9 O. l 0.6 28 . 8 26 . B 28 . S 6l. 7 63 . l SB . 9 52.3 9 .7 ll. J 6.4 2.4 o. 6 l. 3 J1 . 8 42 . 6 46 . 4 48 . 4 ll.5 55 . 7 ◄ 8.2 42 . 8 15 . 8 8.9 ll. 7 6.6 2.1 67 . S 25 . 43 . 54 . 29 . 7.1 16 . 5 19 . 4 0.1 0 .7 32.7 8.0 8.e 0. 4 41 . ◄ 69.2 25. 7 1.1 43 . 2 cs . o 28 . 4 55 . 5 61.l 4, . S ll.4 42.4 S.l ll. 9 lS. 9 5.S 8.1 J6 . l 19 . 7 lS . 8 55 . 0 68.5 72.9 8.S 10 . 5 9.6 )5 , 4 Jl.l 4l.5 29 . 4 56 . 7 61 . l 47 . S 57.l 7.7 6.0 9 .8 9.6 White F.ar ■ J9 . 9 25 . 7 62. 3 SB . 0 )8 . ) Blue Service Far• Collar Workers Work•r• l 5 0 5 l.O l. 2 2.0 2 1. 3 24 . 1 48 . 6 60.9 70 . S 12 . 7 17 . 0 4.7 0.) 0.4 0.6 40 . 9 34 . l 4 7. l 48.9 l. . 0.9 54.) ,1 . 6 9. 7 10 . 7 0.5 o. e 0.2 JS . ). 7 s 44 . 8 52. l 47 . 6 9.2 10 . l 7. 7 .. 2 .l 43 . 6 10 . 4 1:0 54 . 9 4 J. 7 38 . 8 45 . 0 42. 5 l) . 2 0.6 Oceana County Muskegon County Ott:.ava County 28 . 2 ] '7 .8 6.2 19 . 2 )0 . 7 10 . l 9.7 l.) 6.) 39 . 5 39 . 2 47.2 46 . 6 45 . 0 ll . l 13 . 2 12 . l 8.8 )4 . 6 41 . 4 so . 8 49.J Kichi9an United St.at•• 41. 9 43. 2 43 . S 38 . 7 ll.J ). ) 4◄ . 9 40. 8 12 . 9 11 . 7 6.• 48 . 2 36 . 0 12 . 8 l.S J . l Source : Table 8 1970 Blue U . S . Depart••nt of Co ■ aerce . Aureau of Major Occupations, % of Persons Employed t he Cen.,u•, Cen•us of ) o.a l.5 Populat. i on �44 196.0 1970 Und•r Sl,0OO $6 , 000 $2 , 999 -S,999 -9 , 999 ll, 8 ll.J 18 . 6 lS . 7 so. 4 12 . 2 42. 7 24 . 7 44.2 J6 . J ll. l 42 . 9 SlO , OOO - 14 , 999 SlS,000 Over -24 , 999 S25,OOO Dnder S l , 000 $6 , ooo $10 , 000 $15,000 S2 , 999 - S, 999 -9 , 999 -l·L 999 -24,999 S. 7 •. 3 ll.8 17 . 2 29 . 6 J0.2 16 . l 16. l 10 . 2 ]. 7 2.S J. 0 7.0 1'46 12. J ll . J 8 .S J7. J ]0 . 0 )1 . 1 21. a 40 . 7 10.5 211. l 16 . S 4.S ll. l 10.2 2l.J 2. l 2.6 1. 7 3.l 9. S ll. S l.2 ).0 a, l 16 . 6 19 . l S. l 17 , 4 ll.2 Jl. 8 18 . 0 19 . 0 ll.l 21 . S 25 . 4 2S . S 11 . 9 8. l 14. 6 2. 2 41. 6 ll.7 27 . 6 4.6 8.2 6.9 ll. 6 l.S .1 7.0 46. 4 42. 2 32 . 2 2S . J ll . 6 l l. 4 6.8 10 . 9 a.s ll. 2 )0 . 1 24. 2 39 . 6 31. 4 12 . )1 . 11 . JS . 10 . ov • .,. $25 , 000 Hort.hern Urb•n Node Wh1.tehall City Kont. ■ 9ue City Morthern Suburban l.7 • . 2 ]. J l.. 6.7 9.6 S. l 2.7 .7 8. 2 l.O 20. 5 10 . l l.. .7 4.S )2 . .. Sector Whiteh ■ ll 1s. a Laketon Tvp . 7.. 10 . 8 a. J T"P • Fruitland 'l'vp . Dalton Tvp . Central Urban Core North Kuske9on Muakegon City Nuske9on He19hta Rooaevelt Park llorth Norton Shores Suburban Sector Nuske9on Tvp . E9el•t.0n 'rvp . Sulliv•n Twp . 9. l 1S . 4 18 . 0 6.8 8.0 £ ■ •tarn Southern Suburban S•ct.or Sout:h No rt.on Shor•• Pruit.port. 'rvp . Sprin9 Lake Tvp . Cr and Haven Tvp . F•rryabur9 .. 10. 9 16.9 , 8. l 10 . 0 12.l 11. 0 cs . , 11. 2 29 . S so . s 18.0 JS . 6 39 . 7 ll . 9 17 . 4 ll , 8 26 . J 27 .1 44 . 7 43 . 6 39 . 0 36 . 6 46 . 0 ll , 2 19 . 0 39 . 8 ' .5 6.0 • .7 J9 . l 36 . l ll.6 38 . 1 36 . 5 41. l lB . 5 J9 . l l2 . l 9.8 1.7 .s .. .. .. 9.6 7. 8 l 7. I 14 . 9 ) 8. l 2. 0 ). 2 l. 9 l.S ..' 2. 0 2. 2 ) .7 6.7 6.1 S. l .. ... s.o l.S ·' 4.S 4.0 l.9 ). 6 s.o ·-· •-• ll. 2 8 . l 4. l JS . 2 t 0 2 5 , 31 . 6 11 . ll . 20. 14 . l l 6 9 19 . J .. •7 l.2 LO ·-· l. 2 S.l 2.0 5•• south•rn Urban Node Spring Lake Vill•qe Cr and HaYen City S. l 14 . 3 30. 7 18 . 8 ll. S ).0 l. 7 6 .a 9.2 10. 7 24. 2 21 . 2 15 . 2 ll . l 22 . 6 17 . 9 ). 7 4.l Oce•n• County Muak.e9on County Ot.tava County 21 . 5 13. 4 ll . l J7 . S 29.8 38 ..o 36 . 6 S. 4 10. 0 .7 l.l 1, . .s 7. 7 S. l 1s . , a. a l.4 2. 0 2.2 .s JS •.• )8 . 1 13. l 9.8 ll.l ll-3 ll. 4 25 . l 30 - • 34 . 6 7.• 14 . 3 15 . 9 l. l 2.8 l. J Nichi9aa Onit:.•d St:.•t•• lS. 8 ll. l 12 . 8 35 . 7 30 . 8 12. 7 1O . S l.S l .l l. 2 l.) 7.S 10 . 3 11 . 2 15 . 7 24. l 16 . 7 lO. S 16 .. 6 21 . 4 16.0 U. S . D•p•rt:.•ent of 21 . 4 sourc• : Table 9 Coa ■ erce , ... S. l Bureau of t . . Census , Census of Population Family Income, by % of Total Families Statistical tables are difficult to read let alone to interpret. To facilitate the understanding of the significance of the changes that are taking place in the social characteristics of the Muskegon area and how they affect Laketon, the most important variables are presented graphically on the following pages. The variables were selected with respect to their importance for planning; they indicate needs for community services or, conversely, suggest trends that may reduce the need for services or increases or declines in the capacity of human resources to support such services. These variables are: development intensity; rate of growth; percent elderly, 65 years and older; percent pre-school children; �- w 45 percent college graduates; - percent adults not having completed high school; - percent white collar workers; percent blue collar workers; percent high income households; and - percent low income households. The maps show how these variables affect the different local governments in the urbanizing part of Muskegon County. is attached to each map. An explanatory note In particular, it is important to note where a combination of "positive" variables occurs, e.g., few elderly, few pre-school children, high percentage of college graduates, low percentage of adults with low formal educational attainment, not having completed high sc~oo1, high percentage whit~ collar workers and high percentage of high income households. (The words "positive" and "nega- tive" are used in a planning context only. For example, a low percen- tage of elderly is "positive" only because it reduces the need for community services in this category.) Equally important is to note where the reverse occurs, where one or more positive indicators combine with negative indicators, and the "blank" areas where no extremes of on kind or the other yet occur. In summary, the regional analysis presents positive as well as negative features. Among the positive are the geographic location of the area, the environmental resources and opportunities and the recently initiated management programs to ensure a pollution-free environment. On the negative side, a one-sided economic base characterized by many outmoded, if not obsolete, production processes and facilities has not only tarnished the image of the area but also contributed to chronic unemployment and low levels of job opportunity for the young. �46 BECAUSE OF THE SLOW GROWTH RATE FOR THE URBANIZING AREA AS A WHOLE--6.7 PERCENT FROM 1960 TO 1970-MOST OF THE GROWTH LABELLED "HIGH" AND "MEDIUM" IS THE RESULT OF OUTMIGRATION FROM THE OLDER URBAN CORE AREAS, IN PARTICULAR FROM MUSKEGON AND MUSKEGON HEIGHTS • . . -,- (' ...,~ ....:..:.. I ~ ' -.--.."im,-,,i :..... .• RATES OF GROWTH 1960-1970 ~USKEGON URBANIZING AREA ■•■ HIGlf , OYER 25% : •: •: • MEDI UN. 10·251 JVV\. 000 SLOW, 5-11)% D STAG/WIT, LESS THAN 5% (includes decl 1n t n9 a,eu) ..... . • .• ii -•. '• • • • 1AKETON TOWNSHIP. Map 3 MICHIGAN �47 THOUGH LAKETON ON THIS MAP SHOWS A LOW LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY, THE CURRENT (1976) LAND PER PERSON RATIO HAS DROPPED FROM 2.1 ACRES PER PERSON TO ABOUT 1.5 ACRES PER PERSON. IF BUILDING ACTIVITY CONTINUES AT THE LEVELS OF 19751976 UNTIL THE END OF THIS DECADE, IT IS MOST LIKELY THAT LAKETON BY THEN WILL BE IN THE 0.51.25 ACRES PER PERSON CATEGORY COMPLETING THE CONCENTRIC RING PATTERN OF SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT SURROUNDING THE CENTRAL URBAN MOOE. -·.\•..--. ,. f • -~ ·• '•:. INTENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA ■ ■■ LESS TllAA 0. S ACR£S PER PERSON :•:•:• O. S-1.25 ACR£S PER PERSOH 0, n0nr 0 1. ZS-3 ACRES PER PERSON " // OVER 3 ACRES PER PERSOH - ..-.------------------------~:---------' 1 ~ 0 '..AKETON TOWNSHIP. Map 4 MICHIGAN LfO .wc0ll5()III 1 2 3 �THE SELECTED AGE INDICATORS, PERCENT ELDERLY ANO PERCENT PRE- SCHOOL CHILDREN, ARE OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE FOR PLANNING. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF ELDERLY MAY INDICATE A NEED FOR SPECIAL SERVICES. A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN MAY REQUIRE EXPANDED SCHOOL FACILITIES, AT LEAST TEMPORARILY . THE MAP SHOWS THAT EGELSTON AND SULLIVAN HAVE A YOUNG POPULATION STRUCTURE WITH LARGE FAMILIES THAT CORRESPONDS WITH OCCUPATION, EDUCATION AND INCOME IN THESE TOWNSHIPS . IN CONTRAST, NORTH NORTON SHORES SHOWS A YOUNG POPULATION WITH SMALLER FAMILIES. THE MAP ALSO SHOWS THAT THE MAJOR CONCENTRATION OF ELDERLY IS FOUND IN THE CENTRAL CITIES--WHITEHALL, NORTH MUSKEGON, MUSKEGON AND GRAND HAVEN--A FACT WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH NATIONAL TRENDS . . •. . -. . , •· . . - ~-. I . .. AGE STRUCTURE MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA •·• '-··· "''"°""'Y'irT.1 \•.· ,_■ ■ • OVER !OS 65 AHO OlDER •:•:•, LESS ntAN Sl 65 AHO OLDER ~ ~m ~ O~: :-.:-:•.\ tm ~::: :! ~t~~OOlo:;OER ~5 AHO ~~A~~DAHO ,vv Q Q . OYER lln 0-5 TEARS OLD \ ·•:•:•: , ./. LESS THAN 81 0-5 TEARS OLD LAKETON TQ\NNSHIP. Hap 5 MICHIGAN +-··· ····t.;· " ' - i • . •• ·-·-·-· CXlJrlCSU.TAHT .. l.RWil I I \ . ~ ~ Al'C) O(SOIII �49 THE MAP CLEARLY SHOWS THE CONCENTRATION OF THE HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT GROUP IN THE "PRESTIGE" SUBURBS OF NORTH MUSKEGON AND NORTH NORTON SHORES. MUCH LOWER EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LEVELS DOMINATE THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. MUSKEGON HEIGHTS IS THE ONLY LOCAL UNIT WHERE A LOW PERCENTAGE OF COLLEGE GRADUATES COMBINES WITH A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF ADULTS WHO HAVE NOT FINISHED HIGH SCHOOL. . ~ ~ '. ~-:f_ \- 't 7. ~~ . ·-,-..,__,__.:...;..J_;:_-L - - EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA ■ ■ ■ OVER 14: COLLEGE GRADUATES MD LESS TlfAII 301 BElOW HlGH SOtOOL ••••". OVER 141 COLLEGE GRADUATES OR • • • LESS TlfAN 301 BELOW HlGH SCHOOL >0 0 LESS TlfAN "r,' 4t COLLEGE GRAOUATES OR OVER 601 BELOW HIGH SCHOOL LESS TlfAN C1 COLLEGE GRADUATES ANO OVER 601 BELOW HlGH SCHOOL - LAKETON TQ\NNSHIP. Map 6 MICHIGAN �50 r'--,--- - --=-=~ 1--+--":fr"-:rs-""1 ,-.._ ___, ~ _l::.,.. I -.;:..:.._ _ NATIONALLY, IN 1955, THE NUMBER OF "WHITE COLLAR" WORKERS--PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE , SALES ANO CLERICAL WORKERS--FOR THE FIRST TIME EXCEEDED THAT OF "BLUE COLLAR" WORKERS--CRAFTSMEN, OPERATIVES AND LABORERS. IN 1970, THE PERCENTAGE OF THESE nlO MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS WAS 48.3 FOR WHITE COLLAR JOBS AND 35 . 4 FOR BLUE COLLAR JOBS. THOUGH MOST AREAS, IN GENERAL, REFLECT THIS NATIONAL TREND , THERE ARE DISTINCT TRENDS IN THE SUBURBANIZATION OF THE n/0 OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS: THEY SETTLE IN DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT LOCATIONS. IN THE MUSKEGON AREA THE EASTERN TIER OF TOWNSHIPS-FRUITPORT, SULLIVAN , EGELSTON ANO DALTON--ARE DOMI NANTLY BLUE COLLAR. THOUGH ONLY A FEW WHITE COLLAR AREAS WERE RECORDED IN 1970, IT IS QUITE LIKELY THAT THE 1980 CENSUS WILL PRODUCE A CONTINUOUS WHITE COLLAR SETTLEMENT BAND ALONG THE LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE FROM WHITEHALL TO SPRING LAKE TO INCLUDE LAKEj TON, FRUITLAND, SOUTH NORTON SHORES , WEST SPRING LAKE ANO FERRYSBURG . 1_• --i- . ::-. ::-_ ._....~. .:,. 1 ~·~- ni· ~ ...... . ,- •. ;:: -,-- - -+-'-+D OCCUPATIONS MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA •■• • OVER 601 lolllTE COI.LAR :•:•: OVER SO: ~HT£ COLLAA >,...o,...~ OYER S<r. 81.UE COLLAR ' // . OVER 60: BLUE COLLAR :..AKETON TOVVNSHIP. Map 7 MICHIGAN lfO ~OflSON c::o&.l.TANT ti! \Jll8Allf P l ~ trNoHAQEMENT Mi,fJ 0lSIGN �51 INCOME IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH OCCUPATION ANO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT . THE NORTHERN PART OF NORTON SHORES FOLLOWED BY NORTH MUSKEGON SHOW THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF UPPER INCOME GROUPS . MUSKEGON HEIGHTS AGAIN rs THE ONLY LOCAL UNIT WHERE THE ABSENCE OF HIGH INCOME GROUPS COMBINES WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH INCOMES BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL. ' ·--t _J_;' , __J_ ' , i - l _.__ ,'--'' - ...1 .... _,;:,.J;;i_,:;;rl.;:;_c...::;_a.;:.o..;:J::......!:.../.=-_;:::;:,,...._...:.:4J!.---':2~•1 ! . -!-..C.,...__.--+"",-C-'+----, .. =I (_/ ::t _~-i I - • • l- --j--'7~ ,.,'.,. r-'.:r_-r:-,,:.-~ - ; ' -· .. } ~1 :- . ,. - . ' ' HOUSEHOLD INCOME MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA ■ ■ OVER 301: OF INCOMES OYER SIS,000 AND ■ LESS lllAN 101: OF !NCOM£S BELOW $6,000 ••••• OYER 301: OF !NCOl1ES OVER SIS,000 OR • • LESS THAN 10% OF INCOMES BELOW $6,000 ) O O U:SS lllAA 10% OF INCONES OYER SIS ,000 ,..,,..,, OR OVER 25% OF INCDHES BELOW $6,000 '// ~~\~z~~\~\~~~~\i~~ Wo:1 , )1 0 1 _ _ _ ________________________________...1_...._ ......2,_ _..._ _ _~_J LAKETON TOvVNSHIP. Map 8 MICHIGAN UO ..1-UORSON _ _ CCNSU.TAHT ,,. I.Mottlf " - ~ ~ AN) O(SGN """""°' w.scoc,o, �52 There are signs that the region is beginning to move. However, unless the current efforts to revitalize the local economy bear fruit in the not-too-distant future, the momentum created by the inventive wastewater management system will be lost. Expectations have been raised. For example, in the Attitude Survey, nearly half of Laketon's residents expect that because of effective environmental management programs, such as the wastewater system, Muskegon County in the next ten to twenty years will have attracted numerous "clean" industries to the area, and will become an industrial research and development center. Another third expect the County to -have changed its current negative image and, though st-ill industrial, it will have a greatly improved environment · and be a good area for i.ndustri-al investment. �53 THE LOCAL PERSPECTIVE Laketon's character and regional role have been shaped to a large extent by its geographic and social relationships with its surroundings. The regional structure of which Laketon is a part is, as we have seen, linear in form due to its shoreline orientation and its lack of a strongly dominating center. Laketon's location in this linear structure is an advantageous one. Although it is not directly within the north-south �54 corridor of economic activity, Laketon is affected by its presence along Whitehall Road. A. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT The physical characteristics of the region as a whole, and of Laketon in particular, suggest several opportunities for development. They must be weighed carefully in formulating a plan for Laketon. The topography of the Western Michigan Shoreline is a unique natural resource. The combination of a large lake - Lake Michigan - and impounded valley lakes such as Muskegon Lake represents a rare natural phenomenon. In addition, the steep dunes and shore bluffs are almost unique; These resources present opportunities for conservation and development in harmony with each other. The Muskegon area has developed a set of policies and plans to take advantage of these opportunities. Glacial activity in the Muskegon County area produced a pattern of land surface features that can be grouped into five major physiographic units, each with its own characteristic features. Laketon overlaps two of these units, the Glacial Lake Plain and the Dunes area.· The Glacial Lake Plain is characterized by a level surface and fairly low elevation. The Shore- line Dunes form a nearly continuous ridge along their Lake Michigan shoreline, extending in places to more than 50 feet above the level of the Glacial Lake Plain upon which they have been formed. Surface drainage throughout the region is not well organized or integrated and marshlands and lakes are prevalent. The permeability of underlying soils, particularly in the Glacial Lake Plain, contr~bute to the minimal �55 development of surface drainage. The high permeability of these under- lying deposits provides sub-surface drainage; as a result, groundwater levels are high, a problem which is particularly severe in Laketon. extent of this condition is shown on Map 9 on the next page. The The indi- cated hazard areas were mapped from information derived from the 1968 Soil Survey of Muskegon County. 2 The survey provided for each soil type three measures for the severity of groundwater hazard potential in regard to development. These were: (1) depth of groundwater table; (2) soil features affecting foundations for low buildings; and (3) soil features affecting filter fields for septic tanks. The hazard potential in each category was ranked as being either severe, potential, or non-existent ~ Each soil type found in Laketon was ranked for these characteristics. Soils classified as severe hazard soils on all three characteristics were mapped as severe groundwater hazard areas; soils with two of the characteristics listed as severe were mapped as hazard areas; and the remaining soils were classified as no hazard areas. In acres, of the Township's total acreage of 11,000 acres, approximately 1,000 acres have already been developed. About half of the developed acreage lies outside the designated hazard areas. Of the remaining 10,000 acres, only about 1,750 acres lie outside the two groundwater hazard zones. This suggests that severe limitations should be imposed on unrestricted development in the Township which has led to a situation where, according to the attitude survey, 46 percent of the respondents indicated that they 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey, Muskegon County, Michigan, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October, 1968. �. . ·- ·- ·- ·, l i \ ! I I i z <{ C, :f u ~ a: w< z ~! ~ z!! 0 ~ ~< 0 ~, ::J ~ 1 i a.: :i: (f) ~ z ~ w ~RD (9 I I I I I �57 had problems with high groundwater on their property, e.g., water seepage in the basement, portions of lot submerged, improper drainage, etc. Fully 89 percent of those with problems claimed that they were unaware of the existence of the problem prior to moving to their homes. This information corroborates the consultant's field survey which counted 761 homes in areas designated as severe groundwater hazard areas and 40 in very severe hazard areas. This total of 801 houses represents 44.4 percent of the Township's 1933 housing units in 1976. The groundwater table in Laketon is also influenced by the cyclical and seasonal variation in the level of ~Lake Michigan and the corresponding fluctuation in the levels -of Muskegon Lake -~nd Bear Lake. ation is affected by two kinds of forces: This fluc-tu- natural and artificial. The major natural force which increases the water levels in the Great Lakes area is precipitation. The Lake Michigan basin receives an average of 31.2 inches of precipitation each year. The maximum recorded precipitation is 39.3 inches and the minimum is 23.5 inches. Figure 5 on the next page shows the correlation between above and below average precipitation and high and low water levels, respectively. It is important to note that the current high water level has been building up from a very low point in 1964 as a result of ·the above average annual rainfalls during ten years from 1965 to 1975 excepting 1971. This represents the longest consecutive period of above average precipitation on record, suggesting that water levels may remain high until a clear drop in the amounts of annual rainfall will restore the balance in the capacity of the Lake Michigan basin to regulate the inflow and outflow of water. There are two kinds of natural forces which decrease the level of water �SC 581 580 579 578 577 576 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 ,., I \ .. /''.... /',/ \ I\ ;, - 1•, J \ . • --__ :\..-t~ -- :\-. - - - .,,: - --- ----. - .-J.- - -- -\71'• -----···-----. I , .. , • \ / \/ \ I " \ v-·-· •-4 I . . l ~ \ 1 . f\ .... \ •' .·, .... ,,•, ' , '• f...J__ _J --- ,. __ ___ J------ lL- --' ---t -+---A-I i \ I\ ' I ~,! /\• • V\.! \/. ~ I \ \J \ I\ I • \ • • \j '• '•··I ; • c•-~-- ~-----..1. -- It----~-·,.1 \ v·, . I \ 578.3' •\.I• ,,. . Mean ~ I Mean 31.5" I \1 • Ii • 1CJ31 1921 Figure 5 19,1 1 '~41 1961 1971 1976 Annual Rainfall and High Water Level Mark, Lake Michigan - 1921-1976 in the basin: runoff and evaporation. Most of the runoff is through the Great Lakes basin to the Atlantic Ocean. There are three types of artificial forces that control lake levels. The first two, dams and channel dredging, are used only in the narrow areas where the lakes are connected. Lake Superior, for example, is artificially regulated by control works at the St. Mary's River at Sault Ste. Marie. The third artificial force is diversion into and out of the Great Lakes basin. The major diversion into the Great Lakes basin is the Long Lake- Ogaki works into Lake Superior. The major diversion out of the basin is at the Chicago River, at the bottom of Lake Michigan. The amount of precipitation and the water levels varies also by season, as shown in Figure 6 on the next page. These seasonal variations are much more predictable than the yearly variations. For example, annual variation �59 ' ' ' l~S '=t=1=r=l=l=t=::f::=1 - Figure -6 Monthly Variations in Lake Michigan Leve1~ in water level on Lake Michigan is 1 foot, 1 inch. variation is 2 feet, 2 inches. - l!!!.•~ :_l 1=,,,1,-~ =-.......:;;:;-:.---i---t ~,.,,!- 1974-1977 The record high The record low variation is one inch. The usual low month is March and the high month is July. S-ince the low precipitation months are in winter and the high months are in spring, the months of extreme water levels reflect the lag effect that is caused by the reservoir characteristics of Lake Michigan. As can be seen from Figures 7-12 on the pages to follow, Lake Michigan has a significant effect upon the weather and climate of the Muskegon area. The prevailing south and southwesterly winds tend to moderate the temperature, resulting in warmer winter temperatures here than farther inland. the summer the tendency is just the opposite; the predominantly westerly winds keep the temperature below the uncomfortable readings of the high nineties. Extreme heat or cold is rare in Muskegon. recreational potential of the area. This enhances the In ' �60 Jan/ July - " Apr/ Aug/Sept}\ , ' ~-=:.........::.~--.C"---'--'---'-- Figure 7 Muskegon, Prevailing Winds 9Cf Rt<: ,ORD REr ""D 0 80 IGH 99 ow 14" ~ ! , 600 Q 50 ' 30 ~ ti" .• ii•••• ••• 1 .• I I I - i"... ~-,- .:f , , 'MA~I , i '.. ' , " i'-,}._ \•. •. ~ ;/ /i ··... ... ~ I -' 1. . .l "- - - - ! """-~••..l ~ , 1./ y 0 .o ,~,,,,.. - , •....-·.. , ,,.... I 700 4 .- ~ I - FAE€, 4NI; _I I .... ~,E"j"l .. ...ff 2Q° - .. ~ .... ! • .. ~ Figure 8 Muskegon, Average Monthly Temperature - ... _ . J ~1'-- ...___ ~ ~.I'--- ... ... . ~ - �61 J F M A I M J I J A S 0 15 --- 10 ~ ~ L.,,,,_,,. 1"'111111,,,,. N D - 5 mph I ' I I Figure 9 Muskegon, Average Monthly Wind Velocity 90 80 7n60 50 I ... J,.- •11r::u DAY -. -.... i--....,.._ ..... ~ , ... ;- - 1 ....~ ,,,,,,,_ L..., ' - Figure 10 Muskegon, Average Monthly Humidity Figure 11 Muskegon, Average Monthly Cloudcover I ., ' ~ r- �62 2 \\\\Ill\\ !Il ~ Figure 12 Muskegon, Average Monthly Rain and Snow Fall The south and southwesterly winds which predominate six months of the year create a small problem for Laketon, which is located'to the north of the S.D. Warren Paper Mill, across Lake Muskegon. As the winds blow across the lake they tend to carry the odor from the mill's emissions into Laketon. However, the company is working on installing new pollution devices which they claim will remove all odors from airborne emissions . In general, lake breezes and relatively high wind velocities have assisted the Muskegon area to maintain high air quality despite urbanization and industrialization. Most recently, more stringent emission control measures have further i mproved air quality in the area, as shown in Figures 13 and 14 on the next page. - Large sections of the Township are wooded, providing the predominantly �--, 63 micrograms/ cubic meter 100 ;-;-,....,..,..::-· ::-· --==~------------------------ :1-· 780 -+-+·~·~·,1---,,~·~·---1_,..,.-e+----------------------....,....,.... · =. :_: :_:: 60 -1--~·~·+--1-~·~·~ · -+•:..;·+-..,_,....:+-+.:.-'--l-*::...:...,1-,-+~~ -~-+-+__,..~+------- ill .. 40+-TT•~•+--+~•~•+--+,:~+--+~•~•+--r~•~•-t--+,~•~•"'t--r-~•~-~•T·~•+-~.-,...,..t--t-'....,_..t0 0 0 )/ ... 20 +-f-.'.•~·~-4~-~-~ - '---h-"~·~ -~-""-'--.1--f-~ · -·~-·+ -i;·....,..-1--4"~·~--+--t'-"~-"'..+--~-~·~·,-----t........'+- ... 0 4-.J..:. " .:.. · .1.--1.:.·..:.·.:.a · 1.-...t..:·..:.·..:....--.1.:.;··:..;·.__c..:..··;..........1..:..:...;..,_~.;.;..~....-.:.·.:.·.,_.._:·...;·...· .........._ • "'-'"..,_ 1967 Figure 13 micrograms/ cubic meter 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1972 1974 1975 Muskegon County, Suspended Particulate Survey, 1967-1976 100 80 TT -:=:=. - 60 40 +-r.·~-~-f---E-~ - ·:+---,~·~-~-f---E-~~-+.-·~-~-f---+.-,,..,.-¾-+,..~··. i - .. ..0 .. 20 . ~ :{: ... ..- .. .. . .. /4 0 Figure 14 1976 ;-....i... · ;_ · -~ ---.;.·.:..· 1970 1971 ... ......1.., · ;.··;...i.._ 1976 ._...i.;..;.;.~,..i...;~-.i.;.. . . ;.i. · -~·..:.· 1972 1973 1974 1975 Muskegon County, Air Pollution Index, 1970-1976 �64 flat environment with interest and contrast. no commercial value. timber. Most of the wood cover has However, there are a few woodlots of good quality These are currently endangered by clear cutting which, because of the small size and location of these woodlots, is the only economically feasible harvesting method. To prevent the destruction of this environ- mental resource may be one of the objectives of this plan. Lastly, it should be mentioned that oil was extracted in the Township as late as in the mid-1960's. However, these shallow strata at a depth of about 400 feet were quickly depleted. The potential for oil in deeper strata--over 4,500 feet : deep~-has ·stirred a renewed interest in exploratory drilling, in particular in the counties to the north of Muskegon. At this time it is not known whether or not these deeper reserves are substantial enough in Muskegon County and Laketon to warrant exploratory drilling. 3 Despite the inconclusiveness of these reports, Laketon should be prepared for the possibility of renewed oil production in the Township. Provisions should be included in the revisions of the zoning ordinance to regulate the various phases of oil production, in the event that such production does occur. These provisions would have to be based upon Chapter 319, "Conservation, Oil, Gas and Minerals" of the Laws of the State of Michigan. B. THE MAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT Map 10 on the following page depicts the existing patterns of development in the Township. 3 As can be seen, most of the development, in particular The oil prospecting issue was recently discussed in the Muskegon Chronicle: "Potential Deep Oil Reserves Stir Interest of Well Drillers". �--, 65 I I -- - ~~~?T'I . ..-i w~7~m~;::r-l~1 ·-·-7 1 ! ! I i z <x: :E c., u ~ ;; ~ h,.x ~l H! H!AJ Hi w j },. UJ i § ~ wO□o□o l ~(/) I ~ ~ I ►~ l±: • ~ ◄ - -· <.J I Z 5- ,:::J o; u!~ <{ ~I ~....J u ~~t- n.· :r (/) z ~tz ~ I.I.' ~ <x: ....J 0 ..... 0. C1l l: �66 residential subdivisions, are concentrated in the southeastern sub-area. However, most of older settlement took place on roadside parcels of varying size and, naturally, along the shores of all three lakes, where virtually no undeveloped lake frontage remains. There is virtually no non-residential development in the Township except along Whitehall and Witham Roads where a strip of mixed commercial development exists. In regard to community facilities, the Township hall is new and is centrally located on a large site. Future expansion on that site of administrative and community service facilities is feasible. The religious needs of the community seem to be well served. Several of the churches are new and located on adequate sites adjacent to the major street system. As shown on Map 11, the entire Township is within the Reeths-Puffer school district. suggest This fact and the consultant's analysis of the district that the public school system will not become a major educational and/or fiscal issue in the foreseeable future. The analysis suggests that the district will be less affected by enrollment declines and subsequent financial problems because (1) Laketon's rapid growth will enhance the district ' s tax lease; (2) the changes in family structure toward smaller families associated with this growth will reduce pressure for new school facilities but will help to keep enrollment levels within fiscally tolerable limits; and (3) the location and condition of existing school facilities at the western edge of most existing development is pdvantageous in that �67 'ftj7i ::1-- -. .-;--- / .,~~:~,__,:~4'-'--'i. ~_:i.,...- -;.ijL- -~;:,,·:;.", . ·• L:j r ·.:,.,..,, .~ ·-- ~ -•. .--:, ·t·· ·~ ;: . - ~:i. SCHOOL DISTRICTS MUSKEGON URBANIZING AREA --------------------------~-·-__...,.___.., l LAKETON TOWNSHIP. MICHIGAN Map 11 ~ 0 1 2 3 CXNSU.TAHT" .. LMNil I \ . ~ MN,&IQ:a.e,T A"D 01:SOw �68 new development will be further west and render existing sites more central. The internal traffic conditions in the Township are typical consequences of unplanned growth. The addition of new subdivisions and the general movement of all new development to the west increases traffic on the eastern sections of the road network causing hardship on earlier settlers who expected to live on a quiet residential street but now find themselves living on a major thoroughfare. This is particularly true in regard to Giles Road and Dykstra Road, where the eastern segments in 1975 carried daily on the average -8,000 and 3,500 motor vehicles, respectively. Stop-gap measures, like the extension of Dykstra Road to White- hall may expedite traffic flow. of the system. They do not change the basic inadequacies The layout of existing roads, however, suggests that with only very minor adjustments, the structure of the system can be altered to relieve the residents along the major eastern roads from excess through traffic. C. THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Laketon's social relationship to the region can be analyzed in comparison to Muskegon and the surrounding corrnnunities and urban centers. Population trends by region and regional sub-sectors reflect the historic trend of suburbanization in the United States. trend. Laketon is a good example of this The appended census statistics show that Laketon's growth was over twice that of the entire county between 1960 and 1970. Laketon's growth rates have been consistently higher than those of most other areas in the metro- �69 politan region. While the City of Muskegon's population declined steadily between 1950 and 1970, Laketon's nearly tripled. The following table shows rates of growth for the urban-rural fringe of the U.S. compared to those of Laketon Township and other selected sub-areas of the Muskegon Metropolitan Region. Population Place United States Laketon Twp. Dalton Twp. Fruitland- -Twp -. Norton Shores Table 10 Growth Rate 1950 1960 1970 1,901 3,113 1,548 10,921" 4,114 4,366 2,574 17 ,Br6 5,440 5,361 3,200 22,-271 19501960 19601970 19501970 85 % 116 % 40.2% 66.3% 63 .-17. 44 % 32 i. 22.8% 24.3% 25 % 161 % 186 % 72.2% 107 % 104 % Suburban Growth Rates, Muskegon County Since the 1970 Census, voter registration and building permits suggest that growth has continued at least at the rate experienced between 1960 and 1970, if not at a somewhat accelerated rate. Voter Registration Building Permits Table 11 1970 2422 40 1971 65 Growth of Laketon Township 1972 2822 56 1973 1974 1975 49 43 48 1976 3818 75 1970-1976 Assuming an average of 3.3 persons per housing unit, or slightly less than the 3.54 in the 1970 Census~ the population of Laketon has grown by 1,240 in the seven years since the Census to a total of about 6600-6700 persons. �--, 70 The rapid population growth and residential development in Laketon has been accompanied by shifts in the general characteristics of the population. For instance, between 1960 and 1970, the age structure of Laketon's population changed considerably, as shown in Figure 15 on the next page. Major shifts include a drastic reduction in the proportion of young children, more teens and young adults, more middle-aged and fewer in the 24-34 age group. As was discussed in the regional analysis, this generally upward shift in age patterns is repeated throughout the region and, _iri fact, in the u.·s. It is more dramatic in . central.. cities.: than. :. in ·--other areas; for ·instance., in Muskegon the percentage:. of--elde'.r ly .:. increased from 10.S ·to 12.8, and in Roosevelt Park from · 3.l to 9.1. In Figure 15, Laketon's change rates from 1960 to 1970 are compared with the corresponding regional, state and national trends. each bar indicates the direction of change. The arrow on As can be seen on each indicator, change in Laketon is faster than in Muskegon County and the nation. Of particular importance is the fact that the county's change rates are slower than the national and state rates. Laketon's change rates are, therefore, all the more important. Laketon's population has shown substantial increases in levels of educational attainment since 1960. In 1960, only 12.3 percent of the population over 25 had one or more years of college, and a full 55 percent of those older than 25 had not completed high school. By 1970, however, that number had diminished to 42 percent, and the proportion of residents over 25 with one or more years of college rose to over 22 percent - almost double in ten years. In part, these statistics reflect the type of people who moved �LAKETON TWP. -LA I: r:TON MUSKEGON co. 71 MICHIGAN UNITED STATES 5b 40 30 AGE 14 1 0 2 15 - 34 3 35 - 64 4 65 + 1' ·1' 2q)O· ·1- 1' -G- 2 3 ~ I 2. ..3 :i 4 3 4 2- 3 ,J., -1, J, 4 - 'V SO-· -4-0:. :5e EDUCATION l -Below- H. S. 2- High School 3 Some -College I<>- . 4 College+ - ~ 1' . I .. -.-..,. .50 ' 1' , '.2. 2. -l, .J, .3 2 4 3 I 1 2 3 4 :s -4 ·1 -4o 1' OCCUPATION 2 1" ~ I ::z_ 319 White Collar ?.a Blue Collar \G Service --eFarm 2. 4 2 3 -4 I ;2. 3 4 ·3 4- .J, ~ 6'0-4o- INCOME .J, -1, .J, .J, '1, 3o- 1 Under 6,000 '2P2 6,000 - 10,00R:>-310,000 - 15,oor 4 Over 15,000 ~- Figure 15 1' 1' 1' -1' 4 2. Socio-economic Change Rates 1960-1970 2. 3 4 2 :3 .3 I '.2. 3 4 . �--, 72 into the community between 1960 and 1970. The county itself showed only a 3.3 percent increase in those with one or more years of college, while in Muskegon Heights and Roosevelt Part, the number actually declined. D. THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Between 1960 and 1970, the employment structure of Laketon residents by industry shifted away from manufacturing towards employment in the service sector. Employment decreased in the areas of construction, durable and non-durable manufacturing, and transportation, communication and utilities. Employment rose in wholesale - and retail trade services and governmen~. Changes in the labor force by employment type supported changes in f ' occupation by industry. Those employed in professional, technical and related jobs increased from 14.1 in 1960 to 16% in 1970. Those in manage- ment, administration and related fields increased from 5.9% to 17.9%, while the number of clerical workers also increased slightly. Craftsmen, foremen, operatives and farmworkers declined. In terms of major employment areas, Laketon followed the post-industrial trend of the nation between 1960 and 1970. In 1960, 52.3% of Laketon residents were employed in blue-collar jobs, compared with 41.4% in whitecollar positions. By 1970, the balance had shifted and white-collar employment had risen to 48.2% of the labor force with blue-collar jobs declining to 42.8%. It is important to note that Spring Lake Township was the only other community in the entire area, including cities, where this shift occurred. As a result of these shifts, household income rose substantially for �73 Laketon residents between 1960 and 1970, as shown in Figure 15. The trend toward higher family income is, in part, also influenced by a larger number of women participating in the labor force. For example, in 1960, there were 1.25 employed persons per household. This figure had increased to 1.37 in 1970, and, according to data obtained from the Attitude Survey, to 1.50 in 1976. Lastly, one could mention that the recently released building permit statistics for 1976 show that the average value of new homes in Laketon was =$35;000, the third ·-highest - figur-e. in Muskegon. County~ ... In North Muskegon, ·the figure was .$38;ooo ·and in Norton :Shores~$37,900. In con-. trast, the average value of a new home was only $20;000 in -Muskegon Township. The reconnaissance suggests that for secluded, recreation-oriented suburban living, Laketon is nearly ideal. The major physical obstacle to development is the problem of very high groundwater -levels in many areas. The major economic constraint is that the future demand for public services generated by a growing number of amenity-seeking residents must be supported from sources other than the traditional property tax. Lake- ton's regional location mitigates the tradition of increasing the local tax base by attracting extensive commercial and industrial development. However, it is clear that Laketon will continue to be subject to development pressures because of its attractiveness as a residential community, its easy access to major recreational amenities, its proximity to downtown Muskegon and other major employment centers, and its unique isolation from heavy commercial and industrial development. �--, 74 A number of other factors will increase pressures for growth and future residential development. Extension of the metropolitan sewer and water systems will work to accelerate development of currently vacant tracts of land. A system of ponds and canals to bring the high groundwater condition under control could turn this problem into an additional environmental amenity, providing an added element of attractiveness to the landscape. Finally, the growth of nearby industrial parks and a general revitalization of the regional economy would increase the demand for high-quality housing throughout the county and, in particular, in amenity-enhanced areas such _:as ·Laketon Township. �.....-- ..-~ • •. -,I' • • f •• .. .. ·· I ... . ..- • •I I • - ■-. ,. . i-.,.. r .. t . .' .. .,I • .,. • -· .. -. . -.-. ■ I I _.,....,.r,. ', ... _ . -- f ■' ~•.1 , , r '. lt■ll,111,, L ~ ·- .,,,,, l"I rt .- ... '; - . ~ ~_!. -{·- ■,..I .. - 0 , r .'.J - I .:: - I ' ,/II ,-",.,.;w·~- I!' ·- ,I - I JI ••. '~ -1:-i;;., . •, .>.' �--, 75 ' PURPOSE ANO DESIGN This section of the plan report presents the results of a connnunity attitude survey conducted during December, 1976. It was felt that a survey of this kind was the best method available for completing the initial data needs for plan development. It was also felt that the survey could be used effectively to further additional planning objectives. The purposes of the survey can therefore be -summarized as �76 follows: 1) Assessing Community Attitudes. The primary survey objective was to ascertain community values, perceptions and priorities. ment had a dual purpose. This assess- First, a community-wide survey would reveal general attitudes toward living in Laketon Township. Secondly, it would provide information in regard to the local impact of recent changes in general social attitudes towards development, the environment, and individual and family lifestyles. 2) Data UpdateandExpansion. Building permit statistics and field observations indicated that a substantial amount of new residential ~ development has occurred in Laketon during the period since the 1970 census. Information from the survey would update and expand housing and socio-economic data. 3) Problem Identification. Survey responses would provide a means by which to gauge the extent and seriousness of the high groundwater problem and other issues of concern to the community. 4) Citizen Participation. planning process. A survey provides a citizen input into the It provides a means for establishing broad-based communication with residents of the area and introduces them to the ongoing planning activities in their community. SURVEY DESIGN The survey was designed to produce a representative sample of the views and attitudes of Township residents. The examination of possible survey techniques within the constraint imposed by project schedule and budget suggested that a mail questionnaire reaching approximately every eighth - adult resident was feasible and would satisfy the purposes of the study. - �77 The technique employed consisted of drawing the sample from voter registration rolls using a random start. Though the utilization of voter registration can be questioned because it provides only a partial listing of the adult population, it was felt that lacking a more complete list of residents, for example, in the form of a city directory, voter registration rolls were preferable over such other address sources like telephone directories or tax rolls. For one, the questionnaire would be addressed to any randomly selected adult voter, not just the head of a household or a taxpayer. This would elimi- nate- much of the mal~ bias normally encountered in . surveys of -this kind.~ Secondly, voter registration in a community like Laketon is high. Finally, it was felt that voter - opinion on issues dealing with community services and development was important because many plan and management proposals may eventually require voter approval at the polls. The survey instrument was a structured questionnaire allowing for scaled and/or ranked answers. No open-ended questions were included. However, respondents were encouraged to comment on any of the issues covered by the questionnaire. Questionnaire content was developed using two basic sources. First, each staff member was asked to prepare a set of survey questions based on previous survey experience, stated survey goals, and specific informational needs. 4 Secondly, past attitude surveys in the Muskegon area were reviewed Survey results show an about equal sex distribution between respondents: 53 percent male vs. 47 percent female. �78 for additional questions. These question sets were edited and refined to yield a final survey instrument of 45 questions covering general attitudes about living in Laketon, housing, community services and facilities, recreation, and development alternatives. In addition, the questionnaire asked for basic socio-economic information, e.g., family income, duration of residence in Laketon, and the sex and age of the respondent. Also, it asked the respondent to identify the area in which resided. This ~question was incluaea to .allow for. the analysis · of survey results by the four dominant subareas of the city: the rapidly- developing south- east quadrant to the east of Buys Road and south of Giles Road; the southwest quadrant south of Fenner Road along the north side of Muskegon Lake; the mostly undeveloped northeast quadrant that includes the Lake Michigan shore area; and the northeast quadrant to the east of Buys and north of Giles Road dominated by development along Whitehall Road. 12 on page 82.) (See Map As these quadrants not only differ ·in their environmental and developmental characteristics, but also in regard to the socio-economic characteristics of the population, it was felt that subarea analysis would be helpful to plan formulation and the assessment of alternative plan and policy consequences. The general sample of 522 names was divided into two "sub-samples" containing 261 names each. One of these groups was sent a packet consisting of an explanatory letter, a questionnaire, and a brief report entitled "LAKETON TOWNSHIP: AN ASSESSMENT" which summarized the findings of the reconnaissance survey. The other group received an explanatory cover letter - �79 and the survey questionnaire only. By sending the summary to only half of the sample, it was hoped that the impact of the report, if any, on stated respondents' attitudes could be measured. As a control to general community attitudes, the survey was also administered to 33 community influentials. The purpose of this control was to ascertain whether or not the opinions of this active group of community decision-makers significantly differed from those of the community at large. The -list· of these ~ommunity _influentials _was developed during the reconnaissance survey. albeit well-tested: The method used for identifying · influentials was simple · it consists of tallying the number of times an ~ndivi- dual's name appears on lists provided by a small group of initial contributors from among elected and appointed officials, political representatives, and persons highly visible in community activities and organizations. this instance, half of these informants were residents of Laketon. In The other half were individuals from the Greater Muskegon area knowledgeable about the power structure in the Township. After the initial lists contri- buted by this group were compiled, a composite list was returned for~ second round of identification. This two-step approach yielded a final list containing 33 names. SURVEY RESPONSE The questionnaires were mailed on December 20, 1976. shows the number and rate of questionnaire returns. Table 12, on page 80, Based on current population estimates, these results show that about one out of every four Laketon households received a questionnaire and roughly one in every eight �80 Total Returned Returned Received by by Total by Jan . 14 Surveys Return Late Total Return Post Laketon and Mailed Office Residents Analyzed Rate Returns Returns Rate Report and Survey 261 4 257 76 30% 10 86 34% Survey Only 261 10 251 106 42% 7 113 45% Influentials 33 0 33 28 85% 1 29 88% 14 541 210 39% 18 228 42% TOTALS Table- 12 555 Laketon Attitude Survey: returned it. Response Rate The final return rate of 42 percent is high for a mail survey without extensive pre-survey publicity through the local media and with no follow-up mailings during the survey to remind the recipients to return . . 5 t h er i ques t ionnaires. The conclusion that must be drawn from this high return rate is that the residents of Laketon are vitally interested in the affairs of their community, and that they are willing to express their views by whatever means available. This degree of interest should facili- tate greatly public decision-making and administration; on the other hand, public awareness should also provide a constant challenge to the management of community affairs. In this instance, the high return rate allows us to draw inferences for planning purposes about community attitudes and expectations with confidence. 5 According to Dr. Harry P. Sharp, Director of the Wisconsin Survey Research Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a "normal" return rate is about 10 percent for a mail survey conducted without pre-survey publicity and with no follow-up mailings. �81 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS To ascertain the representativeness of survey respondents, their socioeconomic characteristics and their residence location were analyzed. In terms of the subareas into which the Township was divided as shown in Map 12 on the next page, all four are proportionately represented in the returns. �32 TRAC I I I LAKE MICHIGAN - - - - MUSKE-GON LAKE Sub area Boundary 1111111111111 Precinct Boundary ••••••• Census Tract Boundary Residence Area, Precinct and Census Tract Boundaries Map 12 Subarea Survey Respondents % No. Precinct R~gistered Voters in 1976 % No. Census Tract Population in 1970 % No. SW 34 45 16.2 37.6 21.4 2 1330 38.0 16 1964 36.1 NE SE 57 74 27.1 62.4 35.3 3 1 785 1381 22.5 62.0 39.5 17 3476 63.9 5440 100.0 NW TOTAL Table 13 210 100.0 3496 100.0 Respondent Voter and Population Distribution by Subareas �83 Tables 14 and 15 below show length of respondent residence in Laketon and the location of their prior residence. More than a third of the respondents had moved to their current residence since 1970. Most of these relatively recent arrivals were attracted from other Muskegon County locations by Laketon's natural environmental amenities. Only 16 percent of the respondents indicated that low property taxes had influenced their original moves to Laketon. Respondent moved to Laketon after 1970 between 1965 and 1970 between 1950 and --1965 before 1950 Table 14 Percent Total 35 .1 23.7 34":-0 7.2 By Area of Residence NW NE SE SW 30.8 23.1 38.-5 7. 7 27.1 47.8 35.1 16.7 29.9 16.2 43.8 ~- 19_4 _ 43 ..2 _ 12. -S - 3 .-{) : 5; 4 Length of Residence in Laketon Township Respondent: Percent lived at present residence entire life 5.7 previously lived elsewhere in Laketon 21.1 previously lived elsewhere in Muskegon County 55.2 previously lived elsewhere in Michigan 10.3 previously lived outside of Michigan Table 15 3.6 Location of Prior Residence Responses indicate two primary waves of residential development in Laketon since 1950. The first, between 1950 and 1965, was dominated by intra- township and county-to-township movements to the northeast and southwest sections of Laketon. The northeast area appears to have experienced a second period of residential development after 1970. �84 The southeastern part of the Township shows the largest amount of recent development. 47 percent of that area's respondents have moved there within the past six years. Nearly all of those respondents moved to Laketon from elsewhere in Muskegon County or the state of Michigan. Most of the respondents in the southwestern quadrant of the Township moved to their homes between 1950 and 1965; most of them came from other parts of the county. 99 percent of survey participants indicated that they own their place of residence, and 70 percent- said their homes are owner-built. Although-0nly haH- of the respondent.s..:,,live -in. subdivisions, .65..percent indicated-:that · they live on ldts -0f ·-1ess than one acre in .size. These figures reflect the substantial amount of individual small-lot development in Laketon: the "frontage only" pattern along existing roads which dominates development in the western half of the Township. Size of Lot Percent of Total By Area of Residence NE SE SW less than l acre 64.4 23.l 75.0 83.6 54.0 l - 5 acres 23.7 34.6 18.7 11. 9 37.8 5 - 10 acres 5.2 15.4 1.5 5.4 larger than 10 acres 5.2 23.1 Table 16 NW 6.2 2.7 Lot Size by Area of Residence The majority (60 percent) of respondents who moved to Laketon in the period between 1950 and 1965 do not live in subdivisions. Conversely, 75 percent of those who said that they do live in a subdivision have moved to Laketon within the past ten to twelve years. �85 The majority of respondents were between 35 and 64 years of age. Six percent were between 18 and 24, and roughly 20 percent were between 25 and 34 years old. Another six percent of the responses came from persons 64 years of age or older. married. Nearly 90 percent of those who responded were The bulk of participants reported that they live in a household with one to three other persons. One-fifth said that they live in a "large" household of five or more members. 60 percent had children living at home; however, only 15 percent of those reported having children younger than five years of age. These family characteristics reflect the general trend toward smaller families. In - general, levels of educational attainment were high. Only a small percentage of the respondents had not completed high school. Approximately 40 percent were high school graduates, and nearly half had one year or more of college education. 6.2 percent of the respondent households earned less than $6,000 in 1976. Most of those were elderly persons on fixed retirement incomes. Another 8.2 percent earned between $6,000 and $10,000, and 21.6 percent earned between $10,000 and $15,000. However, the great majority of respondent households had a total income of $15,000 or more with nearly one-half of this group exceeding $25,000. In about one-fourth of the households there were two full-time workers and nearly 30 percent had one or more members employed in part-time positions. According to the survey, between six and seven percent of adult household members were unemployed seeking a job at the time of the survey. Thirty-seven percent reported one or more non- working students in the household, and in roughly 15 _percent, ·one or more �86 retired persons were present. Percent of Respondents Occupation Professional, Technical and Related Occupations Managers, Administrators, Proprietors Salesworkers Clerical Workers Craftsmen, Foremen, Skilled Workers Operatives Laborers Service Workers Farm Workers Table 17 26.3 15.9 6.9 19.4 10.0 10.0 2.8 8.3 .3 Respondent · Occupation · Table 17 shows the occupational breakdown in surveyed households. A majority of respondents indicated that they are employed in the city of Muskegon. The balance hold jobs in Laketon Township, elsewhere in the Muskegon Metropolitan area, or outside Muskegon County. Map 12 on the next page shows the spatial distribution of places of work and corresponding "journey to work" traffic flows. The overwhelming majority (90 percent) of survey respondents liked living in Laketon. Another five percent like living in the Township but expressed some reservations. Laketon. Only five percent indicated dislike for living in High property taxes, high groundwater, and poor Township admini- stration were reasons cited by this minority for disliking Laketon. The attractive natural environment, the conduciveness of the area to childrearing, and good recreational opportunities were the reasons most often cited for Laketon's appeal as a good place to live. �87 \ LAKETON TOWNSHIP. MICHIGAN Hap 13 LEO_,_,. Job Locations of Laketon Residents, in Percent of All Employed _,..,.. ""6CX>$< �88 Table 18 provides a summary of the socio-economic characteristics of Laketon residents since 1960. The apparent "skew" among survey respon- dents toward the upper end of the socio-economic scale is due to a number of factors. For example, the inflation rate of the last six years has had a major impact on household income. This is compounded by the increasing participation by women in the labor force. Thus, in Laketon, the number of employed persons per household has increased from 1.25 in 1960 to 1.5 in 1976. Characteristic Percent of Percent of Percent of 1976 -·survey 1960 Census - 1970- Census of PoEulation·: of EoEulation :_ ResEondents EDUCATION less than high school 55.5 high school graduate 32.2 1-3 years of college 7.7 4 or more years of college 4.6 42.2 35.7 10.3 11.9 12.9 38.1 23.7 24.2 11.7 28.8 36.5 21.3 1. 7 6.2 8.2 21.6 32.5 23.7 HOUSEHOLD INCOME less than $6,000 $6,000 - $9,999 $10,000 - $14,999 $15,000 - $24,999 $25,000 or more EMPLOYED PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD 37.8 50.5 8.2 3.0 .5 1. 25 1.50 1. 37 MAJOR OCCUPATIONS White Collar Blue Collar Service Workers Farm Workers Table 18 41.4 52.3 6.4 48.2 42.8 6.6 2.1 Trends in Socio-Economic Characteristics 68.5 22.8 8.3 .3 1960-1976 Respondent characteristics reflect other trends as well. For example, according to the Census, the number of college graduates in Laketon �89 almost tripled between 1960 and 1970. of that proportion since then. tional characteristics. Survey respondents show a doubling Similar trends are apparent in occupa- Lastly, one must remember that mail survey results are traditionally biased toward those who are interested in the subject of the survey, toward those who are higher in socio-economic status, and toward those who have had more education. For planning pur- poses, this skew in socio-economic characteristics is not detrimental. To the contrary, in a society which is characterized by upward mobility and expanding opportunities for all, a response colored by the views of those who are at the upper end of the socio-economic continuum should be an advantage. in time. It may be indicative of general attitudes at a future point �90 THE GROUNDWATER, DRAINAGE, AND SEWERAGE PROBLEM Six questions in the survey dealt with the high groundwater problem. 45 percent of the respondents indicated that they had had problems with high groundwater on their property, e.g., water seepage in the basement, portions of lot submerged, improper drainage, etc. Of these, three out of four stated that it was a seasonal problem which took place only after periods of heavy rainfall or rapid melting of ~now in spring or �91 early summer. Nearly all of those with a high water problem claimed that they were unaware of the existence of the problem prior to moving to their home. Although some respondents in every part of the Township indicated the presence of high groundwater problems on their property, this condition was most widespread in the northeast and least felt in the southeast. About the same number of respondents from the northwest and southwest indicated high water table problems. The severity of the problem did not- differ much by .area- except .. that in the southwestern quadrant, three . out of four affected classified their problem as occurring continuously . through the year. Percent Total Percent respondents with high groundwater problem By Area of Residence NE SE SW NW 46.1 50.0 79.2 16.4 51.3 infrequently 24.7 29.4 24.4 33.3 17.4 seasonally 72.2 70.6 73.4 66.7 65.2 Frequency of high groundwater problem continuously 3.1 2.2 17 .4 Did respondent know about problem before moving to residence? yes 10.3 11.8 13.3 8.3 4.4 no 89.7 88.2 86.7 91. 7 95.6 Table 19 Extent of the High Groundwater Problem The problem seems to affect people living outside of subdivisions more than subdivision residents, although the difference is not great. However, �92 only 25 percent of the respondents who lived in homes built by a developer were affected. The size of the homeowner's lot does not seem to have an effect on its susceptibility to the problem. A majority of participants judged drainage to be "very important" in the section of the survey concerning community services and facilities. This attitude was most often expressed by respondents from the northeast section of Laketon, followed by those from the southwest, northwest, and southeast areas. This attitude pattern was repeated with respect to drainage adequacy. The majority of respondents from the northeast judged existing drainage to .be wholly . inadequate-, but only 16 ~.p-ercent-.o.f . : . . the respondents in the southeast felt that strongly. A majority of respon~ dents in all areas agreed that drainage was generally inadequate. Adequacy of Drainage Facilities Very adequate Percent Total By Area of Residence NW NE 2.7 SE SW 4.5 2.7 Adequate 15.4 11.5 8.3 21.0 18.9 Don't know or no connnent 27.5 30.8 22.9 34.2 13.6 Inadequate 29.1 38.5 29.2 23.9 35.1 Wholly inadequate 25.3 19.2 39.6 16.4 29.7 2.1 4.5 5.4 Satisfaction with Drainage Facilities Very satisfied 3.8 Satisfied 14.8 19.2 10.4 16.4 16.2 Don't know or no comment 31.4 30.8 20.8 38.8 27.1 Not satisfied 29.1 23.l 37.5 26.9 29.7 Greatly dissatisfied 20.9 26.9 29.2 13.4 21.6 Table 20 Respondent Attitudes Toward Existing Drainage Facilities �93 In regard to sewerage, most of the respondents rated sewer provision to be "important" or "very important". Half of the respondents also felt that existing sewerage conditions were either inadequate or wholly inadequate, and over one-third said they were dissatisfied with current sewer provision. Adequacy of Sewerage Facilities Very adequate Percent By Area of Residence _T_o_t_a_l_ _NW _ _ _N_E___S_E___SW_ 4.4 2.1 6.0 8.1 Adequate 14.8 3.8 14.6 16.4 21.6 Don !..t Jcnow -or no comment _ 46.-2 31.3 29.8 21.] _ Inadequate - 32.4 19 .-8 26.9 - 20:g --~ 19;4 : 16:2 Wholly inadequate 28.6 23.l 31.2 28.4 32.4 4.4 3.8 2.1 4.5 8.1 Satisfied 13.2 11. 5 14. 6 14. 9 10.8 Don't know or no comment 40.1 50.l 31.2 43.3 32.5 Not satisfied 22.5 23.l 27.l 19.4 24.3 Greatly dissatisfied 19.8 11.5 25.0 17.9 24.3 Satisfaction with Sewerage Very satisfied Table 21 Respondent Attitudes Toward Existing Sewerage Conditions As shown in Table 22, survey participants felt that the responsibility for solving problems associated with the high water table should be borne by the county, township government, or a combination of the two. Only a small minority felt that the property owner or the developer should bear the responsibility. When questioned in greater detail about the responsibilities and costs of drainage provision, most agreed that all parties in ~he development process (property owner, developer, township government, county government) �94 should share responsibilities and costs in some manner. Typically, those most affected by the problem tended to emphasize governmental responsibility and those least affected wanted more of the responsibility in private hands. Nearly 80 percent of those who advocated developer responsibility came from the southeastern section of Laketon, yet half admitted that they knew of the problem before moving inr. o their homes. In general, however, the notion of shared cost and shared respon- sibility for alleviating the high water table problem was supported by all groups. Does respondent· WHO · IS ·RESPONSIBLE? have a high ground~ Property County~. Combination Township water problem? of these Developer Government Government Owner Yes 4.8 2.4 23.8 30.9 29.8 No 16.3 16.3 11.2 27.5 24.1 Table 22 Respondent Attitudes Toward Responsibility for Solving High Groundwater Problems Finally, the problems associated with the high groundwater table has not affected general attitudes toward living in Laketon Township. However, of the few who stated that they disliked living in the community, nearly all had a groundwater problem. On the other hand, of those who liked living in Laketon, as many as 43 percent had a similar problem. �95 ATTITUDES TOWARDS COMMUNITY SERVICES This section of the survey covered a list of 24 community facilities and services. Respondents were asked to rate each on a scale of one to five in terms of importance, adequacy, and satisfaction. A rating of "l" indicated a high level and a rating of "5" indicated a low level of importance, adequacy, and satisfaction. In general, respondents seemed satisfied with existing types and levels �96 of services and facilities in Laketon. For example, the facilities and services felt to be "very important" by a majority of respondents were neighborhood appearance, the child-raising environment, quality of public schools, drainage, sewer facilities, water supply, administration and management of the Township, and police and fire protection. All of these were judged to be adequate, with corresponding levels of satisfaction, except drainage and sewer facilities. Opinions were split regarding the adequacy and levels of satisfaction with police and fire protection in Laketon. Attitudes toward -community services and facilities did not vary significantly by respondent occupation. Higher educational attainment seemed to be related to lower ratings of service adequacy and greater dissatisfaction with existing facilities. This tendency may be associated with rising levels of expectation of college graduates. Community influentials were also more critical of the adequacy of existing services in the Township and displayed correspondingly low levels of satisfaction. Influentials were especially dissatisfied with existing parks and playgrounds, shopping facilities, road maintenance, and sewer facilities. On the other hand, community influentials showed slightly higher levels of satisfaction with the administration and management of the Township. Attitudes toward community services and facilities did vary somewhat by respondents' areas of residence. These differences are particularly important with respect to drainage and sewerage, as discussed in the preceding chapter. �7 97 IBPORTANCE SATISFACTION ADEQUACY . ... . .,. .•..,.,. ..,. .... ............,•. . ..• ... •,. ..,. ... .... ., ... -0 C: ~ -0 ..,C:. 0 0 ! C: ::, ::, ..,. ...• < -0 4.1 -52.l . u ....... CD .. "O . u • ....i:l 23. 7 10.3 54.l 16.0 9.8 C: -0 C: ::, "' -0 C: ::, Neighborhood Parks and Playgrounds 75.2 10.3 Neighborhood Appearance 90.2 .s .5 70.1 10.8 7.2 66.5 13.4 5.2 Coamiunity Organhations 46.4 17 . 0 24.7 29.4 13.4 34.5 30.4 10.3 32,5 Religious Organizations 63.4 10.3 13.9 60.9 2.-6 15.5 59.3 1.0 14.9 Youth Organizations 65.5 3 . 6 15 • .5 34.5 14_9 28.9 33 . 5 10.8 28.9 Child-Raising Environment 83 • .5 . 2.0 63.4 62.0 · 13;9 63.4 7 .2 . 10.8 . Day Care Opportunities -- 21.7 30.4 6. 2 . .: 54 .-6 . • Quality of Public · Schools . 87.6 .5 Library Services 70.1 7.8 Doctors and Health Clinics 71.6 12.8 5.2 Shopping Facilities 79.9 7.3 Restaurants and Bars 43.8 Outdoor Recreation Facilities 5.2 36.l 11.3 10.3 53.4 11.3 66.0 9.8 11.3 61.8 12.9 9.8 11.9 34 • .5 25.8 20.6 ·34,5 18.6 23.2 3.5.6 32.5 13.4 37.7 27.3 12.4 4.6 40.2 40.2 4.1 41.3 36.l 3.6 36.6 10.3 47.0 18.6 12.4 49.5 17 . o 10.3 76.3 7.8 6.2 47.9 18.1 18.0 52.l 15.0 13.9 Indoor Recreation Facilities 56.2 16.5 18.0 27.8 27.8 26.3 29 . 4 23.2 27.3 Road Maintenance 88.7 1.5 1.5 45.4 37 .l 5.7 45.3 36.l 3.6 Street Lighting 76.8 10.3 4.1 46.9 28.8 7.7 47.5 26.2 8.2 Garbage Collection/Disposal 83.0 4.1 4.6 63.4 15.0 7.2 65.5 12.9 5.7 Public Transportation 28.9 41.8 19.1 14.4 28.8 29.4 18.S 22.2 30,9 Traffic Control and· Regulation 74.2 7.2 8.2 46.4 23.2 12.9 46.4 18:5 14.4 Police and !'ire Protection 90.7 .s 2.1 35.6 42.8 10.3 35.l 39.7 9.3 Administration and Management of Township 88.2 1.0 2.6 41.8 22.6 23. 7 40.2 23.2 19.6 Table 23 • u ! -0 -0 -0 -0 3.1 Respondent Attitudes Toward Community Services and Facilities �98 RECREATION: PARTICIPATION AND ATTITUDES Survey results suggest that Laketon residents take advantage of the various recreational opportunities in the Western Michigan Shoreline area. Popular recreational activities appear to be hiking, bicycling, camping, golfing, picnicking, snowmobiling, fishing, canoeing, swimming, hunting, and motorboating. Of these, hiking, biking, picnicking, snowmobiling and swimming usually took place within the Township. Participation in motorboating, �--, 99 fishing, and golfing usually took place somewhere else in Muskegon County. Almost all of the respondents visit Pioneer County Park and/or Muskegon State Park on an occasional or regular basis. It doesn't seem to matter where the respondent lives - although, predictably, residents in the southwest corner show the highest visitation rate of Muskegon State Park and participants from the northwest corner show slightly higher rates for Pioneer County Park. Location of Activity Frequency of Participation Type of Recreational Activity Table 24 Re~larly Sometimes usually in Laketon Never _ Township Usually in Muskegon County Usually Elsewhere Swimming 33.5 48.5 9.8 34.0 26.3 9.8 Fishing 32.5 37.l 17 .0 16.0 27.8 13.9 Golfing 25.8 19.1 40.7 l.l 35.l 5.2 Hunting 24.2 27.3 33.5 7.2 5.2 32.5 Motorboating 22.7 29.9 33.0 13.4 19.6 8.2 Snowmobiling 22.2 23.7 40.2 28.9 6.2 3.6 Bicycling 19.l 54.l 12.9 64.9 3.6 1.0 Camping 14.4 37.6 32.0 7.7 5.7 33.0 Motorbiking 11.3 12.9 56.2 10.3 6.7 4.6 Picnicking 10.3 67.0 8.8 32.5 25.3 11.9 Canoeing 6.2 37.6 38.l 6.7 11.3 19.6 Hiking 6.2 54.6 22.7 41.8 7.7 7.7 Sailing 5.7 16.5 57.2 6.7 9.3 4.1 Alpine Skiing 5.7 8.2 64.4 .5 13.4 Cross Country Skiing 3.1 8.8 66.5 1.5 3.1 5.7 Participation in Recreational Activities �100 Type of Vehicle Number of Vehicles Owned by Household 4+ 1 2 0 3 Automobile Van, Truck Camper Motorboat Sailboat Canoe, Rowboat Motorcycle Snowmobile 2.1 70.6 81.4 60.8 89.7 69.6 76.3 65.5 Table 25 43.8 28.9 18.0 36.6 9.8 26.8 16.0 19.6 40.7 8.2 4.6 .5 1.5 1.5 .5 1.0 2.1 3.1 5.2 11. 9 Motor/Recreational Vehicle Ownership Typically, in each survey household there was a car and at least one recreational vehicle. Nearly 30 percent indicated they own a van or truck, and 20 percent own some type of camper. Nearly one-fourth own one or more motorcycles, and a full third own at least one snowmobile. Finally, many of the respondents said that they own some type of boat, either a motorboat (40 percent), sailboat (ten percent), or canoe or rowboat (30 percent). Most respondents keep their boats in a garage during the off-season, but many keep them in the rear or side yard. Many keep their boats at home year round for the sake of convenience. Those living on the shore most often have moorings located on their property. Although Muskegon Lake is the most popular launching spot, a substantial number launch their boats in Beer Lake. �101 ATTITUDES TOWARD GROWTH An important section of the questionnaire dealt with attitudes toward the future development of Laketon. The vast majority of participants indi- cated they would like to see "guided growth" with the help of planning and zoning in the Township. A small percentage (13.0%) preferred "no more growth", but barely one percent felt that growth and development should be unrestricted. These attitudes were consistent among respondents regardless of length of residence or location of prior residence. - �102 When questioned on specific types of development, respondents showed a conservative attitude towards growth. Most wanted to see a continu- ation of the present pattern of single family residential development. However, nearly a quarter of the survey participants preferred a mix of single family houses with condominiums, townhomes, or garden apartment development. This alternative was strongly supported by community influentials (60%). When analyzed by respondent location, those from the northwest were most split with regard to residential development preferences. Twenty percent were against further residential growth - more than in any other area. Others preferred a continuation of present trends, but with a relatively large percentage supporting mixed residential development. Respondents from the southeast section of the Township were also amenable to mixed residential development. However, all areas showed preference for single family development. Approximately one-third of the respondents were against any kind of industrial development in the Township, but a substantial number would like to see research and development firms or other light industry locate in Laketon Township, and many more indicated that a mix of industry types would be acceptable. Despite these attitudes, the majority of respondents in three of the four areas of the Township preferred no industrial development. Only in the southwest, where one-fourth opposed industry, did a majority of respondents prefer some light industrial development. Most respondents felt that some commercial development in Laketon was desirable. Northwest area respondents appeared least enthusiastic about �103 development of complete commercial facilities, but one-fourth of those from the southeast and one-third from the southwest preferred this alternative. In no area did more than ten percent of the respondents feel a need for the development of restaurants, bars, or movie theaters in Laketon. In all areas except the northwest quadrant, survey respondents said they Publicly would like to see further development of parks and open space. owned recreational areas were much preferred over privately owned. Table 26 gives a complete breakdown of attitudes towards development by subarea and respondent totals. Area of Residence ~ -1. • No 20. 8 14. 9 13 . 5 78.0 1.0 69.2 7. 7 72.9 82.l 83.8 8.2 53.8 19.2 38.5 12.5 56.2 3.0 55.2 2.7 62.2 19.8 2. 7 26.9 3.8 10.4 25.4 3.0 16.2 5.4 29.7 1.1 14.3 23 .6 17 . 6 42.3 31.2 2.1 10.4 27.l 14.6 25.4 LS 19.4 17.9 20 . 9 24.3 13.4 10.4 26.9 6.0 11.9 19 . 4 21.6 2.7 32.4 10.8 2.7 21.6 7.7 15.4 23.l 16.2 35.l 10.8 17.6 8.2 23 . l 6.0 11.0 21.4 23.l 15.4 3.8 11.5 30 . 8 16. 7 6.2 20.8 4.2 16. 7 18.7 20 . 9 24 .2 42.3 3.8 16 .7 22.9 13.4 28.4 21.6 32.4 20.3 23.l 22.9 20 . 9 16 . 2 1.6 13.2 3.8 15.4 10.4 14.9 5.4 10.8 Recreational Development Preferences recreational developnent Parks and open space Publicly-owned beaches , marinas , golf courses, etc ~ Privately-owned beaches , 111&rinas , golf courses, etc . Combination of types Table 2G 15. 4 Coirmercial Development Preferences No commercial develop:nent Convenience shopping Complete shopping facilities Entertainment facilities MiJCed coucercial development Combination of types -5. 16. S Industrial Development Preferences No industrial development Heavy industrial manufacturing Research and Development Light industrial development Combination of types -4 . £ Residential Development Preferences NO residential development Continuation of present pattern Continuation of present pattern with some condominiums, townhouses, and apartment communities Combination of types -3. £ General Attitudes Toward Growth No more growth Guided Growth with the help of planning and zoning Unrestricted Growth -2. ! Respondent Attitudes Toward Various Development Types, By Area �104 During the design of the survey, it was suggested that one should not only ask what kind of development respondents preferred, but also ask them to think where such development should be located. For that pur- pose, a map of Laketon was included in the survey questionnaire and the respondents were asked to indicate where they would like to see new industrial, commercial and/or recreational development. Though the inclusion of a map with a request to "plan" for a stated preference is not connnon in survey research of this kind, 67 percent of the respondents participated in this mapping effort. All mapped responses were collated and the composite "peoples' plan" is shown on the next page. It shows considerable agreement with respect to the location of non-residential activities and provides useful suggestions for future land use planning. Crosstabulation showed that education and occupation had no noticeable impact on development attitudes. When attitudes were crosstabulated according to selected services and facilities, several relationships did emerge. Those who advocated "no more growth" tended to feel existing services and facilities in Laketon are adequate, most notably in the areas of shopping facilities, drainage, and sewerage. "Guided growth" supporters showed slightly higher levels of dissatisfaction with current Township management than no-growth advocates. Lastly, respondents were asked what they thought the Greater Muskegon Area would be like ten to twenty years from now. As shown in Table 27 nearly half felt that because of effective environmental management programs like the County Wastewater System, the area will have attracted numerous �. \J ~ i r r- 1d r. l r- r t_ Lake Michigan I i I' I L. 1 I' _ __ ____ ____ __ .J LOCATIONS FOR DEVE~ LAKETON ATTITUDE S l_ - RECREATION - COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL Muskegon Lake �106 "clean" industries to become an industrial research and development center. A significant number also believed it would improve i ts nega- tive image and its environment to become a good area for new industrial investment in heavy manufacturing. "Alternative Futures" for the Greater Muskegon Area: Percent of Respondents -:.n Agreement: It will continue to grow at a slow pace as an industrial center with high chronic unemployment, a polluted environment, and having the image of a depressed, undesirable area. 13.4 It will have changed its current negative image and, though still an industrial area, it will have a greatly improved environment and the reputation of a good area for new industrial investment in heavy manufacturing. 32.5 It will be a bustling, year-around recreation, tourism and convention center. 17 . 5 It will be the connnercial--wholesale, retail and banking-center for the Lake Michigan shoreline counties from Allegan to Mason at the crossroads of U.S. 31 and an Interstate 96 extended from Muskegon by a modern, fast and frequent rail-truck-automobile-passenger ferry service to Milwaukee. 18.0 Because of effective environmental management programs like the County Wastewater System it will have attracted numerous "clean" industries to the area to become an industrial research and development center . 46 . 4 7.2 Other Table 27 Attitudes Toward the Future of the Muskegon Area �107 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The formulation of a comprehensive development plan takes into account many aspects of the human and physical environment. In addition, it must be compatible with community role as it is defined by community goals, resident attitudes and perceptions. An understanding of these aspects is fundamental to the design of a meaningful plan. In Laketon Township, physical, economic and social analyses were con- �108 ducted as part of the reconnaissance and the community attitude survey discussed in Parts I and II of this report. A major conclusion of the reconnaissance was that Laketon's unique environmental amenities work to enhance the Township as a place in which to live. This finding was supported by resident responses to the attitude survey, indicating a high degree of concern for the maintenance of the natural environment while simultaneously supporting further growth in the community. In rejecting the no-growth and unrestricted growth alternatives, the attitude survey made it clear that the only development alternative is guided growth within a framework of environmental management. The con- cept of "guided growth" simply means a managed allocation of physical resources and development in space over time. The space and time dimen- sions of growth are directed by principles in land economics, conservation and municipal finance. When applied to a particular geographic location, the concept takes on a third dimension--environment--to create a framework for planning. The economic, social and physical conditions of an area define the way in which planning unfolds within this framework. Laketon's outstanding physical characteristics provide the rationale for a guided growth development plan based on environmental management principles. Under such a plan, environmental conditions traditionally per- ceived as problems, e.g . , the high groundwater table conditions, become opportunities which facilitate high quality development. Not only is the environment protected, but it may actually be enhanced through appropriate development measures. By following a plan for incorporating inventive environmental management, the Township can create a setting in which abun- �109 dant natural amenity, large tracts of open land, a high water table and new physical development can coexist peacefully and productively. This approach is consistent'lri.thand supported by the attitudes of large segments of Laketon's population. In the attitude survey, the attractive natural environment was the highest scoring reason for respondents liking living in Laketon. Similarly, the natural amenities of Laketon were among the three most often cited reasons for moving there. Laketon's environmental system could be managed in two ways to achieve this end. One approach views the existing environment and its charac- teristics as constraints and uses traditional development controls such as zoning to guide growth. The environment is protected with its domi- nant characteristics preserved under this approach. The second approach interprets the environment and its characteristics as opportunities and develops innovative approaches to the utilization of environmental resources. Under an innovative approach, the environ- ment is not only preserved but is also enhanced as a result of more effective resource utilization. Though tradition and innovation are seemingly at the opposite ends of any set of alternatives, it is proposed here that a plan can be designed that accommodates both. The difference between the alternatives in essence becomes one of interpretation, timing and administration. They become linked by common elements of equal importance to both alternatives . Diagrammatically, this is expressed in Figure 16 on the following page. �I"' Environment ' Traditional Management ' Innovative Management / Ii\ ' / Plan ---:3 Common Elements \/ Attitudes Figure 16 / The Plan Design Framework It follows that the plan identifies those elements which are basic to the environment and expressive of resident goals and expectations. In the case of Laketon, attention to the following concerns would meet these requirements: a. the identification of distinctions in environmental amenity; b. the recognition of floodplain and high water table constraints and concomitant drainage requirements; c. the need for sewerage; d. the need for improved access and concomitant traffic requirements; e. the need for improved commercial and recreational services; f. the desire for quality residential development enhanced by and compatible with Laketon's environment; and g. the need to enhance Laketon's tax base. The plan elements described in the following sections suggest a set of responses to each of the above issues. The natural amenity inherent in the physical environment, and its importance to Laketon residents, has provided the framework for each plan element. This links each set of recommendations to principles derived from concepts of environmental management. The specific proposals have been designed accordingly. �111 THE ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES Laketon has an outstanding natural environment enhanced by abundant open space, vegetation and water resources. Detailed analysis of this environ- ment suggests that although most of these common characteristics are found throughout the Township, certain physical distinctions are present and should be recognized by establishing districts for policy purposes. environmental districts can be grouped into two major categories: shorelands and Laketon's interior lands. These the ~ �112 THE SHORELANDS Laketon's extensive shorelines are a great resource for the coDllllunity. However, the unique problems and opportunities associated with shoreline development require special attention. This was recognized in Muskegon County's shorelands study which identified 18 policy zones for the County on the basis of differences in environmental characteri stics, the extent of development and the nature of private and governmental jurisdiction. 6 Three of the identified zones are in Laketon Township (see Map 15 on the following page): 1. The Laketon Bluff and Dunes Zone This shorelands district contains the Ganges-type bluffs along Lake Michigan in the northern half of the Township and the several layers of rolling dunes in the southern half, including Muskegon State Park. The management objective in this district should be the preservation of the current development characteristics in the bluff section and conservation of primary windward dunes in their natural state in the dunes section. Strict regulations will be designed to support the proper management of this critical environmental resource. The type of restric- tions appropriate for the bluffs were described in the county shorelands policies plan . Non-residential uses would be prohibited, except for a service commercial node described later in this report. 6 New residential Leo Jakobson, A Shorelands Policies Plan: Recommended Policies. Report No. 1, Muskegon County Shorelands Study, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin, December, 1971, p. 63. �·- ·-·-·-, i i ! I i i i V, w z: ,J ·.; ~ .:.'--r. :, /. ~g": ·.p .:J:_ y .· 0 N u>- ..... 0 Cl•.' V, (/) cC _J w et::: 0 :::i:::: V, w :i:: t-- I ~ 2 a.. z: i ::i::: _J Cl ~ z<{ Q :i: z ~ ~ z 0 I- w ~ <{ _J 11"1 ..... Cl. Cll ~ ~ �114 development would be restricted to one acre lots with a minimum shore frontage of 100 feet. Regulation of development in the dunes should differ for primary and secondary dunes. For example, the county's plan for the Urban Dunes Area differentiated five dunes areas with specific development· controls appropriate to each. 7 In Laketon, development should be prohibited on the windward slopes of the primary dunes in which beach grass and other vegetation exists or could be encouraged. nated as arboretum-type shoreline parks. These areas could be desigDevelopment would be restricted to secondary leeward dunes for low density residential cluster development. • Such development should be designed so as to preserve the natural plant cover holding the sand . Wherever possible buildings should be fitted to the land and placed so as to minimize all sitework. Where grading is necessary, contours should be shaped insofar as possible to merge with existing terrain. and sharp corners should be avoided. Steep banks Care should be taken to determine the direction of groundwater runoff and to disperse it. Where intensive runoff is unavoidable, crushed stone, flagstone or other means should be employed to prevent erosion. Building designs which are least disturbing to the natural environment, such as platform houses, should be encouraged. 2. The Muskegon Lake Residence District The Muskegon Lake Residence District includes all property south of • Scenic Drive and M-213 from Muskegon State Park to Bear Lake Channel . 7 Greenbie, Barry and Leo Jakobson, General Plan for the Urban Dunes Area. Report No. 2, Muskegon County Shorelands Study, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin, September, 1969, pp. 9-12. �115 Currently this area is primarily residential with some commercial establishments near Muskegon State Park. An opportunity exists for additional recreation and service development in this vicinity; proposals for this type of commercial development will be discussed briefly in the following section and in greater detail later in this report. The remainder of property within this district should be maintained as residential, subject to appropriate zoning and building regulations. Such regulations are discussed in the Muskegon Lake Study Report and at the end of the section on the Bear Lake Residence Zone. 3. 8 The Bear Lake Residence District The Bear Lake Residence District is comprised of the southern section of the Township oriented to Bear Lake. The western part of the district is bound by Bear Lake Road to its intersection with Fenner Road, including the large tracts of un-subdivided land south and east of that intersection. It includes all waterfront and some adjoining water-oriented pro- perties between the Fenner Road-Bear Lake Road intersection and Witham Road. In addition, it extends inland to include waterfront properties along the "finger" tributary in Bear Lake Subdivision. The principal development guidance objective is preservation of the current residential character and proper management of the shore. This objective is to be attained through the enforcement of district-specific zoning and building regulations and the encouragement of appropriate property management on the part of homeowners. 8 Leo Jakobson, et.al., Muskegon Lake: A Study of Opportunities, Muskegon, Michigan: West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development Commission, June, 1974 . �116 Non-residential uses will be prohibited in both districts, except for a commercial service node in the Muskegon Lake District. This commercial development should be designed so as to have minimal impact on the natural environment, and will be subject to regulations which are modified from the controls on residential development. New residential development in both zones should be limited to sites providing a minimum lot width of 80 feet. Clustered development and the construction of community piers and boat-docking facilities should be encouraged. All buildings should be elevated at least two feet above the experienced high water mark. Water-related structures will be permitted provided they are constructed of materials and are of such height and color so as not to detract from the natural beauty of the shoreline. Preservation of the natural shore cover along navigable waters is necessary to protect scenic beauty, control erosion and reduce run-off from the shore. Filling, dredging, grading or lagooning which would result in a substantial detriment to navigable waters due to erosion, sedimentation or impairment of fish and aquatic life will also be prohibited. THE INTERIOR AREA As shown on Map 16 on the next page, the interior area of Laketon Township is characterized by two distinct development patterns which provide the basis for dividing the Township into two environmental districts. East of Buys Road an extensive pattern of single family subdivision development prevails; thus this area has been designated as an intensive subdivision district. The western half of the Township is proposed to remain a low density residential and recreation district comprised of large lot resi- �117 o::E: :zw c::rlV') V') LLJ>- :z V') 0 NW u _Jc::r c::r C. I- V') E5:z ::E: w :z 0.. 00 :=:o >W :z V') WO - ' ■ C. WO :z:: 0::: 1-C. ....'° 0. Cll l: �118 dential development and public and private recreation facilities. The two districts are bisected by Green Creek, which forms the spine of a sixth environmental district: a two-level open space system. The first level of this open space system includes the Green Creek floodplain and adjacent severe groundwater hazard areas. This estab- lishes a north-south linear open space with branches to the east (including Mullally Field) and to the southwest via a tributary which branches off from Green Creek to Bear Lake. To the west from this spine an open space corridor is proposed from Green Creek to Pioneer County Park through the severe groundwater hazard and marsh areas located there. This environmentally-determined open space system is augmented by a second level of open space comprised of existing public recreation areas. The proposed open space system serves several objectives: (1) it is designed as a partial response to floodplain and high water constraints and the need to protect natural drainage courses; (2) it organizes the Township into coherent development policy and growth management zones; (3) it provides recreation and open space; and (4) it enhances liveability and the aesthetic qualities of the Township. All subsequent plan elements are based on or have been derived from these formalized distinctions in environmental amenity. It is proposed that these environmental management districts will be recognized in the forthcoming revisions to the zoning ordinance. The ordinance will incorporate provisions designed specifically for these districts, including different �. 119 provisions for the Bear Lake, Muskegon Lake and the Lake Michigan Shoreland Districts. In addition, the environmental districts concept addresses the need for differentiated policy responses in areas in which the groundwater problem is of varying severity. HIGH WATER TABLE AND POOR DRAINAGE: FROM CONSTRAINT TO OPPORTUNITY As discussed in the preceding section, Laketon's natural physical charac- teristics provide the basis for a meaningful division of the Township into distinct environmental planning, development and growth management zones. However, because most residents perceive the high water table and poor drainage conditions as serious constraints upon development, it is necessary to review these issues in greater detail. 9 Although these conditions may be thought of as a major obstacle to development, they can also be transformed into a great opportunity for Laketon. First, high groundwater, floodplains and poor drainage provide a rationale for regulating development so that it occurs in an orderly fashion. Such regulation may take the form of traditional controls such as large lot zoning or a total ban on construction in severe hazard areas. A less traditional concept, based on the legal procedure of informed consent, may also be used, either alone or in conjunction with more traditional zoning controls. This concept has been explored in Discussion Paper #1. lO In this situation, the Township would undertake the responsibility of 9 For example, in response to questions about these issues in the Attitude Survey a majority of residents rated these conditions as "severe", clearly indicating their concern. "Opportunities for Development: Resident Attitudes", pp. 17-22. 10 "Construction and Drainage in Groundwater Hazard Areas", Discussion Paper #1, Laketon Planning Services Program, August 2, 1976 . ~ �120 informing land owners of the existence of a high water table, the risks and consequences of building under given conditions, and the availability of construction techniques which would guard against groundwater damage. This information would be made available when a landowner filed an application for a building permit. The applicant would then sign a statement indicating his awareness of the groundwater conditions. This affidavit would be recorded with the title to the property so as to provide notice to subsequent purchasers. Such methods, however, still basically accept the environmental conditions as negative constraints to development. An innovative approach based upon comprehensive water management could turn what is now perceived as a problem into an opportunity for high quality development and to augment Laketon's attractive environment. For example, a system of man-made lakes and canals could bring the groundwater conditions under control while providing an added element of attractiveness to the Township's landscape. The feasibility of this approach as well as other solutions to the groundwater problem are currently under study and may lead to proposals for experimental demonstration projects in the Township. �121 RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT The plan's reconunendations concerning residential development are contingent upon the development of traditional and innovative environmental management techniques . Initially, the groundwater hazard wil l be used as the principal determinant of future development. Using the constraints imposed by this hazard, distinct development categories have been defined. For example, in sewered areas and in areas with no �122 groundwater hazard, development will not be restricted except for a 12,000 square foot minimum lot size. Other areas, restricted by high water table levels and limited on-site disposal capacity, are restricted to a development density of one unit per acre. Finally, in areas desig- nated as severe hazard areas, no development will be permitted. In hazard areas, no building permits would be issued unless an affidavit of informed consent, as discussed in the preceding section, is filed by the developer. For some areas to the east of Green Creek, a two step approach to density is proposed. apply. Initially, in hazard areas, one acre minimum zoning will However, when public sewer becomes available, the one acre lot size restriction can be lifted and the area developed with 12,000 square foot minimum lots. Approved and recorded subdivisions would be excluded from these provisions. During work on the proposed plan and the zoning ordinance, a proposal for an innovative pilot project in comprehensive groundwater management was generated. Proposals for a first pilot project are currently being prepared and after further review by and consultation with water management experts, they will be submitted to the Planning Commission and Township Board. In addition to attempting to alleviate high water table constraints, the pilot project could be based upon energy conserving site planning principles and test the use of district heating and the harvesting of solar, wind and waste energy sources. If successful, developments which incorporated comprehensive groundwater and environmental management concepts could be exempted from the one acre minimum lot size to allow for �.;_\·r \..,_ r11 -~, ~- ' wW~~/,llf§_,U...61-"'~ :::::::UNRESTRICTED ,ff///, RESTRICTED - UNSEWERED :}f:f:W RESTRICTED - SEWERED _ ___ __ __ __ \ v\ i i i __ _j MuP•aon LIM ..... PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS N w LAKETON TOWNSHIP. Map 17 MICHIGAN , �124 higher densities. Due to the emphasis on environmental management principles for guiding residential development, the plan has . deviated from other traditions in residential land use planning. Thus it does not delineate and group residential areas into neighborhoods centered around an elementary school and neighborhood services such as shopping, parks, etc. The open space concepts discussed in the previous sections provide more than adequately for outdoor recreation opportunities in a generally low density suburban setting. The same applies to schools. If and when additional schools are needed in Laketon, they can be located adjacent to the open space system and/or the proposed service nodes, allowing for easy access from the surrounding residential areas. It should be pointed out that the emphasis on environmental management renders traditional population and growth projections obsolete. How- ever, growth beyond the limits of the environment's capacity begins to destroy the amenity base which generates this growth in the first place. For the purpose of Township management, some broad estimates are necessary to indicate the holding capacity of Laketon at full development based upon the residential development principles articulated in this plan. As can be seen in Table 28, under traditional development controls Laketon has the capacity to triple its population without impairing the quality of its residential environment. If current regional growth trends continue, it is unlikely that Laketon will reach its population holding capacity within the foreseeable future because the internal �125 Development Potential Under Traditional Development Controls Development Potential Under Innovative Development Controls Approximate Acreage Homes Persons Homes Persons Unrestricted (R-1) 1,875 4,690 14,500 4,690 14,500 RestrictedUnsewered (R-2) 4,225 3,400 10,500 6,800 17,000 875 700 2,200 2,200 6,800 6,975 8,790 27,200 13,690 38,300 Developed (1977)* 1,360 1,960 6,800 1,960 6,800 6,830 20,400 11,730 31,500 Residential Development Zones RestrictedSewered (R-3) TOTAL REMAINING CAPACITY** 5,616 * Consultant's estimate **Of this undeveloped acreage, about 20 percent is in the area to the east of Green Creek. Table 28 Laketon's Holding Capacity at Full Development migration which currently accounts for most of Laketon's growth cannot continue indefinitely. However, if in the near future the region is successful in its economic development efforts, Laketon's growth rates could accelerate. Under these conditions, Laketon could well begin to reach the limits of its population holding capacity by the tum of this century. If the innovative controls prove successful, the larger holding capacity would probably be filled in the same time span because a more attractive environment would likely contribute to an accelerated population growth rate. �126 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT In planning a response to the need for commercial and recreational services, the consultant was guided by general commercial development principles which were applied to Laketon's particular situation. The Attitude Survey results indicate a great deal of dissatisfaction with existing coilll!lercial facilities in the Township. In addition, the ana- lysis of Township population characteristics suggests that demand �127 levels for commercial services will continue to increase in the future. The proposed plan offers a two-market response to the need for improved commercial services, with all commercial development located at strategic intersections on Laketon's periphery to relieve pressure and prevent . i n t h e i nterior . congestion areas o f t h e Towns h'ip. ll simple: The principle is in addition to meeting the local residential needs and demands for neighborhood and community level shopping, all commercial development also serves the tourist and recreation trade. Combining residen- tial service demands with the commercial service needs of the tourist strengthens the capacity of each node to provide 1) better and improved services; 2) a greater selection of merchandise; and 3) greater investment incentive. As with other plan components, all commercial develop- ment would be carried out in compliance with appropriate environmental management regulations. The principles and objectives of commercial development outlined above provide a rationale for the designation of two distinct levels of commercial activity in Laketon: two service commercial nodes and a major commercial district as shown on Map 18. THE SERVICE COMMERCIAL NODES Two sites are recommended for development as service commercial nodes 11 This concept was first presented in "A Transportation Corridor Study" developed for the City of Norton Shores in 1971, by Leo Jakobson, I . Katherine Benzinger and Hans K. Lingsom. Recommendations made by this study were very general in nature and geared primarily towards the commercial tourist trade. As applied to Laketon, the concept becomes more specific and the concept of a linear major commercial district has been added. �128 ·- ·--, I i i i i I V) I- u ex: I- V) z <t Q Cl :r _J ~ ct: u ex: w ::i::: ::l:: 0 u Cl w ~ ~.- :i: U) z ~ 0 a 0 !>:: V) a.. ex: a.. f'- w <t ..J co ..... 0.. <1' ;:;: �129 and are located in areas which link residential and recreational demands to create a market threshold for satisfactory service provision: 1) about 80 acres at the end of Giles Road south of Pioneer County Park on Scenic Drive; and 2) about 100 acres on Memorial Drive (M-213) at the foot of Peterson Road. road system. Both proposed nodes are located along the major peripheral Location along these major scenic routes enhances invest- ment opportunities for the commercial real estate developer. Appropriate businesses in these areas might include vacation motels, lakefront restaurants and marina facilities, as well as smaller establishments such as gift shops, bait and tackle shops. Local needs would be serviced by a grocery, drug store with a soda fountain, and a service station . All of these commercial activities would strengthen Laketon's tax base. It is important to note that both proposed service commercial nodes are located in designated environmentally sensitive shorelands districts as described earlier in this report. Zoning for these nodes would there- fore have to be consistent with all shorelands development requirements primarily designed to minimize disruption of the natural environment. MAJOR COMMERCIAL AREA A major commercial area of approximately 375 acres is recommended as an extension and expansion of the strip commercial development along the west side of Whitehall and Witham Roads. This second level of proposed commercial development is also located on the periphery of the Township and serves regional as well as local commercial demands. Along Whitehall Road, Laketon's eastern boundary forms a segment of the employment activity corridor linking the cities of Whitehall and Muskegon. Commercial �130 development along the corridor is supported by a regional market drawing on cities and townships in the northern and eastern areas of the Muskegon region. Existing land use patterns, growing demands for improved commer- cial services, installation of sewers in this area, and increasing levels of local traffic all support expanded commercial development along this route. The plan recommends that natural expansion of the Whitehall commercial strip be continued, subject to appropriate zoning regulations. In addition to expanded commercial development along the frontage of Whitehall and Witham Roads, most of the proposed acreage is at the intersection of Whitehall and River Roads. This area, adjacent to the northern end of the Whitehall commercial strip, is suitable for mixed commercial development based on several factors. First, its location at a major intersection with nearby large tracts of sewered undeveloped land is attractive to commercial development. Secondly, the suggested location is proximate to compatible land use activities (e.g., Fison's new manufactu~ ring plant in the Giles Road Industrial Park and the Whitehall Road Commercial Corridor). Commercial development here would support and be supported by these activities. Thirdly, River Road's link to U.S. 31 provides good transport access to the regional freeway system. Lastly, much of the property is held in relatively large parcels ranging in area from two to 59 acres. Although the area also includes small tracts, the Cooper's subdivision access from Whitehall and River Roads to the larger rear parcels can be easily accomplished, opening up the opportunity for shopping center development. In the interior of the Township, no commercial land designations are �131 recommended at this time. In the future, in particular in conjunction with planned unit developments, small neighborhood commercial establishments could and should be permitted. It is safe to assume that if neigh- borhood centers were to be shown on the land use plan and mapped on the zoning map, only premature marginal development would take place. Such development can, at a later stage, easily stand in the way of better and more effective businesses. This is one of .the main reasons why the plan does not include neighborhood commercial centers. �132 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Laketon's opportunities to increase its property tax base in future years is limited by location and by specific environmental considerations. As previously discussed, some opportunity does exist for attracting taxable commercial development along Whitehall Road and at the Whitehall/River Road intersection. This location, enhanced by River Road's access to U.S. 31, provides a direct transportation link for delivery and shipment �133 /"'- of goods in and out of the northern half of the Township. This link may also create potential for limited industrial development to augment Laketon's tax base. The Master Plan does not provide for major industrial development in Laketon. However, it is suggested that limited industrial development (e.g., low nuisance, high technology industry not disruptive of the environment) be permitted in the area of the Township north of Giles Road and east of Scenic Drive. This recommendation is based upon envi- ronmental suitability as well as social acceptability. In the Laketon Attitude Survey, 70 percent of the respondents indicated that they would like to see some type of industrial development in Laketon. In addition, most of those who indicated an industrial location preference by mapping indicated they would most like to see development occur in the area north of Giles Road. Such development would only be permitted within the context of a planned unit development ordinance incorporated into the revised zoning code. Under the planned unit development concept, industry would be provided for as a "floating industrial zone", i.e., industry would not be zoned to specific properties but could .locate anywhere in the reconnnended area subject to 1) differentiation according to type (high or low technology); 2) performance and design criteria; and 3) general area restrictions. Thus specialized industry would be allowed to locate in Laketon only upon Township approval of industrial development plans subject to appropriate restrictions and the above criteria. �134 THE TRAFFIC PLAN In the main, Laketon's road system still meets current Township needs for safe and convenient traffic routes. However, as a result of the earlier growth patterns in the community, Laketon has developed new subdivisions and neighborhood access roads have been incrementally added to the basic rural road grid, which was not intended to handle today's higher intensity land uses. Therefore, as described earlier, some points of conflict and �135 congestion have emerged. The proposed two-level road system, as shown on Map 18, consisting of major and secondary roads, will alleviate present conditions and improve circulation with minimum modification of the existing network. The system, associated with Laketon's identified environmental districts, will facilitate access to already developed areas and enhance opportunities for new development. THE MAJOR ROAD SYSTEM According to the plan> Lakton's major road system will comprise a circumferential route around the periphery of the Township, augmented by two major internal roads. The outer system includes Whitehall Road as its eastern segment, with River Road, Scenic Drive and Memorial Drive completing the circuit. . 12 drive. Each has been recommended to be designated a scenic The use of River Road should be encouraged as the primary link to Whitehall Road for southbound traffic from Scenic Drive and Fruitland Township access roads. The use of Giles Road as a thoroughfare would thereby be discouraged and some internal conflict relieved. These circumferential roads would be linked by two major internal roads as the primary arterials for movement in and out of Laketon. The first of these, running east/west, is Giles Road between Scenic Drive and Buys Road. The second is Buys Road from Bear Lake to Giles Road, from where it would be diverted along a new right-of-way in a northwesterly direction 12 This recommendation originates in the Muskegon County Shorelands Study. Recommended Policies, Op. Cit. �136 ~ $~ "-::,_ I ,,,/ ' ~ i ~ I ~ \ ·- ·-·7 l i i i i I 1 i i t ·__ I _ L' i _; · ·! L w I- z V') ~ I a ~ V') >- <C u 0 a: a: 0 'J <C L a w V') 0 ci. 0 a: ci. a.: :i: (f) z ~ I- z ~ w ~ ....J -°' C. ~ ;.::: �137 following the Green Creek open space system. The new road would link Buys Road to Whitehall Road at a point approximately mid-way between River Road and Giles Road (shown as a dashed line segment on Map 18). The proposed diversion would serve two main functions. First, it would reduce traffic on the segment of Giles Road which lies between Buys Road and Whitehall Road. The current use of Giles Road as a major thoroughfare conflicts with the residential character of adjacent neighborhoods and poses a potential danger to children living and going to school in the area. Secondly, the proposed road would provide access from interior parts of the Township to the proposed major commercial development at Whitehall and River Roads. It should be noted that the Buys Road-Whitehall Road link is the only new road recommended in the plan. constructed immediately. However, it would not have to be At this time, Buys Road provides adequate access to River Road (a designated major through street) and thus to Whitehall Road. However, internal congestion will increase as a result of continued residential growth. Also, as commercial development expands along Whitehall Road and at the Whitehall-River Road intersection, more traffic will be pulled to the northeast section of the Township. It is estimated that the proposed link completing the major road system should be constructed at the time the first major commercial development occurs in that area. THE SECONDARY ROAD SYSTEM The second level in the proposed traffic system is comprised of existing roads to be designated "collector" streets. No new read construction is �138 necessary at this level. The existing streets would receive their new designations through identification as collector streets on the official Township map. Controls would be instituted to effectively implement these designations. For example, strategic placement of stop signs along existing thoroughfares can facilitate desired changes in street utilization patterns. Using this technique, a heavily travelled road segment such as Giles Road between Buys and Whitehall Roads could be changed to a collector street used primarily for ingress and egress by residents in adjacent neighborhoods. The recommended north/south collector streets are Benjamin Road, Peterson Road, Green Creek Road, the southern part of Horton Road up to Giles Road, Bear Lake Road, and Auble Road between Dykstra Road and the proposed new primary road linking Buys Road to Whitehall Road. Streets designated as east/west collectors are Fenner Road, Dykstra Road and Giles Road between Auble and Buys Roads. As shown, the plan for traffic in Laketon is simple and based on maximum utilization of the existing road system. In this manner, expensive and extensive new road construction will not be required. For the most part, the objectives of the plan can be accomplished by designation and by utilization of simple, inexpensive traffic control techniques: stop signs, speed control, directional signs, channelization, parking control and, later on, signalization at a time when traffic volumes warrant such measures. From time to time, certain major improvements in the designated street �139 system will be needed. For example, at some point sections of the primary road system may have to be widened to four lanes. Some of the secondary roads may require the installation of curbs and gutters and, possibly a stretch of sidewalk in areas of heavy pedestrian movement. There is one emerging rapidly growing need for public traffic improvement, however. This is the need to develop a safe and attractive system of bicycle paths through the Township to serve three purposes. First, to acconnnodate the youngsters who use their bicycles for school transportation. Second, to facilitate home to work bicycle travel for the growing number of adults who find in bicycling to work a combination of energy saving and health promotion. Third, to allow for multipurpose year-round recreation in the form of bike-hike-ski trails. Because of these recreational opportunities, the details of this proposal are presented in the recreation section of the plan. i �140 UTILITIES DEVELOPMENT The provision of sewer and water service is an important task which has already received attention from Muskegon County and the Laketon Township Board. It requires a response, based largely upon existing environmental conditions, which will address the needs of Laketon's present population and which will facilitate the realization of the desired pattern of future development. The main objective of the fol- �141 lowing discussion is to link the County's "201" sewer program to the land use proposals of this plan. The recotmnendations discussed in this section are based on several assumptions regarding public sewer provision. The basic assumption is that public sewer is not an absolute prerequisite to maintaining a high quality environment. In some cases, inappropriate extension of public sewer may actually result in the destruction of environmental amenity rather than in its enhancement. Additionally, sewer provision is an expensive undertaking in terms of construction and maintenance costs, as well as in terms of the undetermined costs of inconvenience incurred during installation. Finally, as methods for on-site waste disposal improve, the physical (i.e., soil-related) need for public sewer may decrease in some areas. A second assumption relates directly to the development guidance plan for Laketon. Extension of sewer lines to areas which are presently undeveloped would remove one of the physical constraints mandating environmental management as the predominant factor in Township development. In Laketon, the interrelationships among the environmental con- straints and the design of complementary reconnnendations of the plan are keys to environmental quality. Therefore, the elimination of one environmental constraint, such as waste disposal, can undermine the effectiveness of the entire plan. Finally, the rapid development and premature subdivision which may result from servicing raw land increases the need for additional costly services �142 and facilities such as schools, water supply and road maintenance. These assumptions have been used as a guide to define three criteria as the rationale for developing a sewer plan for Laketon. concerns the intensity of residential development. The first Areas in which intense subdivision has already occurred receive priority for sewer provision in the plan. The second criterion relates to soil conditions, particularly the capacity of different soil types found in the Township to absorb waste. Areas in which the underlying soils will not absorb waste have also been given priority to receive public sewer facilities. The third principle concerns point sources of waste, such as commercial or industrial establishments, which must have access to public sewer. Major commercial or industrial development may only be located in areas serviced by public sewer lines. Based upon the framework outlined above, the basic policy objective is that public sewer be provided primarily as a remedy for existing problems, rather than as a means by which future development is encouraged. Consistent with this objective and with the objectives of other plan components, it is recommended that no sewer lines be extended west of Green Creek except along Muskegon Lake. During the initial phase of the sewer provision plan, service would be provided only to existing development in the heavily subdivided eastern section of the Township where development intensity has reached critical levels in terms of the amount of waste produced and the capacity of the soil to absorb it. This "Phase l" sewer district would lie between Whitehall Road and the eastern-most edge of the proposed open space corridor. �143 -- -- ·-·-, i i i ! I i i 0::: 1..1..J ~ c:x:: 3 0 z: z <i <.? j: u ~ c:x:: a.: 0::: Cf) 1..1..J 3 1..1..J (./') 0 :i: z ~ ~ c.. z ~ UJ 0::: <i 1..1..J (./') 0 0 c.. ~ ...J 0 N 0.. co ~ ,, �144 It would include several large tracts of open land located in the southwest corner of the Whitehall/River Road intersection, thus improving their suitability for connnercial development. It is strongly recommended that any sewer provision subsequent to Phase 1 be contingent upon the emergence of increased development pr-ssures. Even in the event that such pressure develops, service would be extended no farther west than the eastern boundary of the Green Creek floodplain. Development in the extended sewer districts would also be restricted by groundwater conditions and floodplain development regulations. Sewer installation is prohibitively expensive in low density population areas such as those west of Green Creek. Therefore any development in this large-lot environmental district would be serviced by appropriate on-site waste disposal systems. Lot sizes would be determined on the basis of the capacity of the soil to support septic systems. Higher density or cluster-type development in the western half of Laketon would depend on "package" treatment facilities located on the development parcel. On-site waste disposal technology is advancing rapidly, making this approach increasingly attractive. The rationale and recommendations for sewer provision outlined above are currently being applied in the "201" sewer program developed by Muskegon County. The total cost of the original County plan has been estimated at $7.8 million, of which state and federal government would contribute some part. As mentioned previously, Phase 1 of the County plan would entail servicing the eastern subdivisions in the Township. As originally designed it would also have included the Bear Lake and Muskegon �145 Lake Residence Districts. However, project engineers have calculated that the additional expense incurred by extending sewer to these less intensely developed districts would raise the cost per hook-up for all residents in Phase 1 by $600-$700, placing a disproportionate financial burden on these homeowners. To prevent this situation from occurring, the Laketon Township Board has proposed breaking down Muskegon County's plan into three sub-phases. The first sub-phase would sewer that part of Laketon north of Dykstra Road and west to the Junior High School and Northland Park Subdivision. Extension of lines to the second area, Bear Lake Meadows, and to area three, the southwest section of Laketon along Memorial Drive to Muskegon State Park, would be postponed until population pressures increased so as to substantially decrease the cost of sewer service on a per residence basis. The County "201" plan as modified by the Township Board is currently under public discussion in Laketon. If approved, construction of sewer lines in phase 1 could begin in the spring of 1978 at a cost of approximately $2,200 per tap. The basic premises of the modified "201" sewer program are consistent with the principles and objectives of the consultant's sewerage recommendations. The County Plan also complements other elements in the environ- mental approach, particularly with respect to its recognition of distinct environmental districts and the overall policy goal of treating sewer service as a remedial measure rather than as a tool to encourage develop- ment. A piped water distribution system is also currently under discussion. �146 Though the provision of sewerage to the most densely populated areas of the Township will lessen the danger to wells from dense septic tank development, water quality in these wells should be continuously monitored. It is, however, quite likely that public water will become a necessity in the near future in the eastern half of the Township. The Township should take advantage of the opportunity to participate in the construction of a new metropolitan water trunk line in the Whitehall Road corridor. From that trunk line the Township can obtain all its water needs and extend local service as needed. �- .... . ... -:-:.. .. -. ...... . . . . I, . . . ' • l ~ •cl.•• v;- • .... .,.._ r •1•i, ,_ ,, ~,. L. ■ . .. --, ■- . I t ·:· . - ·- ' <l . _ -' - ■.I _,,.,..-!' =II'..... -'i~ -~ . ..,:,.lilta;,il, ·.' ,!-.:. ::.■"' ,I r • .. •., - t._• ~ . ' .... , - .... . .....,,, •Jfr. -, ' ,.! ' .. .,._I:,. ■ -• j .... , ..... ; I - : ...: ·-~ . r. ■ ■ . .... .A I '.I• �147 PURPOSE AND DESIGN Upon completion of the information and attitude gatheringphasesand the analysis of the various plan elements, a Concept Sketch was presented to the Township Board and Planning Commission. According to the design of the planning program, the Concept Sketch and the supporting documentation was distributed to the 33 identified community influentials in an attempt to elicit an exchange of opinions and attitudes instrumental to �148 the development of a plan for the Township which would enjoy broadbased support. A structured questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of acceptance of the plan as it had been presented. The statements on the ques- tionnaire were derived from three documents: "Opportunities for Development: A Reconnaissance", "Opportunities for Development: Resident Attitudes" and "Growth Management: A Concept Sketch". The survey questions referred to the reports requiring the respondent to read them while completing the questionnaire. The statements on the questionnaire were grouped into three major sections. Section I consisted of questions designed to measure agreement with the findings of the Reconnaissance Report. Three measures were used: one asked whether or not the respondent saw certain trends and characteristics in the Muskegon area; the degree of importance he felt they had for the region; and whether they were important now or were likely to become important in the future. Section II sought to measure respondents' interpretation of the results of the Resident Attitude Survey. They were asked to agree or disagree with the consultant's identification of three basic mandates for Laketon's planning program and, on the basis of resident attitudes on certain issues, to support these determinations. The statements in Section III measured agreement or disagreement with the proposed plan as outlined in the concept sketch. The first question in this section was designed to establish the rationale for the plan; the �149 remaining questions focused upon its various components. The returns from this survey were expected to provide an indication of the degree of acceptance or non-acceptance of the plan and each of its components. Upon review of the results, modifications were to be made in the plan to reflect respondent opinions, and a second survey was to be conducted in order to achieve full agreement on the plan, its underlying principles, and its proposals. Of 33 questionnaires mailed in early June of 1977, 19 completed returns were obtained. Three individuals asked that their names be removed from the influentials list and two others declined to respond because of time • constraints. For the purpose of identifying major areas of agreement and/or disagreement, the return rate is satisfactory. In fact, the de- gree of agreement obtained in this survey renderedasecond survey round unnecessary. The next section describes the results and highlights the unanimity of the response. �150 SURVEY RESULTS As can be seen from the tabulation of survey results on the pages to follow, there is general, and in many cases, unanimous agreement on the issues raised in the reconnaissance and on the consultant's interpretation of the results of the community attitude survey. The questions where some divergence of opinion occurs are related to economic issues, e.g., ques tions 4 and 8 and the complex problems of Muskegon's linear urban struc - • �151 ture (Question 9). However, even on these issues, a solid majority of respondents, 11, 11 and 13 out of 19, support the consultant's interpretations and conclusions. Social Trends !. AMERICAN SOCIETY HAS BECOME MORE HETEROGENEOUS, COMPLEX AND SOPHISTICATED. don't know ambivalent see trand Degree of Observation don't see it @] IT21 .J, I (go to question 02) ,..·m=J ""'ill"" important Degree of Importance unimportant now & in the future important now l3J Time Frame 2. will be important in the future RISING INCOME ANO EXPECTAT!Oll LEVELS HAVE LED MANY AHERICANS TO REASSESS THEIR DEF!NITIDN OF "QUALITY-OF-LIFE". don't know don't see it ambivalent see trend [Q] Degree of Observation I .J., (go to question 13) unimportanc important [QJ Degree of Importance unimportant 110w & i11 the future important now will be !1nportanc in the future IT] tlme Frame Econortic Trends 3. RECEUT U.S. TRENDS INDICATE fl TR,\NStTION FR01I /IN INDUSTRlflL (PP.UDUCTIONORIENTED) TO A SEflVICE-ORIWTED ECDflOf,1Y . dnn' t know ambiva]ent see trend don't se<? lt Degree of Observation ,. .,·:J (co to <1ucstJcn # '•) ambivalent important Degree of Importance G Ill unimportant now & in the important now Time Frame future [J [@ ------- -- unin1portant [u] will be important in the future [] �152 4. TIIE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY WAS PRIMARILY "L!rlEAR", I.E. ORIENTED TOHARDS PRODUCTION OF GOODS FOR EXPORT ANO PURCHASE WITH "OUTSIDE" DOLLARS . RECENT REGIONAL ECONOMIC TRENDS SUGGEST A NOTION OF CIRCULARITY IN THE ECONOMY, WHICH MEANS AN ECONOMY NOT TOTALLY DEPENDENT UPON ATTRACTING OUTSIDE DOLLARS INTO THE REGION. THUS GROWTH MAY BE RELATED TD STRENGTHENING TIIE INTERRELATIONSHIPS Al10NG DIFFERENT COf1PONEHTS OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY (BUSINESS, MANUFACTURING & SERVICES), WHICH IN TURN INCREASES TH( NUMBER OF TIMES INFLOWING DOLLARS ARE SPENT AND RES!>ENT ,IITli!H THE REGION BEFORE BEING USED TO PURCHASE OUTSIDE GOODS AND SERVICES. aee tTend don't know ambivalent _____GJ don't see it [4J Degree of Observation _., ._, J; (go to question HS) don't know important DegTee of Importance l!QI import.int now Time FTame [] T unb,portant ambm::J [QJ unimportant now & in the future will be important in the future [Q] [] Geographic TTends s. WHILE TilE RATE OF URBANIZATION IS SLO\-/l l!C, METROPOLITAN AREAS CONTirlUE TO EXPAND INTO SPRAWLING REGIONS OF COl·iP LEX ACTIVITY WITH MANY CEriTERS SEPARATED BY LESS DENSELY DEVELOPED AREAS. see trend don't know ambivalent don't see it 4]._________.~ ;z;: Degree of Obse_rvation (go to question #6) don't know I important amb~::_J unim[i]tant important now unimportant now & 1n the Degree of Importance future Time Frame 6. will be impoTtanc in the future [] THE MIDDLE TO UPPER INCOME AMERICAN IS NO LONGER INTERESTED Ill "MASSPRODUCED SUBURBIA. RESIDEMTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTl.~L LOCATIOtlAL DECISIONS ARE INCREASINGLY BEING BASED UPOr, CONSIOERAT!Oil OF EIIV! RmiMENTAL AMENITY . AS A RESULT, THE FAnTHEST EDGES OF OUR METROPOLITAN AREAS - THE EXURBS ARE GRADUALLY BEING DEVELOPED. don't. know see trend don't see it ambivalent qJ Degree of Observation :i; w I (go to question #7) important i don't know ambival:J unimportant [oJ Degree of Importance important now Time Frame [a unimporta.nc now in the future & w [Q] Yill be important in the futur-e GJ �153 Geographic Choroctoristics 7. THE IIAJOR RESOURCE OF TIIE MEA JS TitE ENVl1'0lmENT. THEREFORE THE REG JO~ ltAS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR TOUR! ST-ATTRACTING RECREATIONAL OEVELOPMWT. agree Degree of Agremnent [ID don't know 11mbivalcnt disai;ree [] [] I .J., . . ,J i (go to question 18) important Degree of Importance [§) important now Time Frame 8. ~ amb{§jlent uaimporcant [] unimportant now & io che future w will be important in the future [i] AS SHOHH ON MAPS 1 AND 2 ON PAGE 28 THERE IS ALSO POTENTIAL FOR SUBSTAIITIAL ECON0:11C DEVELOPMENT WITH RESPECT TO THE NATIONAL EAST/WEST FLO\.l OF GOODS. agree Degree of Agrell1Dent don't know ambivalent disagree Ii] [] ..t, i (go to question 19) important [iJ Degree of Importance important now Time 9. Fra■ e don't kn~w ambivalent unimportant [zJ unimportant now & in the future [I) will be important in the future [I] ANY PLANS FOR LAKETON'S DEVELOPMENT MUST CONSIOER THE TOWNSIHP'S RELATIOllSHJP TO THE \o/HJ TEIIIILL-MUSKEGON-GRAND HAVE:! Ul<S,\N STRUCTURE . ai;ree Degree of Agreement (i] don I t knc,v ambivalent disni;He (ii] . I ;z; ,. .,:J 5J i (go to question •' 10) important Degree of Importance ~ important nov Time Frama ambmlent [a] unimportant 0 unimportant now 6. in the future [IJ will b• important in the future CT] �154 Socioecgn0111ic Characteristic ■ 10. ALTHOUGH STATISTICS INDICATE THAT MUSKEGON IS A SLOW-GROWTH AREA, IT IS NOT STATIC. MAJOR INTERNAL SHIFTS ARE TAKING PLACE WITH REGARD TO AGE STRUCTURE, SOCIOECONOMIC STRATIFICATION, SETTLEMENT PATTERIIS ANO FAMILY SIZE. agree don't know ambivalent disagree @] t>egree of Agreement [QJ t ;;; I (go to queation #11) ambli]~i don't know . important Degree of Importance [fil important now Time Frame 11. unimportant now & in the future un~ortant will be important in the future [iJ [!J EFFORTS TO REVITALIZE THE REGION'S ECONOMY SHOW SIGNS OF SUCCESS. agree Degree of Agreement [!zj r don't know ambivalent disagree @] II) I , ,., :J ;;; t (go to question #12) important Degree of Importance @] important no:w Time Frame ambmlenc rn unimportant [] unimportant now & in the future II) will be important in the future [] 12. THE CONSULTANT'S ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS SUGGESTS THAT MANI\GEl1£1:T OF THE ENVIRONMENT SHOULD BE TIIE GUIDING PRINCIPLE FOR PLA/l:IING IN LAKETON. agree don't know aiitbivalent disagree [] �155 13. LISTED BELOW ARE FOUR SETS OF C0tl-1UNITY ATTITUDES. IN THE CO/ISULTANT'S JUDGEMENT THE ATTITUDES OF THE MAJORITY OF RESPONDENTS ON EACH ISSUE SUPPORT THE ENVIRONMENTAL MAIIOATE . (a) ATTITUDES TOWARD GROUNDWATER/DRAlNAGE agree /ia don't know aabivalent @] disagree fIJ (b) ATTITUDES TOWARD RECREATIONAL FACILITIES (c} agree don't know ambivalent LID @I ATTITUDES TOWARD COMMUNITY GROWTH AIID DEVELOPMEIIT •area (d) ,... [!J don't know ambivalent disagree [Q] [D REASONS FOR PEOPLE MOVING TD, AND LIKING LIVING IN, LAKETON •are• don't knov ambivalent disagree [] 14. THE CONSULTANT'S ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS SUGGESTS THAT "GUIDED GROWTH" IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE WAY IN WHICH TO 11ANAGE LAKETON'S FUTURE DEVELOPMENT. agree [i] 15. don't know aabivalent @] disagree [] LISTED BELOW ARE FOUR SETS OF COtfo1UNITY ATTITUDES. IN THE CONSULTANT'S JUDGEMENT THE ATTITUDES OF THE ~1AJORITY OF RESPONDENTS ON EACH ISSUE SUPPORT "GUIDED GROWTH" . (a) (b) ATTITUDES TOHAP.D GROUNDWATER/DRAINAGE ambivalent [i] [ill diaagree ATTITUDES TOWARD COl·V•1U1HTY SERVICES agree (c) don't know agree don't lcnov ambivalent disagree [] [] ATTITUDES TOWARD RECREATION agree don't know ambivalent disagree [oJ [j] �156 (d) ATTITUDES TOWARD LAKETON'S GROWTH ALTERNATIVES (IN GENERAL) agree fj3 don't know aabivalent fl] disagree [] and specifically concerning: (1) RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT dou't ltnov agree aabivalent di&a[lree ff.fl [!] IT] CIJ-1M[RCJAL (2) orvn Ol•tt[NT don't ►. now UJ~rPC" [Ls] agree u3 (I] dlHa)\r<H.• [I] Jon' t know <1mblvnl.:nt [] dluai;rc., IT] RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMl~T ag~ee luJ· (5) lw, ll·n t INDUSTRIAL DCV[LOPM(NT (3) (4) ; u,,b don't know a11biv<1lcnt m disagree [I] THE CO/IPOSITE "PEOPLE'S PLAN" don't know agree fi] ambivalent G] disagree m CONSULTANT'S NIALYSIS or TIIE SUUV[Y RF~lll.lS SllGf,l '.,lS TH/IT !t'~ "'JV I!, _; C01f11JNITY S(RVJC(S ~IIOULO Ill /\ IU\JOR COl-1/'UIIC:lf OF L/\U ll1N'S PL,;:1:.1:a; 16 •. THF. PROGIW~. agret! Jon' t knov tamhiv;alcnt m @] ~ �15 7 17 . LJSTED BELOW ARE rJVE SCTS OF COmUNITY Sf.llVIC[S . rn THE co::s:iL:-:-. ::T•s JUDGEMENT THE ATTITUDES OF A t-1/IJORllY OF R[SPONOEIITS surPOl!T T:-:: :.no TO U1PROVE THESE SPECIFIC SERVICES . (a) SEWER/DRAINAGE SERVICES don't know ambiv;ilcnt agree 118 (b) I[] [i] don't knov ambiv;ilent disagree FI RE PROTECTION agree (uJ (c) [i] don't knov ambivalent diaagree m PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS don't know aabivalent ~ 18. [Q] [I] a1ree (e) [J POLICE PROTECTION agree (d) d1aasrce disagree (I] @] agree don't lcnow &111bivalent m disagree [j] ROAD MAINTENANCE m THE SEVEN MAJOR ISSUES COVERED IN THE CONCEPT SKETCH ARE LISTED BELOW. FOR EACH INDICATE YOUR AGREEMENT OR DISAGREEMENT AS TO WHETHER IT SHOULD BE A FUNDAMENTAL COtlCERN OF THE PLAN . (a) IDENTIFICATIOtl OF DISTINCTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AMENI TY agree don't know m ~ (b) don't know luJ disagree @] [I] don't know disagree THE NEED FOR SEWERAGE agree [z] (d) @J RECOGNITION OF FLOOOPLAIN AND HIGH l~ATER TABLE CONSTRAINTS, AND CONC01'V1ITANT DRAINAGE REQUIREMEtlTS agree (c) dbagree [QJ [] THE NEED FOR ACCESS AND TRAFFIC REQUIREMENTS agree [z] don ' t know @J disagree [] �158 (e) THE NEED FOR !t1PROVEO COMMERCIAL ANO RECREATIONAL SERVICES agree [zJ (f) G [QJ [iJ don't know w disagree [I] THE DEMAND FOR HIGH QUALITY REIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT agree ~ 19. disagree THE NEED TO INCREASE LAKETON'S TAX BASE agree (g) don't know don't know disagree [] II] THE CONCEPT SKETCH IDENTIFIES SIX DISTI ':CT ENV!~O'iltENTAL OISTl!ICTS IN LAKETON FOR PLANNING ANO POLI CY-MAKING ,Ui-?OSE5. THESE 01 STRI CTS ARE LISTED BELOH. FOR EACH INDICATE ~W:Tr.:R Y(''J AGREE OR ll!SAGREE !illH ITS DESIGNATION AS A Utl!QUE rnv IRONitU:T ;l OIST;;rcT . (a) (b) (c) THE LAKE Ml Clll GAN BLUFF A!ID DUNES ZO;{E agree don't know luJ [] agree don't know disagree [ID @) [I] THE BEAR LAKE RESIDENCE DI STRl CT don't know disagree THE INTENSELY SUBDIVIOEO ZONE TO THE EAST OF GREEN CREEK agree lul (e) m THE MUSKEGON LAKE RESIDENCE DISTRICT agree (d) disagree don't know disagree !TI [] THE LOW DENSITY ZONE TO THE liEST OF GREEN CREEK agree don't know disagree [] (f) THE GREEN CREEK FLOOOPLAH! AND HIGH WATER iABLE OPEN SPACE ZONES agree don't know [] disagree �159 20 . THE PLAN RECOGNIZES FLOODPLAIN Arm HIGH WATER TAOLE CONSTRArrm SY STRICTLY REGULATING, ANO IN SEVERE CASES PROHIDITIIIG, OEVEL01'11ENT IN "PROBLEM" DRAINAGE AREAS . LISTED BEL~~ ARE A NU~~ER OF PROPOSED METHODS BY WHICH FLOOOPLAIII AND HIGH GROUNDWATER AREAS MAY BE REGULATED . FOR EACH INDICATE YOUR SUPPORT OR NON-SUPPORT OF THE USE OF SUCH REGULATIONS IN LAKETON . (a) PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT IN SEVERE HAZARD AREAS support no opinion ambivalent ~ (b) oppose uJ LARGE-LOT ZONING •upport [§1 (c) @) no opinion ambivalant [I] oppo•e [Q] REQUIRING CERTAIN PREVENTIVE ANO/OR REMEDIAL MEASURES OF THE DEVELOPER OR INDEPENDENT BUILDER, THROUGH SUBOIVISION ORDINANCES AIID BUILDING CODES (E.G. COMPREHENSIVE WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN; PONDING ; DRAINAGE NETWORKS) •upport no opinion ambivalent oppose [Q] (d) REQUIRING THE SIGNING AND FILING OF All AFFIDAVIT OF "INFORMED CONSENT" BY DEVELOPER/BUILDER support no opinion ambivalent oppose fol 21 . THE POLICIES AIID PRIORITIES OF THE C:"iC:PT SKETCH AilO 11USKEGON COUNTY'S PROPOSED SEWER PLAN ARE IN BASIC AG =c : ":'IT ~EG.~ROi i:G SEWCR PROVISIOtl FOR LAKETON . INDICATE YOUR AGRW1E',7 :q DIS,\GilEEMENT 111TH THE PRINCIPLES ANO RECOMMENDATIONS LISTD :: ::LOW . (a) SEWER SHOULD BE USED AS A REltCY ~OR EX1S7ING PR09LEMS RATHER THAN AS A MEANS TO GUIDE OR Er.~: ~:¼GE i'UTURE CEVELOPMENT . agree (b) disagree [oJ Ll) PUBLIC SEWER SHOULO BE PROVIDE'.) C"iLY HI THE 111TENSELY SUBDIVIDED EASTERN PARTS OF LAKE-:-:·1, ANO Oil -SITE \~ASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SHOULD BE UTILIZED IN 7~ E: LESS DENSELY DEVELOPED AREA WEST OF GREEN CREEK . agree [j (c) no opinio:, ambivalent no opinion uabivalent disagree [I] CONSTRUCTION PRIORITY SHOULD 9: GI VEII TO THE AREA DESIGNATED "SUB-PHASE l" agree no opinion ambivalent dhagree [Q] (d) PROVISION OF SEWER TO BEAR LP' : "EAOo::s (BEAR LAKE RESIDENCE DISTRICT) AIIO THE SOUTliWEST s :::7 :0/l Cr THE TO:INSH!P (ltUSKEGON LAKE RESIDEIICE DISTRICT) S!!O '.:~~ :£ DELA'IEO WITIL POPULATIOII LEVELS IN THESE AREAS CAN SU?= J,T THE COST . agree no opinion ambivalent [I] disagree �160 ZZ. IMPROVED TRAFFIC CIRCULATION AND ACCESS THROUGHOUT LAKETON IS A MAJOR OSJECTIVE OF THE PLAN. PLEASE i':OICATE ".;HETHER OR NOT YOU SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING PROPOSALS REGARDIUG THIS OBJECTIVE. (a) (b) TI<E REC014~ENOATION THAT THERE BE A CIRCt.r.!FEREtlTIAL MAJOR ROAD SYSTEM ON LAKETON'S PERIPHERY, WITH RIVER ROAD AS THE PRIHARY LINK TO WHITEHALL FOR TRAFFIC cc:mm SOUiH FROM SCENIC DRIVE AND FRUITLAND TOWNSHIP ACCESS RO~DS . aupport no opinion ambivalent oppose [z] [] @] THE OESIGNATIOII OF THE WESTERN PORTION OF GILES ROAD, ANO THE SOUTHWESTERN SECTION OF BUYS, AS l•t~JOR INTERIIAL AP.TERIALS. THIS INTERNAL SYSTEI◄ WOULD BE CO:!PLETEO BY THE FUTURE CONSTRUCTION OF A ROAD LINKING BUYS ANO HHIWW.L, /,?PROXIMATELY MID-!-IAY BETWEEN RIVER ROAD AND GILES. aupport (c) no opinion ambivalent oppose A SECONDARY SYSTEl-1 OF "COLLECTOR" STREETS, Co:ISISTING OF EXISTING ROADS, TIIE USE OF WHICH J\S TIIR•1UGH ST•cETS WOULD [l[ OISCOURACiED BY APPROPRIATE TRAFFIC COIITROLS SUCH;_; STOP SIG:1s. no opinion support [i] 23. mabivnh•nt oppO!IC, [D THE CONCEPT SKrTCII DISCUS:.f~ A TII0-1 f.VfL R(Sl'ON~E TO TIIE ::! er> ron IMPIIOVED COl-1MEnCIAL NIil lffCIIF.J\T((J/1-lffLArtll sr.qv((f.S. lll'.ll(/\Tf. \()UH SUPPORT OF OR orrOSITION TO TIIE I OLLOWll:G ilAS(C co::l'(JN(tflS or TIIIS ArPROACH. (a) THE DESIGNATION OF A SERVIC[/COl:MrnCIAL NOD~ ( TO SERVE RES(OCIITIAL ANO RECREATIONAL '.IEEOS) IN THF. S!IC'HELA:ws BLUFF DISTRICT AT SCENIC DRIVE SOUTH OF PIOll[ER cot:::ry P/,hi(, support no opinion Sfflbivnlent oppo~e (] (b) THE DESIGNATION OF A SERVICE/COl11(EP.C!AL NOCE IN TIIE 1-:USKfGON LAKE RESIDENCE DISTRICT AT SCENIC DRIVE AT THE FOOT Or PETERSON . aupport no opinion ambivalent oppose f!J (c) THE DESIGNATION OF A 11AJOR COtt!ERCl.~L AREA TO SERVE REGIONAL AS WELL AS LOCAL IIEEDS AS AN EXWlSiOil OF SiRIP OEVELOP~·1E/IT ALONG !o/HITEHJ\LL ANO AT THE COR'.lER OF THE Wr.ITEHALL/RIVER ROAD INTERSECTION. aupoort no opinion ambivalent IT] oppose [Q] �161 THF. CONCEPT SKETCH STATES THAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING LAKETON'S TAX BASE ARE LIMITED BY SPECIFIC EIIVIRONMENTAL CONSIOE;::~TIONS. IT SUGGESTS THAT THE POTENTIAL TO IIICREASE THE TAX BASE IS TO BE FOUND IN EXPANDED COMMERCIAL ANO SOME l!GIIT IIIDUSTRIAL OEVELOPME/H. 24. 00 YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE ~/ITH THE BASIC PREMISE THAT LAKETON'S OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP A CO:-IVEIHIONAL PROPERTY TAX BASE IS LIMITED BY EIIVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS? no opinion ambivalent agree disagree [I] 25. [J 00 YOU SUPPORT OR OPPOSE PERMITTING LIGHT INDUSTRIAL (OFFICE ANO RESEARCH) DEVELOPMENT REGULATED BY STRICT PLArlNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS IN LAKETON? no opinion ambivalent support Gil [IJ (a) IF YOU SUPPORT SUCH DEVELOPMENT, DO YOU AGREE THAT IT SHOULD BE PERMITTED ONLY IN TiiE AREA BET,iWJ GILES f~ID RIVER ROADS? agree no opinion ambivalent fij] 26. dhagree [] THE CONCEPT SKETC/f ADDR[SSES RESIDrnnAL DE'.'ELOPME'.T av P!:OPOSING SPECIFIC LOT-S[ZE AND DENSITY GUIOEL!NES B,;sc~ UPC'. ~'!'/IR~:1:·rnTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES. RESIDENT!.~L 1\REAS r·; :HE r: .,·:.jf!IP H,\ ','E BErn DIFFERENTIATED ACCORDING TO ENVIROt::IENTAL, ,A,HER 7;,;·1 NE:G1'GORHOOD CONSIDERATIONS. THE PLAN ~ECOGNIZES THAT T:iE USE •:c :-HE .',EI:;HBORHOOD TD ORGANIZE COMl1UNITY SERVICES (DESIGIIED TC ?;.:.t•'.OE ~;SIDC::IT!AL STABILITY I N ~ AREAS) rs NOT RELEVANT TJ LAKET::1 . INDICATE YOUR AGREH1ENT OR DISAGREE.'·IENT WITH THE FCLLOWING RECOK'IENDATIONS REGARDIIIG RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT. (a) LARGE-LOT (l ACRE MINIMUM) ZONING WEST OF GRE~:; CREEK egree [!] (b) no opinion ambivalent []] no opinion ambivalent [] [[] no opinion ambivalent [J QJ DE-EMPHASIZING THE NEIGHBORHOOD AS THE 9ASIC U'.IIT FOR THE PLANNING OF COMMUNITY SERVICES agree - disagree PERMITTING GARDEN APARTMENTS, CONDOMil:!'.Ji"S A/10 rc:m-HOUSES ON SITES OF AT LEAST S ACRES, REGULATED I!: S!ZE c·:o DESIG:1 Bl' STRICT PROVISIOIIS UNDER A PLANNED UNIT :EiELOF'?E.',T ORO!i:M;CE agree (d) [QJ SMALLER LOTS (12,000 SQ. FT. Ml/lIMUM) t.'ID HIG~ER DENS!T!ES IN THE SEWERED AREA EAST OF GREEN CREE~ a,:ree (c) disagree no op1nion ai,bi Valent rn diugrce �162 ------- Most of the Concept Sketch proposals were strongly supported. The only exception was the recommendation that sewer should be used as a remedy for existing problems rather than as a means to guide or encourage future development. Only six respondents indicated agreement with twelve disagreeing with this policy recommendation. The positive response to the other sewer policy questions suggests that the negative reaction to question 24a may have resulted from poor phrasing of the question. In subsequent discussions with individuals who respon- ded to the survey, this assumption has been corroborated. The intent of the proposed sewer policy is to use sewer as a development guide and control tool but in the early phases of sewer construction provide sewerage to areas already developed. Thus the only issue which caused a negative response required explanation and clarification rather than a revision of the original concept sketch proposal. �I •• --. -. .. -· ■P ~I - • J. ... ==- . .. .. ..'.! ··• r/ • ■.I' - - I :lm. ~ •..-------.., ■ '"""'-="" ..- ,{- ir • I :r.:~ .......- - - · ; - ....,,.ta» .. • .. . -~ . .• ...... . V THE MAS"JrlER PLAN �163 • / PURPOSE, CONTENTS AND EFFECTS The Master Plan map on the following page presents a synthesis of the various plan elements and shows their integrated nature. Due to the overwhelming acceptance of the concept sketch by the community decisionmakers only minor technical modifications were made in the master plan • now proposed for adoption and shown on the fold-out map on the next page. �165 It is important at this point to discuss briefly the purpose of such a plan. First, in the Township Planning Act of 1959, the purpose is stated as follows: The purpose of plans prepared pursuant to this act shall be to promote public health, safety and general welfare; to encourage the use of resources in accordance with their character and adaptability; to avoid the overcrowding of land by buildings or people; to lessen congestion on public roads and streets; to facilitate provision for a system of transportation, sewage disposal, safe and adequate water supply, recreation and other public improvements; and to consider the character of each township and its suitability for particular uses judged in · terms -of such-·factors as the trend in land and population development; · In- addition to discussing the purpose of a Master Plan · (or - Basic . Plan) the legislature gave some attention to the contents of such plans: (1) The basic plan shall include maps, plats, charts and descriptive, explanatory and other related matter and shall show the planning commission's recommendations for the physical development of the unincorporated area of the township. (2) The basic plan shall include those of the following subjects · which reasonably can be considered as pertinent to the future development of the township: (a) A land use plan and program, in part consisting of land for agriculture, residence, commerce, industry, recreation, ways and grounds, public buildings, schools, soil conservation, forest, wild life refuges and other uses and purposes. (b) The general location, character and extent of streets, roads, highways, railroads, bridges, waterways and water front developments; flood prevention works, drainage, sanitary sewers and water supply systems, works for preventing pollution and works for maintaining water levels; and public utilities and structures. (c) Recommendations as to the general character, extent and layout for the redevelopment or rehabilitation of blighted districts and slum areas; and the removal, relocation, widening, narrowing, vacating, abandonment, changes or use or extension of ways, grounds, �166 open spaces, buildings, utilities, or other facilities. (d) Recommendations for implementing any of its proposals. The Act then goes on to outline procedures for plan adoption and to specify the powers which accrue to the Planning Commission as a result of adopting the master plan. First it is provided that: Whenever the planning commission has adopted the basic plan of the township of one or more major sections or districts thereof, no street, square, park or other public way, ground or open space, or public building or structure, shall be constructed or authorized in the township or in the planned section and district until the location, character and extent thereof shall have been submi~t-e-d to and · approved by the .planning commission. The ~lanning ., commission shall communicate -its reasons for approval or disapproval to the township board,-which shall have the power to overrule the planning commission by a recorded vote of not less than a majority of its entire membership. If the public way, ground, space, building, structure or utility is one, the authorization or financing of which does not, under the law governing same, fall within the province of the township board, then the submission to the planning commission shall be by the board, commission or body having jurisdiction, and the planning commission's disapproval may be overruled by resolution of the board, commission or body by a vote of not less than a majority of its membership. The failure of the planning commission to act within 60 days after the official submission to the planning commission shall be deemed approval. The planning commission shall promote public understanding of an interest in the plan and shall publish and distribute copies of the plan and of any report, and may employ such other means of publicity and education as it determines necessary. Second, in addition to these public works powers, the Planning Commission is given the power to adopt subdivision regulations and subsequently approve or disapprove plats. �167 STEPS IN IMPLEMENTATION The Master Plan is but one of several tools for managing growth which this planning program will develop. To supplement the Master flan, zoning and other supportive ordinances and a management manual are under preparation. As has been suggested, the approach to plan imple- mentation and management will be incremental, representing a gradual movement from traditional to innovative guidance, based upon the princi- �168 ples of sound environmental management. The first step in implementation is approval of the Master Plan by the Planning Commission and Township Board and enactment of a Master Plan Ordinance as outlined in the next section. This will be followed by gradual revision of the Laketon Township Zoning Ordinance, beginning with provisions relating to residential development, water table hazards, and planned unit development. Meanwhile, steps will be taken to initiate a capital improvements program for provision of future services in the community. Each step ,of the plan implementation process- wilL be .. iden.tified- and -~ discussed in a Township Management Manual to be presented in the Spring of 1978. The Manual will recommend appropriate implementation tech- niques with respect to ·priority and community need. In addition, it will suggest long-term management policies for effective Township governance . • �169 A PROPOSED MASTER PLAN ORDINANCE It is recommended that the Planning Commission and Township Board approve and enact a Master Plan Ordinance for Laketon Township as follows: MASTER PLAN ORDINANCE OF THE TOWNSHIP OF LAKETON An Ordinance for the purpose of guiding and coordinating development of the Township of Laketon; in accordance with its pre~ent and future needs; to best promote the health, safety and general welfare by providing for �170 efficiency and economy in the process of development; to provide for adequate traffic regulation, good civic design, efficient use of public funds, adequate provision for public utilities, public open space, and other public requirements. THE TOWNSHIP OF LAKETON ORDAINS: ARTICLE I. TITLE, PURPOSES Section 1.00. Title. This ordinance shall ·be known as the Master Plan of Laketon Township. Section -1.10. Purposes·:· It is declared to be the policy of the Township of Laket~n to maintain a comprehensive plan for the orderly, efficient and economical development of the Township. This plan shall guide public and private develop- ment to meet the following requirements for harmonious growth: 1. Development shall be of such character that it can be used safely without danger to health, or peril from fire, flood, erosion, excessive noise or smoke, or other menace. 2. Proper provisions are made for drainage, water supply, sewage disposal and other appropriate utility services. 3. Safe, convenient, and functional systems for vehicular and pedestrian circulation. 4. Efficient land use in proper locations, in compatible relationships, and in compact, land-conserving arrangements. • 5. Proper environmental protection and the utilization and enhancement of environmental opportunities. �171 6. Preservation of adequate sites for schools, parks, playgrounds, and other community services in locations providing all with convenient access to such facilities. ARTICLE II. Section 2.00. MASTER PLAN DOCUMENTS Master Plan Report. The following report containing plans and studies prepared under the guidance of the Planning Commission of Laketon Township and adopted by the .Township Board -is adopted as, and incorporated into, the Master Plan=---for the Township:- ·_ Growth Management,: ·A Master Plan-t- and -- any--other reports-· which the .Planning Commission may .recommend to the .Township Board for approval as amendments to the Master Plan. Section 2.10. Master Plan Map. The attached map entitled Master Plan for Growth Management showing generalized land use including the location of service nodes, greenways, drainage corridors and conservancy areas; and the arterial road system; shall be designated the Master Plan Map of Laketon Township and declared to be part of this ordinance. Section 2.20. Identification of Reports and Maps. Printed reports and maps attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference and hereby made part of the Master Plan shall be identified by the following statement marked or stamped thereon: "Adopted by reference as a part of the Master Plan of Laketon Township, Muskegon County, Michigan, passed on . . • . 19 . . by the Township Board of Laketon Township." �172 ~ ARTICLE III. Section 3.00. 1. WAIVERS, MODIFICATIONS, CHANGES AND ORDINANCE AMENDMENTS Hardship. Where the Planning Commission finds that compliance with the Master Plan would cause unusual hardship or extraordinary difficulties because of exceptional and unique conditions of topography, access, location, shape, size, drainage or other physical features of a development site, the proposals and requirements of the Master Plan may be modified to mitigate the hardship, provided --that: the public interest is protected and the .development is in keeping with the_ g~neral spiriLand intent of the Master Plan. 2. No such modifications may be granted if it would have the effect of nullifying the intent and purpose of the Master Plan of the Zoning Ordinance and the Subdivision Ordinance. Section 3.10. Changes and Amendments. The Township Board may from time to time amend or change by ordinance, the number of Master Plan reports, and the shape, size, and location of districts and facilities established in the Master Plan. Said Board shall obtain a report from the Planning Couunission prior to adopting any such change or amendment and such change or amendment shall not become effective until a public hearing has been held as provided in the Public Acts of the State of Michigan, provided further that no change in the Master Plan Map shall be made when a protest against the proposed change or amendment is presented, duly signed by the owners of twenty (20) percent or more of the land proposed to be altered, or b_y the owners of �173 twenty (20) percent or more of the land within one-quarter(¼;) of a mile from the area or facility proposed to be altered, unless such amendment shall be passed by the concurring vote of at least three-quarters (3/4) of the Board members voting thereon. Section 3.11. Petition for Change. Any person or persons desiring an amendment or change in the Master Plan Map, or any person or persons desiring an amendment to any of the provisions of the Master Plan reports or this Ordinance shall present to -the Township Board through the. Township Clerk ..9. _ _petition .for such amendment . or -change . toge_ther -with- a fee __ iri the amount . of -twenty-five ~ dollars ($25.00) to cover the cost of holding the public hearing and publishing as required by law. ARTICLE IV. Section 4.00. ,.--.. ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT Conflict With Other Laws. Whenever the requirements of this Ordinance are at variance with the requirements of any- other lawfully adopted rules, regulations, or ordinances, the most restrictive, or that ~mposing the higher standards shall govern. Section 4.10. Separability. The invalidity of any section or provision of this Ordinance shall not invalidate any other section or provision thereof. Section 4.20. Enforcement. This Ordinance shall be enforced by the Building Inspector. - No development proposal requiring Township Board action shall be considered without the �174 ,9 Building Inspector's report of conformity or non-conformity with the Master Plan. In case of non-conformity, the proposal shall be brought forward as a modification, change or amendment to this Ordinance pursuant to the provisions in Article III. Section 4.30. Violations. Any person, firm, or corporation who violates, disobeys, neglects or refuses to comply with or who resists the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be subject .~o a fine or imprisonment. Section 4~40. Penalties. Any violation of this Ordinance is an offense punishable ·-by a fine - notexceeding five hundred dollars ($500.00) or by an imprisonment for a period not exceeding sixty (60) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Each week a violation is continued shall be deemed a separate offense. ARTICLE V. EFFECTIVE DATE Section 5.00. Procedure. This Ordinance shall become effective ten (10) days after enactment and the Township Clerk is hereby directed to forthwith publish such Ordinance as required. Township Clerk Introduced: Adopted: Published: Effective: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Laketon-Twp_Master-Plan_1977 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Leo Jakobson, AIP, SAFA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977-12 Title A name given to the resource Growth Management: A Master Plan Description An account of the resource The Growth Management: A Master Plan draft copy was prepared by Leo Jakobson, AIP, SAFA in December 1977. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Laketon Township (Mich.) Muskegon County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/423440378225f7515a194d428875c9f9.jpg 8d06b77903abee57324c68c94fcf9625 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dfa5f83561b2eb883b5b38628d0f1fd4.jpg faa6e2ab577f0eb50ed4330c95ac6b6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0265 Title A name given to the resource Grünewalds Handzeichnungen Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1935 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Grünewalds Handzeichnungen, by Matthias Grünewald, published by Insel-Verlag, 1935. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 265 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.265 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b928a9b039c349973a3f00d221bd734a.jpg d841b8f3c11e1e192ca410a4996bf5cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GryzbPatBaker_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Gryzb, Pat Baker Description An account of the resource Pat Baker Gryzb, Women's Basketball Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Basketball coaches Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/623b300ab2b8eb92c2032e857ebd2957.jpg ec65b3af2179126293d7e94ddda469fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GryzbPatBaker_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985 Title A name given to the resource Gryzb, Pat Baker Description An account of the resource Pat Baker Gryzb, Women's Basketball Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Basketball coaches Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng 1985s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/697848ba32b7443e1bccb5f7aac3bdb7.jpg 0b83cbb2c99e3f9e0c7f38e66c11b10f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GryzbPatBaker_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Gryzb, Pat Baker Description An account of the resource Pat Baker Gryzb, Women's Basketball Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Basketball coaches Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8209ec22a2920f9e1bc1798bf99866a3.jpg 0ae10df4f9914a00ff4ba5460bd18533 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GryzbPatBaker_Photo04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Gryzb, Pat Baker Description An account of the resource Pat Baker Gryzb, Women's Basketball Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Basketball coaches Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/01b11f46fe9d421fcfb079f98bc54506.jpg 5bdbf00e4788c1e09038427a9fa0451b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Red-Misc-09 Title A name given to the resource Guardian Brewing Description An account of the resource A newspaper article written by Scott Sulivan titled "Guardian Brewing Plans Red Barn Home." It includes information about the planned changes to the building as it is turned into a brewery, as well as explores how Kim Collins, the new owner, became invested in home-brewing of beer. It also includes a full color shot of Kim Collins with a beer glass in her hand. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Community theater Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of Local History from the Saugatuck Douglas History Center for the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0f15d1b0c938b5af429ec32df20c4db4.jpg c2369fc9abb18a03488c5bfe6c97f83a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001413 Title A name given to the resource Guests at the F.E. Seidman Graduate College of Business opening ceremony Description An account of the resource Unidentified guests at the F.E. Seidman Graduate College of Business opening ceremony, February 20, 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities & colleges-Michigan--Allendale Events Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-02-20 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bd79614eed4d549f99a7d1cb7875e532.jpg a3504e72bdfc514c5c74b52e2bb8814f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001414 Title A name given to the resource Guests at the F.E. Seidman Graduate College of Business opening ceremony Description An account of the resource Unidentified guests at the F.E. Seidman Graduate College of Business opening ceremony, February 20, 1975. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities & colleges-Michigan--Allendale Events Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-02-20 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7d8518707a05a5013fbd64b64dba31e6.mp4 fa847e95c8102d65bfb45fe903a04264 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1bdf99a74d6e1d41758cb72bba4768d8.pdf be684c1e033267528137a35bca0e7fbb PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project David Guevara Interview Total Time: 54:47 Background  (00:18) Born in Martin, Michigan on October 19th, 1947 o Parents were migrant workers so they moved around a lot  (00:50) They moved to different states, picked crops, and then went back home  (1:06) Went to school, sometimes fell behind but would make it up o Went to school in Pullman, Michigan, but when he got older he worked in the fields, so it was hard to get an education that way  (1:42) Mostly spoke Spanish growing up, sometimes English  (2:08) Went to school up to 7th grade when he was 14  (2:15) He got his GED after he joined the Marine Corps  (2:41) Once he was 18 he got a job in a factory, and also worked in the fields to help his dad  (3:08) Mr. Guevara didn’t go back home to Texas because the jobs were mostly in the fields, and the factory paid him well Drafted/Training  (3:21) Mr. Guevara got his draft notice in 1968 and went to Detroit for the physical  (3:45) He mentions that his brother didn’t get drafted because he had recently gotten married  (3:55) Within two months he had to report for service in the Army  (4:07) He said many people at the induction center had excuses and were trying to get out of going to Vietnam o Some were successful in their attempts and some weren’t � (4:41) He liked it because he worked in factories and he hadn’t seen California, etc [this was after he decided to enlist in the Marines, who trained in San Diego]; he wanted an adventure  (5:00) Mr. Guevara says he didn’t know much about Vietnam other than what was on TV  (5:15) He went back to Texas to visit his family after he got his draft notice o About eight people in his family had been drafted; Mr. Guevara and two other guys enlisted in the Marine Corps before he had to report to the Army o (6:15) One reason he decided to join the Marines was because it would be more of a challenge  (6:27) He did basic training in San Diego, and then went to El Toro, California, for AIT  (6:42) He said the reception he got when they first arrived at boot camp was terrible o Remembers a lot of running  (7:22) He said he was in decent shape but the training was a challenge  (8:22) Mr. Guevara said they put a lot of emphasis on discipline  (8:35) They wanted them to obey, because out in the field they could lose their lives if they did otherwise  (8:45) Remembers when they were marching before graduating, someone made a wrong turn and everybody had to do push-ups  (9:18) He said that he didn’t have a hard time adjusting; understood the schedule, learned quickly  (10:10) Average age of the guys he trained with were about 22; most were in their 20’s o A lot of them signed up to be in the Marine Corps o They were from all over the country  (10:55) The guys that trained him had Vietnam experience; showed them scars  (11:18) After basic, went to AIT o In AIT he learned how to escape a prison camp, all they had to eat was rice o They learned how to fight in hand to hand combat �o (12:15) Mr. Guevara describes a method they used to train them when during their sleep, if they did not have their rifles together, the trainers would take them and make them exercise o (12:35) After this, Mr. Guevara slept on top of it o It was a test to see how much they learned from training  (13:19) He was assigned to be a wireman, got training for it  (14:03) There was a variety of educated people that he trained with  (14:30) Found out that some soldiers had fathers that were senators or representatives, so it was a good idea to “hang around with them” o They wouldn’t make them work as hard  (15:08) He was in training for about 5-6 months, ended in about August of 1968  (15:30) Visited home for a couple weeks  (15:41) 185 Marines including Mr. Guevara got on the same plane and took off o Stopped in Hawaii to refuel, remembers eating treats that were sitting out o (16:25) Stayed at Guam for about 2 weeks, more training o (16:35) Went to Da Nang, Vietnam Vietnam  (17:00) Remembers it feeling like 120 degrees outside when they got off the plane in Vietnam  (17:53) Within 20 minutes he got a jeep and went to an airport  (18:18) Marble Mountain was to his right when they arrived, and it was being overrun by the Viet Cong, remembers seeing machine gun tracers  (19:00) Remembers reading that there was a hospital for the Viet Cong under Marble Mountain  (19:20) Remembers his base being surrounded by other military branches, but it was attacked almost every night because the enemy wanted to destroy the planes  (20:30) He was in communications, so his duty was to replace telephones  (20:46) He also did security once a month � (21:47) He was also a radioman, and was told to speak Spanish because the Vietnamese couldn’t understand it  (22:25) When they got off the plane, the sergeant sent them to a bunker and he started working  (22:57) There were about 50 of the guys in his unit altogether  (23:54) He remember the other guys in his unit being surprised that he only completed 7th grade  (24:28) He was offered $50 more to be a door gunner for a Huey but he said no because too many people were getting killed that way  (24:40) In the quarters, they had about 10 bunks o They all worked in different shifts o Different ethnicities from different states o They all got along well  (25:51) Mr. Guevara remembers guys in his unit getting letters from their wives saying they didn’t want to be married any more o There was a guy who had this happen and swallowed razorblades so he could go back home  (26:57) He noticed a lot of marijuana use o He knew he could go to jail so he didn’t use it o A lot of beer, only 14 or 15 cents a bottle o Mr. Guevara did drink beer sometimes  (28:05) USO came to Da Nang, drew numbers and those were the ones who would get to see entertainment o Remembers Bob Hope being there o Nothing was brought to the base, though  (28:38) Mr. Guevara started working by installing telephones, was taught how to use switchboards o He wanted to do something outside, so learned how to do those kinds of communications �o Had contest with other men to see how long they could stand on top of poles without falling off  (29:50) Because of where he was located, there was a low chance of someone trying to shoot him o At night was when they got rocket and mortar attacks, though  (30:07) Remembers being on the beach near South China Sea and all the sudden they heard a boom, and saw that it was coming closer and they ran to the bunkers o After that, they were sent to pick up what was left there o Two or three were killed, remembers picking up pieces of scalps and realizing how close they were to being attacked  (32:07) Mr. Guevara said the rocket and mortar attacks did a lot of damage; they were 122’s, created a big hole o Shrapnel would get someone if they weren’t in their bunker  (33:00) He said out of the whole time he was there, only one plane was hit  (33:26) Remembers sappers trying to get into his base and that’s why they had security  (34:34) There were Vietnamese civilians who worked on the base o Remembers feeling bad because he saw the people who picked up their food eating the leftovers  (35:57) He didn’t want to go off the base that much, but remembers going to deliver stuff in a truck to Da Nang  (36:34) Da Nang was a big city, saw a lot of friendly people  (37:20) There were instructions not to go to certain places in Da Nang, they were told to go in groups, and not to go out with women  (38:00) Mr. Guevara went to China Beach, often swam  (38:41) He heard from others who had been in the jungles that they were not going to win the war  (39:30) Some guys didn’t know why they were there, but still did their jobs well  (39:45) If they did a good job, they would be allowed to go to the bar sometimes  (40:00) Pot smoking would happen while they were off duty � (40:17) He had sergeants of different ethnicities and they all got along well o Recalls enjoying themselves  (41:25) Noticed men rotating in and out  (41:41) For his kind of unit, the rotation system worked well  (42:00) The most casualties they had were about 3, he said they were prepared most of the time  (42:12) Stayed in Vietnam for 12 months  (42:30) He was offered to stay, but he declined  (42:41) He and the other guys in his unit counted down the days until they could go home, especially after 7 months  (43:06) He had a friend that would write letters for him to his family  (43:30) Remembers his and another Spanish friend’s mothers sending them tortillas and Mexican candy  (44:35) Remembers hearing about a helicopter that veered off to the left during fog and the crew was killed because they ran into a mountain  (46:00) The worst thing he noticed was the “Dear John” letters to the guys Going Home  (46:18) Got to leave in 1969, remembers landing in Okinawa  (46:37) After Okinawa they didn’t stop, continued to fly for 14-15 hours  (46:55) They flew on a commercial plane home  (47:00) Everyone was happy on the plane going home  (47:14) Once they landed in San Francisco, they went to the bars to celebrate  (47:30) Remembers hearing about the protestors and feeling bad that it happened; they had to take their uniforms off to avoid trouble  (47:58) Once he got back to El Toro he had another 3 or 4 months left  (48:20) He stayed on the base and did more wiring and communications work  (48:50) Remembers encountering a strange woman at the bar, after running away he found out that she was part of a gang � (49:58) After his time was done at the base, he flew back to Houston, Texas and went home to his mom, brothers and sisters  (50:10) He got his GED while at El Toro  (50:40) He went back to Michigan and started working in a factory again  (51:04) Mr. Guevara learned to always watch everything that’s going on around him  (52:15) He never got into fights after getting out of the service, knows people who did though  (52:35) He still gets up early in the morning because of his Marine Corps experience  (53:00) Mr. Guevara does migrant ministry; bringing them food and clothes o He has been doing this for the past 20 years � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guevara, David (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Guevara, David Description An account of the resource David Guevara was born in Martin, Michigan on October 19th 1947. He grew up moving around a lot because his parents were migrant workers. He went to school when he could and worked in a factory. In 1968, he was drafted into the Army, but enlisted in the Marine Corps before he had to report. He trained in California and became a wireman for a communications unit. He was assigned to the Marine air base at Marble Mountain, near Da Nang. He mostly worked on the base laying communications lines, but also did some radio work, at times communicating with other Hispanic soldiers in Spanish, which the Vietnamese could not understand. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-11-02 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GuevaraD1288V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d03d6ef89b7ecca4947e657a0e072308.jpg 2b9c54a9fa7430588ece2fe915e1607f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GuevaraJulia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Guevara, Julia Description An account of the resource Julia Guevara, Social Work Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7228bfcd6aa962acbc7d0822e23b9e53.jpg f71ff585a86cc175c9e9987e0e42959a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X778 Title A name given to the resource Guided missile submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource SSG, , US guided missile submarine, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/23e40cb5237ab9e2d835d9572bcb24f2.jpg dda3b8b8745a65711944ac4d112a8193 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_X779 Title A name given to the resource Guided missile submarine Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource SSG, , US guided missile submarine, September 1, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Military education World War, 1939-1945--Warships Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-09-01 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c810ea79e68bea047fd9156841adf1d7.m4v 3605d2991cdc8ac637e1e781550004d8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c156fd49238f0d112ae905fa74da7e21.pdf abfeaeae3e0f5876944b7d424118a53d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans' History Project Fred Guild World War II 1 hour 50 minutes 37 seconds (00:00:11) Early Life -Born in Gratiot County, Michigan on October 2, 1925 -Grew up in Gratiot County -Attended a one room, one teacher country school through the eighth grade -16 years old when he left school -Went to work for a company that made house trailers -Father did a lot of jobs to supplement the family farm during the Great Depression -Had a 25 acre farm -Had six siblings -Fred and his siblings helped on the farm -They were able to keep the farm through the Great Depression (00:02:29) Start of the War -Heard about the attack on Pearl Harbor on his father's radio -Kept up with the news of the fighting in Europe and Asia prior to Pearl Harbor -Didn't think the United States would get involved -Knew where Pearl Harbor was and why it was significant -War industry cropped up in the Saginaw area of the state -Mother went to work in a carbine factory -The company he worked for did not switch over to producing war goods -Wages were frozen though which led to Fred quitting -One brother went to work at one of the relocation centers for Japanese-American civilians -Followed his brother out west to do the same thing, but couldn't find him -Hopped trains back to Chicago then hitchhiked back to Michigan -Prior to enlisting he traveled around the country -On one occasion he spent nine days in jail in Texas for hitchhiking -Worked in Texas and New Mexico (00:08:59) Enlisting in the Army -Returned to Michigan and enlisted in the Army when he was only 17 years old -Had to tried to enlist in the Navy and the Marines when he was working in Florida -Denied because he didn't have his parents' permission -Enlisted in July 1943 and reported for duty in August 1943 (00:11:24) Basic Training -Reported to Fort Custer, Michigan in August 1943 -Sent to Camp Wolters, Texas for basic training -Received infantry training at Camp Wolters on top of basic training -Learned about rifles, mortars, and antitank guns -37mm antitank gun was effective against Japanese tanks �-57mm antitank gun was effective against German tanks -Received a lot of physical training and went on long marches -Some marches were twenty miles long and they didn't get back to camp until midnight -Even later in the summer it was hot in Texas -Men passed out due to the heat -Had to take salt tablets to help combat passing out -High emphasis on discipline and following orders -If you made a mistake, or failed to follow orders you were punished -Usually punished with cleaning toilets or other menial duties like that -He adjusted well to the Army and enjoyed it -Wasn't bothered by taking orders and was in good shape when he went in -Stayed in Texas until December 1943 -Got passes on the weekends to go to Mineral Wells, Texas -Got a tattoo even though he wasn't allowed to -This was because, as a soldier, he was government property -Got a Native American style mohawk even though that wasn't regulation either (00:17:37) Airborne Training -Signed up for Airborne Training -Had to watch an introductory video before committing to Airborne Training -Showed recruits subjected to intense physical training and tough instructors -Even with that information he decided to stay in -Thought it would be an interesting experience jumping out of planes -Sent to Fort Benning, Georgia -First couple weeks were spent doing eight hours a day of physical training -Had to run almost all the time -Crawled on infiltration courses -Crawling under barbed wire, through mud, while live rounds were fired over your head -Also had fake explosives set off next to you to make it even more realistic -He was assigned to a training platoon -Half of the men did not complete the training -Either washed out or were failed out of the program -Learned about how to use a parachute and how to properly jump out of a plane -Started out by jumping out of a 35 foot tower and sliding down a cable -Learned how to pack his main parachute and the reserve parachute -Had to do "penalty push ups" at random -Went up in a 250 foot high tower and slid down a cable while wearing a parachute -Learned how to land properly so you didn't break your legs -The 35 foot tower was designed to look like a C-47 transport -Introduction to the feeling of getting yanked out of a plane -Did his first training jump at 2,200 feet -He was the first man out of the plane -It went well -Parachute was hooked to line that opened the chute when you left the plane �-This was so you didn't have to worry about when to open your chute -Did 16 jumps during training because he enjoyed them so much -Only needed five jumps (four in the day and one night) to get your paratrooper wings -After the initial part of Airborne Training he was assigned to the Demolitions School -Only did it for a week then quit -Convinced to stay in and got placed with a different class -Learned all about explosives -Different types, how to set them up, and the actual chemistry involved -Four week course -Didn't like the men he trained with in the first class -Mostly men from cities -In the second class most of the men were from the country and he enjoyed their company -Found them to be better soldiers -Completed Demolition School in early May 1944 (00:30:18) Deployment to the European Theatre -Left out of New York on the RMS Queen Elizabeth -500 nurses and 18,000 troops aboard -Spent most of his time in the brig because of a minor disciplinary issue -Wanted to go to the brig so he could have some time to himself -Brig wasn't crowded -Talked with British soldiers and learned about England and their currency -Had escorts to a certain point then sailed alone (00:32:58) Stationed in England -Arrived in Glasgow, Scotland then took a smaller boat to Liverpool, England -Sent to Wiltshire County, England where the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment had its camps -Part of the 101st Airborne Division -E Company of the 506th made famous by the TV miniseries Band of Brothers -Joined the 506th just prior to D-Day, but he did not participate in the jump into France -Had a lot of free time in England -Went into London -Experienced the German buzz bombs being launched into London -One hit so close to his location it knocked plaster off the ceiling -Saw Buckingham Palace -Didn't hear too much about D-Day when it initially happened -Heard more about the fighting in France after the men returned in July -He was assigned to a demolition platoon in Regimental HQ Company of the 506th -30 men in his platoon -Heard stories from the veterans about the fighting they experienced in France -Went on marches at night and prepared for the next major operation -Function of the demolition platoon was regular infantry duty and demolition duty -This meant finding German positions and supplies and destroying those things �-Later in the summer of 1944 they prepared for Operation Market Garden -Allied invasion and liberation of the Netherlands -Learned about what his unit's duty would be once they got on the ground -Establish a position, scout the area, and destroy German positions and supplies -Trained with magnetic anti-armor explosives -Had to get under a tank and stick the explosive to the underbelly of the tank -Trained how to disarm and dispose of German booby traps and explosives -Objective was to capture a bridge in the Netherlands -In the case of the 506th it was the bridge at Zon (00:41:50) Operation Market Garden-Dropping into Holland -On the morning of Sunday September 17, 1944 they took off from England -It took four hours to get to the Netherlands -Remembers they changed directions multiple times -Men had to urinate in a bucket and the bucket got knocked over -He made the jump without a reserve chute because he didn't want the extra weight -Carried ammunition, supplies, explosives, grenades, rations, and his rifle into battle -Flew in formation with other planes -Once they were over the Netherlands his plane took three direct hits from antiaircraft fire -Could see flames from one of the engines going past the door -All 12 paratroopers and their supplies got off the plane successfully -Plane eventually crashed and burned -They landed ten miles from their drop zone -The group of 12 men got separated from each other and had to regroup -Fred found three other men from his group and linked up with them -He landed in a tree and lost some of his gear -Remembers the sky being lit up with antiaircraft fire (00:50:48) Operation Market Garden-Battle -Eventually made their way to Zon only to find the Germans had already destroyed the bridge -Stayed there for the night -Moved with the bulk of the 506th to the city of Eindhoven -Constantly had to deal with Germans capturing bridges and major portions of the highway -They would secure one area only to lose another area to the Germans -Went on patrols and launched assaults against the Germans until a stable line formed -Instructed not to take prisoners of war -Did not have the resources or the manpower to deal with prisoners -Ordered to fight until the Germans retreated or were all dead -Went on artillery scouting missions -Got incredibly close to German positions -Relayed the coordinates to a rear position with a radio -Radio called in the coordinates to mortar teams further in the rear -After the British got cut off in Arnhem the 506th helped get the British out of the area -Didn't see many German tanks or other vehicles in the area they operated in -Too many dikes �-Germans cut off the only highway [bridge] that led into Arnhem -Meant the British had to be pulled out on boats -Operation was supposed to take three days -Wound up fighting in the Netherlands until late November 1944 (00:59:26) Battle of the Bulge -Pulled back to an old French military base near Mourmelon, France -Only there a couple weeks before the Battle of the Bulge began -Did not get substantial supplies or replacements before fighting in the Bulge -Knew that at least three men from his platoon had been killed in Eindhoven -On December 16, 1944 the Germans launched their offensive beginning the Battle of the Bulge -Received orders to go to Bastogne, Belgium -He was supposed to get a tooth taken care of, but got sent to the front anyway -Took trucks up to Bastogne -It was cold and they didn't have proper winter clothing -Saw a lot of American troops going away from Bastogne as they went toward it -Mission was to get into Bastogne and its surrounding area and defend it -Important crossroads -They stayed outside the town and linked up with elements of the 705th Tank Destroyer Battalion -Slept in foxholes and bomb craters -Remembers one German plane harassed their position -Low enough that Fred could hear the bomb release mechanism -The weather was bad and they couldn't get resupplied -Germans attacked them on the ground -Bastogne was effectively surrounded -Germans gave them two options: surrender or be wiped out -They shared ammunition and any supplies that they could scavenge -Hunted German tanks around Bastogne with tank destroyers from the 705th Tank Destroyers -Lost two tank destroyers on the first mission -The German tank they went up against was on the high ground -Rode on the tank destroyers when they were on the move -Got off when the Germans shelled them -Officer commanding the tank destroyers was incompetent -During the Siege of Bastogne around 40 German tanks were destroyed -On December 26, 1944 General Patton's Third Army broke the siege and they were saved -By the end of the Battle of the Bulge approximately 75% of Bastogne was destroyed -In late January 1945 they moved into the Alsace-Lorraine Province of France then Haguenau (01:18:25) Advance into Germany -Encountered pockets of German resistance as they advanced into Germany in spring 1945 -Captured Berchtesgaden, Germany in early May 1945 �-Found a lot of champagne -Captured a lot of German vehicles and used them to their advantage -At the end of the war groups of German soldiers surrendered as soon as they saw U.S. troops -Looked tired and hungry -Mix of young men, young boys, and old men -Even captured some women serving as clerks for the Luftwaffe -After they crossed the Rhine River in spring they encountered limited resistance -They were following other infantry units that were spearheading the advance -Got into Austria a few days before Germany surrendered -He went up a mountain in a cable car and went skiing -By that time the war was effectively over (01:22:20) End of the War & Occupation Duty -They were in Zell am See, Austria when Germany surrendered May 8, 1945 -Stayed in Austria until August 1945 -Went to Joigny, France after Austria -He left Europe by way of Antwerp, Belgium in December 1945 -Men with enough points could go home, or volunteer for more occupation duty -Men without enough points were sent to Berlin to join another unit for occupation duty -Needed 85 points to go home and be discharged -Awarded based on rank, length of service, combat seen, and dependents -By December 1945 Fred had enough points and was ready to go home -While in Germany and Austria he didn't see too many German or Austrian civilians -Quartered in a house in Austria -Family was not allowed to be in the house during the day, but could be at night -Went elk hunting in Austria and shared the meat with the civilians -Did that until a hunting party killed a farmer's cow and they were forbidden to hunt -Scavenged for extra food because they weren't getting enough rations -Captured an SS officer who was holed up in a resort -He had no intention of fighting, but didn't want to be captured -Carried a pistol with him whenever he went into town because he felt defenseless without one -Saw displaced persons and refugees -Remembers seeing the Landsberg Concentration Camp -Let the prisoners go because they pitied them -Found out many of them were not healthy enough to be on their own -Learned that those healthy enough wanted to exact revenge on their German tormentors -Had to collect the prisoners and bring them back to the camp for their own safety -Saddened the GIs, but they understood the practicality of that decision -Learned more about the death camps and concentration camps after the war was over -When he was at Joigny, France he got to see Paris and Marseilles -Also got to visit his brother who was at a camp near Paris (01:32:19) Coming Home & End of Service �-The voyage home was rough -Hit a lot of storms -One day they were only going one mile per hour -Also rough because he sailed home on a Victory Ship -Experienced 40 foot waves -Ship almost capsized multiple times -Took 12 days to get back to the United States -Pulled into New York Harbor -Sent to a camp near New York City -Some men went into New York for New Year's Eve, but he just wanted to sleep -Sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois and was discharged in January 1946 (01:35:45) Life after the War & Serving with the 82nd Airborne Division -Visited his family -Moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan and got a job at Kelvinator -Became bored with civilian life and reenlisted in the Army into the 82nd Airborne Division -Given a 90 day delay en route before reporting to Fort Bragg, North Carolina -During that time met and married his wife -Assigned to G Company of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment -Lived off base with his wife -Worked in the offices in Fort Bragg -Stayed in the 82nd from April 1946 until October 1946 -Got sick with tuberculosis in July 1946 -Stayed in the Army for as long as he could -In and out of hospitals for two years due to TB -Got his high school degree through Alma High School -Able to test out of all the classes necessary to graduate -Went to Ferris State University -Got a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Teaching -Worked as a teacher for one semester then resigned -Four years after that he got a job as a principal in Mecosta Schools -Did that for a semester and planned on continuing with the job the year after that -Got offered a job for Lear Siegler and decided to do that instead of be a principal -Worked for them for 33 years -Gave presentations at Grand Valley State University on chemistry (01:46:06) Reflections on Service -Experience with explosives in the Army helped him with learning about chemistry in college -Enjoyed learning to work with people -Taught him to be fair and honest when working with people Interview ends at 01:48:38 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_GuildF1856V Title A name given to the resource Guild, Fred E (Interview outline and video), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-07-09 Description An account of the resource Fred Guild was born on October 2, 1925 in Gratiot County, Michigan. He enlisted in the Army in July 1943 and reported for duty at Fort Custer, Michigan on August 1943. He received basic training and infantry training at Camp Wolters, Texas until December 1943. He volunteered for Airborne Training and received that training and demolition training at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was deployed to the European Theatre in May 1944 and arrived in England prior to D-Day. He was assigned to a demolition platoon of the Regimental Headquarters Company of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division. He trained in England with the 506th through the summer of 1944. He participated in Operation Market Garden and the Battle of the Bulge. In April 1945 they moved through Germany and captured Berchtesgaden and were in Zell am See, Austria from May 1945 to August 1945. He stayed in Joigny, France until December 1945 then returned to the U.S. from Antwerp, Belgium. He was discharged in January 1946 at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He briefly served with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina from April 1946 to October 1946. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Guild, Fred E. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d4fe53cfe2fca7e5123187d7c8d8c50c.pdf 0c248ef4b11e0c7f652b170db4a63bf6 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Guillermo Martínez Interviewers: José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 3/2/2012 Biography and Description English Guillermo Martínez was born in Puerto Rico. In the 1950s he moved to Chicago, settling in the most northern and western edge of Lincoln Park, near Diversey Parkway and Ashland Avenue. He is a homeowner and because he was not close to the lake, the area where he lived was not affected by high taxes and building inspectors until later than other areas of Lincoln Park. Mr. Martínez describes his memories of Lincoln Park, including the Puerto Rican youth groups of the area, local taverns, and social clubs. He also discusses his membership in the Hermanos de Dios or Brothers of God and his desire to eventually sell his home and move back to Puerto Rico to retire. Even within the Puerto Rican community of Lincoln Park, there was debate about the effects of urban renewal. Mr. Martínez provides insight into these differing perspectives, including his belief that the Puerto Rican community of Lincoln Park was not forced out, but moved by choice. As someone who benefitted financially by having the neighborhood transition raise his property value, he describes what he sees as the positive aspects of urban renewal and its long-term effects on Lincoln Park and Chicago. �Spanish Guillermo Martínez nació en Puerto Rico. En los 1950s se mudó a chicago, en la parte más norte y oeste de Lincoln Park, cerca de Diversary Parkway y Ashland Avenue. Dueño de su propia casa y porque no vive cerca del lago, su vecindario no fue afectado por el aumento de impuestos y inspectores de construcción hasta más tarde que muchos de los otras partes de Lincoln Park. Señor Martínez describe sus memorias de Lincoln Park, incluyendo la jóvenes puertorriqueños en la aria, los tabernas, y grupos sociales. También habla sobre sus membrecía en los Hermanos De Dios y su deseo de vender su casa y retirarse a Puerto Rico. Hasta por dentro de la comunidad Puertorriqueña de Lincoln Park, había discusiones de los efectos de la nueva construcción. Señor Martínez suministra una idea de las diferentes perspectivas en la comunidad Puertorriqueña de Lincoln Park que él piensa que no fueron eliminado, sino hicieron la decisión de cambiarlas. Como alguien quien beneficio financiamiento por cambio del vecindario, el describe los cambios positivos que vio por la reconstrucción y los efectos de una duración larga tiene en Lincoln Park y Chicago. �Transcript JOSE JIMENEZ: Okay, if you can tell me what your name is and how you got here. GUILLERMO MARTINEZ: Oh, mi nombre es Guillermo Martinez. (Spanish) [00:00:09 00:00:24] JJ: When you came here? GM: Yeah, when I came here. (laughs) JJ: No, es tamb-- it doesn’t matter. Nineteen years old? GM: I barely was 19 years old when I came. JJ: When you arrived, okay? GM: Yeah, when I came here. JJ: So you grew up in Puerto Rico, then? GM: I was born in Puerto Rico. JJ: In what town? GM: Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Barrio Sabana Hoyos. JJ: Barrio Sabana Hoyos, okay. And did you go -- so you went to grammar school there? GM: Yes, I went to grammar schools over in Puerto Rico. JJ: Until eighth grade? GM: That’s all I had, grammar school. JJ: Until the eighth grade, though? GM: Yes. 1 �JJ: So a lot of people don’t understand -- I mean, what was it [00:01:00] like going to school there, in Puerto Rico? What school did you go to? GM: What was the question again? JJ: What school did you go to and what was it like? What was it like? GM: Barrio Sabana Hoyos, Segunda Unidad, Barrio Sabana Hoyos. JJ: (Spanish) [00:01:14] And how do you describe the school? What was school like? GM: Well, they had grades from first grade to first year high. That’s what they -- then from there you go to the high school in Arecibo. Then, so they had from first to eighth grade. JJ: Okay, I mean, did you have to wear uniforms or anything? GM: No, not exactly. I didn’t -- I wear my own clothes and I had to walk about five, maybe five, eight miles to get to school. JJ: Oh, you had to walk? No buses? GM: Walk. Whenever I got to ride by a horse or -- there goes -- a car goes by, a truck load of sugar cane, [00:02:00] I just hang on to it until I get to school. JJ: So there was sugar cane in the area? GM: Yes, there was all sugar cane. JJ: So this was in the country? GM: Yeah, I lived way out. JJ: Way out in the country? GM: Yeah, way out. JJ: And so you would -- sometimes you would hit your ride on a sugar cane -- 2 �GM: Yes. Hanging on a piece of sugar cane. JJ: Hanging by sugar cane, but with a horse? Was the horse driving it or a car? GM: No, a truck. JJ: A truck? GM: Yeah. Semi. Semi. JJ: Semi, okay, full of sugar cane. So that means you went to a different barrio to the school, right? GM: Well, if Arecibo -- Barrio Sabana Hoyos, Arecibo, it’s a big barrio. JJ: It’s a big barrio? GM: I think it’s one of the biggest in the island. JJ: Was it? GM: Of the town of Arecibo, but in the island too. [00:03:00] So it was quite a way from where I was living, Barrio Jobales. It’s a little town, a little barrio. Then I go to Sabana Hoyos, which, it was -- that’s where you had highway number two. JJ: Highway number two? That’s the (inaudible)? GM: Yeah. JJ: And so you’re in a different neighborhood, different barrio. GM: Yes. JJ: Did that create any problems with the other kids? GM: Kids’ problems, that always happened. When I left my town, my barrio, I met other kids. And yes, there was gangs there. They hide screwdrivers or ice pick in boxes of -- candy boxes, like [Coconettos?], (laughs) and then they start 3 �problems. And then [00:04:00] they hide those ice picks in there, and we had to defend ourselves too. JJ: When you say we, you mean other people from where you were? GM: Me and my cousins and all those that come from the little barrio, who were about six or eight. So they don’t like us because they didn’t see us. I guess they were just trying to be friendly, or see how we react by seeing other kids. So you had to fight. JJ: So your family, what did they do? Did they work on the sugar cane, or what did they -- what kind of work did they do? GM: My father had a farm, 50 acres of, you know, rocky land, but we had bananas and yautias. And, you know, we grow all the stuff and we sell it to -- in town, that’s how we -- [00:05:00] but most of the stuff that we consume in the house were grown in the farm. And we raised animals like pigs and goats and chickens. And all that, that’s -- until I got 18 years old. JJ: So the chickens were just to eat, they weren’t to sell. You weren’t selling those. GM: No, were for consuming. JJ: Consuming. And ate the eggs and stuff like that. But the vegetables and fruits you took to the town? GM: Yeah, we sell bananas, platanos, guineo, yautia, calabaza. JJ: And so did you have to work too, in the farm? Did you work with your --? GM: Of course. After school, I had to go feed the horses, las yeguitas. We had to feed the horses and also we had -- we didn’t have no [00:06:00] running water by 4 �the house, we had to go get it at the -- how do you call it, at the spring to bring the water so we could drink and cook. JJ: So no pipes, just spring? GM: Right. You just get it. JJ: Get it right from the ground and that’s the water you drink. GM: Yeah, carry it. Uh-huh. JJ: Okay. (Spanish) [00:06:20] GM: (Spanish) [00:06:21] (laughs) JJ: Okay. So how many brothers and sisters? GM: Well, actually, my mom, she had about -- she lost five, miscarriage, and ten of us survived. Ten of us. JJ: So there were -- GM: Four sisters and six brothers. JJ: Four sisters and six brothers. Okay, were you the oldest? GM: Well, actually, I think that was my sister, which was -- [00:07:00] [Leonora?] was the first one, and my brother, Luis, second one. In between that, Luis and I, I think two kids died. I’m supposed to be about the fifth child. JJ: Okay. GM: Now I’m the oldest. JJ: Now, I’ve heard a lot about these miscarriages. Why were -- what was the reason why there were miscarriages? GM: Well, you know, them days, the women didn’t go to doctor. JJ: To the doctor, right. Prenatal -- 5 �GM: You just get pregnant and have the baby. JJ: At the house they would have it? GM: At the house. And all the kids were born by a comadrona. She’s a midwife. JJ: A midwife? Okay. GM: Which was my mother’s sister. JJ: Okay. Did they train for that? GM: Yeah, they do have training. They do -- JJ: I mean, at that time, did they have training? GM: Yeah, the clinica. [00:08:00] JJ: La clinica would train them how to do it? And so they would get paid to do that? GM: They have to go once a month, and they have more like a -- what they call that? A suitcase or whatever, a bag. And they supply them with all the stuff that they need. JJ: Oh, supplies. GM: Uh-huh. But they are up to date. JJ: So then at that time they were trained? GM: At that time, yeah. JJ: Because they didn’t have clinics in the country? GM: No. JJ: No hospital, no clinic? GM: No, not for -- you had to go to the hospital. And then days, by the time you bring the woman to the hospital, [it might have been horses,] I mean, she’s going to have the baby half the way. (laughs) 6 �JJ: Right, right, right. GM: You’re talking about thirty-something -- JJ: So were you born like that? GM: I was born in 1934. JJ: Comadrona? GM: Yeah, my aunt. JJ: It was your aunt, okay. GM: Yeah, all of us. JJ: Okay. Now, what church? Did you go to church in that area, [00:09:00] or no? GM: My parents were -- they weren’t Catholic. JJ: They were not. Okay. GM: No. But -- JJ: What religion were they? GM: -- we had the grace to be -- they baptized in the Catholic Church. JJ: So they baptized you, but they were not Catholic. GM: Yeah, all of us. But they weren’t Catholic. JJ: But why did they baptize you? GM: What was that? JJ: If they were not Catholic, why did you get baptized? GM: Why did they baptize us in the Catholic Church? They’re not around to ask them that question. (laughs) JJ: Oh, they’re not -- okay. 7 �GM: I never did -- you know, we never asked them why were that way. Why did they do. But that’s what they practiced. JJ: That was the practice. GM: Even though if they were Catholic, you know, they wouldn’t have been able to go to church because -- so far. JJ: Oh, the church was far? GM: Oh, yeah. The first one was Sabana Hoyos. JJ: In Sabana Hoyos, [00:10:00] okay. GM: And sometimes the priest was not there. Yeah. JJ: Were there Spanish priests at that time? GM: Yeah. Spaniards. JJ: Spaniard, but not Puerto Rican. GM: If they were, I wouldn’t know. I mean, you’re talking about a long time ago. JJ: What year are we talking? GM: But you know -- JJ: What year are we talking? GM: What was that? JJ: About what year was this? When you were baptized? GM: I was baptized -- it’s in the record in the church. I found out of the (inaudible). I was a year old. JJ: Oh, you were a year old? GM: They say that I was a year old. JJ: Do you know what year? 8 �GM: Well, I was born in ’34, it would be ’35. JJ: 1935. Okay. ’34, ’35. That’s -- so you knew what the ’40s and -- what were the ’40s like in Puerto Rico? Because a lot of people came in ’45, after ’45, but what were the ’40s like? [00:11:00] GM: During the war, I was reading a book on that, [manochevos?]. During the war, the opening of the war in Germany, so that’s -- things started getting better, the economy, the island started getting better. And there was money, but there was no food. Because all the boat, the barge, you know, the ships were sunk. They never got there. JJ: Oh, you mean during the war you were sinking ships, so the food wasn’t getting to Puerto Rico? GM: What was that? JJ: During the war, they were sinking -- GM: Yeah, so the food don’t get there. JJ: Okay, all right. GM: So people have the money but there’s no food. I mean, you’re lucky if you had the farm; always grow something. JJ: Was there television and radio and all that in Puerto Rico? GM: Well, you know, TV came, television came in [00:12:00] 1948. JJ: Oh, ’48? GM: Yeah. JJ: So what did you do before that? GM: For entertainment? 9 �JJ: Yeah. GM: (laughs) Just invent your own, you know, with the family, with the kids, and visit family. JJ: Okay, visiting. No music or anything? GM: Huh? JJ: Oh, the radio was working. Did you have a radio? GM: The radio -- we had battery. It was battery operated. No electricity at that time. JJ: No electricity at that time. Okay. And no running water? GM: Not in my -- JJ: No water, no electricity? GM: No, we had no running water. JJ: So when it was dark, it was dark. GM: Exactly. It was the moon. JJ: The moon? GM: Yeah. (laughs) I have to remember those days. You know, they were good days. JJ: They were good days? GM: We were raised in a good family. JJ: Everybody went to sleep [00:13:00] early though, right? GM: Oh, you hit the sack early. JJ: Okay. So now -- you came here, you said, in 1953? And was there anyone else from your family here before you? GM: Yes, uncle. An uncle. 10 �JJ: And when did he come? GM: I think he came -- it was in ’49, something like that. JJ: 1949? GM: Yeah, he came about ’48, ’4. It was already three or four years over here. JJ: Did he live here or did he live in another part? GM: He lived right where DePaul is right now. 1136 -- no, 2337 Seminary. JJ: Really? In 1949? GM: Huh? JJ: In 1949? GM: Yeah. JJ: He was living in Lincoln Park in 1949. GM: He was, Lincoln Park. JJ: And were there other Puerto Ricans at that time in Lincoln Park? [00:14:00] GM: I didn’t see too many of them, which is hardly anybody there. They were Mexicans. JJ: Okay, Mexicans, okay. GM: As a matter of fact, the building where he lived, because he lived in the basement, it was owned by a Mexican family. JJ: Okay. And this was in 1949? GM: Yeah. JJ: Okay. You came and -- your reason for coming, why did you come? GM: The reason why I wanted to be -- I came here -- JJ: You came when you were 19, right? 11 �GM: Yeah, 19. JJ: So why did you come? Why did you come here? GM: Oh, looking for a better life. I was in San Juan, I was working at the airport, not the one we got now, the other one. JJ: Okay, another one, okay. GM: What was the other one called? Isla Verde. JJ: Isla Verde, okay. GM: And I see all the [01:15:00] airplanes leave every night. I was right at the airport. I said, I’m going to give it a try. So I wrote my uncle, and he said, “Okay.” He said, “Don’t come in January because there’s no jobs.” So then I waited to July. I think it was July 30, 1953, and I flew here. And then he found me -- I went to look for a job making candy in a factory right here in the neighborhood, which now is gone. JJ: What’s the name of it? GM: Peerless Confection Company. JJ: Peerless Confection Company? GM: Peerless. And then -- JJ: Did he work there? Was he working there? GM: No, but -- JJ: Where did he work? Where did he work? GM: My uncle? JJ: Yeah. 12 �GM: By then, he worked in a factory. He was more kind of a [00:16:00] supervisor already. And they called it [super vet?] JJ: Super vet? GM: Yeah. I think they were making -- I don’t know what kind of machine. It was not food. So he took me there. And two weeks later, I came to (inaudible) in August 12, 1953. I remember that. I started a job. JJ: Okay, now you came when you were 19 years old, a teenager. GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: So did you have a girlfriend in Puerto Rico that you left behind or no? GM: No. JJ: No, you just came. You weren’t. (Spanish) [00:16:36]. GM: (Spanish) [00:16:37]. JJ: Okay, okay. So you didn’t have to worry about -- GM: No. JJ: You just figured, I’m gonna just go and -- GM: Just look for a -- JJ: -- an adventure, like adventure? GM: Uh-huh. JJ: Aventurero? GM: Aventurero. JJ: Okay. And so you started working at -- GM: At Peerless Confection. JJ: Peerless Confection, and where did you live at? 13 �GM: Where did I live at? [00:17:00] 918 West Fullerton, right by the El. JJ: Right by the El, Fullerton and Sheffield. GM: Yeah. JJ: Right over by DePaul? Right over there? GM: Yeah. JJ: Okay, okay. And this was 1953? GM: 1953. JJ: And were there any Puerto Ricans living there, in that area? GM: Yeah, there were a few there, lived right across the street. From San Lorenzo. JJ: From San Lorenzo? GM: I met them and other people -- which, you know, we didn’t -- we didn’t have a club, and say, you see them, you know -- of Puerto Ricans, some are dark, some are light. Look at you, you’ve got blue eyes. So you don’t know if they’re Puerto Rican or they were not. So, but then I knew about five or ten of them. Over in Fullerton area. JJ: [00:18:00] And did they --and you hung around together? GM: No. JJ: You just kind of knew each other. GM: No, you were just -- on the weekends, we -- sometimes we get together, but not all the time. Most of the time I was with my family, visiting family, my uncle. JJ: But in the weekends you got together? Where did you go? GM: I’d go to the Biograph Theater. JJ: Oh, to the Biograph Theater you used to go? In 1953? 14 �GM: Yeah, on [the crest?]. Where I crossed. JJ: Right across the street? GM: Across the street from the Biograph. JJ: And all you guys went over there, all the few Puerto Ricans went over there? GM: No, I was very independent. JJ: Oh, you were very independent, okay. GM: Very independent. JJ: So you just saw them in the neighborhood and said hello. GM: Yeah, some of them I’d talk, but never -- JJ: Were they your age? GM: Sometimes we go to their apartment and have a couple of beers, play some (inaudible), you know, music. JJ: What kind of music? GM: Puerto Rican music. JJ: But what kind, what kind? Who were the singers, do you remember? [00:19:00] GM: Um, Felipe Rodriguez? JJ: Felipe Rodriguez. (Spanish) [00:19:05]? GM: Oh, [La última copa?]. (laughter) JJ: Oh, [La última copa?] (Spanish) [00:19:10]. So [La última copa?] was a good one. But Felipe Rodriguez, any other singers at that time? GM: Popular singers? JJ: I mean, that you got, that you -- 15 �GM: Oh, yeah, I think [Roberto Salaman?], (Spanish) [00:19:27] [Savio?], (Spanish) [00:19:30] [Cajito Delares?], (Spanish) [00:19:36]. JJ: Cajito Delares, so you like [majibara?], musica jibara? GM: (Spanish) [00:19:41]. As a matter of fact, I always listen to country music. JJ: From Puerto Rico? GM: Yeah, because I hang around here. I used to hang around more with [00:20:00] hillbillies. (laughs) JJ: Oh, okay. GM: Southerners. JJ: No, no, there’s always Southerners -- GM: Yeah. I used to hang around. I hung around -- before I got here, I hung around with them. JJ: So you like hillbilly music, too, from here? GM: Because the country music, it reminds you of the -- JJ: Of country music in Puerto Rico? GM: Yeah. It got the same, you know -- JJ: The same beats -- GM: Mountain sound. JJ: Mountain sound. GM: Yeah. So I used to like, I still like country music. My favorite, my favorite was Charlie Price. JJ: Okay, Charlie Price. Okay. Charlie Price. GM: Yeah. To name a few, Eddie Arnold. 16 �JJ: Okay, so you really were into it, into country music. Because it reminds you of the country in Puerto Rico, and your family was from the country. GM: Yeah. You want to feel at home. And that’s how you pass the time. Besides that, you just work. Get up early in the morning, and twelve o’clock [00:21:00] come home and have something to eat. JJ: So you get up in the morning and you listen to the radio to wake you up. GM: In the morning? JJ: Or no? GM: No. JJ: How did you wake up? GM: I just, I get up a half hour before and I walk from, from the El down here to Lakewood. That’s what the factory was. JJ: Okay, and you just walked there? GM: Not even 10 minutes walk. JJ: But you’d take the El and then just walk over here? GM: No, just walk. JJ: Just walk from Fullerton? GM: Yeah, walk from -- JJ: Fullerton, you were at Fullerton and -- GM: Yeah, Fullerton and Sheffield. JJ: Okay, so not that far, so you’d just walk. So a good walk, is that right. GM: Then, until then; later on I got a car, and -- JJ: So were there more Puerto Ricans working in the candy factory there? 17 �GM: Yes, I started there when I was 19. JJ: But there were more more Puerto Ricans working there? GM: Well, I guess, yeah, there were a few, but if I can remember, it -- were about 40 [00:22:00] of my family worked there. JJ: How many? GM: About 40 of them. JJ: Forty? GM: Yeah, they -- I’ll tell you, one time they were passing around the checks: “Martinez, Martinez, Martinez, Martinez,” the guy said, “You might as well take the rest of them.” (laughter) JJ: Those were your family that worked there. GM: Yeah. JJ: So did they all come from Puerto Rico together? GM: Well, you know. JJ: Right after each other, one right -- GM: Yeah. They’d arrive looking for a job, and take him there. JJ: Is that the way people used to come? I mean, they come with their whole family? GM: Well, if they are single, they come single. Sometimes they come, they get married here. JJ: But, I mean, other relatives were -- GM: And they make family bigger. (laughs) JJ: But the relatives would follow them? GM: Oh, yeah, they’d bring their brothers and sisters. 18 �JJ: And then helped set them up and all that? GM: Yeah. JJ: Okay. Okay. So now you’re here and you’re a teenager, did you get in any [00:23:00] problems? You know, teenagers get in trouble. GM: No. JJ: Not trouble, just a working person. GM: No-trouble lifestyle. JJ: Was there a lot of trouble? GM: (inaudible) JJ: No, no, that’s good. I mean, would anybody else get in trouble? Any of your friends that you saw. GM: No, no. But I know, I knew what was all going around. JJ: What was going around, what was going around. So you knew what was going around, but you didn’t get in trouble? GM: No. JJ: So what was going around? GM: Oh, gangs. JJ: Puerto Rican gangs, or --? GM: Puerto Rican gangs, yeah. JJ: What sort of gangs, do you remember them? GM: It really, I -- name some of them? JJ: Yeah, did you know any of the names or --? GM: Yeah, I can remember the Young Lords. 19 �JJ: This is when they were a gang. GM: Huh? JJ: This is when they were a gang, you remember. Because, you know, the Young Lords became political later, but this was when they were a gang. GM: Uh-huh. And the Black Eagles -- JJ: The Black Eagles? GM: The Black Eagles, the [Ambrose?]. JJ: The Ambrose, okay. [00:24:00] GM: I’d see other sides, the (inaudible), but I think they’re from the South Side. JJ: Yeah, on the South Side. Yeah. But you -- GM: And they -- they did some damage to my property. (laughs) JJ: Oh, they did damage to your property. GM: Yeah. JJ: So you didn’t like them. (laughter) You didn’t like them. GM: Yeah, no, I usually have -- JJ: I’m not defending them, I’m not defending them. GM: I own a house here. And they’ll screw it up, break the windows. But you know. JJ: But I mean, this -- because I’m talking back when you were younger and then. So when you were 19 and that, all you did was just work, you didn’t -- GM: Yeah, work. JJ: Go to the Biograph -- GM: Right, and send some money to my parents. JJ: -- have a couple beers, and then send some money. 20 �GM: I sent some of money to my parents so he could finish the house back in Puerto Rico. Because he had all these -- I mean, eight kids were underage when I came here. Because right now I’m 77. And the [00:25:00] youngest, I think, is 60, so I was 16 years older than the youngest. JJ: So is that what people did, they helped their mother and father to make a house for the rest of the family? GM: Yeah, my parents were there. JJ: So you work -- GM: I provide. JJ: -- and you provide some money to help the house because that was going to be for your family. GM: Exactly. JJ: And that’s what everybody did at that time? GM: Yeah. JJ: Most other families did the same thing. GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: Okay. Now, you said they were Protestant. Your family was Protestant, but here you became Catholic? GM: Well, I didn’t know what they -- they were, they read a book they call La Conexion. And I think it’s more like -- what is that? I don’t -- [00:26:00] Espiritistas? JJ: Oh, Espiritistas? Oh, okay. So, (Spanish) [00:26:02]. GM: Seemed to be, yeah. 21 �JJ: And that’s part of the -- and it’s called Conexion? GM: That’s -- I think that’s the book they have. Kind of a -- Catholics, they have the Bible. JJ: (Spanish) [00:26:18] It’s part of the culture. GM: Sí. JJ: So it’s not really a religion, it’s more -- GM: Like a cult. JJ: Like a cult, something like that. GM: Yeah. So did they try to do, like, promises and -- GM: They never did teach us anything. JJ: They didn’t teach you anything? GM: Never, never, never tell us. Everything was quiet. They did what they did, just my father and my mother. And us, we’re baptized. JJ: You guys were Catholic, but they -- GM: Yeah. As we -- JJ: And your parents were Espiritista, both of them? GM: Yeah. (Spanish) [00:26:52] JJ: Both your father and mother? GM: Hmm? JJ: Both your father and mother were spiritual? GM: Yeah, but they used to sit together and read [00:27:00] the thing. JJ: Did people used to come to get prayers read for them? GM: Yeah, they have -- 22 �JJ: I mean, my mother believed in the same thing, similar. GM: Yeah, group of the spirit, they get together, and they believe that the spirit comes to them, take -- JJ: And takes control of them. GM: Speaks through them. Yeah. JJ: And speak to them, okay. GM: Yeah, yeah. JJ: (inaudible) GM: Mm-hmm. But my father never had them in our house. They’d go somebody, someplace else. JJ: Oh, they went somewhere else. GM: Yeah. So we never were -- really were exposed to that environment. JJ: And how did you -- you know, you became a Catholic later. GM: Here in Chicago. Since I already was baptized -- JJ: So how did you feel about the spiritualists? GM: About Catholic? JJ: About Espiritista, how did you feel? GM: Oh! JJ: Because you’re Catholic. GM: Well, I am a [00:28:00] person that -- respect all faith. JJ: Oh, okay. Okay. 23 �GM: I respect all faith, because who am I to say you are on the wrong track? So I say, if you believe in it, you stick with it. If you need any advice or something, I’ll give it to you. But I’m only going to give it to you if you, you know, ask for it. JJ: Yeah. But you respect it because there’s a lot of people that practice that, right? GM: No, the reason is, I’d say, I respect all faith. JJ: I understand, but there’s a lot of -- a lot of Puerto Ricans believe in spiritualism. GM: I think so. I think so. JJ: Or no, I don’t know. GM: Right now on the island is lot of Protestants. JJ: A lot of Protestants? GM: A great majority of -- JJ: But what about, not Protestant, but spiritual, Espiritista? [00:29:00] GM: Oh, the Espiritista? JJ: Mucho Espiritista? GM: I don’t know since I’ve been gone for so long, you know? JJ: But (Spanish) [00:29:09]? GM: But they did, among -- JJ: At that time, were there some? GM: At that time, yeah. JJ: So a lot of people lived. And that comes more like from the Indian, do you think so? Or no, or from the African? GM: I read someplace that Santeria, Espiritista, they’re since 1898, when the United States took over Puerto Rico. So before that the Spaniards had the priests, 24 �Spanish priests over there. And they were more like owners. They had the properties and everything. And the United States stopped that. The United States stopped that. And then they didn’t like it. So they went back to Spain. [00:30:00] So then all this little group started wanting to keep the faith with whatever they had. They got all different kinds of cults and -JJ: All different cults. GM: But the Spanish brought the Catholics in Puerto Rico. JJ: Okay, but -- because the Spanish brought the Catholicism. GM: Yeah. But the United States came, they don’t like the way it was operated, you know. Owned. JJ: The priests were owning it. GM: They broke all that up. JJ: They broke all that up because the priests were owning it. GM: That’s not allowed. JJ: So the spiritualists were against the priests? No? GM: Espiritismo? JJ: I mean, it was, like, against the Catholic Church, no? Or no? GM: You find people that, they sympathize with the Catholic. JJ: Oh, they sympathize? GM: Or they would say anything. They’re not -- I don’t think they are bothering anybody. [00:31:00] JJ: They don’t bother anybody. GM: Yeah. 25 �JJ: Okay, so, you were more Catholic. You became Catholic here. About what year was that? GM: Before-- ’54. JJ: Fifty-four, as soon as you got here. And how did that happen? GM: Well, my brother-in-law and I, we worked together. He’s the brother of my wife. He passed away. We worked -- I told him, “Hey, let’s go. Let’s go take dancing lessons.” So I cut out a piece of paper, and it was [that was his group?] downtown. They teach salsa and cha-cha, you know, that stuff. JJ: [00:32:00] In 1954? GM: In ’54. JJ: Downtown? Okay. GM: So that was a Cuban school. So we took a few lessons, and then we usually stopped at State and Chicago avenue. And we got off there because he lived around there. And I stayed a while, then I’d go back up to Fullerton. JJ: They used to call there ‘La Clark.’ Or ‘la Clark’-- or, yeah. GM: Yeah, Clark. Clark State. And then there was a church right there, Holy Name Cathedral. JJ: Holy Name Cathedral, yeah. GM: And they said, “Hey, there is a social hour today. I think --” He said, “I think they dance over there.” JJ: So there were Puerto Ricans at Holy Name Cathedral? GM: Yeah. JJ: In 1954? 26 �GM: In the basement. JJ: In 1954, in the basement? GM: Nineteen fifty-four, that’s correct. That’s where they formed the Caballeros de San Juan Numero Dos. JJ: Numero dos was at Holy Name Cathedral? GM: Mm-hmm. And I went in there and there was no dancing. JJ: [00:33:00] Okay, so numero uno was on 63rd Street. GM: Yeah. JJ: And then numero dos was Holy Name Cathedral. And numero tres was St. Michael’s. GM: St. Michael, yeah. JJ: And was there one up here? (Spanish) [00:33:13] GM: Numero tres was St. Michael, yeah. I used to go there for dancing, too. JJ: Okay, but let’s -- Holy Name Cathedral. GM: Numero dos. JJ: So you went to that social hour in the basement. Okay. GM: Yeah. And from there on, and the guys say, “Hey, how ’bout --” JJ: Who was there when you went in there? Can you describe that? GM: Huh? JJ: When you went into the dance, who was -- were there a lot of Puerto Ricans there? GM: There was no dance at all. I thought it was dancing, but they were just teaching Bible classes and gathering. Then they invited us. 27 �JJ: But were there Spanish people there? GM: Yeah, all Puerto Ricans. JJ: All Puerto Ricans? GM: Yeah. JJ: Okay, at that time. Were they from that neighborhood, or where? Did they live in that area? GM: As I know, [00:34:00] most of them from that area, but I guess they were coming from -- because they had, here they had two separate -- they had San -- the host street was the church San Francisco, St. Francis. They were mostly Mexicans. JJ: Francis on the South -- on 12th Street and Halsted. GM: Yeah. Right. And we concentrate on the North Side, on the Holy Name Cathedral. JJ: Okay, so those were the two churches at that time. GM: Uh-huh. JJ: Yeah, I remember my mother used to go there. GM: Then we had St. Joseph, which was on Orleans. JJ: So those were two Spanish Masses? GM: Uh-huh. JJ: So there was one Spanish Mass at St. Francis. GM: At that time. JJ: And then one Spanish Mass at Holy Name Cathedral. Did Holy Name Cathedral have a Spanish Mass? GM: In the basement. 28 �JJ: In the basement, they didn’t have it in the big church? GM: Oh, no. They don’t nobody up there. JJ: What do you mean? GM: Oh, we had -- well, keep in with the Caballero de San Juan. [00:35:00] JJ: No, but I mean, can you explain? They didn’t want anybody in the big church? GM: Yeah. JJ: Who didn’t want? GM: That’s why the Puerto Ricans, they formed that Caballeros de San Juan. And from there on, Dos Hermanos. That’s still going. JJ: I mean, they didn’t want people in there, in the Holy Name Cathedral in the big church. I’m not trying to -- or the Puerto Ricans wanted their own church, how was it? GM: No, they don’t want us upstairs. JJ: Did they say that? GM: In the basement. JJ: They said that. GM: They had a fight to it. They had to pay ten cents a seat, if you wanted a seat. JJ: Oh, so there was a -- so a little discrimination there. GM: A little? A big one. JJ: A big one? GM: No, we’ve been coming a long way. JJ: Okay. So now the Puerto Ricans are downstairs and they’re organizing. GM: Uh-huh. Then later on -- 29 �JJ: And the Caballeros de San Juan -- well, what sort of -- what kind of things did the Caballeros do? At St. An -- [00:36:00] GM: What did they do, their activities? JJ: At Holy Name, at Holy Name. GM: Well, they hold meetings every Sunday after Mass, a committee to organize themselves. JJ: Do you remember some of the leaders at that time? GM: I know one of them was [Cheveres?] Miguel Cheveres. JJ: At Holy Name? GM: Uh-huh. No, Miguel Cheveres was -- no. JJ: At St. Michael’s, St. Michael’s. GM: St. Michael’s. JJ: Yeah, okay. And Cheveres and -- what was the other one -- [Rivera?], (inaudible). (Spanish) [00:36:39] And Jesus Rodriguez, what was he? GM: Jesus Rodriguez, like I say, he was -- he came from Los Hermanos Cheos. JJ: In Puerto Rico? GM: In Puerto Rico. And then he was at St. Michael’s. He held -- [00:37:00] a good preacher, he held retreats in Villamaria. JJ: Villamaria was where? GM: That was in Wisconsin. JJ: In Wisconsin? Okay. GM: And then he became a leader of Comite de Cardinal, which was at Wabash. JJ: Cardinals Committee, okay. 30 �GM: And they picked Father [Mer, M-E-R?] and -- JJ: Headley? GM: Father Headley. He’s still with us. JJ: Oh, he’s still with you? I’ve got to talk to him, I want to interview him. GM: I just, that’s what I -- JJ: I want to interview him. We’ll talk about that later because we’re doing your interview. GM: What was that? JJ: We’ll talk about it later because we’re doing your interview. GM: Yeah, yeah, yeah. So, and he used to collect clothes at 13 South Wabash for the people that were poor. [00:38:00] They’re gonna get their jacket or whatever. Yeah, he was very, very good humanitarian, Jesus Rodriguez. JJ: Jesus Rodriguez, okay. GM: That’s what I – humanitarian. JJ: So, but Holy Name Cathedral, how many -- did you keep going there? GM: No, from there, we moved to Orleans, St. Joseph. JJ: St. Joseph, Okay. Why did you move from there to Orleans? GM: Because we were tired of being in the basement. Orleans was on the main floor. (laughs) JJ: Oh, Orleans gave you the regular chapel, the regular church. At St. Joseph’s. GM: Yeah, we have Father -- Father [Fidelis?]. The Spaniard, the father -- two Spanish, three guys, Father Domingo. Yeah, they used to serve us. St. Joseph. [00:39:00] Right back Cabrini-Green there. 31 �JJ: Right, right, Cabrini-Green, yeah. And so, did it have anything to do with the neighborhood changing at all? Maybe the neighborhood was changing or people moving out? GM: You know -- JJ: I mean, I don’t know. I’m asking. GM: Puerto Ricans move fast, keep moving and moving from community, keep going west, west. And I think I’ve been to all these churches. (laughs) JJ: Okay, so they kept moving west, the Puerto Ricans? GM: Yeah. JJ: So they started in downtown, but they kept moving west? GM: Uh-huh. Then they were here in St. Vincent. JJ: So they moved west, like on Chicago Avenue they moved west. GM: Yeah, we’re coming this way. JJ: So they went north and west. GM: Yeah. Yes. JJ: North and West. And they spread out like that. But they started around downtown? GM: Mm-hmm. They came to - JJ: But what about the South Side? What about the 63rd Street? GM: Never been [00:40:00] too much concentration of Puerto Ricans. The only people that I know -- JJ: But you had Council Number One there. Why did you have Council Number One there? 32 �GM: Yeah. JJ: But why? GM: I went there once. JJ: But there was never a real concentration there? GM: Never. Never. JJ: No, it’s just that -- It started there. GM: Yeah, some people they go there, in ’47, because their family brought them there and stayed there. JJ: But it never was a concentration like -- GM: No. JJ: Like on Clark Street? It wasn’t that big? GM: Clark and State, yeah. There were a few. Clark, and State and Superior. A few. But then, once they -- they got married. They were single guys. They got married. JJ: Most of them were single? GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: At Clark and that? GM: Yeah. JJ: So there was more like -- mostly singles and stuff. But there was the [Water Hotel?] and all that. GM: (laughs) Yeah. JJ: You knew about that? The Water Hotel, you never heard of it? GM: What was it? 33 �JJ: Water Hotel. Water Hotel. GM: [00:41:00] Water? JJ: Water. Hotel. GM: Yeah, I know. JJ: Superior and LaSalle. Catholic charities. GM: I know the first Spanish store was right there. Superior and -- JJ: And Clark. GM: Clark, yeah. Spanish-American. JJ: Spanish-American Food. GM: Yeah. JJ: Okay. That was the first Spanish store that you know of? GM: This side, that I can remember of. JJ: And who was the owner? Was it Mario Rivera? GM: Yeah, it was, yeah. Mario Rivera. JJ: But that was the first Spanish store? GM: Yeah, then they kept moving. JJ: And they kept moving -- GM: There was a lot of Spanish stores. Around here, Halsted, you know, but then, all of it’s gone. JJ: All of it’s gone. Okay, so you were on Orleans. So were you living over there? GM: No, I live always in Lakeview. JJ: You always lived in Lakeview? I was living on -- GM: Or by Lakeview, I mean, I mean, right here, in this area. [00:42:00] 34 �GM: I lived by 2308 Lincoln Avenue. JJ: Okay. 2308? GM: Yeah. Right in front of Children’s Memorial Hospital. JJ: Okay, but that’s Lincoln Park. That’s Lincoln Park. GM: Yeah. Lincoln Park. JJ: Okay. So right around there, you always lived around Lincoln Avenue? GM: Yeah. JJ: Because there were some hillbillies over by Lincoln and Sheffield. There was like a hillbilly neighborhood. GM: Uh-huh. JJ: And you said -- so you were always around Lincoln Avenue -- GM: Always. JJ: And Cisco -- there was a guy named [Cisco?]. The rebels, (Spanish) [00:42:35]. But you didn’t know that. GM: No. I heard probably. JJ: Yeah, you heard? Okay. GM: I know a guy that (Spanish) [00:42:44] Dracula. JJ: Dracula. GM: (laughs) I think he’s still around. JJ: Okay. So now you’re with the Caballeros of San Juan at St. Joseph, you had Father Fidelis. [00:43:00] What did they do there? What did the Caballeros do there? Was that a concilio? Was there a concil-- 35 �GM: They do. They had a group, too, that they house to house knocking doors, preaching the gospel, bringing people into the church. And they coordinate retiros, you know, retreats. JJ: What were the retreats like? Did you -- GM: They had their annual picnic at the St. Francis Boys’ Club. JJ: Where was that? GM: Down -- Wisconsin, I think. JJ: In Wisconsin? GM: Yeah, St. Francis Boys’ Club. Libertyville. JJ: Oh, Libertyville? GM: That’s Illinois. Libertyville. Yeah, that was an annual picnic. JJ: Of the Caballeros? GM: Yeah, music and everything. JJ: And when did that start? What year did that start? GM: I would say -- JJ: Was there one in ’54, 1954? GM: Between the ’60s [00:44:00] and ’70s. Yeah. JJ: Right. Between the ’60s and ’70s they were going to Libertyville. GM: Yeah. JJ: For an annual picnic and a lot of people showed up? GM: Yeah, in September. That was like a Labor Day weekend that they had the -- JJ: And a lot of people showed up. GM: (inaudible), yeah. 36 �JJ: Three hundred, four hundred? GM: I would say more. JJ: More than that? Okay, 500 or maybe 1,000? GM: Yeah. JJ: A lot of people in the -- GM: It was a big outing. JJ: But it was just one day or the whole weekend? GM: That was just one day. JJ: One day. GM: I don’t know if it was Saturday. Probably Saturday because Sunday is -- JJ: It was Libertyville, Illinois. Okay. So then from St. Joseph’s -- but St. Joseph participated in the picnic? GM: Yes, and St. Michael. They all -- all the churches. [00:45:00] It was not just one community; all the Spanish churches, they go on the picnic. JJ: Okay. And they went, did they rent a bus, or they’d go in cars? GM: No, every -- well, you know, some people -- they had buses. But I used to drive my own car. JJ: Okay. You’d drive your own car. So yeah, what kind of car did you have? GM: (laughs) Well. By then I was driving a ’56 DeSoto. JJ: Oh, I see, DeSoto. GM: Yeah. Automatic, push button. JJ: Oh, wow. GM: Yeah, by that time. ’56 DeSoto. 37 �JJ: So, okay, so now, when did you go to St. Michael’s? You said you went to St. Michael’s. So from St. Joseph, you went to St. Michael’s? GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: But you never lived in Old Town, though? GM: Old Town there? JJ: Yeah. GM: No. JJ: No, you never lived there. You always lived here. GM: I’d go there. JJ: But you always lived here, but you went there. GM: [00:46:00] Yeah. JJ: So that was like the center? GM: I always stayed here. JJ: But -- you stayed here, but that was like the center for Puerto Ricans? GM: Yeah. Mm-hmm, yeah, the gathering, for the -- JJ: So it started like Holy Name Cathedral, and then it went to St. Joseph’s. GM: Uh-huh. And then St. Michael. JJ: And then St. Michael’s. So you just followed the -- GM: Yeah, then St. Francis. JJ: -- followed the Caballeros. You just follow the Caballeros. GM: Yeah. Mm-hmm. JJ: Because it was the same group of people? GM: Yeah. 38 �JJ: So the Caballeros were -- when the people were moving, the Caballeros followed them. GM: Exactly. JJ: Because they -- first, they were in Holy Name Cathedral. Then they went to St. Joseph -- and if I’m wrong, let me know. Let me know. But then they went to St. Joseph, and then St. Michael’s became like a center? GM: Yes. JJ: Most central. I mean, it became a lot of activity? GM: Oh, yeah. Dances three days of -- in the weekend. JJ: Three days a week? At St. Michael’s? GM: There’s Friday night, Saturday night, and Sunday afternoon. JJ: [00:47:00] So you must have had a lot of good dancers. Because you were going to dance school. GM: (laughs) I went for a while. JJ: So there was good dancers? GM: Too tired. Making candy. Making candy -- JJ: I remember going there, but they had pretty good dancers. GM: Yeah, oh yeah, they do. JJ: So they really -- people got into dancing. GM: Oh, yeah. JJ: And I know that one of -- Jesus Rodriguez’s son, Jose -- GM: His kid, his son. JJ: He said Jose was a bad dancer. 39 �GM: He used to go down, pick up a hanky with his teeth. JJ: He used to do what? GM: He used to, you know, like split down. JJ: And pick up a handkerchief with his teeth? I remember him, because -- GM: I don’t know if he died or they had -- JJ: No, he’s still alive. He’s still alive, the other one died. GM: Oh, okay. (Spanish) [00:47:45] JJ: Yeah, (inaudible). But I remember, I remember he would take off his suit coat and have the girl hold his suit coat and flip her around. GM: He was good. JJ: He was a good dancer. GM: He’d put up on the shows then. JJ: He would put on a show, [00:48:00] that was Jose Rodriguez, yeah. That was Jesus Rodriguez’s son. GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: Okay, so that was at St. Michael’s, at the dances there. (Spanish) [00:48:10]. GM: Yeah, they’d sell. JJ: So what did they sell, what kind of food did they sell? GM: I don’t remember. (Spanish) [00:48:19]. Empanadas, and pasteles. Yeah. JJ: So now did they have a -- okay, empanadas, pasteles, and what about who cooked it? GM: Huh? 40 �JJ: Who were the people that cooked it? Who cooked the food? (Spanish) [00:48:38]. GM: Oh, who cooked that? JJ: Yeah. GM: They had a group. (Spanish) [00:48:43] about two years ago, she passed away. Paula. Paula (Spanish) [00:48:58 00:49:25] She passed away. (Spanish) [00:49:30 - 00:49:59] GM: Yeah, [00:50:00] they’d hang out there. JJ: Where’s the Crown Liquor at? GM: Right here on Wrightwood -- Lincoln and Wrightwood. JJ: Lincoln and Wrightwood? They used to hang out there? GM: At that time they called them the Crown Liquor. JJ: The Crown Liquor group? GM: Yeah, they had a billiard and they had -- JJ: But they started on Clark Street. They started in Puerto Rico, but then they were on Clark Street. The Hacha Viejas, the Old Hatchets. GM: Oh yeah, they come from Hacha Vieja, from Puerto Rico. JJ: They came from Puerto Rico, but they were from Aguas Buenas. They came from Aguas Buenas. GM: Aguas Buenas? JJ: Yeah. I think, you know. (Spanish) [00:50:37]. GM: (Spanish) [00:50:38] JJ: So you knew them, you knew them? 41 �GM: Yeah, they played. They’d play pool there. JJ: They’d play pool. GM: Yeah, they -- JJ: So they didn’t really get into -- GM: The only -- JJ: Once in a while. GM: The only way I knew them, because [Leito?] -- (Spanish) [00:51:00 - 00:51:09] JJ: And you went to the Crown Liquor with them? GM: Yeah, I was already -- had children already. JJ: But I mean, you saw them there. Were they -- GM: Yeah, they’d play pool. JJ: Did they bother people? I heard they were a gang. Did they -- GM: No, because they were a bunch of -- if somebody come from the outside, and start trouble, it’s like, forget it. But they knew everybody knew each other. JJ: So they were just friendly. GM: Like I knew Leito, I was his friend. JJ: So everybody was friends. GM: My brother-in-law, that was Diana’s father. He knew all of them, too. JJ: But if somebody from the outside came and started trouble, they were in trouble. GM: Yeah, if anybody come and say the wrong thing, forget it. I never was there when there was trouble, but I was already -- I already had to stop going there. I know a guy, they cut him right here. 42 �JJ: They cut him? GM: [00:52:00] Yeah. JJ: One of the Hacha Viejas -- GM: (inaudible) JJ: -- cut somebody? GM: Oh, yeah. JJ: Cut somebody else? GM: Yeah. JJ: And that was over a girlfriend or a beer or what was that about? GM: No, I think a guy comes and says something to one of the guys that was there. The guy didn’t want to do it, so he (inaudible). You know, like say, “You don’t do that to my friend.” JJ: Oh, because the other guy came in, protected them, the friend. Okay. So they were like a gang. Were they a gang? GM: Actually, no. JJ: Not really? GM: No, because -- JJ: They just stuck together. GM: They just, by coincidence. JJ: But they had a name. GM: They don’t meet there. Because everybody was a working person. Just coming there for a beer and play a couple (inaudible). By accident, they are there, coincidence. From there, everybody just got their own place. 43 �JJ: Okay, but they call themselves the Old Hatchets. GM: They were just like a bunch of friends there. JJ: Bunch of friends, but they had a name. [00:53:00] They had a name. The Old Hatchet, Hacha Vieja. GM: Oh, they were the Hacha Vieja. JJ: Yeah, they had a name. GM: Yeah, they were the Hacha Vieja. JJ: But they were not a gang, you don’t look at them like a gang. GM: Well, they already old. JJ: They were old already? GM: Yeah, (Spanish) [00:53:13] Leito, [Jorge?]. He was the youngest one. (break in audio) JJ: -- other places did they go to? GM: That I don’t know. The only place I know them, but I heard a lot of stories. They used to hang around on Halsted. JJ: Halsted and what? GM: Halsted and Armitage, I think. JJ: Oh, they were on Halsted and Armitage, right around there? GM: Yeah. There was -- on Dickens, there was a hot dog. JJ: By the hot dog stand? GM: I think they were in front of that. JJ: Yeah, there was on Halsted -- yeah. But that was different groups. GM: Mm-hmm. 44 �JJ: On Halsted and Dickens. GM: Yeah. JJ: There was a lot of different groups here. GM: Yeah, corner, hot corner there. JJ: Yeah, hot corner. Yeah, and there. Okay, so now [00:54:00] you’re at St. Michael’s. Did you go to another of the Caballeros -- GM: Then I was married, I had kids. JJ: Okay. GM: Then I went to St. -- I went to St. Vincent. JJ: St. Vincent DePaul? GM: St. Vincent DePaul. JJ: Were the Caballeros of San Juan there? GM: No, I never, I didn’t join it anymore. JJ: Any one? GM: No. JJ: But were there other Spanish people there? At St. Vincent? GM: Oh, yeah, nineteen sixty -- nineteen sixty-five, sixty-six, the church was full of Puerto Ricans. JJ: Nineteen sixty-five, sixty-six? GM: Full of them. JJ: St. Vincent DePaul. GM: Yeah, but I -- since I was not involved into anything. JJ: Not Mexican, mainly Puerto Rican? 45 �GM: Mainly Puerto Rican. JJ: Okay. And I mean it was packed. GM: Sometimes you’d find no place to sit. JJ: The big church? GM: That’s the big church. JJ: This is the big church. There was not -- they didn’t, were not in the basement. GM: Huh? [00:55:00] Oh, no. JJ: They were in the big church. GM: As a matter of fact, years later, years after that, they were trying to sell stuff because -- from the church, like taking the old confession or something. I bought a door. Just to give $20. I still got it with me in the building. (laughs) I’ve still got it, it’s a [relic?] there. Old confessional. All solid oak, I cannot lift it now. I used to but I cannot lift it now. I was there about 25 years. JJ: At St. Vincent? GM: Yeah. JJ: At St. Vincent, you were there 25 years? GM: I got married there, at St. Vincent. JJ: So, but they didn’t have any activities, you said. GM: I never joined. JJ: You never joined. You just went there every Sunday. GM: They had Caballeros de Colón. JJ: Caballeros de Colón. GM: Yeah. Knights of Columbus. 46 �JJ: Knights of Columbus. GM: Yeah. JJ: They were not [00:56:00] Puerto Rican, or --? GM: Puertorriqueños. JJ: Oh, Knights of Columbus were Puerto Ricans. GM: Mm-hmm. And they yo también knocking doors. JJ: So this was not the Caballeros de San Juan, this was the Knights of Columbus. GM: No, the Knights of Columbu-- sí, Caballero Colón. JJ: Caballeros de Colón. GM: Yeah. JJ: So it was like a different branch? They were separate. GM: Yeah. But do the same thing. JJ: The same thing meaning what? They had activities and retreats? GM: Some of the Caballeros de San Juan became Caballeros de Colón. JJ: What about St. Teresa? You didn’t go to St. Teresa’s. GM: No, I never did. JJ: That was a different group. GM: I visited there a couple of times. JJ: But St. Vincent was packed with Puerto Ricans? GM: Yeah. St. Teresa also had a mass. JJ: Yeah, they had also at St. -- because people had kind of moved, they kept moving, stuff like that, you know? And St. Sebastian had something too, right? GM: Oh yeah, that was another big community. 47 �JJ: That was another big community. GM: I never went there, too. [00:57:00] I know a lot of people from there, though. JJ: So that was like the Near North Side Puerto Rican community. So would you say that -- so you lived in a few places in Lincoln Park, did you -- in 1953 were there a lot of Puerto Ricans in Lincoln Park? And when I say Lincoln Park, I mean, like from North Avenue to Diversey, from the park until maybe Racine. Were there a lot of Puerto Ricans living in that area? GM: No. JJ: In 1953? GM: You hardly see any. Then they start coming in. JJ: Then they start coming in. Okay. And then they start leaving again? GM: Yeah, well, people get old, people get married. They lose their jobs. Rent goes high. JJ: The rent goes high? GM: So you start moving west. JJ: Did it have more to do with the rent getting high [00:58:00] or just people getting old? GM: Other people were afraid of gangs. JJ: Okay, people were afraid of gangs? GM: Yeah. Like I have my house where I live now. I came from Wrigleyville, that’s where I lived, had a house over there. And I wanted to buy a house here to be closer to my job right here (inaudible), and the bank won’t give the loan. JJ: The bank won’t give you a loan? 48 �GM: No, they say that’s a red line. They say, I can get you bungalow west but not here. JJ: Who told you that, that it was a red line? GM: Huh? JJ: Who said it was a red line? GM: The banks at that time. JJ: They told you that it was a red line. GM: At that time. JJ: So meaning -- GM: Almost every house at a sign for sale. JJ: Why did they call it red line? GM: They say it because no people were -- they weren’t giving no loans. JJ: No loan for people. GM: For you to buy a house. JJ: [00:59:00] If you were Spanish, or no? GM: No, because they see that the neighborhood was going down. JJ: Okay, so they didn’t want to give you a new loan. GM: Yeah. JJ: Because the neighborhood was going down. GM: So the only way I got the house was because we were the only [to order?]. JJ: But you could afford the pay the loan. GM: Huh? JJ: But you could afford to pay the loan. 49 �GM: Oh, yeah, I had a job. I had a loan with the house that I had. JJ: It was a loan, it was a mortgage. You had a mortgage already. GM: But when I went over here, they told me no. JJ: And they said it was a red line. That means that they’re not going to give money. GM: That’s right. Risky line. JJ: So they called it a red line. GM: Risky line, red line; risky. Yeah. That was in 1970. JJ: But they gave loans to other people. GM: That I don’t know. Because that’s why people were selling, to get it out. JJ: Okay. That’s where they were selling? GM: And it was hard for them to -- I bought the house for $20,000. I took my chances. [01:00:00] Yeah. See, if I would have been another person, then I don’t believe in people. Because I believe in people. Once you know them, just say hi to them, become your friend and everything like that. But some people look at people, to them, just the way they look, they look criminal. You know what I mean? And I don’t believe in that. I told my wife, nobody’s going to get me out of here. I work right there. Because, in case something happened to you, I’ll be right here in a minute. I bought it. They did two things. Broke windows, stole my flowers. They bothered my kids. My boy was in the Boy Scouts. And just because they saw him with a uniform on, the kids on the street grabbed him and showed him a knife. I said, “It’s okay. I’ll take you to Boy Scouts myself.” You know. And I said, “That’s scary,” you know. And, [01:01:00] but I believe that if you work hard and work out with people, you make it. And everybody would do 50 �like I did, then it had to be -- live in the area. And I believe that any place that you go, just because you see different colors or different people, all you have to say is, make a new friend, giving welcome in the area, and there will be no problem. So -- I’m still there, I’m there. JJ: Okay. GM: The gangs were around. In the middle of the day, they were shooting over here. Yeah. Right in front of the factory, the candy factory. I don’t know if you’ve ever heard of a guy, heard a guy by the name of [01:02:00] [Jughead?]. JJ: Jughead? Okay. GM: Yeah. They shot him right there. Right by the tracks. JJ: Was he Spanish or no? GM: No, they weren’t. JJ: American? GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: Okay. Okay, so there were different gangs, war gangs and Spanish gangs. GM: Exactly. JJ: And they were fighting each other. Okay, so when they started talking about changing the neighborhood, you wanted them. Because you were a homeowner. So you wanted change in the neighborhood. So you wanted them to come in in urban renewal and fix everything up? GM: Oh, yeah. I put money in my house. And then -- JJ: Because it was going to be worth more money. GM: Oh, yeah. Then the builders start building. 51 �JJ: Okay. So you actually -- it helped you up. GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: Because you owned the building. Okay. GM: Yeah, I know. JJ: What about your friends and your neighbors? [01:03:00] What about the friends and neighbors that were Spanish? How did you feel -- GM: Like I say, we Spanish, we’re changing all the time. All the time. Since we got a home to go to. Say, when you come from a country that -- you got only one-way ticket, you’ve gotta stick at it. But the day we don’t like to be here, we go over to Abuelita, stay with Abuelita. (laughs) Yeah, you know, we have that flexibility. Some people don’t have that flexibility, so they make it. And for a while it was scary, you know, but that’s (inaudible). And -- JJ: But do you think that they took advantage of some people, or no? GM: What was that? JJ: Like, do you think that some of the real estate people took advantage of some people that didn’t [01:04:00] know? Like Spanish people -- GM: I didn’t really bother to investigate. But, like I said -- JJ: I just wanted to know -- GM: Yeah. Almost every house was for sale over here on Racine, that’s why -- JJ: Were they Spanish people’s homes? GM: No. My sister, my sister lost -- sold her house, which is the house next -- oh, that one. See the house? JJ: Yeah, I see that. 52 �GM: It was not like that. That was Martha’s. Martha’s mom. JJ: Oh, okay. GM: Yeah. They sold it. But they made some money; he bought it for 17, sold it for 94. JJ: Oh, that’s pretty nice. That’s pretty good. So they were smart. GM: Yeah. JJ: They were smart. But now, a lot of our people didn’t have -- so that the smart way to do it, just to buy the house -- GM: Yeah. JJ: -- and then sell it for profit, [01:05:00] right? But a lot of our people rented, right? GM: They went to rent? JJ: They didn’t own the houses. GM: I don’t know much about -- I know my -- JJ: You know, mucho Puerto Rican, they were renters. GM: Yeah. JJ: They didn’t own houses. So how do you feel about that? GM: They keep, when the rent start coming up, then they keep moving west. JJ: But how did you feel? You didn’t feel anything? GM: That -- JJ: That they were being pushed out, or no? GM: No, because everybody thinks different. Okay, everybody thinks different. If you know, if I’m going to sell this property here with a fixed income that I have, and they want -- the real estate want $12,000 taxes a year, you know? Then you 53 �say, well, I’m going to go to further west. But I’m a fighter. [01:06:00] I believe that I’m a good place. I’m accessible to all the services that I need, like doctors, and the hospital, and shopping. I can do everything within walking distance. I say, well, I lose one side, but I gain the other side. And some people just because, for a little reason like that, they sell their property because some place else -- A lot of -- many reasons. Right now, only my sister and I are here. But at one time, were all of us. JJ: And it’s worth -- today it’s worth a lot of money. I mean, a property in this area. GM: Yeah, I have [paid for it?]. JJ: Now did they raise the -- because of the property value going up, your taxes go up too, right? GM: Yeah. JJ: How do you feel about that? GM: I don’t think it’s right. I don’t think it’s right because [01:07:00] that the government should take advantage of the opportunity that you have, that your property is worth more. It’s your home, and you make it your living quarter, you know, at least until the day that you die. Why, the government, you have to pay them for the property value? It’s not their property, for them to collect their tax. That’s the way I look at it. Yeah. JJ: Okay, what are you -- today, what are you doing? You said you’re still involved with the Caballeros? GM: What was that? JJ: Today, you said, you’re still involved with the Caballeros today? 54 �GM: Yeah, it is Los Hermanos. JJ: Los Hermanos. (Spanish) [01:07:51] GM: They come from Los Caballeros, Cursillistas, and the Los Hermanos. JJ: Now they’re called Los Hermanos. GM: Huh? JJ: They’re not called [01:08:00] the -- GM: They still have the Cursillista. Caballeros, no, they don’t have that anymore. JJ: They don’t have the Caballeros anymore? GM: But they have the Cursillistas and Los Hermanos. JJ: Okay, so today you still are in Los Hermanos. GM: We get together. Because Los Hermanos is a group. Cursillistas is a movement. JJ: Oh, Cursillistas is a movement. GM: Yeah, it’s a movement that’s all over Puerto Rico. In English, they have it too. (Spanish) [01:08:24] But Los Hermanos, only one. That’s the only group that is registered with the Archdiocese. JJ: And they came from the Caballeros. GM: Yeah. JJ: But they’re called Hermanos. GM: Hermanos, Hermanas, and la Familia de Dios. JJ: Oh, Hermanos, Hermanas -- GM: Yeah, one time when they were the Hermanos, but it was almost -- the Hermanas show up. So they included the -- 55 �JJ: The women. GM: The women. JJ: Because the women [01:09:00] always showed up. So who’s in charge, the women or the men? Who’s in charge, the women or the men? GM: Oh, they’re together. JJ: Oh, they’re all together. Okay, well, we’ll finish it up. GM: (laughs) Let me think a bit. (break in audio) JJ: Okay, so right now, today, you’re working with the Hermanos and the Hermanas. Out of what church? I mean, what church? GM: St. Hedwig. JJ: St. Hedwig? GM: Hedwig. It’s on Hoyne and Webster. JJ: Hoyne and Webster? GM: Mm-hmm. JJ: Is that -- and are there a lot of Hispanics there? GM: A group. A group is from all different communities. We just don’t belong to St. Hedwig, we just pay rent there to have our activities there. JJ: But it’s -- your headquarters are there, the main headquarters? GM: It’s right there. JJ: At St. Hedwig? GM: St. Hedwig. 56 �JJ: And who are the leaders there? [01:10:00] I mean, what are some of the names? GM: The leaders? Like, I am chairman of activities. JJ: You’re the chairman of activities? GM: I am, I think it’s seven. JJ: Who are some of the other leaders then? GM: And I go to St. Aloysius church. The president of the group, he comes from the 47th Street, Puerto Rican too. JJ: Puerto Rican? GM: Yeah, and the vice president, she comes from there. Secretary, come from near Humboldt Park. Sí. JJ: (Spanish) [01:10:38]? Oh, los Hermanos son puertorriqueño? GM: Sí, puertorriqueño. (Spanish) [01:10:44] dos Mexicanas y un Hondurena. JJ: But the majority are Puerto Rican? GM: Sí. Sí, are Puerto Rican. JJ: Because it came from the Caballeros de San Juan. GM: Uh-huh, yeah, yeah. JJ: Okay, and so what about -- you mentioned Father Headley. GM: [01:11:00] Father Headley. JJ: Does he work with you? GM: He’s retired already. JJ: He’s retired. 57 �GM: But when we need him to go, to give us some classes, he comes. Alternating Mondays. JJ: Because he did a lot of work with the Cardinals’ Committee, right? GM: Yeah, oh, yeah. Yeah, they went to Panama. Jesus Rodriguez también. (Spanish) [01:11:24] Panama. JJ: So the Caballeros de San Juan, they have something in Panama, or the Archdiocese? GM: No, they were independent. JJ: Independent. And then they went over there? GM: Yeah, well, Jesus was (inaudible). He’s in a wheelchair now. He’s retired. JJ: Okay. But they were -- I heard they were at St. Mary of the Woods Church, is there where they’re at? GM: Where at? JJ: Father Headley, St. Mary of the Woods? GM: Father Headley? JJ: Yeah. GM: When was that now? JJ: I read something on the internet, on their website. GM: Yeah? I know he’s in [01:12:00] a home, too. JJ: He’s in a home too? GM: Yeah. JJ: (inaudible) GM: Not feeling too good. Yeah, prostate. 58 �JJ: Okay, so you have Spanish mass here, or you have a headquarters there? You have a -- GM: Well, like I said, we go to our own community. We don’t go to mass over there. Which are -- the priest tell us, you guys go over there, and we don’t see too much of you guys. You’re going to have to, you know. JJ: Start going to mass. GM: Yeah. So we try to -- show us up, like when they have activities, go help, stuff like that. JJ: But you pay rent there? That’s your -- GM: Yeah, we pay. We pay all year round rent. Which is not much for a part in the basement. JJ: Oh, for the basement? GM: For the Bible classes. JJ: Bible classes? And you do activities too, you do activities. GM: Yeah, and then our -- GM: What kind of activities do you do? GM: Well, [01:13:00] we -- we’re supposed to visit the sick, visit the prison. The sick, the prison, the hospital, funerals. And [dos, tres things]. Now, some of the family and the members family are -- visit them. Novenas. JJ: Novenas? You do novenas? GM: Novenas. Yeah. JJ: Okay. So novenas? GM: Novenas. 59 �JJ: Okay. So when somebody dies, you do like a novena? GM: Oh, yeah. JJ: Because I remember my mother used to -- GM: Somebody dies, a member of the family, they called them. And we just start calling people, and we do the service, unless they already have someone. JJ: So you do it at somebody’s house, right? GM: Hmm? JJ: Do you do the novena at somebody’s house? GM: Yeah, the [01:14:00] member of the family. JJ: Member of the family. So it’s still the same as the Caballeros de San Juan? That’s what -- they used to do that. GM: Yeah. Same thing. JJ: But it’s called -- now it’s Hermanos. GM: We have about -- we have registered about, I think, fifty-some members, but average show up 20, 22. JJ: Now, what about the credit union? You’re not connected to that credit union, right? The Caballeros Credit Union? GM: Which one? JJ: The Caballeros de San Juan Credit Union, on Fullerton and -- GM: Oh, they still got the building there. JJ: They’ve still got it? GM: Still operating. JJ: But you’re not connected to it? 60 �GM: No, I never did, because -- (laughter) I want to deal with bigger banks. JJ: Okay. GM: Yeah. Yeah, there was so many -- they were so little. JJ: We’re gonna finish this up. What do you -- maybe we forgot something that you need, that you want to tell [01:15:00] people? GM: Like what? JJ: What do you think that’s important that you want to say? GM: Well, I would say that -- you know, to be a good citizen and stuff like that? Well, I would say to people is, then never expect for someone to come to you and do things for you. You should always go and get it yourself. How do you do that? You do that to -- respecting others, working, giving them a nice work day, to use the buses or your -- respect properties. And like for instance, I got [01:16:00] married. I had three children and became a grandfather; I had four grandchildren. I worked 46 years making candy to keep myself busy. (laughs) And I’ve been lucky enough to be around good people. They appreciated my work, my job. They paid me what they thought that I was worth. And I gave them -- but it was honest [love?]. And like I say, always -- when you see things that -- always try to advise the person and guide them to the right way. [01:17:00] And if you do things like that, respect your neighbors. And help as much as you can, always. Belonging to a group, a religious group, is a good thing because that’s what you really find people that -- true friends. And being busy is the best thing that you can do. Take away your mind from thinking bad. And I say, habits -- I used to smoke. I quit that a long time ago. And drink, now, 61 �my health doesn’t permit to have more than one drink a day. You know, it tastes like you want to have more, but if you want to stay healthy, listen to your doctors. Always listen to your kids [01:18:00] whenever they come to you. And help your wife as much as you can. JJ: (Spanish) [01:18:09] GM: Puertorriqueños? (Spanish) [01:18:22 -01:18:41] GM: I say, we are good people. (Spanish) [01:18:45 - 01:19:59] GM: I learned that lesson. (Spanish) [01:20:01 - 01:20:17] GM: You know, you don’t get nothing for nothing. You’ve gotta -- you want something, you work for it. You know, just believe in yourself. And besides that, believe in people. Believe in people. JJ: Okay. [01:20:35] (video repeats) END OF VIDEO FILE 62 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1bcc2945ecec385543eee25f3d5f1579.mp4 ee6366abc65c7d16f5e037d67ed58402 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Guillermo Martínez vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry Guillermo Martínez nació en Puerto Rico. En los 1950s se mudó a chicago, en la parte más norte y oeste de Lincoln Park, cerca de Diversary Parkway y Ashland Avenue. Dueño de su propia casa y porque no vive cerca del lago, su vecindario no fue afectado por el aumento de impuestos y inspectores de construcción hasta más tarde que muchos de los otras partes de Lincoln Park. Señor Martínez describe sus memorias de Lincoln Park, incluyendo la jóvenes puertorriqueños en la aria, los tabernas, y grupos sociales. También habla sobre sus membrecía en los Hermanos De Dios y su deseo de vender su casa y retirarse a Puerto Rico. Hasta por dentro de la comunidad Puertorriqueña de Lincoln Park, había discusiones de los efectos de la nueva construcción. Señor Martínez suministra una idea de las diferentes perspectivas en la comunidad Puertorriqueña de Lincoln Park que él piensa que no fueron eliminado, sino hicieron la decisión de cambiarlas. Como alguien quien beneficio financiamiento por cambio del vecindario, el describe los cambios positivos que vio por la reconstrucción y los efectos de una duración larga tiene en Lincoln Park y Chicago. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puertorriqueños--Relatos personales Idioma español--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Martinez_Guillermo Title A name given to the resource Guillermo Martínez video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martínez, Guillermo Description An account of the resource Guillermo Martínez was born in Puerto Rico. In the 1950s he moved to Chicago, settling in the most northern and western edge of Lincoln Park, near Diversey Parkway and Ashland Avenue. Mr. Martínez describes his memories of Lincoln Park, including the Puerto Rican youth groups of the area, local taverns, and social clubs. Even within the Puerto Rican community of Lincoln Park, there was debate about the effects of urban renewal. Mr. Martínez provides insight into these differing perspectives, including his belief that the Puerto Rican community of Lincoln Park was not forced out, but moved by choice. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Puerto Ricans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Spanish language--Personal narratives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-03-02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ed45e1faee6d454c9e57e80feddc05c7.mp3 5b1e79972174d365cdd85a2de9e472fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event New Years Eve Scripture Text Philippians 3:13 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19931231 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993-12-31 Title A name given to the resource Guilt: Pride's Last Holdout Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on December 31, 1993 entitled "Guilt: Pride's Last Holdout", on the occasion of New Years Eve, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Philippians 3:13. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/966439e550d6c6f9c537e38f979941b6.jpg 69d913dffaa51565d308e5f72777829b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f7c80dedbde5c390d43756e814248968.jpg dd28c19e69a113cdd042d2b0e9435ae4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-July-1962-10 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-07 Title A name given to the resource Guitarist Description An account of the resource A full color image. The man playing his guitar is the focus of the image, but a man playing the strings and a man on the drumset are both seen in the background. There is some visual distortion in the image. The back side of "Guitarist." It reads "This is a Kodacolor Print made by Kodak." In the bottom right corner, someone has written "2017.13.016." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Musicians Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file collected by the Kutsche Office of History as part of the Stories of Summer Project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8848e8c22195b149c9d8605db228a538.jpg e1e55de51fea69136d7daca322df724c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_B060-0034 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-07-25 Title A name given to the resource Gulf Filling Station, Holland Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph featuring the storefront of a gas station with the sign "Gulf Dealer" in Holland, Michigan, as taken on July 25, 1961. In the photograph, people can be seen stopping to get gasoline while others are entering the store. Photograph by Douglas R. Gilbert. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Holland (Mich.) Central business districts Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/999964f4d929646718c5525057e1d645.mp4 d57ca978adafc8ddf81ac1d716e0405d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8173d08a54fbf2c86061a52aacf0a746.pdf dc080f9189cc92fcab1a020c23986814 PDF Text Text ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW FELIX GULLICK Born: Haskell, Oklahoma Resides: Grand Rapids, Michigan Interviewed by: James Smither and Louis Moore Grand Valley State University History Dept. Transcribed by: Joan Raymer February 11, 2009 Interviewer: ―Mr. Gullick, can you start by telling us a little bit about yourself? To begin with, where and when you were born?” I was born in Oklahoma in a little town they call Haskell. It was March 12, 1922. My mother and dad lived there about four years and we moved to Kansas. At that time, if you had more than one child, you had to pay five bucks for each kid to go to school, but they had free school in Kansas, so my family all moved to Kansas. :55 That’s where I grew up. I was about four years old when we moved there. I stayed there until I was seventeen and that’s when I came to Grand Rapids. Interviewer: “What did your family do for a living?” They were farmers like most people back in them days… were farmers. Interviewer: “Did they have their own land, or did they work on someone else’s farm?” Well, my grandfather left Tennessee when Oklahoma was a territory and he had two farms in Tennessee and he would rent one of them out. When Tennessee [Oklahoma] was a territory, if you went out there you got land, the government let you stake for land, so my grandfather sold his dang land and went out there and after he got out there, because he wasn’t born and raised out there, he couldn’t get land. 1:39 He had to start share cropping himself. That’s where my dad grew up and got married. My grandmother and grandfather had sixteen kids, eight girls and eight boys. 1 �Interviewer: “Now how much… did you go through high school, or did you leave school?” 1:59 I quit school when I was in the eighth grade, seventh or eighth grade out in Kansas. A little old high school they called Wayside. We didn’t have a football team there, but we played softball. That’s how I got interested in softball and baseball. My uncle played baseball. My uncle was a pitcher and he could pitch eight innings with his right hand and go nine innings with either hand, and he had a brother who was a left handed catcher and the Kansas City Monarchs wanted to sign him to play in that league. The Monarchs was organized back in 1922, I think it was, but my uncle wouldn’t sign with the Monarchs because they wouldn’t take his brother as a catcher because he was left handed. 2:47 My uncles and my dad, all of them were baseball players. Back in those days, there wasn’t any tennis or golf and you either went to the poolroom and played pool or you played baseball. It worked. Interviewer: “Did you go to work after you left school?” Oh yes, I was working before I got out of school. We worked on the farm and I had to stay out of school sometime, two days a week. I would go to school on Monday, Wednesday and Friday and Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, I worked the farm. 3:22 That was before I came to Michigan. After I came here, I worked in the foundry. I was seventeen years old and I worked at that old foundry over there on Front St. They called it Libman and Geidem, a couple of Jews owned it, but they gave a lot of black guys jobs. They would go south and pick up a black guy and bring him here and put him to work. I had a couple of uncles, one of them was in WWI and he came in and worked for the city 2 �and that’s how my family got here. 3:54 He came in 1918 or 1919, somewhere around there. Interviewer: “Now, when your family moved out here to Michigan, where did you live?” When I first moved here they had a street down there off Ionia that they called Millis Court, now they got factories and stuff in there, then I lived on Grant Street and my aunt and uncle bought a place on Logan near Eastern and that’s where I lived until I was drafted. 4:17 When I went into the army and came out, my brother got married and he had a place up there on Neland and I stayed with him for a while before I got married and the next thing I knew I was nuts. Interviewer: “Let’s go back to the period before the war started. What year did you come to Grand Rapids?” 1939. Interviewer: “You got a job in the foundry etc., now do you remember hearing about Pearl Harbor and America entering the war?” 4:49 I lived it. Pearl Harbor was born on December 7th, 1941. I lived on Miller Street and I heard it on the radio. I’ll never forget, Roosevelt got on the radio and he said, ―your sons and my sons will go to war‖, and I was eighteen or nineteen at the most and I said, ―well, it will last six or eight months like WWI, and I’m not old enough to go into the army, I’ll never make it‖. Well, that dang war went on four or five years. 5:26 Interviewer: “Did you have friends or know people who actually enlisted after Pearl Harbor or did most of the guys you knew wait to be called to go?” 3 �Before the war they had a draft and if you were twenty or twenty-one years old, you went into the service and were supposed to stay 6 months or a year and you get out of the army, but a lot of them went in the dang army, the war got worse so they froze them and they had to stay in there. Way late they started drafting guys twenty years old or older and that’s how they got me. 6:07 Interviewer: “With the job you had, were you still working in the foundry until you got drafted?” No, I left that and went to the hotel. The Rowe Hotel, down there by the Post Office now, but I ran the elevator down there for a while and they were good jobs then. Working in a hotel was like a professional job. I worked there for a few weeks and months and then I went to the Morton Hotel and I started bussing dishes up there, bus boy, and that’s how I started and learned how to wait tables. I went to Mackinac Island and served up there at the Grand Hotel. About eleven or twelve of us went up there and they closed up for the season. That was in 1948 I believe. It was right after I came out of the service. 6:47 Interviewer: “If you had been in the foundry, it’s possible that you had a job that was more essential and maybe there’s a deferment or something like that, but with the other jobs, once your number comes up you get drafted, so you’re drafted in early 1943 then, is that right?” I stayed at the foundry, you see they had a pouring gang over there, they would melt brass and they would pour it and they had a pouring gang and the guys worked every other day. They would close the furnace up every so often to brick it. That’s why I got out of the foundry, I got laid off. A friend of mine came from Kansas City, but he was 4 �one of the head men down there at the Rowe Hotel and he heard about me looking for a job and that I was from Kansas City and he gave me a job running the damn elevator. 7:40 Interviewer: “While you were living in Grand Rapids before the war, did you also play some baseball or catch on with any of the teams? Oh ya, I tried to play baseball. We had a guy out here, he was from East Grand Rapids and they called him Stricklin or something like that, anyway I was down in Kalkaska, not Kalkaska, but about ninety miles south of here? Interviewer: “Kalamazoo? No, further south. Interviewer: Cassopolis? Ya, that’s it, Cassopolis, they had a lake down there, Paradise Lake, and this one guy would take teams down there and play, so I went down and played with him once or twice. That was before the war too. 8:31 He wasn’t known like Jesse Elser was, Jesse was known all over the United States it looked like. Interviewer: “Now, when you were living in Grand Rapids, was there a black team based there? Were there negro teams in Grand Rapids before the war? No, well they did, old Jesse Elser, the guy I played with, he’d have a team every year and he would get the better black ball players to play with him and then he would go to different towns every year. In 1946 when Frank Lamar and Ted Raspberry came in existence, they organized the Black Sox. 9:12 They took the better ball players. See, they went all over the United States and got ball players. We had a league here that they called The Grand Rapids---I know Muskegon had a team in that league and Flint had a 5 �team in that league. Elston Howard, he played with the Yankees. He was with one of those teams here and I sue to go out and watch him play. 9:40 Interviewer: “I was going to go back to the wartime story. We get to the point where you get drafted. Now, tell us what’s the process, you get a letter in the mail saying Uncle Sam wants you or…?” No, what happened was, you had to go down and get a classification and I had a couple of old religious aunts here and I hadn’t been classified and it worried the hell out of me every day. I would go to the draft board to see what my classification was. They could put you in 1-A as a single and they had another classification if you were married and had a kid, if you had two they put you in another classification, but they misplaced my classification when I applied for my registration. 10:23 One day during lunch hour, I went down there to check it out and the old gal had misplaced the thing. A week later I got a notice to report to the draft board here and be sent to Detroit for an exam for the army. There were ten or fifteen of us and we went down there. Well, I’d had pneumonia and I had a spot on my lung and when they x-rayed me that spot showed up. When we came back, they were telling guys, ―you’re in the army now, get in this line‖, or they would tell you to wait and they would send you home. Well, they run me back through the line and the thing showed that everything was ok. 11:06 He told me, ―you stay in this line and go home for a week and then go to Battle Creek‖. Interviewer: “Were they putting you on buses to get you to Detroit and Battle Creek?” 6 �Oh we had a train, Pere Marquette, the station was over where the Post Office is at now, I believe it was, and they had the New York Central and they were downtown. Most of the people going in and out of Grand Rapids came on the New York Central. 11:43 Interviewer: “So, they sent you down to Battle Creek? They sent me down to Detroit first and I came back here and stayed a week and then went to Battle Creek. Interviewer: “When you got to Battle Creek, what did you do there? They stayed there two or three days, they issued you a bunch of GI equipment, clothing and all that crap, and I was down there about a week and they put us on a troop train and sent us to Frisco. 12:07 Interviewer: “Now, before you made that trip, had you ever---you had taken the trip to get from Kansas to Michigan— That was by car. My folks would come to visit my grandmother and a lot of them came by automobile and that’s how I came, by automobile. Interviewer: ―Ok.” My brother and one of my cousins, some relative died in Kansas City they went to the funeral, and after they came for the funeral, I was wanting out of Kansas City, so they came by and picked me up and that’s how I got to Grand Rapids. 12:37 Interviewer: “So this was the first really long train trip you had taken, out to San Francisco?” Oh ya, back in them days, the only way you could take a train was you had to hobo. A young fellow would leave Kansas and hobo to California. Oh my, them dicks would knock you off them trains and beat you up and whatever. I was going to go hoboing 7 �myself once to California, but one of my buddies got killed on the railroad track up there near Kansas City and after that train derailed the track and he got killed, I said, ―heck with that hoboin’ business‖. 13:11 Interviewer: “With every trip you took from Grand Rapids to Detroit and then from Battle Creek to San Francisco with the draftees, were you guys segregated?” Oh yeah, see when I went in service they had a hotel in Detroit where all the black guys would have to stay at. It was called the Gotham Hotel and you would stay down there a day or two, well hell I had been around here and worked at a hotel. So all the guys get up in the morning and go to be examined and classified and I’m laying in bed being asleep and I call the desk and ask what time they serve breakfast and they ask if I was one of the guys to be examined with that group from Grand Rapids? I said yes and they said, ―Man, get the hell down here because everybody’s going to get an exam and classification whatever.‖ 14:00 Interviewer: “When you were being examined and when whatever else they were doing in Detroit and Fort Custer, did they always keep the black troops separate from the white ones or were there places where you were all kind of mixed together?” Oh no, see when I went in the service we were segregated and I’ll never forget when we got out in Texas, maybe Oklahoma, Arizona, well you pull the shade down at night because the damn Japs had just bombed Pearl Harbor and they thought they were going to hit the west coast. Man we went to bed that night and the next morning I woke up I was in Frisco. 14:41 I left here February 10th I think it was, cold, snow and ice 8 �everywhere, and when I got to Frisco the grass green and the sun was shining, I thought I was in heaven. I said, ―oh my god, where am I at now?‖ Interviewer: “What happened then? You get off the train, where did you go and what did you do next?” I got to California and we were there a few days, we didn’t have basic so they gave us basic training. We had a C.O. sixty five years old, he was too old to take troops back overseas and he had a young bunch, we was 541st Engineer Quartermaster [Battalion], we must have had 250 guys in there. We had an A and B Company, maybe another company, but he knew the commander-in-chief down in Los Angeles that ran the port of embarkation cause they were both West Point men and when he found out they needed soldiers down there to load and unload them dang ships, he had us sent to L.A. 15:48. I stayed down there a year. The only reason I had to go overseas—some dummy up there in Washington got the bright idea—them guys been over there two or three years and they need replacement. If you were a 1-A man here in the service, man they would send you over there as a replacement and that’s how I happened to get sent overseas. 16:08 Interviewer: “In Los Angeles, did you have time to go out to the city? Did you go like to Central Avenue? Oh yeah man, I use to be up there on 45th and Central, Dorothy Lamour and Hedy Lamarr was two white girls in the movies and they use to come to them theaters regular. I stayed in this little town they called Wilmington, we built tents down there and I stayed down there a year and I’d drive a truck hauling different soldiers and stuff from Long Beach to L.A., San Pedro and different places, but I was in L.A. about a year before they had any expressway down there. 16:50 9 �Interviewer: “Let’s back up a little bit to the training part. Where did you actually do your basic training?” I got it up there in Frisco, in Oakland. See [Camp] Stoneman was in Oakland, you crossed the bridge and you was in Frisco. We got our basic training and after I got my basic training—we had been in the army like six months and we hadn’t had a furlough home and you was entitled to one before they sent you overseas, so I was in that category. I finished getting my basic and I went on the rifle range and I qualified, so they give me a furlough home. 17:30 Interviewer: “But you hadn’t been in six months at that point.” I had been in long enough to get basic training and then get a furlough home before they sent me overseas. Interviewer: “Describe the basic training process a little bit. What sis they have you do in basic training?” Oh my god, the first thing you have to do is to learn how to stand up like a soldier and salute your dang officers. Then you had to respect your officers. They court martialed you if you didn’t do right in the dang army and put you in prison for the rest of your natural life. I was one of those young guys that was taught to always obey, so I didn’t have a problem or nothing like that. There was a boy in my outfit, they would go out drinking and come back at night at eleven or twelve o’clock at night and raise a lot of hell. The CO told them, ―you got guys in the army here, they got to get their rest because they got to get up in the morning and they got to sleep. When you guys come in from pass be sure you’re quiet.‖ Some of them didn’t do it and the first outfit comes through, going overseas, they was short of men, so they took ten guys and put them in 10 �outfits and sent them down there. One boy from Grand Rapids went in there with me and his ship got blowed up down there around Australia somewhere and we never seen or heard of him any more, but I know his brothers and stuff. 18:48 Interviewer: “All right, so after that happened, guys who made too much noise or got themselves in trouble, they get sent overseas. Did the other guys figure out that it was a good idea to behave, or did they keep on making trouble?” Well, there was just a few of them and we was in Frisco at that time, so I didn’t stay there much longer and we went down there to Los Angeles and when I got on that, peaches and cream. 19:13 The C.O. told us, ―if you guys got a wife or a girl friend, and you want them to come out and spend some time with you, send for her because we’ll be here for the duration.‖ I thought I would never go overseas, but I was there eleven months. Interviewer: “What kind of pay did you draw when you were down there?” Well, went I went in the service I think they were paying a buck private fifty dollars a month and out of that you had to take your insurance, which was five or six bucks, and maybe you got the rest, but if you had a family, you could sign up and I sent my dad an allotment and he got thirty seven dollars and some cents a month for three years and they probably take eight, ten or twelve dollars out of my check and put in the rest to send him this allotment. He got thirty-seven bucks a month. 20:08 The army did a lot of people a lot of good if they took advantage of the----I’ll tell you another thing. See, when I got married that GI Bill of Rights was the worst thing that ever happened because you take Monroe Avenue from down town, Michigan, and go out toward the Old Soldiers Home, all them homes was being built and you go out Lake Michigan Drive up on the hill there, all them homes were being built. Well, I got married and had two kids and I went to a 11 �bank to apply for a G.I. loan and that sucker wouldn’t loan me no money to buy a house in them areas. I had to buy a house between Division and Fuller, from Fulton down Hall Street. Interviewer: “Is that where the black people lived?” That’s where all of them lived. Interviewer: ―You weren’t allowed to—you basically had red lines, there were certain places where—“ If you were a doctor or something, he might have had a home in East Grand Rapids or something, but the majority of them, 98% of them lived in this area. 21:15 Interviewer: “Now when you guys were on base in San Francisco and Los Angeles, did you notice any types of difference between like racial treatment than here in Grand Rapids?” Oh man, L.A. as far as that racial business is concerned, was 20 years ahead of Grand Rapids. The white girls and the black guys got together out there then and how they got over---see, the Japanese use to own a lot of homes, a lot of businesses, they run that port of embarkation in L.A. and when the war started the government took all them Japanese and put them in a concentration camp there somewhere and the Japs let the black people have them home, cars and everything else. 22:04 When I got out there I see these blacks with all these nice homes and I wondered, what the hell is going on here?‖ I found out that the Japs owned a lot of that stuff and practically gave it to the blacks. Integration was well under way back in 1945 and 1946 when I was out there, much better than it is here. 22:23 I know at night, when I was in Pittsburg, California, we’d get a pass to go to Oakland. Service men first and the bus would come up out there and the women worked, 12 �they had a lot of white girls, they’d be working and GI’s would get on the dang bus and get all the seats and stuff and a white girl would get on and she would have to stand up and pull her dang shoes off, but that’s the way it was when I was out there, but back here--never happen. 22:54 Interviewer: “You’re in L.A. for the better part of a year, was there a group of guys, a platoon or section of men that you normally worked with, so did you have a group of friends among them that you would go out and do things with or hang with?” One of the experiences I had when I was in L.A. was—we was in a camp down there and they captured a lot of Italian soldiers and one German and they treated them damn Italian soldiers much better than they did black guys, because every night they would get a pass and go to Long Beach, come back—they dressed them good and everything and we would maybe get a pass once a week and I asked them, ―how the hell you guys get captured?‖ The one German fella, I’ll never forget him, he drove an old tank and they had him down in the valley like and had him surrounded and I said, ―How did you let these American capture you?‖ He had a white flag and he waved that flag and they captured him and sent him out there. 24:09 At that time the Italian prisoners of war were treated a hell of a lot better than the black soldiers Interviewer: “Did you guys talk about that? How upset you were about it?” Oh man yes, well you see, if you were from the south—you probably heard stories about the southern states bases and that—you got to L.A. and I talked to guys from Mississippi, Alabama—things were so nice out there, one of them told me, ―Gullick, I’ll never go back to Alabama‖, because he was treated so nice out there. A lot of them out there was 13 �born and raised on a farm and they did a lot of logging and they had a white guy riding around on a horse telling them what to do and that they better do it otherwise they put them in prison and they might kill them. 24:59 Interviewer: “The unit you were serving with there, the quartermaster unit, so the soldiers were all black, the enlisted men were all black?” Everybody was black except the officers. We had white officers and if you were intelligent in the service—when I got overseas I run my outfit because I had a little Lieutenant, he was a young fella and I think he was afraid of the black guys because he let me run the motor pool. See, I was, let me see, what was my job? Anyway, I assigned trucks, all the vehicles that it took to build a road and maintain a road, I was in charge of that equipment and I had a Lieutenant, I had a Jeep and I run him down the road every day in the Jeep. 25:49 Different guys, I would assign them to a job and that’s what they had to do. I would take my Jeep and go out on the road and see how they were doing at everything. Interviewer: “that’s getting a little bit ahead of the story because that’s the stuff overseas, but back in California, your officers, were they mostly older men or kind of like that fellow back in Stoneman or were they men in their twenties and just recruits too?” 26:10 Well, we had some guys that just came out of—what did they call it? Interviewer: “Officers candidate school? Ninety-day wonders? West Point? West Point, I’ve had young guys in the service about twenty, twenty-one, they might have been twenty-eight or thirty, but you talk about some nice fellows—man them guys, West Pointers, some of them were excellent just like the guys are right now. 26:37 It is 14 �kind of hard to believe—now them older fellows you run into one forty, fifty years old, oh, he’s nuts anyway and they treat you like you are a fool. But, that’s the way it was and we had some real nice officers when I was in Stoneman—not Stoneman, but when I was down there in L.A. Interviewer: “When you got the news that you had to ship out overseas, what was your reaction to that?” Interviewer: I’ll tell ya, I had left L.A. and was in Sacramento and they had a detail there where you could go out and pick peaches every day and the government paid you. Well hell, I’d shoot craps and play poker and I made more money than the guys working, so I wouldn’t go pick no damn peaches. 27:24 I had an old first sergeant and he begged me to go out and pick some peaches. He said, ―Gullick, if you don’t go out and pick peaches, I’m going to put you on special orders and send you overseas‖. I’d been in the army over a year and wasn’t overseas. I didn’t think I would ever go, but I wasn’t going to go pick no damn peaches. So, one day they called us at attention and they said, ―the following names of enlisted men will report to the orderly room and get a new issue of equipment because you are going to be shipped overseas‖. They called my name, Corporal Felix Gullick, 36566937, that was my old dog tag number, report to the orderly room to get shipped overseas. Man, it was like I had a heart attack, but I went over there and got my crap and the next thing they shipped me right back to L.A, and we got on the boat, I think, the twenty fifth of September in 1944 and I went to Bombay, India. 28:26 Interviewer: “What kind of boat did they put you on? Was it an old Liberty Ship or a converted liner or something else?” 15 �Well, it was the S.S. General A.E. Anderson and I think the thing had been converted to all passengers. It might have been a… I don’t know. Interviewer: “A freighter or something like that?” Something like that, But I went to Melbourne, Australia, we left L.A. in September and got to Melbourne, Australia, we got off the boat—we had to be there two and a half days to refuel that ship, so they wouldn’t let the black soldiers off, they put a rope around this area and you could get in that area and that was it. You go down there in Australia and the white girls go crazy about the black boys. Anyway, we were there two and a half days and Tokyo Rose, you heard of her? She was with the Japanese, she got on the damn radio one morning and said, ―you guys left L.A. the 25th of September, you’re in Melbourne, Australia and your destination is Bombay, India‖. We didn’t know where the hell we were going and she wished us a lot of luck. 29:39 She said our buddies that were supposed to leave L.A. the next day will never make it because them damn Japs blew them out of the ocean down there last night. No kidding, they never got over there. We were torpedoed the first night I left Melbourne, Australia going to Bombay, but the dang thing missed us. 30:02 We survived. Another thing, see back in those days they convoyed all the soldiers; five, eight, ten of those ships would get together. The sent us over there on a boat by our dang selves and we didn’t have any escort until we got within four days of Bombay. We were very fortunate, I went through Corregidor, Bataan, not Bataan, let me see, I forgot some of those names. Interviewer: “That’s in the Philippines, was that on the way home?” That was on the way over there. We left Melbourne, Australia and I went through Singapore, and different islands like that. 16 �Interviewer: “A lot of those places at that time were still controlled by the Japanese. Singapore, they held on to until the end of the war. [The ship may have gone past parts of Indonesia and Sri Lanka, but not Singapore or the Philippines—ed.] Anyway, tell me a little bit about the trip on the boat. What was that like?” 30:56 Oh my god, we were in a damn hurricane—three days it was. Man, that damn boat would go straight up and come back down, we couldn’t go from here downtown in eight hours, that’s about how far that thing would go. They had to close off the compartments and they would lock them doors and stuff, but this one guy would get in the crow’s nest, you know they go a crow’s nest that’s up there and that guy would come out on deck and he had to crawl around to get on this ladder to go up in there, but we couldn’t even come up on deck for about three days. 31:54 During that storm, we ate seagulls and baked beans for breakfast. They’d tell us we had chicken or something. They fed you twice a day, but I was twenty one or two years old in good health and everything, I could eat anything and never go seasick, but a lot of guys with a weak stomach, well they probably didn’t follow orders anyway, but we would go to the mess hall and you had to stand up and you’d get a tray and I seen guys heave in the trays all the way back down to the compartment and you would walk in that crap. I stayed on that damn boat thirty some days and never got seasick and I did real good. 32:35 Then coming back, see we stopped in Guam to refuel, and come back, but I went through Melbourne, Australia and I don’t know how many islands we went through and you could see land and on one of those islands you didn’t have to have no permission to dock a boat there. I forget the name of that dang thing, but most places if you docked a ship anywhere, you had to get permission. When I came back home from overseas we stopped out there within three 17 �blocks of Alcatraz. An officer was supposed to come and inspect the boat and let us get off the thing, but them suckers were uptown there having fun and we had to stay there all night looking over there at Alcatraz. The next day they examined the thing and let us get off the ship. 33:26 Interviewer: “Let’s go back to your trip there. You left Melbourne and the Japanese submarine tried to torpedo your ship and you kept going and you sail on up to Bombay. Is that where you get off? What impression did you have of Bombay when you got off the ship?” Oh my god, that’s one of the worst, the poorest nation on earth because those natives over there—you see kids running up and down the railroad tracks, three, five, six years old and on up, without a stitch on and ain’t seen their mother or father in six or eight months and here’s Americans, we have a lot of coins and we’d throw coins out in the damn river and they would dive down and get the coin. I was in Bombay overnight or something like that and we got on troop trains and went up to India and Burma—there was a station up there, but they were narrow gauge tracks, they didn’t have no wide railroad tracks and man, it would take you a whole damn day to go forty miles. They got kids running up and down the railroad tracks every day without a stitch on begging you for something. 34:48 ―Give me something please, you very rich, me very poor, no mama, no papa, no sister, no brother, nothing, please give me something‖. I gave them all the coins I had in my pocket and one woman came up to me one day and she had a baby and I hadn’t seen no lady and a baby in I don’t know how long, so I’m just standing there admiring the baby and I asked her to let me hold the baby. She did. See over there they had rupees and a rupee was like a dollar bill and it wasn’t worth but thirty three cents, so I run out of 18 �coins and I gave her one of them dang rupees and she left me with the baby and started away from there. 35:28 I asked somebody what happened to the mother of the child and they said, ―man you just bought that baby‖, and I said, ―hell no‖, I had to go catch her and give the baby back to her, but I’d bought me a baby over there for thirty some cents. Interviewer: “All right, now you get up onto Burma and you’re going out—what unit did you join when you got up there?” I got with the 45th Engineers and they were building and maintaining about sixty-five or seventy miles of that road. In the Himalaya Mountains and it was in what they called the ―hump‖. That’s the lower part of the Himalayas and after you went through a certain level part of the country there, you went through the bump; the high part and you’re getting up near China then. I was up there in-between there because we built and maintained about sixty-five miles of that road. 36:21 Of course we had six outfits in my regiment and I was in F Company. I happened to be a dispatcher in the motor pool, that’s how I got to know all the vehicles and everything. Interviewer: “How many men were you in charge of at this point?” Oh, at that time—I’ve had seventy-five dump truck drivers under me in one day. My mechanics, the guys that run the heavy equipment – Caterpillar graders, low range shovels and all that kind of crap, all that was under the motor pool. My first, not my first sergeant, but my Lieutenant, he allowed me to run the dang motor pool. So, I was in charge of practically all of them guys. 37:07 Interviewer: “Now the 45th was that an all black unit or were there black companies in it?” 19 �It was all black. They had white officers and after the war, after old Roosevelt died and old Truman got to be the president of the United States, the war is over now and I’m getting ready to come home, but a lot of guys came home a lot sooner than I did. He integrated the dang army. You’re in the army according to your last name A, B, C etc. and they put you in outfits according to that. I’m in an outfit in the service with I think, three or four white boys. When I left Calcutta coming back to the states. We had one boy, I called him ―little rebel‖, he was from Missouri and another guy, one of them was from Pittsburgh or maybe from New York, but you know the white boys, north at that time were much different than those from the south. 38:03 This young white fellow from Missouri, he was very timid and everything and we get ready to go to lunch and I said, ―come on get your mess kit and let’s go eat‖ and them other two white boys said they already had gone, but I took him like a brother and his mother had gave him a bible and he gave me the bible and told me he wanted me to keep it and I never forget him, but he was a nice kid. I was three or four years older, but I have been around and had experience. I had a lot of life before I went in the army and a lot of them guys eighteen, nineteen years old ain’t been nowhere. 38:42 They were way away from home and didn’t know what the heck to do. My mother died when I was seven and I lived with my grandmother and my aunts and I never did see my dad much, so I’d been out there in the world getting it for myself. Interviewer: “Tell us a little bit what life was like up there in Burma. What did you do?” Well, it rained like a son of a gun, the monsoon, man you would go to bed at night wet and you get up wet. They had these old tents, they had American tents and British tents 20 �and like it rained today and the sun would come out and it would be hot as heck. The ground might crack it was just that hot. Then too, them old tents would rot and water come through tem things. I know the Air Force had a parachute and I got me a parachute and I put it up over my bed at night and the water would come through and hit that parachute it would drain off. I was up there a year and a half and we would take a five gallon container of fuel and light it and set it right by your tent cause at that time the animals, tigers and lions and whatever, man they would attack some of them guys. Three guys in my outfit got attacked by lions and tigers. 40:08 So that one morning I knew I’d take me that five-gallon thing and I would light it at night and put it right by the head of my bed. One morning I got up and got ready to go to breakfast and I looked at the side of my tent and a lion or tiger or something his old paw marks were up there and he was going to get in there and attack me I guess. One thing about the service, we had our rifles you know, it’s a piece they call it, but I had an M-1, boy, I could hit you as long as I could see you. That was my ―piece‖ and that was my brother and I kept that old rifle along side of my bed at night. 40:51 That’s the way it was up there and during the day things were a little different because I would make out trip tickets and give them out to the guys telling what they had to do and everything. We would be at the motor pool seven or eight o’clock in the morning and they would go out on the road and go to work. I had to go out there and see of all them vehicles were still in good shape and if they wasn’t I’d dead line them and have a mechanic come and take them—it had a name—we had a place where we sent stuff –1st, 2nd, 3rd echelon and if it wasn’t bad the mechanic would do it right there in my motor pool and if it was, they might have to send it to one of them other places. 41:27 If the transmission or something would go out on it. 21 �Interviewer: “Working on the road, were both blacks and whites working to build that road?” Well, we had thirty-three engineering outfits up there. Thirty of them were black and did most of the work. Now, the white boys, they might have built the bridges across them rivers and stuff, but there wasn’t too damn many of them. Interviewer: “Did you have either Chinese or Indian laborers who were doing a lot of the manual work? No, I seen Japanese one day. I was on the road—I thought he was a damn Chinaman and when I got to him I said, ―Boy, how you doing?‖ Interviewer: “Was he a Japanese prisoner?” He got lost from his outfit and he was lost up there in the jungles and he was trying to find his outfit I guess cause I passed him on the road and I spoke to him and I said, ―Hey Joe, how ya doing?‖ He spoke, but kept going. That guy had ammunition and I don’t know what all he didn’t have on him. I walked on up to my company and he did too and he went down the road about a quarter of a mile and the next thing I heard were shots. Well, some of them Americans seen him and they recognized him and they killed him. 43:18 They knew he was Japanese—I didn’t know he was Japanese. He had been up in them jungles I don’t know how long, but he got lost from his outfit. Interviewer: “When you were out there in the jungles, did you see anything of the local population? Were there any villages around or anything like that?” Well, they had a village quite away from us and they had—I called them the whores up there and they was socking it to you for 35 Rupees or something. I was 20 or 30 miles from a village where they had any women. I was up there twelve months and never seen 22 �a woman. When I did see one, she was like a half-mile or so from me and she dressed like the men. 44:00 She had on a damn uniform and you couldn’t tell whether she was a man or a woman. Interviewer: While you were up there working on the road, did you have much— did you know much about what was going on in the rest of the war or anything, or did someone just tell you one day that the was over?” Well see, I had a radio and we had newspapers come out occasionally. I had a radio and I could get the news darn near every day. I kept up with the war especially in Europe and down there in the Pacific and I know when the war ended. Well, the war ended in Europe and they were sending all those guys from Europe over to Burma and a lot of them didn’t get there before the war ended in the CBI, China, Burma, India and they let them go home. 44:58 I know when they dropped that bomb on Nagasaki, they blowed that damn thing right out of the face of the earth and we celebrated like the war’s over. And that was the greatest thing that ever happened during the time that I was in the army because the Japs said, ―to hell with ya, if you want the war that bad you can have it‖, and they quit. 45:21 Interviewer: “Once the war ended, did you continue working on the roads and doing the same things?” When the war ended, I’ll tell you what the federal government did, now they tore up the damn roads, see I was over there when they took graders and everything, the highways, the road we built going through Burma and India, they cut that thing up and destroyed it so the people couldn’t use it no more. A lot of the equipment we used to build that road with, some of them guys, they might have been rich Indians or something, but they 23 �bought a lot of the equipment and when I left, I was one of the last guys that left, I went to a staging area in Calcutta and we had to wait two or three weeks for a boat to come there and pick us up and bring us back to the states. 46:08 A lot of my guys got away from there a lot sooner than I did. Interviewer. “Why do you think you had to stay so long?” Well you see, they let you go home on a point system. If you had a wife and babies you got fifteen or twenty points for each one of them and I didn’t have a wife or baby or nothing. You got one point for being in the army and maybe two points for each year, each month you were overseas. Well, I didn’t have enough points, so I was one of the last guys that got to go home. Interviewer: “When you were in the staging area in Calcutta, did they make you stay there, could you go into the city or what did you do?” 46:52 Oh no, we was in a camp and they had women that drove around in them rickshaws, them old Chinese gals that had them slits in their dresses and man, they would ride by the camp and they would pull their dress up and you could see those big thighs and shit and a lot of my guys jumped over the fence and go down to the whore camp and buy a piece of ass. I said to heck with it. The Chinese women carried a disease they called the ―Chinese rots‖ and your privacies would drop off and I’ve been in the hospital and seen some of them that lost their privacies and nuts and the whole damn thing—they got a big sore spot down there. The Chinese women only have one kid. I said to heck with the Chinese. I would fuck anything over there but the dang Chinese. One day I seen one come by there and I had to go over the damn fence myself. They had a prophylactic; a place where you could go and take a pro kit and I did and I went to praying to god I kept clean. 47:55 I 24 �did alright. That malaria fever, they give you a pill in the morning before breakfast and it was a yellow tablet. It turns your skin yellow and a lot of guys would take that dang pill and throw it behind them, but I took that pill every day and I never got the malaria. 48:13 Interviewer: “That was the atabrine and that was the stuff that was intended to prevent you from getting it. Once you got it, it didn’t help you much. For you anyway it worked. Now, did you need to take those pills when you were up in the jungle, or was that above where the mosquitoes were?” When I was in Burma. All the while I was in Burma, I remember taking them pills every day. 48:32 We had a medic, the guy was a medical man, when you got ready to get in line to get your food you were supposed to have some water in your mess kit—it might have been—but some container that had water in it and you were supposed to have water and when you got to that medic he gave you that dang pill and you were supposed to take it when you went in there to get your food. I did. 48:58 Interviewer: “Now, were their other diseases or medical problems that the men up in Burma had? Were their other jungle diseases and things they got?” Man at that time they had more different diseases that our medical people in this country have never heard of and I don’t know half of them. Interviewer: “Did you have a lot of guys that wound up being sick and they couldn’t go out to work or would they just go out anyway?” When you got sick up there, they put you in the hospital, but you didn’t have to go to work, especially if you had a fever and were sick enough. I was very fortunate, I stayed 25 �over there a year and a half and man I worked every day. Rain like a son of a gun, Jesus Christ, that monsoon season lasts about six months a year and it rained every day. 49:55 Interviewer: “Now the time you were up there working on the road, did they ever give you a leave or a furlough?” Ya, I got one after I was up there a year and I went to Calcutta and man I think I had 1500 or 1800 Rupees when I got down there. When I got down there, man things were so good and shit, I threw them Rupees away so fast and after I was there about a week I took inventory and I said, ―I got to ease up on the money otherwise I’ll be broke before I even leave here.‖ I did some touring in Calcutta. See, I went to the temple down there and you talk about some beautiful churches, the temples—those Indians, they put out some marvelous work and some of those places you to, you couldn’t wear shoes, you had to pull off your dang shoes and the largest tree in the world, I bet it is as big around as this dang room almost, but I seen that in India. Another thing, Hindustani, Hindu people over there—Mohammad and Anglo are the three main tribes of India, now the Hindustani are the poorest ones out of the bunch and they call them natives. 51:11 When somebody died they take and build a dang place up there like that and they burn him and they tell me—everything burns on a human being but his navel string and those dang old Indians over there, they believe this shit. When somebody dies they take that navel string and throw it out there in the middle of the river and call it washing the sins away, but it was quite an experience over there. 51:41 Interviewer: “Now, you get to the end of the time, you come back down to Calcutta, what kind of a boat did they put you on to send you home?” 26 �Well, I’ll say there was a passenger ship because it was built for a lot of men, but the boat we was on was like that too. Now, you take that Queen Mary, it was one of the largest ships afloat at that time, well, it wasn’t nothing but a passenger ship and some of the boats I was on, two different ships, the U.S.S. General A.E. Anderson and I forget the name of the other boat I was on coming back, but they were both nice. 52:20 Interviewer: “Was it on the ship going back then, was the segregation breaking down, did you have black and white soldiers on the same ship?” Oh ya, see, when I left Calcutta they put you on a boat according to your last name and we were together, go eat together, you had a bunk, either me on top of you or you on top of me and stuff like that. Harry Truman, he made it possible. [Truman ordered the desegregation of the armed forces in 1947—ed.] Truman made that statement when he got to be president of the United States. When he got to his desk he said, ―the buck stops here‖, that means the bullshit to someone else. I’ve been to his museum down in Kansas City once or twice, but he’s got a heck of a lot nicer one than the one we got here in Grand Rapids. 53:09 It’s a whole lot better than that Gerald Ford thing we got. Interviewer: “Now you sail back, you stop off at Guam, were there other stops along the way? No, that’s the only place we stopped coming back and we got within two hundred miles of the Hawaiian Islands and there was a floating mine out there and it looked like a tea kettle and that dang old boat stopped and started circling and the guys on there that was in the navy and in the other branch of the service-Interviewer: “The Marines?” 27 �Yeah, the Marines, they started firing at this thing, I’ll bet they fired at that thing twentyone times before they hit it. The waves were bobbing up and down and the ship—finally that thing blew up and man, I was standing out on the edge of the ship and it knocked me back up against the rail on the back of the boat and we were 2000 miles out of Hawaii and I came on in Frisco and we spent the night up there watching that dog gone Alcatraz. 54:23 I had been stationed in Oakland and I could see Alcatraz every day and we’d go to Frisco at night. Well, on the train we would go by where you could see Alcatraz real easy. Interviewer: “So, they get you home and they finally let you off the ship in San Francisco, then, how long before you got to go home?” Well, I’d say two to three days maybe. The doctors would examine you to be sure you didn’t have no disease or whatever. The next thing you knew, they would send you to your nearest separation center. Well, I went into the army from Battle Creek, but there were so many guys being discharged in Battle Creek, they had to send me to Atterbury, down in Indiana somewhere or to McCoy in Wisconsin, so they sent me to McCoy. My brother, he had been overseas in Germany and I hadn’t seen him in three or four years and he and a friend of mind, they met me in Chicago and we got together and came home here to Grand Rapids. Interviewer: “Now, once you came back home again, were you staying with family again once you got back to Grand Rapids?” 55:32 Ya, I stayed with my brother. I lived with my aunt and uncle before I went in the service and my brother, he was married and had an apartment and I stayed with him, I don’t 28 �know, two or three months or something. The next thing you know I got a girl pregnant and I had to get married and then I got my own place. Interviewer: “Tell us about some of the things you did when you got back, what kind of jobs you were working.” Let me see, when I came out of the service--well see, they had a program, the government had a program and they called it ―the fifty-two twenty club‖ and if they didn’t give you the type of job you had in the army you didn’t have to accept it and you could draw that unemployment, every week for fifty-two weeks. So, I applied for a dispatcher job—they wouldn’t hire no black guys in this town doing that type of work, so I drawed unemployment for seven months. 56:23 The old bank roll was getting bad and I blew $2,000.00 dollars down to about $500.00 and I said, ―I better get me a job and go to work‖, so I went to work at General Motors right over here, the one fixin’ to close up, man I got out there and they told me about all the type of opportunities for advancements and what not—so I believed them—so I got out there and they give me a job that was nasty—I was just grinding metal on the side of a car—me and another guy, but they hired the white boys and they gave them a much better job than I had. 56:59 I never did get there until on a Monday, so that third week I went out there, I’d been sick with a strep throat or something and I had been sick for two or three days and the foreman said, ―Gullick, you’re taking too much time off work‖. Well, he didn’t know I had just got up from a poker table that night, went home and got dressed, I’d been drinking all night and I said, ―man what you talking about, you look, I’m right here now‖. Well they had been going south, picking up black guys and bringing them back and giving them jobs and stuff, so me and him had a few words and I asked him, ―can you go to the office and get 29 �my check?‖ He said, ―oh no, we can’t do that‖, and I said, ―well, that’s the only thing you can do for me because I’m leaving this god damn place. I ain’t staying in the army no three years and two months and come back out here and try to make these damn cars in one day and that’s what you people are trying to do‖. 57:48 If you went to the restroom, the foreman would work in your place while you’re gone. After three weeks I quit. My brother, I told him about it and he quit the same day I did, but he had been there three or four months. We got on the bus right out here at 36th and Division going downtown the old bus driver kept looking in the mirror—me and my brother were sitting in the back and we got down around 28th Street somewhere and the old bus driver said, ―well fellas you don’t have to tell me what happened, I used to work there myself and I wouldn’t go back out there if they gave me half interest in the place‖. 58:30 That’s when I started driving cab for the black guys. Interviewer: “That was for the Victory Cab Co., the black cab company?” Yes. I stayed there until they went out of business and then I went to Diesel in 1950. I stayed there until 1980 and I retired. I’ve been out for twenty-eight years. Interviewer: “That second job was a better one than the stuff they had down at GM?” At Diesel man, everything was nice. Precision work, clean—everything, but over there at General Motors, hell, all they built was top and doors and crap and you had to lift them and do all that crap and on top of that, you didn’t get no break. See, in the army they give you a ten minute break every hour whatever you did, but here you just kept on working. 59:17 If you had to go to the restroom, the dang old foreman would work in your place, so I said, ―to hell with this noise‖. 30 �Interviewer: “Tell us a little bit about how you wind up getting involved with the baseball club?” Well, when I came out of the service—I always loved baseball see, before I got in the service and I played a little before I went in the army. After I got out, they had this team and I got involved with them and every week-end they would go somewhere to play baseball and you would get two or three bucks, maybe seven or eight at the most, and I got to know a lot of the guys and I got to know the old manager because we had a pool room around here where we all met and they had a restaurant there and a hotel upstairs and everybody would be there and those guys would be playing ball somewhere this week-end and they asked me if I wanted to go and I said, ―heck ya‖, and I went. That’s how I got involved with baseball, but I was up there in Kalkaska and Traverse City. I was up there two days and come back to Bowen and the third day I was away from here playing ball and I got seven or eight bucks up there and I got three dollars in Bowen and I said, ―to heck with the ball business‖, because I was married and had two kids and they would rather have food than baseball. I came back here and I went to work for General Motors Diesel and they had a softball team and I played softball with them until I was forty-five years old. :43 When I went there, the ball team, everybody was on the team and I met the manager and after I met him we started talking about the game and I said, ―everybody out here is trying to manage the team, why don’t you give one of them the job and you be a player?‖ He made me the captain, so I told them, ―look fellas, we’re going to play ball, now you’re either going to play or you’re not‖, and I had my own team around here once and I told them then, there aint going to be only one manager and I be the manager‖. I had a raffle and bought them all Cincinnati red uniforms and give them 31 �to them and stuff. 1:23 I had three black guys and the bastards wouldn’t do right, so I fired them and got three white boys in their place. We had a lot of fun back in them days. Interviewer: “Now, when you played and went to colored baseball games for the Negro leagues, did they play on Sunday or Saturday and Sunday?” See the Black Sox and Bob Sullivan’s team, I forget the name of them now, but they used to have baseball here every Sunday because different teams from out of town played. I seen Homestead Braves and the Kansas City Monarchs, they was a traveling team and they come through here every year and I would see them play. They had a softball team here they called King and His Court, have you ever heard of them? Interviewer: “No .” 2:05 It was a four man team, Ed Finger was the pitcher and his right arm was dang near twice as big as his left arm and he traveled all over the United States pitching softball and I seen him play three or four times. Baseball use to be the thing if you was working and living in Grand Rapids on a Sunday when them ball teams came in here to play, you had to be there. Interviewer: “Everybody look’n their best, their best clothes?” Ya, ya, and old Ted Raspberry, you heard of him, see he use to have an east, west game in Kaminski Park every year and old Paul Goebel, when he got to be the mayor of Grand Rapids—he was a republican and he tried to get Ted Raspberry to campaign for him. Ted was a democrat and Ted wouldn’t do it, but he would have his All Star game in Chicago every year at Comiskey Park and Ted would make five or ten thousand dollars from that one game, so old Goebel told him, ―if you don’t campaign and support me in this election coming up and if I get to be the mayor, I’m going to bust you‖, and Ted 32 �worked up to have a team in new York in Yankee Stadium. 3:25 One day him and me was talking and he told me he was going to New York and he was going to make eighteen thousand dollars off of that one game in Yankee Stadium and the next thing you know, Goebel got to be the mayor and he busted Ted and he had to pay ten thousand dollars cash money because Ted had prostitutes, teams, a basketball team, a baseball team, a football team, running the numbers and all that kind of crap, so they popped him and he paid ten thousand like that and two or three weeks later he popped him again—he had to pay five thousand and he couldn’t handle this, so they stopped his action and Ted had to go to selling cars around here. 4:08 He introduced me to Buck O’Neill, then on the Monarchs, and I go to Kansas City and Buck died a couple of years ago and when I’d go down there he would let me and any of my friends go through there. They got a heck of a nice museum in Kansas city and that Hall of Fame, Ted Turner was the first man that invested some money starting that hall of Fame because ABC, CBS, NBC, none of them wouldn’t invest even a quarter. After Ted Turner made his investment, these other businesses started doing likewise. Man, they got a beautiful place down there. Interviewer: “When Jackie integrated baseball, how did you feel about that?” Well, I didn’t know what to think, but I figured it was going to happen eventually. Just like this old boy now that is running for president, who the hell ever thought he would make it to be the president. It was amazing when he came out of Pasadena. See, Jackie Robinson played with the Monarchs too, I think, before he got in the majors, but Jackie was an educated man just like Obama, and Branch Rickey, who owned the Dodgers, knew Jackie’s background and everything and told him what to do and how to do things. 5:23 He joined the Brooklyn Dodgers and man I’m telling you, he made the game a 33 �whole lot better than it was and he did some things on the diamond that a lot of people never seen or heard of. I seen Jackie play two or three times. Old Roy Capanella and Duke Snyder and I forget all them guy’s names. Anytime they would be in Detroit I would come down to see them. The All Star game, if I could get tickets to the game, I’d be going. Interviewer: “Now, back in Grand Rapids there was also a women’s baseball team, the Grand Rapids Chicks, did you ever see any of their games or know any of those players?” I seen Marian Ladwig, she played with the Chicks before she turned to bowling, but when I met her she was down at the Sanatorium and Morrisey, he’d sit in a chair like this and every time she would go up there and roll the ball she would come back and he would say something to her. I got to know his sons real well, a couple of them especially and then I got to know Marian Ladwig. 6:28 We was at a Hall of Fame thing here, I say for or five years ago, the last time I seen Marian Ladwig to talk to. She was interested in one of these bowling alleys and bought an interest in that thing. A while back I asked somebody about it and she is still living. I’m 86—86 now, but she’s close to 90years old. That hall of Fame, that Bowling Hall of Fame there in Kansas City and now they are building a new one in Dallas Texas, Fort Worth and I intend to go down there next spring and see what it is like. I bowled in New Orleans, New Jersey, California, Detroit and darn near everywhere in-between. I followed that circuit man, I been doing it man for thirty some years. 7:21 Interviewer: “You have certainly done quite a few different things—think back to the time you spent in the army, how do you think that wound up affecting you in the 34 �way you see the world or deal with people, what sort of effect do you think it had on you? I think if you travel and meet different people, it’s the best education you can get. I heard once that if you could afford get your kids graduated from high school and give them a trip around the world, it’s equivalent to four years in college, but I was fortunate enough to be half way around the world, I met a lot of people and one thing about me, I’ve always tried to increase my education. I read papers, the Washington news, go places, see things and do things and I believe that contributes to my good health and my way of being now. A lot of people retire like I did and they go sit on the porch and watch the birds fly by and watch television and All in the Family and that kind of crap. I promised God when I retired I would never be a couch potato and sit there and watch TV all the time. I’m going to find something to do, go somewhere and be active. I love to bowl, I love to play golf and I play baseball and stuff and I been going practically all my life. I really enjoy going and I think one of the best things in the world a man can do is meet different people. Interviewer: “Thank you very much for coming in and talking to us today.” It’s been a pleasure, I enjoyed it because that baseball career I had and I think about some of those boys get twenty million a year to play baseball and a lot of them after they get that money, like the Tigers here, man the payroll they had last year, they give some them people all that money and they aint played a game, they didn’t do a damn thing, but they got paid. I think about the times I played and I was out in that hot sun boy, it was something, but we made it possible for them to do what they’re doing. Interviewer: “You certainly did.” 35 �36 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gullick, Felix (Interview transcript and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gullick, Felix Description An account of the resource Felix Gullick spent most of his childhood on a farm in Kansas, and then moved to Muskegon, Michigan in 1939. He was drafted and served in the US Army between 1943 and 1946. He did his basic training in California, and spent about a year working on the docks in Los Angeles and Long Beach, and later was shipped to India and spent the last year of the war with the 45th Engineer Battalion, which was building and maintaining part of the Burma Road. He was the dispatcher for his company, and effectively commanded his unit much of the time. After the war, he returned to Michigan and played semiprofessional baseball during the last days of the Negro Leagues. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Moore, Louis (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-11-20 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GullickF Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c4135617d858349a8f584e85a6607804.jpg 6c96bf24afdd822e39d1c9dd366ea0d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ronald Oakes collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs by Ronald Oakes, who served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War, and in the U.S. National Guard in the Iraq War. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968/2005 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/628">Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq war photographs (RHC-80)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Veterans Photographs Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80 Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-80_Oakes-Iraq-IAarmedtoyata Title A name given to the resource Gun truck from the Iraqi national guard Subject The topic of the resource Iraq War, 2003-2011 United States--History, Military United States. National Guard Military life Soldiers Photographs Description An account of the resource Gun truck from the Iraqi national guard. January 2005. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oakes, Ronald Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005-01 Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ronald Oakes Vietnam and Iraq photographs (RHC-80) Relation A related resource Veterans History Project interviews, RHC-27 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Iraq War Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b2b029301dd3f19231277740dc5bae5.m4v 114a07759778ae9b2462971878bcf5af https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/79b13d99ec1acfe564f87bf5316a1f75.pdf 2cacb83ccbc6e58ab44171b20908235a PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Steven Gunn Vietnam War 1 hour 14 minutes 45 seconds (00:00:17) Early Life -Born in Austin, Texas, in 1946 -Spent some time in El Paso, Texas -Family moved to Clinton, Mississippi, when he was in second grade -Grew up there -Graduated from high school in 1964 -Attended Mississippi College for one year, then Houston Baptist University, then Baylor University -Completed his bachelor degree in 1968 -Went to the University of Chicago to get his master’s degree in social work (00:02:04) Getting Drafted & Awareness of Vietnam War -Draft board contacted him in the middle of his year at University of Chicago -Allowed to complete the year -Reported for duty in Chicago in August 1969 -He disagreed with the war and didn’t want to contribute to the killing -Applied for conscientious objector status, so he wouldn’t be a combatant -Could have applied for non-military service, but didn’t think he would get it -Didn’t want to move to Canada -Being a conscientious objector meant he would serve as a medic (00:05:05) Basic Training -Sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, for basic training -Trained with other conscientious objectors -They weren’t harassed by the drill sergeants for being conscientious objectors -Did physical training -Learned some basic land navigation skills -Went on marches and learned about military protocol (rank, who to salute, etc.) -Didn’t receive any weapons or hand-to-hand training -Lasted eight weeks (00:06:56) Medic Training -Stayed at Fort Sam Houston for medic training -Trained how to be an orderly in a hospital, how to treat sucking chest wounds, and basic First Aid -Lasted ten weeks (00:08:21) Deployment to Vietnam -Given a leave home before deploying to Vietnam -Sent to Vietnam in January 1970 -Flew from the United States to Japan to Vietnam on a chartered civilian airliner -Landed at Cam Ranh Bay -Didn’t make much of an impression on him -Hot, but not oppressive -Went through processing and issued jungle fatigues and boots -Received his unit assignment at Cam Ranh Bay (00:11:17) Assignment to 101st Airborne Division -Assigned to the 101st Airborne Division at Camp Evans �-Initially assigned to Headquarters (HQ) Company of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment -Battalion headquarters was at Camp Evans, and Camp Evans was located near Phu Bai -Unit was in the field operating near firebases in the area -Didn’t have any problems joining his unit (00:14:58) Operating around Camp Evans Pt. 1 -Went into the field with Delta Company -Served in the field with them for six months -Doesn’t remember much about his first few days in the field -Patrolled, slept in the field, and ate C-rations -Handed out anti-malaria pills -Remembers finding a pit that led to an underground bunker complex -Doused it with gasoline then set it on fire -Treated a man who had gotten singed -Nobody commented about him not carrying a weapon (00:17:00) Operation Texas Star – Establishing Firebase Ripcord -In March 1970, the 101st Airborne Division launched Operation Texas Star -Reestablishing Firebase Ripcord on the A Shau Valley -Went into that area via helicopter -Feet dangling out of a Huey helicopter -Dropped off at the landing zone -When they landed they got shot at a couple times -Moved to wherever they were told to go -Company operated as a full unit, but the platoons split up while in the field (00:20:05) Operating around Camp Evans Pt. 2 -Participated in one ambush in the Flatlands -Only five or six men -Considered a low risk situation, otherwise he wouldn’t have gone with them -Had a Chieu Hoi scout with them -Note: Chieu Hoi scouts were North Vietnamese defectors working with US forces -Nothing happened (00:21:25) Patrols in the Mountains -In the mountains they walked single file with some space between each soldier -Follow the man in front of you -Used trails and also forged their own paths -Jungle was thick, but it looked more like a forest than a stereotypical jungle -Saw a beautiful, green bamboo viper -It was a rocky, steep, and forested areas (00:23:35) Leadership in Delta Company -The first platoon leader was incompetent -More concerned about how much peanut butter he had than anything else -Didn’t know how to use night vision goggles -Basically focused on himself -Captain Rollison took command of D Company and dismissed the incompetent platoon leader -Steven joined a platoon under the command of Jim McCall -At first he found Captain Rollison to be intimidating and thought he was a redneck -In retrospect, he realizes how competent and strong he was as a leader -Positive and respectful man -Steven came from a college town, with college-educated parents -Had a negative perception of anyone that behaved like a redneck �(00:27:27) Patrols around Firebase Ripcord Pt. 1 -From March through June 1970 D Company patrolled the area around Firebase Ripcord -Not too many injuries -He was sent with a squad to collect the bodies of men killed in a helicopter crash -Carried the body bags back to a company command post -Treated a soldier that contracted a venereal disease while on R&R -Administered penicillin -Issued daily anti-malaria pills -Had anti-fungal medication available to him -Most of the medical work he did involved carrying dead soldiers back to base (00:30:40) Awareness of Firebase Ripcord Area -Squad leaders had regional maps -He knew where Hill 1000 was in relation to Firebase Ripcord -He didn’t know too much else about their area of operations -He followed orders and didn’t pay attention to their locations -Doesn’t remember having any constant feeling of paranoia (00:32:05) Extracting Alpha Company & Battle of Hill 1000 -Remembers when D Company went into the field to rescue Alpha Company -Camped near the helipads the night before they went into the field -Scared about going up Hill 1000 (00:32:50) Staying on Firebase Ripcord -Slept in a bunker made of sandbags and wood on the perimeter of Firebase Ripcord -Remembers eating rice and fish with South Vietnamese artillerymen -Took mortar fire and treated a sucking chest wound until the man could be evacuated -Stayed on Firebase Ripcord between patrols -D Company stayed at Ripcord for a few weeks pulling base security (00:35:14) Patrols around Firebase Ripcord Pt. 2 -Saw some action in May 1970 -Moving up a hill and stopped to rest -He looked up and saw a North Vietnamese soldier walking toward him -Lieutenant McCall shot the enemy soldier -Close enough that some blood and gore splattered on Steven (00:37:20) Battle of Firebase Ripcord – Hill 1000 -On July 1, 1970, the North Vietnamese attacked Firebase Ripcord -Remembers being told they were going out to take Hill 1000 -Walked single file up to Hill 1000 -Treated a man with a shrapnel wound in the butt -On July 7 D Company attacked Hill 1000, and got stopped -On July 8 D Company and C Company attacked Hill 1000 again -C Company got up their side of the hill, but D Company was unable to get up their side -Remembers a conscientious objector medic with C Company getting killed at Hill 1000 -First day in the field -Colonel Lucas ordered Jeff Wilcox (commander of C Company) to attack Hill 1000 again -Wilcox blew up at Lucas and refused to send his men in for a suicide attack -One of the men killed at Hill 1000 was Lewis Howard -Knew him best out of the men killed in action -Had to leave his body behind at Hill 1000 (00:44:00) Battle of Firebase Ripcord – Extracting Delta Company & Alpha Company -On July 22, D Company went out to extract D Company of 1st Battalion of 506th Infantry Regiment �-On July 23, D Company went out to extract A Company of 2nd Battalion of 506th Infantry Regiment -Flew out to a landing zone near Alpha Company’s position and started walking toward them -Heard explosions and small-arms fire, but the bulk of North Vietnamese had retreated -At Alpha’s position he saw a lot of dead soldiers -Started making poncho litters (litter made of sturdy branches and ponchos) -Loaded the dead soldiers and their weapons onto helicopters -Delta created a landing zone at Alpha’s position to extract everyone -Heard some random small-arms fire at them, but nothing direct -Pulled out of the area and went to Camp Evans -On July 23, Ripcord was evacuated then destroyed by B-52 bombers (00:49:19) Downtime Pt. 1 -Went to Eagle Beach in late June 1970 -Note: Eagle Beach – secured area on South China Sea for 101st Airborne men to relax -Had a few stand downs at Camp Evans -Chance to get haircuts, get new fatigues, and drink beer (00:50:52) Medical Service at Villages -He was pulled out of the field to work in medical staff at Camp Evans -Went on med caps – sending out medical personnel to service villages -He also recorded statistics from med caps -Got to villages via trucks -Had a South Vietnamese soldier as an interpreter and some troops for protection -No hostilities -Treated civilians -Remembers a lot of children being around -Reminded him of his experience doing a medical mission in Honduras during college (00:53:00) Contact with Vietnamese -The South Vietnamese interpreters were educated, friendly, and fun people to be around -Chu Hoys were rough and focused on surviving the war -Children were friendly and asked American soldiers for candy -Villagers were old, led rough lives, and smoke terrible smelling cigarettes (00:54:50) Life at Camp Evans – Drugs & Race Relations -Operated out of Camp Evans for six months doing med caps -Chance to relax -Avoided contact with officers -Remembers a sergeant tried to get the men to do morning formations -The men refused -He insisted until someone threatened to kill him -Smoked a lot of marijuana during his time at Camp Evans -White and black soldiers had a place they called, “the Hole” -Friendly environment to smoke pot together -Quite a few men addicted to heroin -They nodded off during guard duty -Leadership didn’t do anything about it -One black soldier got sent to Long Binh Jail for attempting to kill a sergeant or an officer -Seemed like black and white soldiers got along well (00:59:20) Contact with Home -Got one phone call home -Didn’t write home too much �(00:59:40) Downtime Pt. 2 -Spent a lot of time doing photography while at Camp Evans -Passed the time by reading, smoking pot, meditating, and playing guitar (01:00:44) Bronze Star -Remembers an award ceremony at Camp Evans -He got a Bronze Star for his work during the extraction of Alpha Company -Doesn’t understand why he got one, he felt like he was just doing his job -Felt honored that Captain Rawlinson put in for Steven to get a Bronze Star (01:02:25) End of Service -He counted the days he had left on his “FTA” calendar (Fuck the Army) -Wanted to get out of the Army as soon as possible, so he added three months to his tour in Vietnam -This would allow him to get discharged as soon as he returned to the United States -Didn’t want to do six months of stateside duty -Got an early discharge in March 1971 -Flew out of Cam Ranh Bay -Missed his original flight, so he waited two days for another flight -Met a soldier with a severe heroin addiction hiding in a bunker -Arrived at Fort Lewis, Washington, and given a steak dinner -Rather than see it as a reward, it came off as insulting -Out-processed at Fort Lewis -Dental exam, physical, told he had hearing loss due to his exposure to gunfire (01:07:50) Life after the War -Went to Los Angeles to visit a friend the hitchhiked up to San Francisco -Hitchhiked back to Mississippi to visit his family -Returned to San Francisco and lived there for the summer of 1971 -Got an apartment and attended meditation sessions at a zen center -Went back to Chicago to finish his master’s degree -Got a job at KidsPeace, a children’s behavioral health association, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania -Worked there as a social worker helping emotionally disturbed children -Lived at a local zen center for a while -Worked at KidsPeace for 36 years -Still lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, as of 2016 (01:11:45) Reflections on Service -His time in Vietnam led to a spiritual awakening -Led to him meditating daily and having a holistic view of spirituality -Didn’t have typical PTSD, but had a form of it -Various addictions, worked a lot, occasional depression, and jumpy from loud noises -Attended a Ripcord Association Reunion in 2013 and again in 2016 -Chance to reconnect with the men he served with, and talk about their similar experiences � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GunnS1960V Title A name given to the resource Gunn, Steven W (Interview outline and video), 2016 Description An account of the resource Steven Gunn was born in Austin, Texas, in 1946, but spent the majority of his childhood/adolescence in Clinton, Mississippi. In the winter of 1968 the draft board contacted him, but he didn’t have to report for service until August 1969. He opposed the war and registered as a conscientious objector. He received basic training at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and stayed at that base for his medic training. He was deployed to Vietnam in January 1970, and he joined the 101st Airborne Division at Camp Evans. He started with Headquarters Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 506th Infantry Regiment, then transferred to Delta Company. For his first six months in Vietnam he went into the field with D Company, and from March through July they operated around Firebase Ripcord. During the Battle of Firebase Ripcord (July 1 – July 23) Steven took part in the Battle of Hill 1000 and Delta’s rescuing of Alpha Company. Steven was reassigned to work out of Camp Evans to go into nearby villages to service the civilians. His tour ended in March 1971 and upon arrival at Fort Lewis, Washington, he was discharged from the Army. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gunn, Steven Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-10-07 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives