356 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f5a6fc7526e9df1c8a46021363ca4f3e.jpg 1cbd6f46ea8a7300d1d2de3f9589df0c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_Vasquez-Fidencio-012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vasquez family Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002-06 Title A name given to the resource Graduation celebration, June 2002 Description An account of the resource Graduation of a nephew. Hart, Michigan. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Vasquez, Fidencio Jr. Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Subject The topic of the resource Hart (Mich.) Hispanic Americans Commencment ceremonies Migrant agricultural laborers United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3fbe4b1747987ac055ed22e5b074cdcd.jpg 5ca7fbf06044da32cc352c0755941d22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000207 Title A name given to the resource Graduation procession at first commencement Description An account of the resource Faculty processing to graduation ceremonies at Field House. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Events Graduation ceremonies Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4006173df49b02a960848b7f14103f6c.jpg aaf73a4717b6fe03ef79d3529e0ba626 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000527 Title A name given to the resource Graduation procession at first commencement Description An account of the resource Graduation procession at first commencement. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e8c95177e5577c86abf1ffeedb434d7d.mp4 82c178fbac78132b4d36742c0bedfd89 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/afa3fa2403324f9b20f453bbfe7eb371.pdf 860ee6bf5b3ed3fefb3d03eba9d42829 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Marion Graff (1:11:06) Background information (00:49)                    Born in Ironwood Michigan in August of 1922. (00:53) In 1924 he and his family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he spent most of his life. (1:05) His mother and father were immigrants from Europe. (1:20) His father worked in an iron ore mine, but his mother wanted to move to Grand Rapids in order to be closer to her sisters who resided there. (1:25) In Grand Rapids his father worked making furniture. He lost this job during the Depression. (1:49) His father than worked on his brother’s farm where he got paid with food. (2:10) There were 6 children in his family. (2:31) The family also had a gardens, chickens and rabbits. (2:40) He attended school at St. Adalbert church. (3:12) He graduated from high school in 1940. (3:46) He attended Aquinas College for several semesters after high school. (3:50) He recalled hearing about Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 on the radio. He knew very little about Pearl Harbor’s location. (4:32) He paid little attention to the conflicts occurring in Europe. (5:10) His parents emigrated to the U.S. from Poland. His parents paid close attention when Poland was invaded. (5:20) He hoped the U.S. would stay out of the war but knew that the nation would probably get involved. (5:50) He enlisted in the Navy because he had a brother who was in the Army who told him to stay away from the Army. (6:04) Before enlisting he studied drafting at Aquinas College. He had completed three semesters before entering the Navy. (6:40) He enlisted in the Navy near the end of 1942 and attended boot camp in March 1943. (7:17) He had boot camp at Camp Perry, Virginia. (7:23) Basic training (7:30)        From Detroit he took a day and a half train trip to Camp Perry. (7:48) The camp had barracks with 30-50 men per unit. (8:22) When receiving training the men used broom sticks to train as if they were a rifle. The men never fired a rifle in boot camp. Most of the work was marching. (8:42) The men were educated with films. (9:10) A lot of emphasis was placed on discipline. (9:26) It did take some time for him to adjust to life in the Navy. (9:44) Boot camp lasted approx. 14 weeks or 3 months. (10:00) �     After completing boot camp he was given liberty. During this time, he went to Washington, D.C. (10:13) All of boot camp was on shore. (10:46) After completing boot camp he was sent on a train from Virginia to Tiburon California in May of 1943.(11:00) In Tiburon he was put on as a striker (or a laborer) through September of 1943. Here he cared for several patience that the base had. (11:35) The base had a dry dock. Basic training was also carried out for men who worked on dry docks. (12:30) Specialized Medical training (13:00)             He was then sent to Balboa Park in San Diego, California. (13:35) Here he attended medical corps school for 14 weeks. (13:42) He was trained to give shots using oranges. Most everything else was learned through a book in a classroom.(14:00) He was given liberties here where he went to Los Angeles however the freedom was similar to boot camp. (14:50) At one of the U.S.O.s he saw Bob Hope. (16:16) In Balboa Park he lived in tents. Many men fell ill with colds.(16:50) The Red Cross charged the soldiers for coffee and cigarettes. Other places would commonly give service men goods or food. (18:11) He was then sent to Treasure Island for three days and then went to Bremerton, Washington, where he lived in a converted YMCA. These men were all medical corp. men. (19:14) He was assigned to the BB 48, the USS West Virginia. He was sent to Bremerton because that is where the ship was in dry dock. (20:05) The West Virginia was sunk at Pearl Harbor. It arrived in Bremerton after being raised (20:10) The West Virginia was then stripped and rebuilt. The ship was also given “Blisters” to protect from torpedoes. (21:02) He was at Bremerton from January to September of 1944. (22:00) Service aboard the West Virginia in the Pacific (22:10)        The ship's crew started with some experienced crew members aboard assigned to train the new members. (22:48) The Ship docked briefly in Pearl Harbor but did not stay there long. (23:37) On approx. the 15 of October 1944 he sailed to Leyte and the Surigao Straits where the West Virginia engaged the Japanese. (25:17) The ship was engaged by Japanese aircraft. However he did not have any encounters with kamikaze pilots until he sailed to Okinawa. (25:04) His battle station was on the top deck where he worked in a first aid unit. There was however a hospital room located on the ship below deck. (25:33) The room was noisy due to its proximity to the heavy guns. (26:15) He saw several Japanese planes. One he believed hit the bulkhead of the ship. (26:40) �The Battle of Surigao Straits (20:15)         The West Virginia was involved in this battle for about 15 minutes. (27:27) The ship fired 90 rounds in 15 minutes. The ship started out 42,000 yards away from the enemy. (28:05) The captain of the West Virginia was very experienced and gave the sailors a lot of freedom. (28:40) He saw the officers frequently because he was with them often in the medical compartment. (29:30) The ship did cross the date line. This involved an initiation into the deep sea. The ceremony lasted 2 days. (30:16) As part of the initiation the new sailors were hazed. (31:20) Before crossing the equator the men were pollywogs. After words they were shellbacks. (31:50) The only news he got after the battle at Surigao Straits was that the Japanese had dispersed. (32:50) Combat n the Pacific (33:00)  After the battle of Surigao Straits the ship went back to Leyte. Here he provided support for troops who were on the ground or storming the beach. (33:20)  The shell's warhead was 16 inches by 2.5 feet. (34:22)  From Leyte the men traveled to several other locations where they would be called for to provide support for soldiers on land. (35:20)  The ship ran aground and damaged 3 props. In November of 1944 the ship went into dry dock. The repair took 3 weeks. (35:40)  During this time the men were given liberty to go on shore. Here the men swam and drank beer. (36:15)  After the ship was repaired the men traveled back to the Philippines and stayed stationed there until February 1945. (36:51)  In February 1945 they where stationed off Iwo Jima. Before this the men were supposed to be given liberty but they weren’t able to have it due to this battle. (36:00)]  Iwo Jima was invaded at 6:00 AM . The ship began firing at 12:00 noon. (37:45)  He recalls being at Iwo Jima for about a week. (38:35)  The men were given some rest after Iwo Jima but it was cut short to be sent to Okinawa. (39:25)  For R and R the men were sent to a small island. The men called it Mog Mog. (39:38) The Battle at Okinawa. (40:00)  In Okinawa the ship encountered Kamikaze pilots. (40:15)  The sailors were told that theses pilots were trained how to land and take off. They were given sake and enough gasoline to his a carrier or battle ship. (40:30)  For a long time the West Virginia was called the “ghost ship” because in spite begin involved in so many battles the ship was not hit until April 1st 1945. (41:40)  At 5:00 in the afternoon, several Japanese planes were spotted and shot at. One aircraft struck the nose of the ship but didn’t damage it. Another, carrying a 500 pound bomb, struck the ship �  and ruptured several levels. The bomb did not detonate. 4 sailors were killed while 7 were injured. (42:00) He does not know for sure if the aircraft that struck his ship were an actual Kamikaze or not. (45:00) The ship was not struck after this instance. (45:20) Life aboard ship (45:30)  While on the ship he did conduct surgery. (45:50)  Some of the naval doctors were not as good as others. (46:20)  For 8 hours a day the men were in “sick bay” or the hospital room. Though he did not enjoy it, many men gambled on ship. (47:35)  Some time he would read his medical book just because it was something to do. There were also films showed on the ship. (48:09)  The ship was in Okinawa from April through August of 1945 when he learned that the Missouri, New Jersey and West Virginia were going to go into Tokyo Bay. (48:55) The Japanese Surrender (50:20)  He got to see parts of the ceremony from the crow’s nest on the West Virginia. (50:33)  He thought there were about 100 naval ships in Tokyo Bay during the ceremony. (51:12)  The men stayed in Tokyo Bay and then were sent to Yokohama where they had liberty. (52:02)  There were very little rules for men who went ashore in Japan. The men traded chocolate and sugar for goods. (52:54)  He thought that the Japanese people were frightened of the American soldiers. (54:01)  One of the books he got by trading goods was a book documenting the Japanese Chinese war. (55:28)  After being stationed in Japan, the ship went back to Pear Harbor and took on 2,000 servicemen to take them back to the U.S. (56:50)  The ship stopped in San Diego. The weather on the way to the U.S. was not the best. (58:12)  The West Virginia made about 4 “ferry trips”, carrying approx 12,000 men. For a couple of months. (59:22) Life After Service (59:30)  He was discharged in February 1946. (59:54)  He was discharged along with a bunch of other men form the ship. He was provided transportation to Great Lakes Naval Base where he was discharged. (1:00:10)  He graduated from college in 1949 with a BA in accounting. (1:01:23)  After college he worked in the insurance business and even had his own agency until he sold it. He has been working all the way until 2010. (1:01:35)  While on the West Virginia the crew never changed. (1:02:32)  He has stayed in touch with his fellow service men. (1:02:52)  He learned a lot and saw a lot in the Navy. He would not want to do it again though. He served in 6 major engagements and was rewarded 6 bronze stars. (1:03:19)  He witnessed many ships being hit. This was very frightening. (1:05:04)  One of his friends had the keys to a refrigerator which meant he could take some food when he wanted. He was also put in charge of the supply closet that housed any alcohol on the ship. He often stole these shipments of alcohol. (1:06:41)  One man on ship made wine from the fruit that was on board. (1:09:00) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Graff, Marion (Interview outline and video), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Graff, Marion Description An account of the resource Marion Graff, born in Ironwood Michigan in August of 1922, served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 to 1946 in the Pacific during World War II. During his service, Marion was a Medical Corpsman aboard the U.S.S. West Virginia and provided anything from basic medical care to surgeries for the sailors on aboard. During his time spend on the West Virginia, he participated in several major engagements, including the Surigao Straits, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Navy Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-01-12 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GraffM1335V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b1c49b3c1cc513776a683ab57ff7979.jpg bcb5064049291dc41221c20c5aa2c0d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_J058-0019 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-03-08 Title A name given to the resource Graffiti in East Harlem, New York City Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a city sidewalk in East Harlem, New York. In the photograph, a wall of graffiti is seen decorating the side of a building in the foreground. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource East Harlem (New York, N.Y.) Sidewalks--New York (State)--New York Graffiti--New York (State)--New York Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dc7c1d72928b610cb1052f67aa087749.jpg 76146058e34327147709e05a86ef59f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. 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Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Vasquez, Fidencio Jr. Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Subject The topic of the resource Ephrata (Wash.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c9d2ce8837367e77bb5ff56c1a419662.mp4 2790c3b82ab7b06d806de46046085c0d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/220e95d4388f6039be518dab0ff141a3.pdf d841667a5fc7b90fc81a272ce9646cb0 PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Graham Peasley Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: September 2nd, 2021 DD: I’m Dani DeVasto, and today, September 2nd, 2021, I have the pleasure of chatting with Dr. Graham Peasley. Hi Dr. Graham. GP: [chuckles] Hi Dani. I- I’m Graham Peasley. I’m a professor at the University of Notre Dame, and I am now spending a g-good deal of my life studying PFAS. So, the story I’d like to tell is just, how did I get into this. I was a nuclear physicist of all things, and I have, or I, trained as a nuclear chemist, and I began studying environmental issues back in the 2000s—early 2000s—and it revolved around a lake. I didn’t know anything about lakes, but I needed to get tenure, and I decided I was gonna study the local lake. But in that process I met someone looking at brominated flame retardants, and we studied brominated flame retardants with our technique. And, I met a woman who's probably the leading PFAS scientist in the country at a conference, and she said, “That’s great work on the brominated flame retardants, can you do that with fluorine?” And I laughed and said, “Nobody can do that with fluorine.” It’s not got any-any ways to detect fluorine that are quick and easy. I had a quick and easy way to detect bromine, and I thought about it for a couple weeks after the conference, and there is an old technique that could detect fluorine quickly, but, gee, it wouldn’t really work, would it? And so I-I called the woman back up—this was Jennifer Field—the-the- one of the leading PFAS experts in the world, and I said, “can you send me something that’s fluorinated? I would like to see if I can see it,” and she knew my technique, and she—her grad-her grad student sent a piece of a pair of pants to me, and I stuck it in the beam, and in less than an hour we had the signal that was predicted to be there, and it was really strong. It was like—wow, that was easy. We had no idea whether it was all material that had to do with this or just this one pair of pants, so I had to get a t-shirt off a student [chuckles] Said I assume a t-shirt isn’t fluorinated, stuck it in the beam, and there was not a signal, and it was like, okay, so we see fluorine and we can prove it. And it took, oh 2 or 3 years from that point to get it published and cause we saw more fluorine than there was PFAS, and the world’s leading expert tells you, “that’s too much fluorine” and we-we only measure this much. But the techniques are different—ours measures all fluorine. And so, it took us a couple years to understand that and to our credit, the leading scientist understood what we were seeing, and published several papers at that point saying, “look [chuckles] we don’t see most the fluorine that we measure, most standard measurements we’ve talked about, all publishments to date have been on less than 1% of all the fluorine that’s out there, and so that’s the scary news. These PFAS are everywhere and we aren’t looking at most of them. We’re looking at the ones that are recognizable, that we know have health concerns, that there's a whole bunch that are being made, 1 �and have been modified in their environment that, sort of, they’re starting to decay, but they don’t decay very rapidly, or not at all when they reach the base unit, and so these final products are-are always measurable, but there’s a lot of what we call precursors that turn into these final products, and that’s been my scientific career as a sort of change from that moment in 2013/2014 to now, where a good fraction of my research group and effort is in PFAS. We still do lead and brominator flame retardants, and a few other things, but the funding and the interest is really gone into PFAS. And the reason is that PFAS is used so widely. It’s used in every product that is a [unclear] that came out recently, and Europe has showed 200 different uses of PFAS in our society from clothing to papers to flame retardants that we use in the airports and things like that—everything that people know about, then dozens of other uses— fluorinated ski wax. The Olympic Committee has contacted us to see if we can tell fluorinated ski wax, which is now banned, from non-fluorinated because they need something they can test for the-the doping in the Olympics. Well, okay, and it turned out not to be my technique because I could not put it up on a hill but— DD: [laughs] GP: They found a way that they can measure that. And so that was fun, I mean, it-it was a project that walks in the door, we answer a question and we can help somebody measure quicker. What has really made an impact is the-the human impact of what our stories have done, and the fact that we can change things, as scientists. Which, you know, scientists don't do anything except study things, you need politicians, you need lawyers, you need somebody else to change something, but we can actually make a difference. And it began after this discovery that I can make rapid measures of fluorine, I was hired away to Notre Dame, where I was asked to do the applied physics program here, and we had an accelerator that I could devote to this type of study, and they allowed me a lot of resources this time doing it, and we ended up looking at all sorts of products— food packaging was the first one we did before I came— but then we looked at textiles for occupational exposure for firefighters, and we looked at most recently cosmetics, and we’re still looking at dozens of others things that we’ll eventually get published, and everywhere we look we see fluorine. And so, the next question is, is that fluorine PFAS? Cause there are some natural forms of fluoride, but we don’t see a lot of that, except in rocks. So, unless there’s rocks in the product, there’s unlikely to be, you know, organic fluoride. You know, toothpaste, okay, but very few other things have organic fluoride in them. And so, the inorganic fluorines are all man-made, they’re all PFAS, all the ones of concern, and they, as a family, there’s you know, 4,000, 5,000 of these things that are known, probably more, based on our studies there’s even more that are unknown, and these chemical compounds persist forever. 2 �Then-so what we started looking for were ways we could get rid of them out of the products, and bringing attention to them as a scientist is one way we can do that. So we published a study on food wrappers, originally, and it was brought by a student. We were measuring these pants, we were measuring samples from soils, we were measuring water samples, and suddenly a student says, “can I test the food wrapper that I’m eating off?” “Sure.” And it had fluorine in it. And so, then we commissioned a study and a bunch of students all over the country went and got, from 7 different states, a whole bunch of food wrappers, and we could do them rapidly, we were measured 300, 400, 500 of them, and we found that about 30-40% were fluorinated. And we published that, and we were completely unaware how big a story that would be— because the media got a hold of it— and it was just the right time that the-the news story broke, and people were looking for a feel-good story or an alarm story, and ‘oh my god I’ll never eat a hamburger again.’ Well, the hamburger doesn’t spend much time in the wrapper, as people were quick to point out, and we even said it in the paper right, I’m not worried about the hamburger, I’m worried about where did the wrapper go after you eat the hamburger: It goes in the landfill. These are forever chemicals, and in about 60 days they all wash out a landfill and they’re back in the drinking water, and you and I, and our children drink- that’s not good, okay, and so we made that story, they didn’t read the second part of that paper, they just read ‘oh my god it's in every major fast food chain,’ and then the remarkable thing happened. A- the story was popular, er, okay, and I-I have wonderful scientific publications of lots of people haven’t read, and then this one paper everybody’s read. And it’s like, okay, it wasn’t even that big a study. Some students read some papers and we got a measurement and- but it was the impact, it was in what people ate, could be in what people ate, more importantly what everybody was gonna be drinking, and so I kept trying to make that point. But then- oh a few months later I got invited to give a talk to the packaging industry, and I thought oh my god they’re gonna throw darts at me. No! They were delighted by my paper. Come tell us about this technique and how did you find that out and-and why were they so excited? Well, it turns out for almost all applications, the companies could switch, and when they were contacted by a Senator who out of Illinois that wrote them a letter saying, “I understand from the Washington Post you have this in your packaging, but your policy for removing it, how soon will it be done?” When a sitting U.S. Senator writes that to a CEO, you know, they had a meeting somewhere, and the CEO said, “Make this go away; we sell hamburgers, we sell tacos, I don't want anything.” And they-they change packaging three times a year anyway. It’s Christmas season, so they just switched, and they switched away from it based on a scientific study, and the fear of it, of-of regulation coming down the pike, or worse yet, lawyers. Litigation is a-a big tool in this country to force companies to do the- to do what they should be doing, and most companies do it long before the litigation stage. They say, “whoops, this isn't good,” and they didn't know it was there; they just were told it was a better packaging material, and it is, its better to keep grease off, but they could go back to the old stuff; they could go back to double wrapper, they could use middle foil, so they switched and everybody did it without a law being changed 3 �for the next two years. Laws have now started to change, based on the paper, but, I-it was remarkable that a paper caused all the big named brand industries you know of to switch without me having to go to boardroom to boardroom to come persuade them to do that. They just said “Nah, brand impression is important, and we don’t want to be associated with this chemical, it-it isn’t necessary for what we need to sell our product, it’s gone.” And that was what we call a-a, you know, a low-cost effort to change an industry. And I was amazed cause I was not aiming for anything so grand other than, we found an observation that nobody had seen before, let’s see what we can do with it. And the next story comes, related to that, is- I got a- based on the publicity from that, we got- I got a very nice email from a spouse of a firefighter. And Diane Carter had written to, at that point, 6,000 different emails to various government officials, to various manufacturers, to various people, her husband had cancer. And she knows she can never prove where the cancer came from, but she found the suspicion that, you know, PFAS is a chemical that causes cancer, and firefighters are very well aware of it cause their firefighting foam is made out of it, and now the whole country switched away from that type of firefighting foam, which is a huge progress being made, but she said, I think the gear’s made out of it too. And she got some hints from what she read online, but she couldn’t prove it, and nobody would listen to her, and say, “nah nah nah, go away, it’s all safe.” And she wrote to me, and a heartfelt letter; she talked about her husband’s cancer, he survived, and- but he’s no longer able to work, and he’s too young to retire, so she’s pissed, and-and wrote it in a very eloquent way. And I said, okay, I’m at an institution where I’m supposed to work with the public. I can do that. Can you send me a sample of the gear? And they did, a couple swatches of gear, and it was through the roof in fluorine. It was very high and fluorinated. And I said okay, is all gear like this? Or is it just yours? Does it come off? Or does it just stay on the gear forever? And does it get into a firefighter if it does come off? I kinda answered the third one— that’s an exposure science question— but I can answer the first two. And we got a group of volunteers in the fire services to send me samples of used turned-out gear or new, sometimes they had new gear, and it’s very expensive, the- so they couldn’t get a lot of samples, but I got 30 or 40 samples, and the students loved it. They ran with it. We discovered that it was all required by law to have the same type of treatments, which were all fluorated, and heavily so. And, it came off, our students have found garment-to-hand transfer— that’s not good. They were wearing gloves, they were after- we measured the glove before and after, and we could reproduce them. We could get rub-off. You could rub it off. It wasn’t easy to get off, it wasn’t; it was still water-proof after we did this, but it was a- added to the garment to be waterproof. And we found it everywhere, and nobody had recorded this before, and the companies all said it was safe, safe, safe, but they’re just- they don’t have a chemist on staff, they just, sew the textiles from the textile manufacturer who said it was safe, safe, safe, we don’t have a chemist, they just buy the chemicals and use it. And the chemical manufacturer says it’s safe, safe, safe, and here’s the [unclear] rap sheet saying it’s safe, safe, safe, and I said, oh wait a 4 �second, I know these companies. I know they’ve been using that [unclear] rap sheet for years— that’s not what is actually true. I mean, they’ve moved their workers out of the assembly line back in the 1960s; they know it isn’t safe, and so took a couple years to publish that because it was so out of the area of the- that anybody had published before, that we weren’t convinced that anybody would believe us. So we did a lot of tests to confirm it, and I had a independence done in Australia and tested it and said, okay, we get the same answer, and so I published it in July of 2020, and the students who did it did a great job, we-we got the results and that one didn’t go as viral as food packaging, for a couple reasons. One is, there’s only one million people who are firefighters, there’s 1.2 million in this country, but there are 300 million people that eat fast food, so there's different audience. It was occupational exposure, so ‘I’m not a firefighter I don’t care.’ But, it was also a- behind a firewall, so you had to pay to get the journal article. So it was like, okay, I didn't have $2,000 to spare to make it public access, and then, I didn’t think it was that important, but the firefighters did cause they felt like they’d been lied to. DD: Hmm. GP: And they had been. Not by anybody who's making money off of it except for the manufacturer, the gear you know. It’s all safe because I was told it was safe. Well, there’s a lot of evidence that PFAS aren’t safe, and there’s evidence now that it’s on the gear and comes off. And they couldn’t really squirm out that it was on the gear cause they kinda knew it was on the gear, but, well, the amount that comes off is very small. I said, well, it’s 10 times higher than what’s in your blood, and you wear the gear every day; is that a possible source in addition to what-what could elevate a firefighter’s blood level? And in that process, I started a series of talks, and I talked to firefighters and chiefs and all the people that made decisions and being hit with a-a triple F- the-the firefighting foam the year before, so they were pretty keenly aware of PFAS on the firefightng front, and nobody wanted to believe it was in their gear because they were told it wasn’t, and it was safe, safe, safe. Well now it is but it’s the safe form. Okay, and so I said, well, so we looked at the gear, you wear-you wear the suit for 10 years before it’s out of service, and it all became safe in 2016 by switching to the short-chain PFAS right? I claim that that’s no safer, but even that you know, half your guys are still wearing gear that has got the old stuff on it. Well, it’s only trace amounts even if it wasn’t as safe, and so they're just back paddling. And it was just me giving talks, but the firefighters heard it, loud and clear, and this woman who’d been on social media for a year complaining, that, you know, nobody’s listening to her, was really grateful. We published this paper, and it was just in the right time because companies were starting to get mad that anybody would question them. And I-it was confirmed in science-peer-reviewed science paper, and we got some publicity. Notre Dame decided to make a movie of it, and put it on the half-time show. Which is just, you know, a three minute infomercial for the University. But they thought it was pretty neat, and they didn’t. Food packaging was a little controversial because there’s some big companies out there 5 �that might not like their name associated with that, but this one- these are just textile manufacturers. They didn’t know any of those names, so they-they didn’t mention any names in the commercial, which was good, but they showed me fighting to protect the brave. Oh, what I was doing was trying to make the gear safe for them, and it was a-it was a-very [phew]- they did a professional job and they made me look good, which is hard to do. And they-they did this commercial at halftime, and it got 7 million viewers in one halftime show- it was a big game. And it got the award for the most-watched commercial that year, and so it ran again the next year— they always take one from the year before that was best— and so its been seen by millions of people, and it shows a very nice scene of the staff in the fire department. They even, they asked them to run the trucks out for them can you-can you run the truck out of the- and I was like, you did what [laughs] always asked, they did, and-and they had the rookies run the truck out to show how it works, and it was like, oh my god, I didn’t in-intend them to do that, but we-I been working South Bend fire department; they-they’d help me get the message out, and they were happy to be on that commercial. And it-it-it-it resonated with— I’ve got 500 Facebook friends that, you know, I haven’t met any of them because they’re all firefighters. I’ve met some of them, but they all thank me for bringing light to this issue, and this January they had a meeting that they- reunion meeting- National Association of Firefighters, where they introduced two resolutions. And they named one after me, which was a little embarrassing, but it was one of those things that they voted to take the manufacturers out of their conference; they’re not allowed to take any money from them anymore until they offer a PFAS-free alternative. And remarkably, one company had read the tea leaves the year before, and started working on a PFAS free alternative and had it, the other three companies, [chuckles] well, they didn’t have it, but within a week of that resolution all of them vowed to have it within the next six months. And so, that was done not by publicity, it was done by telling the-the firefighters look, there’syou should wear the gear to keep you safe in the fire, but it’s being treated with material- treat the gear very carefully, and keep it separate from your living space. Don’t wash with other things, all sorts of things you should wash but not with other things, things that they hadn’t thought about before, and nobody had told them that, and these guys go into burning buildings for a living- they know about risk, this is just one more risk. We’re all gonna die, but this would just, you know, enchant-en-enhance-they've enchanted the-enhance for other diseases, and firefighters are already on the frontlines for cancer. They have double the national rate of cancers; is PFAS a part of that? It could be. I can’t prove that- all I can say is that there’s an exposure risk to PFAS, and getting that article out felt one of the best things I’ve ever done. It wasn’t the best piece of science ever done. It was done without a budget, as doing it for free, and we had a little donation from a a-a-a formal firefighter association in Massachusetts, which was great. They got us some of the tests done, but we got a great discount from the test company too because they-they were being nice to service personnel. And so, I think that tells a story of- everyone wanted to get this story out there, and it 6 �changed the industry. And I don’t have anything against the clothing industry, they-they fought it for a while, but they just had no idea, they weren’t told the truth either, they were- and so, as a bunch [unclear] she’s changing, it’ll cost some money to do so, I’m sure, but firefighters will be safe, and it will take years to do, but they get it now. And, I think that’s the sort of story of where my life as a scientist changed cause I’m doing something for society that I can go home and be very proud of, you know. It was an argument, and I think I was right, and there’s a paper coming out next month that’ll show that I was right, but I missed a whole part, there’s a whole- there’s even more there than we thought, and you know, that’s the purpose of putting a scientific paper out, that other people can copy it. And they did, it got a lot of results, and then they said, by the way, we ran the qi aspect as well, and I got a different load of PFAS coming out, and I was like, oh my gosh, it’s even worse than we thought, which means it was good to get the paper out because now other people have done other studies. There will be more studies of firefighter blood, which we made to make sure that this is the type of source that’s getting into them. I’m gonna pray it might be, and you know, but my biggest fear is that I’m right, and that’s a terrible thing to have, it- I’m hoping that it’s-it’s small compared to other source contributions. It’s just one of the many that we get, but it also applies to- gee, who else wears the uniform? Well, the military does, our flight attendants do in the sky, people go to school in uniforms. Guess where these companies have actually put their chemicals? All the above. And so, this has much larger implications, and the firefighters are just a- as usual first on the scene, and they are the first ones to be exposed to this. And you know, I hope that isn’t the source of exposure that’s killing them, but it could be, and that- we’d need to report that, and people who do exposure science are now working on studies to see how much of it is through the skin. We’ve got a study going on during that too, and it looks like it goes through the skin, but how much is the question right. And so, if that’s the- if you’re wearing it and it goes through the skin, then these guys are really on the short-end of the stick; they shouldn’t be wearing it, they should be wearing something else. And I don’t think it’ll go, the skin is a pretty good protector, it shouldn’t go through skin well, but somebody’s gotta measure that, so that’s what’s going on now. How does that change my life? Well, I get invited to go to firefighter conventions now, I’ve never done that before, and they took pictures of me standing in front of shiny red trucks, but it’s really good to talk to people who don’t necessarily speak science every day, or they-they speak in at a whole different level, the complexion sciences, but they this is a a exposure risk that I want to communicate without alarming people. They got to keep wearing that gear, they can’t go in a fire without gear on, that would be unsafe, so we clearly have to change the gear, and that’s something that they can help buy-buying the gear that you have this choice of gear with the chemical and without, and both are safe. Well then they’ll buy the one without, the other one’s gotta be proven safe, and follow NFPA standards. 7 �So, that’s where my life is, I spend hours a week now talking with firefighters, talking with, everybody has something that they want to send in, will send me a product, and say, is this possibly- I've done underwear, I’ve done turf grass on natural turf grass fields, I’ve done, everything gets sent in, and we’ve had very- we’ll get upset by saying, hey, why is it in underwear? Why is it in my turf grass? And we-we go back to natural grass. And there’s an industry that says no we can’t, we got to go the [unclear] our stuff, and there’s reasons why we think there are PFAS in some of those fields, and that’s coming up. So there’sthere’s a whole bunch of issues out there, and there’s no right or wrong- it’s just what we’ve decided as a society that’s important, and measuring these things I can do. And so that’s what I stick to, the science, but I have to be able to present it to the right people, and the right people can make changes. We just fired a shot across the cosmetics industry now, we did the same thing with food packaging, but we did it with 230 cosmetics we got off the shelf, and there’s fluorine in all of them, and that was everybody’s favorite paper because everybody wears cosmetics. Well, not everybody, but half the country wears cosmetics, and the other half drink what goes into the waste. [chuckles] And that means everybody’s concerned by this. And, it went viral. A lot of people were very concerned with their cosmetics [unclear]. It wasn’t designed- I only measured 200, there’s 20,000 out there so I didn’t measure your cosmetics, I can’t- I can’t answer that, but I can-I can say that the industry didn’t label it, and they know they didn’t label it, and so, what can they do about them? Well, they can, they don’t make the chemicals, they just formulate them into-into the cosmetics. So they can put a requirement on their suppliers that they don’t use fluoric chemicals, that they don’t use PFAS. And that’s all that they need to do. They need to say, I don’t use it and here’s the label saying I don’t intentionally use any of them, and that- and then they have to spot-check. Somebody has to do a-a test, but for a 20 billion dollar industry, doing a few spot-tests, they can afford. And this won’t drive any of them out of business, it’ll just change the way that they do-do business. And the consumer will be safe. And I can go to sleep with that every night. I’m not hounding any company out of business- I’m not, that’s not my job. I work with industry more often than anything else because this paper was designed for industry to realize that, oops, we forgot to label this, and it’s getting why, and some of them didn’t know they had it in them. I’m sure some did, but some of them had no idea that that this formulation they were using that worked so well, was actually highly fluorinatedDD: Hmm. GP: -and had PFAS in it. And so that’s where, I think, education, I’m an educator as well as researcher- that’s we educate people; we don’t do it to make lawsuits. I don’t work for law firms. [chuckles] I don’t work for car- private companies that say, hey, can you measure my stuff? I’ll measure anybody’s stuff for free, but I’m not gonna be on a contract with a company to get the 8 �right answer. And that’s the independent academic model. I don’t want to test things for a living; I just want to understand where the fate and transport of these chemicals go, and if I know that we’re using them in in carpet, we’re using them in turf grass, we’re using them in clothing, we’re using them in packaging, we’re also reusing them, and it’s pretty scary how much is getting into our bodies. And I don’t wanna go as the how it’s getting into our bodies, but most of us are eating and drinking it. Maybe some of it’s going through our skin, but either way, the best way to get rid of it is get rid of making this material with PFAS. So that’s my story, it’s a-it’s a fascinating scientific story. I don’t know if it’ll be any interest to the public. What it’s done for me and- the most common question I get asked is, well, have you changed anything personally since this epiphany that it’s everywhere? And I have, I’ve changed to a fluorine-free home as best as I can. [chuckles] I discovered that my dental floss had it, oops. I discovered that my cookware, that’s all gone. I-I don’t think much comes off from cookware because it’s pretty [unclear] on there, but the process of manufacturing- it makes a lot of this stuff, and it poisoned all the people and dark waters that you saw in-in West Virginia, so why don’t we just stop buying it and having any consumer brand, and I thought my eggs would fail ever since then cause how do you get something off the stick? And it turns out, my eggs weren’t that good anyway, but theyDD: [laughs] GP: -they are just as good. They work on a ceramic pan. I-I was amazed, they cook just as well. I hadn’t been hoodwinked into thinking that teflon was the only thing that was non-stick- it’s not true, it works fine. And so, there are alternatives for most PFAS, and then there are a few cases where there aren’t alternatives like space [unclear] based used of lubricants. Well, if I’m sending a rocket 30 years out to Pluto, yeah- it’s gotta have a fluoric [unclear] it’s the only thing that’llDD: [laughs] GP: last that long and keep working, but I use a test tube of that a year, but 50 ga- you know, 50 tonka trucks a day, which is what we’re producing now, and so I think that’s the scale. And there’s an- I know of an ocular-operation procedure that doctor’s use and they-they need fluorine packets in there, sure. How many retinal detachment surgeries do you need a year? It’s not gonna be a big barrel, where as going to the mall and staying waterproof, but really the best waterproof we’ve ever made, you know, that’s not essential use, nor are cosmetics, you know. I-I’d love to keep mascara and not looking like a raccoon out of the pool, but we are getting so far as that we’re fluorinating swimsuits- that people can go from the pool to the bar without a towel because they dry naturally—they’re water resistant. I would-I would claim that that’s not essential use, and [chuckles] and that, you know, if that chemical comes off, or certainly will when you dispose of it at the end, then we’re all gonna drink that, and that chemical lasts for thousands of 9 �years. It will cycle through us and our children and there’s-there’s no purpose to doing that, and so that’s the soapbox I stand on, and I’ve been to a lot of audiences saying that now, and it-it feels right to do something that’s positive. And it feels, I connect with the community better— people like what I’m saying even if they don’t like the message sometimes in the industry. But, industries actually do like finding this out before they find out from lawsuits some other way, and this is-this is- you know, several industries are changing just because they know now there’s an alternative they can use, and instead of selling the most stain-resistant pants, they sell the most stretchy pants, turns out that was a bigger seller. DD: [laughs] GP: We’re all overweight. And I think that-that is a, you know, life lesson for companies. And companies like humans do the right thing, most of the time. There’s always a few that don’t, and I can’t help them. I can’t help most people that don’t listen, but if they are given the information they can make pretty educated decisions. And so, our job as scientists is to get information out in a form that’s understandable. And this whole issue looking at environmental containiments, got my science communication tuned up a little bit, but I think really PFAS has launched me into that whole new realm of- I have to talk to reporters now occasionally; that’s a scary concept, and whatever you say gets printed, trust me. I’ve said some silly things and that shows up for everybody to read, and so I really try to-to be correct when I speak. I try to slow down, doesn’t happen, but I-I am trying to tell people what I believe and what I think is true, and I have evidence to back up what I say, and then other people reproduce my evidence, and that’s-that’s the scientific process. The unusual part is actually communicating it the way we do. We not only put out a paper that’s peer reviewed, but we then go to a newspaper when they ask, and by studying things that people are concerned with, you get more newspaper asked, and or I-I media, let’s call it media nowadays, but it’s-it’s one of those things that you know if I can do this correctly and people learn from it, then that’s the model for all scientists to follow. Not-not everybody is gonna do this type of work, but those that do it- the 10% that do applied science, should do outreach on this and should do communication. There’s some reason why a lot of the applied research is done with companies. They don’t want to announce this to people, they- that the companies that made these fluorine chemicals have known this data for years, and they've never announced any of it, but they don’t want to. I think most of the rest of the world if you’re an independent researcher in academia, you should be able to look at things and be able to report what you see. And I can, so that I'm grateful, I hope it makes an impact in the right way. Very few people seem to be mad at me at moments, that’s good. But I,you know, don’t shoot the messenger, but here’s ways we can try to improve it, and-and never just [unclear] doom and gloom, I’m not invited to parties much anymore. DD: [laughs] 10 �GP: I’m all about fluorinated microwave popcorn. But people listen when you give them alternatives and say, “do you want to do this or do you want to do this without the chemical?” and they’re all alternatives where we could do that, and they’d cost more, sometimes they’d cost less. It’s a question of what material, what application, and-and, you know, people told us we’d never get rid of firefighting foams- they’re so essential, could never get rid of that wonderful functionality. Well guess what, the federal government has mandated we’re gonna get out of all fluorinated firefighting foams by 2023, for every military application they’ve got. And that was about 2/3rds of the market, so all of a sudden we have fluorine-free foams available that have been around for 5 years, but never used wisely in this country. And the entire country is gonna be changed that way in 5 years, and so that’s-that’s remarkable progress. And it was done through an act of regulation actually. The government put in the defense of authorization act, yeah. Congress works sometimes. And it’s really impressive to see that, so what can I do? I as a scientist- I locked into this area. I have a technique that we’re- and we can use that to inform policymakers, we can use that to inform the public, we can use that to inform the-the purchasers— these companies that purchased things that they used that they sell, that their, if the consumer facing it all, they can sell a bit of product. And so, it’s an opportunity- these paper makers saw it as an opportunity and not a threat, and that’s really an advantage. The two chemical companies in this country that make this chemical always see it as a threat. And I- they luckily make lots of other things, and are useful. So I don’t think their entire business model depends on this, but they are gonna be hurt by this as people-as people find it in their blood. So, that’s-that’s my concern. That’s a lot of talking. I hope you can edit that. [laugh] DD: Well, thank you for taking the time to share your story today Graham. GP: Yeah. Yeah, It’s very egocentric, I think-I think we’ve talked about me and my role in it, but the changes are what I see in myself, and communicating with people and the relationship I have with the community. I’ve always worked in community science at Ferris, but this is-this is hitting home, and people like the fact that I’m doing it, so we’ll try to be as impartial as possible. We’ll try to get as many things done as we can, and it’s coming, we’re getting papers, we’re getting publications, we’re getting funding, so that helps. DD: Yeah. Absolutely. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0027 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Peaslee, Graham Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-09-02 Title A name given to the resource Graham Peaslee, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Dr. Graham Peaslee is a professor at the University of Notre Dame. He began his career in nuclear physics and chemistry and now studies environmental issues. In this interview, he discusses his work identifying and measuring PFAS chemicals used in the clothing industry, in firefighting equipment, and in many other industrial and consumer products. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9b0cb89c435b58302694bbc7f6158ea.mp4 9d8a95a2166c81de078adb6af2c841ab https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/dfff464a13d549a084751b03539d2616.pdf 80c074ca60450cfcce3e46fbceda82be PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: World War II Interviewee name: John Graham Length of Time: 12 minutes Pre-Enlistment (00:15) • Background (00:17) o John Graham mentions that he served with the Anti-Aircraft Corps as a private. (00:19) o Took basic training at El Paso, TX and Camp Higgins, VA. Was discharged out of Baltimore Maryland. (00:35) • Childhood (00:41) o Was born in Newell, South Dakota some place. (00:44) • Education (00:48) o Went to school at Catholic Central, and then [Davis Tech] in Caledonia. (00:49) Enlistment/Training (01:15) • Why he joined (01:16) o Graham was drafted and joined the service on Sept. 23rd 1944. (01:21) • Where he went and what company he served with (02:01) o Describes the first couple of days of training while being shipped out from Grand Rapids to Great Lakes Naval Recruit Training Command, IL. (02:10) o Relates how basic training was tough. (03:10) o Kept in contact with family via the phone while he trained in Texas and Virginia. (03:45) o Doesn’t remember when his service time ended. (04:45) o Graham reflects on the day Pearl Harbor was attacked by mentioning that he was helping to take care of a sick relative. Briefly describes his reaction of Pearl Harbor being attacked. (05:10) �Active Duty (05:26) • Background (05:27) o All he really discusses about his active service is that he was sent home due to breaking his ankle and was discharged at Baltimore, Maryland. (05:41) After the Service (06:10) • Adjusting to Home (06:15) o After being discharged, he went back home and returned working on cars and jeeps. (06:27) o Briefly mentions how he tried to qualify for a pension but because he was only 10% disabled he did not qualify. (07:36) o Briefly discusses his other career pursuits in some detail. (07:44) o Briefly discusses who he got to know in the service. Relates one brief story about tracking down a buddy from Oklahoma City. (08:40) o Briefly mentions what he is doing currently in retirement. (09:38) o Wraps up by discussing what he learned in the armed services. (11:15)   � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Graham, John (Interview outline and video), 2004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Graham, John Description An account of the resource John Graham is a World War II veteran who served in the U.S. Anti-Aircraft Corps from September 1944 to an undisclosed date. In this account, Graham discusses his pre-enlistment, enlistment, training, and active duty. While not going into much depth about his active duty he does mention where he trained in the U.S. Graham concludes by reflecting on his time in the service Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Williams, Nick (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004-12-07 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahamJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e91561fd071ca64298ca0364da3cdd4b.pdf 8abd9d70ed70b4057318ff954f71b3e7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview General Mark Graham Total Time (00:04:24) Intro/Timeline (00:00:03) • Mark Graham was born August 10th, 1971 in Douglas, Michigan. At 18, Mark joined the Air Force right out of high school. He went to Lackland Air Force Base in September 1989 (00:00:18) • After basic training, Mark went to Chanute Air Force Base in Illinois to work on cruise missiles; his first station was Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana (00:00:33) • He worked at Chanute for four and a half years and cross trained to work with C-130 transport aircrafts (00:00:40) • Mark was transferred to Pope Air Force Base in 1994 and served there for an additional seven years totaling his time served at 11 years (00:00:55) Training/Air Force (00:01:44) • Basic training and technical training were pretty easy for Mark; the tough part was waking up early in the morning (00:01:59) • One of Mark's favorite missions was in Arizona where he performed as part of a mock mission for the C-130 aircraft as they tried to dodge F-16's and their simulation missiles- it was Mark's duty to locate the F-16's (00:03:01) Post Air Force (00:03:37) • Mark got out in 2000 after eleven years in the Air Force; Mark and his wife wanted a life-style change due to his strange hours and being gone quite a bit as they were ready to settle down and have a family (00:03:53) • Although Mark didn't notice much of a change from his time in the Air Force, his friends and family noted he was more structured; Mark comments that the military teaches people how to be more polite and teaches good work ethic (00:04:18) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Graham, Mark (Interview outline), ca. 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Graham, Mark Description An account of the resource Mark Graham was born in 1971 in Douglas, Michigan. At 18, Mark joined the Air Force right out of high school. He went to Lackland Air Force Base in September 1989. After basic training, Mark went to Chanute Air Force Base to work on cruise missiles. His first station was Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana. He worked there for four years and was transferred to Pope Air Force Base in 1994 and served there for seven years. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rogus, Kelsey (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Air Force Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahamM1506V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0183919273160ba2a326eb2d19707002.jpg b9c77e1cfd2714bc0da8dacca68443da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahamRobert_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Graham, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Graham Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6f40e9848a9b7b5be8f9ddaeeb05386.jpg 738221cacdfe4c15d72bb8c848f4e0bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahamRobert_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Graham, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Graham Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c00da6c27a518e0d3025220c379c85c3.mp4 30d23b9f809d8c1f0f44a21290a95c20 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/87d0b9d830f366a992cef39ec1a6615c.pdf 82a8f685a8728a76da4949f2b6813a81 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Walter “Red” Graham Total Time – (02:11:00) Background · His father was born in Lowell, Michigan to English parents and his mother was born in Ohio (00:03:20) o His mothers family is supposedly related to Jimmy Carter’s family · His grandfather had a farm in Lowell Township on Cascade Road (00:04:35) o It was 160 acres · He was born January 1917 in Lowell, Michigan (00:05:23) · He had a relative named Robert Graham that was a well known architect o His relative was the architect for 14 buildings in the Chicago Expo in 1893 (00:12:10) · On the farm, they had a rotation of oats, wheat, corn, and hay (00:15:15) o Wheat was their main crop o They sometimes grew potatoes as well · They raised short horn cattle, sheep, and pigs (00:16:02) o They farmed with horses · He spent a lot of time working on the farm o He took care of the chickens (00:16:38) · His brothers were named Elmer and John – he had an older sister as well o They were all 18 months apart · His sister died from diabetes when she was 17 years old (00:19:12) · He went to school at Merriman School (00:20:23) o It was a country school o Got there at 8 in the morning and got done at 3 in the afternoon · He walked to school every day (00:20:51) · During school, for recreation, they enjoyed playing games – hide and seek, red rover, etc · The school had roughly 20 students (00:23:49) · After going to Merriman, he went to Lowell High School where he graduated in 1935 (00:25:42) · They drove their parents cars to school o They drove a Chevy · His future wife went to Lowell High School as well (00:26:39) �· He did not have much of a social life o Living on a farm, there is always work to do (00:28:03) · He ran track in school and played football for 1 year o They played Belding, Grandville, Allegan, Ionia, East Grand Rapids, and many others (00:29:55) · In high school, he studied Agriculture, Math, English, Algebra, Physics, etc. (00:31:15) · He was 18 years old when he graduated from high school · After graduation, he began working at a service station · He was allowed to use a field that the community made a baseball diamond out of (00:32:31) o He pitched for nearly five years (00:32:50) o They named their team “Hot Points” (00:33:32) o They played all around the area · Besides the station, he worked with trucks as well (00:37:39) Enlistment/Training – (00:41:02) · The draft began in 1941 (00:41:14) · He was number 38 in the Kent County draft (00:41:21) · When he received his draft notice, he knew that he had to go (00:41:38) o He got a postcard in the mail that told him he had to report · He went to Lowell, Michigan for his physical o Went to your local doctor (00:42:09) · He then received a date to appear at Fort Custer (00:42:26) · After signing up, you had 48 hours before you had to leave · He was at Fort Custer for 3 days (00:43:11) · The draft was supposed to only be a 1 year obligation · He was then sent from Fort Custer to Seattle, Washington (00:44:25) o Went on a train – it took five days (00:45:14) · There were nearly 200 men in the train · Once they arrived in Seattle, Washington, there was a ship waiting to take them to Whidbey Island (00:45:55) · The majority of the men were from Chicago, Illinois · His girlfriend did not want him to go, but she realized that it was what had to be done (00:48:14) o She went out to Seattle to visit two times o She traveled by herself on a train (00:49:27) o She stayed nearly two weeks · At this point, he was at the very bottom of the ranks (00:50:34) · On the island his job was to clean guns, pick up cigarettes – they trained on antiaircraft guns, 3in guns, and he became a certified power operator (00:50:57) · He then applied for a fireman job �· · · · · · · o Had that for nearly a week (00:51:58) He spent nearly a year on the island His girlfriend Dorothy came out the second time in September, 1942 (00:52:46) o They got married September 27, 1942 He wrote her and told her that they should get married (00:53:19) Dorothy stayed out there and ended up doing office work for the Navy (00:53:34) He was one of the few soldiers that had a car – he rented out his car $.10 a mile (00:54:57) o Someone wrecked and damaged his car He earned 400-500 extra dollars a month from his side business In Seattle, he worked on anti-aircraft guns, 3-inch defense guns, and then on machine guns (00:59:58) o He was working to protect the harbors of the United States Active Duty - (01:01:10) · He was then transferred to Alaska (01:01:19) · They went up to Alaska in the ship “Cordoba” – it was an old wooden ship (01:01:43) o It took a week to get there · He was stationed at Kodiak, Alaska (01:02:29) · The Japanese were within gun range of Dutch Harbor, Alaska (01:03:25) · He never actually saw any Japanese ships · At one point, he saw a floating dead seal – he skinned it and kept it to take home (01:05:36) o Made cigarette pouches for his comrades · He was a Private First Class (01:09:00) · He only saw one accident with a gun when he was in the service (01:10:30) · In Alaska, he was part of the 14th Coastal Artillery (01:10:57) · After Alaska, he went to Fort Lewis, Washington - 1944 · From Washington, he was sent to Oklahoma where he was retrained before being shipped out again (01:11:47) o This training was essentially the same thing as previous training § Everyone had to be able to read weather, learn to walk, hike, care for different weapons, etc. (01:12:32) · He then shipped out of Oklahoma to Newport News, Virginia (01:13:07) · They shipped on a brand new luxury ship set up for troop movements (01:13:28) o It took roughly a week to get to Italy o They went across the Atlantic and through Gibraltar o They stopped somewhere in Africa for refueling (01:14:24) § Probably Algiers o They landed in Naples, Italy · Once he arrived in Naples, he headed up through the mountains in Italy �· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · (01:16:29) o Eisenhower’s philosophy was to take the route, regardless of manpower (01:16:52) He traveled through the Po River Valley in Italy (01:17:32) o The valley compares to the Mississippi River – it is large and navigable o There is a lot of agriculture and food raising o The soldiers were warned to go in doubles or more They sometimes divided their food with the local children (01:19:14) One night, there was 4 inches of snow at night and they went into town where there was a building with a hole in the roof – the snow had fallen in on everyone inside (01:20:00 o There were around 32 people inside o When the soldiers got their food the next day, they divided it with those in the house (01:20:35) The local people were very good to the soldiers o There were not many soldiers that could speak Italian (01:21:07) He had contact with Germans – “if you don’t bother them, they won’t bother you” o There were Germans and Americans in the bars together (01:22:37) Never had any wish to kill anyone, and he never did They had 10,000 German prisoners – Rommel’s soldiers [some may have fought in North Africa--Rommel was not in Italy] (01:23:39) o He was manned on a 50 caliber machine gun to keep them ordered up § They let them play soccer in the daytime for exercise § The prisoners never gave them any trouble § They were brought sea rations once a day (01:25:08) o One day, one of the Americans shot one of the prisoners As he was going farther north in Italy, they were protected by the mountains (01:28:03) The British were ahead of them with 10 pounders – it was an infantry gun They never faced any aircraft activity The Germans had dug into the mountains, but they were all gone by the time the Americans got there (01:28:50) They ended up being 20 miles from France o They stopped because there was no activity for periods of time They had to be careful when traveling on rural roads because the roads were not built for heavy vehicles (01:30:04) o If a bridge was destroyed, they had to fix it When he heard the war was over, he was in northern Italy (01:30:59) They were going to be shipped to Japan but they had too many points - 1945 He and his wife were able to correspond through letters o He wrote to Dorothy every day (01:32:51) When he returned to America, he landed in Newport News, Virginia (01:34:47) He came back to America on a Liberty Ship (01:35:30) o They were cheap, steel ships �· He then traveled by train to Camp Grant, Illinois (01:35:59) · After going to Camp Grant, he was shipped out to Camp Carson, Colorado where he was discharged (01:36:10) After the Service – (01:36:12) · · · · · · · · · · Once he was back, he was met by his wife at Camp Grant (01:36:41) They traveled back to Michigan in late 1945 They stayed at Dorothy’s parents when they came home (01:37:43) He began working while he built their first home o He worked there for 8 months (01:38:45) In 1946 he began working building homes in the local area o Starting to build brick houses – it was a symbol of status (01:41:14) He and Dorothy began raising a family (01:44:48) o They raised their children and their grandkids for many years In 1967, he built [4th showboat] (01:47:00) He never really retired – has always had something to do and stayed busy (01:52:38) After the service, he enjoyed fishing (01:53:59) o Looked for property to fish on o Paid 6,000 dollars for a plot of land where they built a cottage (01:55:08) He also enjoyed hunting in Colorado and Canada (01:56:10) o He got two moose Memories of Lowell, Michigan – (01:57:22) · The horses that hauled product would trot on the gravel roads but slow down on the dirt roads · The town had a blacksmith shop in it (01:59:34) · There were buildings where people could store their horses while they were in town · There were fairgrounds where they would have horse races (02:00:50) · The city had an airplane factory (02:02:29) o There was an airplane-helicopter aircraft that was shown in a parade · He believes that times are much better now then they were when he was growing up (02:06:19) o Nearly everyone has a car, people vacation, and the medical industry has increased the average lifespan � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Graham, Walter (Interview outline and video), 2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Graham, Walter Description An account of the resource Walter "Red" Graham was born in January of 1917 in Lowell, Michigan, and lived there until he was drafted into the Army in 1941. He spent a year and a half training on Whidbey Island, near Seattle, Washington, and was then sent to Kodiak, Alaska as part of the 14th Coastal Artillery. In 1944, after spending significant time in Alaska, he was sent to Oklahoma for retraining before being shipped to Italy. Walter traveled through the Po River Valley in Italy until they reached Northern Italy when the war was won. Walter was eventually discharged from Camp Carson, Colorado in 1945. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Blough, Ivan (Interviewer) Lowell Area Historical Museum (Lowell, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-11-27 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahamW1322V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/70e243ebdaecba21a6c9a68b3dd80bc8.m4v ff7d8c825340dd2d42829ed03019ce5a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/52dc7e7c40c08b7e6d601f53eb3de51b.pdf 0d110250158e9df53de9ecea570d6a8b PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project Bob Grahl World War II Length of Interview (01:13:50) Background (00:01:10) Robert J. Grahl, Sr. Born May 21, 1923; Taylor Township, MI (now lives in Polk City, Florida) Was drafted into the Army, was living in Wyandotte, Michigan Working at Ford Motor Company, on a four year scholarship in dye making  Went to school on his off hours Was married at this time February 18, 1943; Mary, born in Richmond, VA Basic Training (00:04:20) Took a train to Detroit and was inducted in Fort Wayne, Detroit Went to Fort Custer in Battle Creek, Michigan; there for a couple of days Put onto a train, didn’t know where he was heading; arrived in Fort Butner, North Carolina Didn’t have too much to debate because Grahl wasn’t sure what was going on Given a uniform in Fort Custer and not much else Took basic training in Field Artillery in Fort Butner; 3 months  Learned to operate all the weapons of his unit: 105 Howitzer, 50 caliber machine gun, M1 Carbine, 45 caliber Pistol  Learned different firing positions: ammunition bearer, position, firing Can’t clearly recall any of his instructors, were reasonable people (00:07:40) Lived in a two story barracks Stayed in the camp after graduation as he was a part of the artillery unit; more training  307th Field Artillery Battalion, M Company, 78th Infantry Division �Stayed in the camp for 16 months all together, working with other units of the division Overseas (England, Italy) (00:10:50) Taken from the unit and sent to another camp closer to the coast In Virginia a couple of days for shots, sent to Maryland Boarded a ship to be transferred overseas to Scotland Ship called the Aquitania (a cruise ship converted into a transport) Landed in Scotland; ship was able to outrun U-boats, so no convoy Would often watch the zigzag wake from the back of the ship Glasgow, Scotland (00:12:50) Got on a troop train in southern England (100 miles from London) Visited London after getting a pass for finishing training; visited the bombed areas Spent about 6 weeks training in Infantry Tactics July/August 1944, travelled to Italy (00:15:15)  Went to the coast of England and took the same transports as those used for D-day; landed on the beach of Omaha  Stayed at the top of the hill for a couple of days, trucks eventually took them to Cherbourg, France  Took a C-47 to Italy (hadn’t known where he was going at the time) Plane landed in an airport near the Leaning Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy) (00:17:36)  A camp was nearby where they received their latest equipment; issued a .45 pistol, was in the machine gun squad  Went to a city called Florence (by truck) and travelled north to the center of the state Met by officers to be assigned, then went to the M Company camp as replacements  M Company, heavy weapons company; facing a part of the Gothic Line  Didn’t have any artillery pieces in the M Company � 363rd Infantry, not in an artillery unit yet Would go up to the Gothic Line to protect from German infiltrators  Two week cycles between R&R and going up to the Line  Would protect different areas every cycle  Terrain was mountainous, but would be in the valleys most of the time  Didn’t encounter any infiltrators; saw no action during this time The third time being at the front, Grahl became ill; had hepatitis (00:24:18)  Sent to an Aid Station in Florence then flown to a hospital in Naples  Spent three months in hospital; no medication, just bed rest and balanced diet  Took physical training to get back in shape Flown back to Florence to the same company (M Company) Continued the two week cycles Heading North (00:27:40) Spring Offensive  Gothic Line, coast to coast of Italy (north of Florence) After the initial contact, started attacking the German positions (heading north) May 6 (Germans surrendered), made it up to Trieste, on the border with Yugoslavia Stayed there for a couple of months First casualty in the unit was a man setting up a machine gun; the bullet had hit the steel liner and injured the man’s neck  Was with a corporal (a radio operator), had dug a foxhole (three feet deep) and Grahl was sitting on the edge of it  As Grahl was about to settle down in the fox hole, heard someone holler, ‘Medic!’ the corporal next to him had been shot (German sniper from an adjoining hill- very accurate)  May have been aiming at Grahl because the radio was near him (April 1945) � Infantrymen formed a squad and brought the German soldier back on the hill; German was eliminated before he made it up the hill Drew back from the position and was taken over by a different squad; began heading north (00:33:45)  Kept chasing the Germans and would engage those they found  Moved daily to follow Kept this up until the Germans surrendered VE Day (00:35:34) Near Trieste, , near the coast of the Adriatic Sea Grahl and a group were given passes to Venice, Italy for a day His unit stayed in Trieste for a couple of months  Didn’t do much but guard (perimeter security) Rode in boxcars and stopped in Rome (returning to the United States) Got to Naples where a ship was ready to take them to the States Two weeks later, arrived in Norfolk, Virginia (their ship was near the Rock of Gibraltar when the Japanese surrendered – VJ Day) (00:37:40) Scheduled to go to the South Pacific but given a referral Stayed in the camp in Newport until his papers were organized; went to Camp Grant, Illinois to get a 45 day referral A friend of his (combat engineer) had just been married and both he and Grahl’s wife were sharing an apartment together Discharge (00:40:30) Got a second pass for 30 days, eventually went back to Camp Grant Didn’t have enough points and had to wait until the points were lowered Discharged January 8, 1946; went back to Wyandotte, Michigan to reunite with his wife Returned to Ford Motor Company to continue his education Graduated from the Tool-and-Die class �A recession was happening at the time, so Grahl was laid off Took a job with a relative Life in the Military (00:42:45) Had his faith to get him through the War  Carried the New Testament Bible in a plastic cover over his heart On the Line, ate K-rations; R&R given hot food, able to take showers  No problem with supplies Stress was their lifestyle No particular games for entertainment; no USO Shows, played softball during R&R (00:46:53) In England, was given a pass to London, made a trip to the bombed areas (00:48:15)  Spent a couple of days there During training (Camp Butner, North Carolina), made to fire a 50 caliber machine guns at moving targets (00:50:45)  25 or 30 machine guns set up; Grahl in the first row to fire  Given the order to fire, Grahl pulled the trigger and the gun promptly exploded  Wearing leggings (made of heavy canvas, laced up the sides) at the time; unlaced them before the medics arrived  Had been in a seated position, legs stretched out in front of him; pieces of the metal from the cartridges injured his legs during the explosion  Taken to the camp hospital; found powder burn, some bleeding (from the metal) After the Military (00:55:20) Retired from active work after 30 years of working with a company (May 6, 1983); a machinist Didn’t establish any close friendships during his military years (00:56:50) Didn’t join any Veteran’s groups, sends donations to Disabled Veterans of America Afterthoughts (01:03:00) The wars we have been in recently have been difficult; hard to fight people so set in their ways � The enemy was more clearly defined in World War II After the military, tried to maintain the same standard and style of living he had before the War Shows and explains documents and pictures from his time in the military (discharge papers, military pictures, patches, V-mail) (01:07:20) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grahl, Robert (Interview outline and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grahl, Robert Description An account of the resource Robert Grahl was drafted in 1943 and trained as an artillery gunner. He was shipped to England in 1944 and initially assigned to the 78th Division in Normandy, but before he saw action there, he was reassigned to the 363rd Infantry Regiment north of Florence. He spent several stints in the front lines confronting the German Gothic Line defenses during the winter of 1944-45, but this was interrupted by a bout of hepatitis. He returned to his unit in time to participate in the spring offensive in 1945, and his unit had reached Trieste on the Yugoslavian border by the end of the war. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Erichsen, Wallace J. (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-07-03 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GrahlR Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d13cb198a34e9bf46c3637ae2f411234.m4v 1fcac04b5a39af9b4007ed9079ab1889 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8cfbaef382a8f004481e92b331ffd627.pdf 295cafede1f902e4a9487dc15ee54837 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Leonhard Grams World War II (Polish citizen; German soldier) 41 minutes 24 seconds (00:00:12) Early Life Pt. 1 -Born on May 20, 1920, in Adamow, Poland -Town 60 miles south of Russian border in eastern Poland -Had four brothers and a sister -He was the youngest (00:01:19) Beginning of the War Pt. 1 -Not long after the war broke out, they moved to German-occupied Poland -Left everything behind and lost everything (00:01:39) Early Life Pt. 2 -His parents were farmers -They were ethnic Germans living in Poland (00:01:58) Moving to German-Occupied Poland Pt. 1 -Fled Russian-occupied Poland to move to German-occupied Poland (00:02:21) Early Life Pt. 3 -Learned Polish and German in school -Before the war, Polish and German relations were good -After the war broke out, those relations deteriorated -Some Polish people killed ethnic Germans -Before the war, he worked on the family farm -All of his siblings had gotten married, so he stayed behind to help on the farm (00:03:28) Beginning of the War Pt. 2 -Didn’t expect there to be a war -Had been living as a Polish citizen -Witnessed the Red Army come into Poland -They protected ethnic Germans (00:04:48) Moving to German-Occupied Poland Pt. 2 -Family had to choose between living under Stalin’s rule, or Hitler’s rule -They decided to move to German-occupied Poland -Got another farm -Smaller than their original farm -Continued living with his parents (00:07:24) Stationed at Tempelhof-Berlin Field Pt. 1 -On February 2, 1941, he was drafted into the Luftwaffe (German air force) -Stationed at Tempelhof-Berlin Field in Berlin -Received his training there after he reported for duty -Part of an antiaircraft crew, but never shot down an enemy plane �(00:08:30) Stationed on Russian Front Pt. 1 -Placed in boxcars and taken by train to the Russian front -Tasked with catching saboteurs placing explosives on the train tracks -Never found anyone -Went to the Russian front in 1942 -Placed on the frontline and tasked with providing support to the frontline troops -Part of a security team -Went deep into Russian territory -Remembers it being cold and snowy -In 1943, the Russians began their counteroffensive against German forces -The Russians began hitting positions with airstrikes -During this time, he was on a machinegun (00:11:30) Getting Wounded the First Time Pt. 1 -In one airstrike, bombs landed on both sides of him, and he took shrapnel in his shoulder -Stretcher-bearers collected him, but fled because the Russian plane kept circling -Once it left, the stretcher-bearers came back -He was taken to a field hospital for initial treatment, but needed x-rays -He was then moved to a more sophisticated hospital in Kiev -Learned he had a broken arm -Would have had it amputated if it had become infected -Sent to an Austrian hospital, then sent to his parents’ farm for final recovery (00:14:50) Re-Drafted into Wehrmacht -Once he recovered, he was re-drafted into the Wehrmacht (German army) -Worked with horses, but not on the frontline -Stationed somewhere in Germany (00:15:43) Stationed at Tempelhof-Berlin Field Pt. 2 -Had subterranean barracks at Tempelhof to protect against air raids -By permission, they were allowed to visit Berlin -Spent most of their time training -Received some basic infantry training with rifles and machineguns (00:17:15) Stationed on the Russian Front Pt. 2 -On the Russian front, he slept on the ground -The Russian civilians he met were friendly -They worked as saboteurs, but nothing happened during his time on the front -Formed new units in 1943 to defend against the Russian counteroffensive -Russians attacked with their air force, and the Germans had no planes in Leonhard’s sector (00:20:12) Getting Wounded the First Time Pt. 2 -While in the hospital, he was basically immobilized due to his casts -Would’ve been allowed to walk around had he been mobile -In a cast for about three months (00:21:16) Getting Wounded Second Time Pt. 1, End of War & Getting Captured -At the end of the war, he was with a unit in Austria -Got shot in the leg �-Placed on a hospital train bound for a designated hospital city in Germany -Combination of wounded Germans and prisoners-of-war in that city -Kept on the train until May 20, 1944 (19450 when French forces took him prisoner -Note: Means he was possibly in western Austria -Brought to a Catholic church by the French forces -Sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in southern Germany once he recovered -Loaded onto trucks and taken to a prisoner-of-war camp in France -No food for three days -French farmer eventually brought them some food -Taken to a barracks and repaired them -Tasked with digging up landmines -After his third week of that work, he tripped a mine -Sustained burns on his face and side, and temporarily lost his sight -Taken to Germany and was treated by French and German doctors -Regained his sight -Treated in Heidelberg -Granted a temporary discharge by the French (00:27:00) Life after War – Living in Europe -Didn’t know where his mother, or the rest of his family lived -Later learned that his mother and one of his brothers lived in East Germany -Met a farmer and worked for him for two years until he found his mother -Granted permission to visit his mother in East Germany (once he located her) -Moved to West Germany -Had originally planned on getting married in 1944 -He got drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1944 -His girlfriend was placed in a prison camp in Poland in 1944 -Reconnected with his girlfriend in West Germany, and they got married in 1946 (00:29:11) Coming to America -Came to the United States in 1959 -There was no steady work in Germany -He took any job he could find, and most of it was temporary work in the summer -Attended college to learn how to weld -His uncle was living in Edmonton, Canada, and he encouraged Leonhard to move there -Go to Canada first, then go to America -One of his brothers lived in America -He had migrated there in 1955 -Brother encouraged him to try the United States first before going straight to Canada -Came to the United States without speaking English -Found welding work with an owner that spoke German -Worked as a welder for 31 years at Superior Steel -Found work as a cabinet maker after the first job ended (00:32:14) Air Raids in Berlin -In Berlin, they were supposed to prepare for and retaliate against air raids �-Remembers a dud bomb landing extremely close to him during a raid -Picked it up and tossed it away -During bombing runs at night, all he could see was smoke and flames *Note: Air raids on Berlin had begun in August 1940 (00:33:18) Getting Wounded the Second Time Pt. 2 -Wounded in Austria during ground fighting -Doesn’t know where the bullet came from, and thinks it may have been a stray round (00:34:10) News on the War -Given no information about the progress of the war -The truth was wrapped in secrecy -Constantly told they were making progress toward victory, even as Germany lost (00:34:42) War Crimes & Other Atrocities -Knew nothing about the concentration camps or the Holocaust -Older brother was beaten by some Polish boys after the war’s end -A Russian officer intervened and saved the brother’s life -Brought Leonhard’s brother to his unit -Allowed to go to East Germany -Polish government wouldn’t allow his family to leave -Via the Red Cross, his family eventually moved to East Germany -Future wife was held at a prison camp in Poland because she was an ethnic German -Interned in 1944 near the end of the war with other ethnic German women -They were stripped and whipped by Polish officers -Some of the women were taken by the Polish soldiers -He wasn’t very interested in politics, and on the farm, he didn’t pay attention to politics -Focused on taking care of his parents and helping them (00:39:22) Death of His Father -His father died in 1941 -He was allowed to go to his parents’ farm in July 1941 to help with their harvest -His father died shortly after he returned to his Luftwaffe unit in Berlin -Most likely sometime in later 1941 (00:40:40) Wehrmacht & Stationed on the Russian Front Pt. 3 -When he went to the Russian front, he was transferred into the Wehrmacht -Issued a new uniform when he went � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_GramsL2088V Title A name given to the resource Grams, Leonhard (Interview outline and video), 2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-01-10 Description An account of the resource Leonhard Grams was born on May 20, 1920, in Adamow, Poland. After war broke out in 1939, his family moved to German-occupied Poland because they were ethnic Germans. On February 2, 1941, he was drafted into the Luftwaffe and served at Tempelhof-Berlin Field in Berlin. He served as part of an antiaircraft crew and witnessed multiple bombings of Berlin. He was sent to the Russian front in 1942, and was later wounded and sent to a hospital in Austria, went back into the army and was taken prisoner by the French at the end of the war. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grams, Leonhard Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Germany. Army. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e3ef95c1f4e0876cbd41fecb20d7dceb.pdf c699c2dffa90718643bd9a2a341a8ee5 PDF Text Text Grand Blanc · Community MASTER PLAN AND THE HILL ROAD CORRIDOR STUDY Q I 1. I I I I I I I r1--·' \ ., ·< City of Grand Blanc Gand Blanc Charter Township, November 1991 '. �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I FROM THE UBRARY OFi e1nnning & Zoning Cer.~er,, Jnc. Community MASTER PLAN ANO THE HILL ROAD CORRIDOR STUDY Charter Township of Grand Blanc Planning Commission Dr. Richard A. Shick, Chairperson Francine Cullari de Sanchez, Vice Chairperson William Bryant Robert Joseph Stanley L. Podolsky Cathy A. Lane Pete L. Griggs Gary J. Piggott Daniel 0. Park Neil Martz, Zoning Administrator ., tf?-. Grand Blanc City Planning Commission James Tomblinson, Chairman Mary Ann Crane, Vice Chairperson Jack Rolfe Jack Kipp Richard T. Craig Paul Galuszka Wallace Morgan Mary Waara Richard Bateson Dennis Smith, Zoning Administrator Special thanks to the Genesee County Community Development Deportment. The preparation of this pion was financed through o grant provided under Title I of the Housing Community Development Act of 1974, as amended: administered by the Genesee County Community Development Program. THE : .. , WBDC ·.: ""~~~ GROUP '. EN~=:.i~ �I • • . • Zoning/Site Plan Provisions should be developed to require the Incorporation of natural features into development plans. high I . Planning Commission City Council Township Board Improve upon design standards for access management, landscaping, architectural quality and signs. high I . Planning Commission City Council Township Board Review zoning ordinance districts to ensure that zoning ordinance reflects the intent of the Master Plan. high I . Planning Commission City Council Township Board Continuation of the Curbside Recycling Program. high I City Council Township Board TIME FRAME: (!) -Immediate = Within Two Years (S)-Short Term= Within Five Years (L)-Long Term= Five to Ten Years (0)-0ngolng - Begin within Two Years-Then Ongoing LEGEND: GCRC MOOT LAWCON CDBG Genesee County Road Commission Michigan Department of Transportation Land and Water Conservation Fund Comrrunity Development Block Grants GBTWP\master.pln\table 16 5 -. .dllllll1' ~ . - -- ... - - - -- - �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • ADOPTION This Master Plan represents a joint effort by the Grand Blanc Charter Township and the City of Grand Blanc Planning Commissions. • The City Planning Commission adopted the Master Plan in November 1991. • The Township Planning Commission adopted the Master Plan, including the Hill Road Corridor Plan, in December 1991. �I I I I • •I I • • •I I I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS GRAND BLANC COMMUNI1Y MASTER PLAN Chapter 1 Planning Context .••.••......•.•.•.•... , , , , , , ..... , • , , , , , • . 1 Chapter 2 Natural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 a. Wetlands ...........•..................................... 10 b. Soils .................................................... 12 c. Slope .................................................... 12 d. Floodplains ............................................... 13 Chapter 3 Community Character ....................................... 15 a. Population Characteristics ........•.....................•..... 15 b. c. Economic Data ............................................ 22 Housing ...........•..................................... 26 Chapter 4 Review of Current Plans and Policies ••...•...•......••••••..•.• 29 Chapter 5 Goals and Objectives •••••••••••••••••..••••••..••••.•..••.. 37 Chapter 6 Future Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 45 a. Existing Development Patterns ..................••............ 47 Future Land Use .•••.....•.••••..............•............ 54 c. Downtown Grand Blanc .........•........................... 63 b. Chapter 7 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 a. Traffic Conditions .......................•.•................ 67 b. Existing Road Classification .............•........•........... 70 c. New Roadways ............................................ 83 Chapter 8 Community Facilities •••••••• , •••••••.••.••••..•••.••.•..••• 85 a. Utility Services ............................................ 85 b. Community Facilities ....................................... 87 c. Parks and Recreation .............•.................•....... 88 Chapter 9 Plan Implementation ....................................... 93 �f TABLES la lb 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Historic Population •..•..................... , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , 15 Historic Population ............................................... 17 Population Projections •.................................•......•... 17 Population by Age .•.................................•....•••.... 20 Population by Race ••........•.•.............•.•.... , • , ..•..•..•.• 21 Median Household lncon,e ..................... , ...... • , , .......... 22 Household lncon,e Distribution ........................•.•........... 22 Employinent by Industry .•.....•...... , ...........• , .....••....... 23 Employinent by Occupation ...•.•.................................. 24 Percent High School Graduates ............................•......... 24 Housing Characteristics ............................................ 27 Existing Land Use •...........................•....•.............. 49 Existing Land Use .......•........................................ 50 Traffic Counts ................................................... 68 High Accident Locations ............................•.............. 70 Existing Roadway Functional Classification ............................. 72 Master Plan Reconunendations .•......................•...•........ 1-5 MAP SECTION Floodplains and Significant Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . • . . 105 Steep Slope Areas .•..............................••..........•..... 106 Existing Development Trends .•••......................•..•...•....... 107 Future Land Use .......................................•.......... 108 Future Land Use (Downtown) .•....................•...........•...... 109 Traffic Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Accident Data ..........•.............•........•...•.•...•..•...... 111 Existing Road Classification . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 112 Conununity Facilities ....•................•...........••.•......•..• 113 Development Suitability ......••..............................•..•... 114 Surrounding Conununities .......•...............•......•.••...••.... 115 l l l l I I I I I I I I I ~ l ~ 1 fl �• • •I I • • • • •I •I I I I I I • CHAPTER1 PLANNING CONTEXT As a community matures, a direction for future development is needed to ensure that its desires regarding growth are translated into action. The intent of this Master Plan is to provide the direction needed by the Grand Blanc Community to look forward to the year 2010. The Grand Blanc City and Township Planning Commissions are responsible for the completion and implementation of a Master Plan. The Master Plan is a guide to be used by the community to help determine the land uses and development policies that will affect the physical development of the community. As a guide, it is not meant to be rigidly enforced; changing conditions will affect the assumptions and directions determined when the Plan was originally devised. But changing conditions do not necessarily mean that the Plan must change. Rather, each Planning Commission must evaluate changes to determine if the Master Plan remains valid. If it determines that is has retained its validity, its precepts should be followed . The Planning Commissions may also amend the plan, as described later in this section. How does the Master Plan affect me? How the Master Plan affects individuals depends on your particular circumstance. H you are a property owner you may have several interests. As a homeowner, you will be interested in the properties in your immediate neighborhood. You may wish to know what land uses are proposed for vacant land in your area, or what road improvements may be proposed, or what new government facilities are planned. As an owner of vacant property you will want to know what land uses are proposed for your property. You may also want to know what utilities are available and what road improvements are proposed. While the future land use map in this Master Plan does not change zoning, it is intended to be used as a guide when considering changes to zoning designations in the future. The Plan will also be used to help direct future amendments to the City and Township zoning ordinances. member of the community you will be interested in the overall concepts of the Plan, as expressed in the Goals and Objectives. These statements will give you an indication of the Planning Commission's view of the community now, and in the future. As a How should I use this Plan? Again, use of the Plan depends on your interest in the future of the community, but generally, there is a process you should follow. Step #1 What land use is proposed for your property, or the area surrounding your property? Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Planning Contut 1 �I l l 1 You will find this information on the Future Land Use Map. Begin by finding the area in which your property is located. In the chapter on Futur~ Land Use there is a discussion covering each of these areas. Find the one that applies to you. In addition to the Future Land Use text, there are various degrees of land use designation within each area. You must also determine what land use designation applies to your property. Step #2 Determine how the Planning Commission views development in your Policy Area. The text of the Future Land Use section will indicate to you the general direction of development within your area; it may be fairly specific, or it may be somewhat general. The text is only meant to provide a general direction to the Planning Commission as to development within the area. Step #3 Determine the meaning of the land use designation for your property. Depending on the nature of your interest in the Master Plan, this may be as far as you carry your initial investigation. If you have a specific proposal which is not consistent with the Future Land Uses, you may want to investigate the Plan in more detail, beginning with the Goals and Objectives. Step #4 Determine how the Plan affects your property. There are a number of other elements of the Plan that will affect your proposal, or your interest in the area. Transportation facilities, for example, may be proposed for your area, either as a new road or improvements to existing roads. Utility coverage, and problems with various utility lines may be identified for future improvements. If your project is on a major roadway within the Grand Blanc community, you will want to consult the Community Character section of the Plan to determine how your property is affected by the recommendations for landscaping, access management, and other development suggestions. In summary, the Master Plan may have a profound impact on your property, either as a vacant land owner, or as a homeowner. As a resident and/or property owner within the Grand Blanc Community, the Master Plan will determine the physical development of the community, including your property. It is necessary that you become familiar with the Plan and what it may mean to you. HOW THE MASTER PLAN WAS DEVELOPED The Master Plan and Hill Road Corridor Study represents over a year of effort by the Grand Blanc Township, City of Grand Blanc Planning Commissions, Hill Road Corridor Committee and staff. The effort included research, bus trips through the communities, numerous well attended public workshops, press releases, displays at the Grand Blanc Expo, reviews of draft information and public hearings. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Planning Context 2 I I I I I I I I 1 ] l ~ ~ l l �• • • • •I I I I I -I I I I I I I I Cooperative Effort between the City and Township This plan is unique since the Planning Com.missions of two communities worked together with shared objectives to develop a single plan covering both the Charter Township of Grand Blanc and the City of Grand Blanc. The goal was to complete a comprehensive plan that would reflect the common goals, needs and desires for the future. Most of the meetings during the planning process were joint meetings with both planning com.missions Identification of these common elements was not difficult. Much of the new growth experienced in the two communities takes place within the borders of Grand Blanc Township, which, in turn, affects the land use, traffic, and utility concerns of the City of Grand Blanc. South Saginaw Street bisects both communities; development on the borders of the two communities is a constant concern; in most cases, utility systems are shared; even a number of the regulations of the two communities are similar. Another factor encouraging this cooperative effort was the informal communication at the staff level of each community, both between the Township and City and between each community and the County. The economic conditions faced in the Flint and southeast Michigan area brought forth the realization that cooperative planning efforts were needed to address common problems and concerns. Area-wide plans such as the Blinton Plan and the Genesis Project underscored the need for cooperation in solving common problems. A special committee of property owners, residents, business representatives, Township planning com.missioners and county road/ drain commission staff was formed to direct development of the Hill Road Corridor Plan. This committee presented a draft document and plan to the Township Planning Commission. The Hill Road Corridor Plan is an element of the overall Master Plan. Public involvement was an important consideration in the planning process. All of the many Planning Com.mission meetings were open to the public. Property owners participated at virtually every meeting. Preliminary future land use maps were reviewed at several public workshops and the Grand Blanc Expo. The press assisted in getting the word out by providing a significant amount of coverage and newspaper illustrations of proposed future land use maps. Formal public comments were also received at the public hearings prior to adoption by the two planning commissions. Using the Master Plan The Master Plan is intended as a guide for Township and City leaders in land use, development, zoning and capital improvement decisions. The Planning Commissions, Township Board, City Council and the two Zoning Board of Appeals should reference the Master Plan as a guide in reaching decisions. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Planning Context 3 �• • The plan is more than just a future land use map. The goals and objectives should be referenced when reviewing development proposals to confirm consistency with the plan. • The criteria used in considering r onings should include consistency with the future land use map and consistency with the Master Plan goals and objectives. • The plan is intended to be long range. Since conditions change over time, the plan must be flexible enough to acknowledge changing conditions. But the two communities invested a considerable amount of time, effort and money in developing the plan. The future land use plan is not conceptual, as is the case in some general development plans. The land use recommendations are specific and intended to guide zoning decisions. Therefore, deviations from the plan should not be routine. In order for the plan to remain valid, deviations from the plan should be justified and well documented. li a proposal is inconsistent with the plan, the planning commission could consider amending the plan if conditions have changed. An option would be to require the applicant submit an impact assessment describing how the proposed zoning will affect the community and how conditions justify a deviation from the plan. • Amendments to the zoning ordinance text should be considered to help realize plan goals and objectives. In particular, the Township should consider incorporating the design standards outlined in the Hill Road Corridor Study into the zoning and sign ordinances. • Maintaining and Amending the Master Plan - The Master Plan is intended to be a living document, not a shelf document. The plan format on computer disc allows for easy updating. The Township and City Planning Commissions should have an annual meeting to review the future land use map, goals and objectives. li changes are needed based on changing conditions, the plan should be amended. Amendments should also be considered as new data becomes available (such as more detailed U.S. Census data or population projections based on the 1900 U.S. Census). Amending the plan involves the same process as developing the overall plan: drafting text and map changes, notification, conducting a public hearing and adoption of the amendment. THE GRAND BLANC REGION The overall economic condition of the area has been well documented. The economic climate of the Genesee County area has long been dominated by General Motors. This is evidenced by the fact that in the mid-1980s approximately 1/3 of the total number of jobs in Genesee County were held by direct GM employees, totaling about 63,000 employees. Many thousands of others were in one way or another tied to the auto industry. Though the relationship to the Oakland County economy is increasing, General Motors is expected to continue its strong influence on the area's economic vitality. Gr11nd BlllffC Community M11ster Pllln Pl11nning Context 4 • • • • - 1 �• • • • •I • • • •II I I I I I I I I For General Motor's part, they have tended to reduce their total employment world wide. With such a heavy concentration of GM plants, the impact of this decision has been acute in Flint. Estimates vary but the consensus appears to be that about 18,000 net total jobs will be lost in the Genesee County area between 1985-1995. Various studies have identified several key elements to restoring Flint's employment and maintaining its economic vitality. Among the elements that may influence the Grand Blanc Community: • The development of new, diversified industries, utilizing the strengths of the area. • Encouragement of General Motors to replace some of their employment loss with insourcing contracts or development of new model lines in existing plants. • Development of the potential offered by Bishop Airport, and its recently adopted Master Plan, both in the areas of new services such as freight handling/shipping and improved passenger service, and development of land surrounding the airport for industrial uses, where appropriate . • Continuing improvement of the overall community image. • Enhancement of cooperative and coordinated efforts in economic development in the metropolitan area . The Grand Blanc community will have a major role in achieving these goals in the Flint metropolitan area. As one of the bright spots in Genesee County, Grand Blanc can be proud of its positive image in the region. But community leaders must recognize the high quality of life in the Grand Blanc area is partially attributable to the services and opportunities available in the Genesee County: • Availability of higher education (Mott Community College, U-M, Baker, GMI); • Nearby natural assets (such as the lakes and rivers); • Recreational and cultural opportunities (Crossroads Village, Sloan Museum, Whiting Auditorium, Bower Planetarium, parks, numerous golf courses, skiing); • Technical training opportunities; • Employment opportunities throughout the region, including efforts to retain and attract employers. The combination of local amenities, quality services, local parks, reasonable housing costs in comparison with some areas to the south, accessibility to employment opportunities and abundance of regional facilities make the Grand Blanc community one of the most attractive places to live in the region. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Planning Context 5 �THE GRAND BLANC COMMUNITY Census data through 1990 indicated most of the population growth within Genesee County had occurred in the southern townships and communities. Most of this growth was related to northward expansion of the Detroit metropolitan area. The availability of utilities, lower land costs, convenient access to freeways and easy commuting time to employment centers in Oakland County lead to increases in residential construction. The population in most of the remainder of Genesee County remained stable or decreased. Future population growth is likely to continue in the southern Genesee County area as development from Oakland and Livingston Counties extends north. The overall population in Genesee County, however, is projected to decline or stabilize due primarily to workforce reductions of General Motors. The future development pattern in the Grand Blanc area may be linked to a variety of economic and social factors. These include population growth in the community; regional population shifts; local and regional infrastructure improvements; state and local regulations; and the regional, state and national economy. Each of these factors will vary over time in the degree of influence each exerts over development trends. As noted by numerous studies conducted in the Genesee County area, some of which are noted in Chapter 4, the perceived image of Flint and southeastern Michigan as a high wage, union area will also continue to influence development. Conversely, the growth occurring in northern Oakland County is expected to continue shifting the Grand Blanc community's orientation more toward Oakland County. This shift is evidenced by a 45% increase in traffic volumes between 1983 and 1988 on I-75 and I-475 south of Grand Blanc and a corresponding increase of only 9% (I-475) and 17% (1-75) to and from the north. (Figures provided by the Michigan Department of Transportation) New employment centers in northern Oakland County such as the Oakland Technology Park and Chrysler Tech Center will contribute to the shift. Employees can obtain a high quality living environment if the Grand Blanc area within an easy commute and at generally lower prices than comparable housing in northern Oakland County. Land use decisions by communities along the I-75 corridor in Oakland County will determine the magnitude of this shift. For example, as this plan was developed, proposed one to two million square foot retail development in Auburn Hills was being debated. Such developments would probably intensify the northward population movement, but may decrease the market demand for larger scale commercial uses in the Grand Blanc area. GTtmd Blanc Community Mastn Plan Planning Context 6 �• • • • • • • • • •I I I I I LIVING IN THE GRAND BLANC COMMUNITY There are many positive aspects continuing to draw residents to the Grand Blanc community. Many long time residents moved to the Grand Blanc area to take advantage of the rural environment of the area, and escape the congestion, crime and other perceived problems of a more urbanized area. At workshops conducted during development of this plan, some residents expressed concern that continuing development is gradually eroding some of those amenities . Among the positive aspects of the Grand Blanc area expressed by residents at the workshops were: • • • • • • • • • Small town living environment Quality and price of housing Distinctive neighborhoods Proximity to shopping, services and employment Effectiveness and quality of governmental services Community pride Quality school system Churches Recreational opportunities (parks, golfing, hunting) Generally courts have determined a property owner has the right to a reasonable rate of return on their investment. Thus, a community cannot shut the door to new development. However, courts have also stated the property owner does not have the right to the highest profit, only a reasonable profit. The challenge to community leaders will be to accommodate a reasonable amount of development while retaining the Grand Blanc identity and quality of life. The joint master planning effort by the City and Township is an acceptance of this challenge. The Plan will be a guide to the Grand Blanc community allowing it to assess and plan for land use, rather than merely reacting to each development proposal. The plan will also allow leaders to anticipate the physical needs of the community, such as street and utility improvements, necessary to support these uses. I I I I Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Planning Context 7 �• • • • • • • •I •I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER2 NATURAL FEATURES BACKGROUND Natural features have played a significant role in the development of the Township and City of Grand Blanc. One of the many reasons that residents live in the Grand Blanc area is its rolling terrain, streams, woodlands, wetlands, and other natural features. It is these features that provide the semi-rural character so valued by residents. The Township and City each contain sensitive wetlands protected by state and federal regulations, and federally regulated floodplains. Other environmental factors such as soil type, topography, woodlands and drainage patterns may affect development potential and cost of site preparation. Appreciation of the value of these resources has increased. Federal, state and local laws have been adopted to help protect these features. The reasonable application of these laws should ensure these valuable resources will be present for future generations to enjoy. Many developers are recognizing the market benefits of retaining these features. Several projects under construction in the Grand Blanc area in the early 1990's integrated wetlands and woodlands with the residential units. The Holly /Grand Blanc 850 Planned Unit Development approved in 1992, for example, includes over 200 acres of wetlands which will not be disturbed. The Grand Blanc community has established a goal that states: "Direct and regulate development to minimize negative impacts on wetlands, woodlands, surface, groundwater, and other sensitive environmental factors." A number of objectives are established to help meet the goal (refer to the "Goals and Objectives" section of this plan. Historically the lumbering and agricultural uses in the region paid little attention to environmental issues. Forests were clear cut, wetlands were filled, hills were graded and natural drainage patterns were altered. Much of the southern area of Grand Blanc Township was cleared for agriculture. A fraction of the original acreage of productive land remains today. Subdivisions, large lot estates, industrial uses and commercial businesses have supplanted the agricultural use on most of the former agricultural lands. Leveling of the land for agriculture and development complicated both drainage and the provision of replacement landscaping. Most of the residential subdivisions in the Grand Blanc area were laid out in either a grid or curvilinear fashion. While some creeks and other waterways were preserved, others were enclosed for road crossings, filled in, or otherwise altered. Where drainageways do exist they are often kept clear of vegetation at the top edge of the banks, as part of normal lawn maintenance by homeowners. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Natural Features 9 �r- Agricultural practices lead to removal of large mature tree stands. Later more intense development added a small number of smaller trees and shrubbery which had minimal impact on softening the hard surfaces created by man. Only minimal attention was given to the buffering, aesthetic and environmental benefits provided by plantings. Evidence would indicate little site analysis was conducted that considered natural systems and how they were to be integrated into site development to benefit the community. The evidence is the style of development that dominated the area. Rather than attempting to preserve natural features through innovative site development, property lines, utility locations, and road frontages were the primary factors influencing site planning. Subdivision layouts were more concerned with utilization of property, rather than preservation of natural features. This is not to say that land developers and community leaders were irresponsible in their handling of development processes. Disruption of natural features were considered acceptable or even desirable ways of dealing with swamps and mosquito/pest control. Modern development techniques, however, stress the preservation of natural features and their use in controlling the harmful effects that unrestrained development might create such as flooding and destruction of wildlife habitats. Fortunately these practices have been mitigated over time as mature tree growth continued in the residential areas and drainage improvements were made. The following description of natural features will help establish the character of the natural environment for the analysis of suitable land uses and will help evaluate the development potential of vacant land within the Township. This evaluation is necessary to determine the potential constraints to development, which the environment presents and to help determine the ability to integrate these features into development proposals. WETLANDS A majority of the natural wetlands throughout Michigan were filled or altered as development occurred. Therefore, the remaining wetlands are important to the overall ecology of the Grand Blanc area. The desire to protect wetlands is based on both their aesthetic and functional benefits. Among the important natural functions of wetlands are: • • • • • • • • Control of floods and stormwater runoff; Improvement of water quality by filtering contaminants; Control of erosion; Providing water recharge or discharge areas; Acting as a natural pollution treatment system; Providing wildlife habitats; Providing natural open space and aesthetic areas; Decreasing landscaping costs. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Natural Features I I I I I • • • • • • • • �I I I I I ~ • •I I I I I I I I I I • Wetlands in the community may be affected by the Goemare-Anderson Wetland Protection Act (Act 203, 1979) which restricts development. The MDNR retains jurisdiction over certain wetlands, as specified in that act. The MDNR defines "wetlands" as follows: "land characterized by the presence of water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances does support, wetland vegetation or aquatic life." Existing soil types may also be considered by the MDNR in conducting a wetland determination. Major wetland areas designated by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service are illustrated on the Floodplains and Significant Wetlands Map. These wetland locations were determined from high altitude aerial photography (1981) and should be considered only as a guide. Some of these areas may be wetlands regulated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). There may also be wetlands regulated by the MDNR that do not appear on the map . There are several small wetlands of less than two acres located throughout the Township and City and a few areas which appear to be at least five acres. The five acre plus wetlands meet the threshold established by the Goemare-Anderson Wetland Protection Act. These larger wetlands are shown on the Floodplains and Significant Wetlands Map. Major wetlands are in Sections 19, 20, and 34. Other potential state regulated wetland areas are in scattered locations throughout the community. Precise wetland determinations should be conducted by a qualified wetland consultant based on analysis of soil conditions, vegetation and hydrology. In 1991 when this plan was adopted, the MDNR was not providing verification of wetland determinations. Thus City and Township have a greater role in ensuring compliance with MDNR regulations. The Planning Commissions could request a wetland determination study prior to approval of a rezoning or site plan on a site believed to have a wetland. In addition to requesting a wetland determination prior to approving development, the City and Township can use one of several mechanisms to assist in wetland protection. For example, site plan review and planned unit development regulations in the zoning ordinance can encourage developers to preserve wetlands and other sensitive natural features by allowing clustering of development. City and Township officials may wish to consider other, stronger local standards to protect wetlands. Several options which may be used include: • Wetlands Protection Standards in the zoning ordinance which are more stringent than the state regulations (some communities regulated those over 1 or 2 acres); • Requiring setbacks between buildings/parking lots and wetland boundaries; • Wetlands Review Board (usually a separate body); • Public Education Programs; • Wetland Protection options for landowners such as land donation, conservation easements, deed restrictions or outright purchase of wetland property. Grand Blanc Community Mastn Plan Natural Features 11 �SOILS Soils in the area are generally suitable for development of roads and building foundations. Soils present that pose limitations on use of septic fields are not as limiting as they might otherwise be due to the fact that sanitary sewer service can be made available throughout the community. Many of the soils in developed areas are simply classified as "urban" soils and suitability analysis of these soils is not applicable. Listed below are the soil associations present in the Township and City of Grand Blanc, including a summary of the soils' suitability for urban development. Soil Associations found in the Grand Blanc area Conover-Brookston Association - Level to gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained loams that have a clay loam subsoil; on till plains. This soil association is found primarily in the northwest and northeast sections of the Township. These soils are suitable for intensive cultivation if they are drained and fertilized; they are moderately to severely limited for highway and residential development. However, proper construction practices and drainage measures and avoidance of the use of septic fields has resulted in these areas (much of it former cropland) being used for industrial and homesite development. Celina-Conover-Miami Association - Level to sloping, somewhat poorly drained to welldrained loams that have a clay loam subsoil; on uplands. This soil association is the most common soil group present in the area, covering nearly the entire City of Grand Blanc and large areas of the Township. This association generally provides a fair to good foundation material for roads and residential development, but individual, on-site determinations should be made to ensure adequate soil conditions for development. Miami-Metea-Muck Association - Undulating to rolling, well-drained loams and loamy sands that have a clay loam to loamy sand subsoil, on uplands; and very poorly drained muck soils, in potholes and swales. This soil association is found primarily in the far southwest and southeast parts of the Township. Most of the areas where these soils are present have been farmed, both in low-lying areas and in uplands. Upland areas are generally suitable for residential and recreational use, depending on the slope. There are some muck soils in this association that might pose severe limitations to urban development; on-site inspection is necessary to determine the extent of these limitations. SLOPE The Genesee County Soil Survey of 1972 classifies soil types by their percent slope. The Steep Slope Areas map shows soil types classified by their percent of slope. A slope of 6 - 12 percent is considered moderately steep yet will support all types of development. Slopes greater than 12 percent are considered steep and highly susceptible to erosion and gully formation. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Natural Features 12 • • • • • •II • • • �• • •I • • • • • • • •I I I I I I I The topography of the Grand Blanc area is flat to gently rolling with pockets of slope greater than 6 percent. The area of land with slope greater than 12 percent is very limited. Steep slopes are found in the southeast corner of the township which affected the design of the Holly Road/1-75 interchange. There are a few steep slopes areas in other scattered locations. Development in areas of steep slopes may result in higher construction costs since they usually require more extensive grading; however, rising and falling relief can be used to enhance development. For example, a project with a number of different, conflicting uses could be developed using topography as buffers between uses. Potential development in the majority of the City and Township will not be prohibited due to presence of steep slopes. On-site slope analysis will determine development suitability. There are several sites where development should strive to retain as much of the existing topography as possible. In all cases, erosion control measures should be required. FLOODPLAINS The 100-year floodplains within the study area have been determined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). A 100-year floodplain is defined as an area at an elevation with a one percent chance of a flood occurring within any year. FEMA generally identifies floodplain boundaries based on the official FEMA maps . Development within FEMA identified floodplains is restricted because they serve as water recharge areas and natural water storage basins during periods of heavy rains or snow thaws, and because the likelihood of water damage to homes and businesses is great. The Floodplains and Significant Wetlands Map identifies the approximate location of the 100-year floodplains. Exact on-site floodplain determination should be made by qualified individuals . Major floodplains may be found in Sections 28, 29, 30, 35, 36 and along the Thread Creek in the central and eastern portions of the Township. Some development may be permitted in floodplains if the elevation is changed and MDNR permits are obtained. Generally, development should be discourage from floodplain areas. Floodplains can provide valuable open space and serve as a buffer to separate various land uses. SUMMARY Through careful site analysis and site planning, quality development can be realized. The objective of incorporating natural features into site development is to allow new uses of land that do not irreversibly damage natural site features and attributes. The result is cost-effective development that allows preservation of natural features and systems, creating long term benefits for the environment and the community. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Natural Features 13 �I • • • •I •I I I I •I I I I I I • CHAPTER3 COMMUNITY CHARACTER POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Historic Population Both Grand Blanc Township and the City of Grand Blanc experienced a population jump from 1960 to 1970 followed by a slower increase from 1970 to 1990 (Table 1). The population increases generally correspond to national trends, with an increasing number of births from the "Baby Boom" generation in the late 1960s, coupled with the increased availability of jobs and housing in the Grand Blanc area. The population increases experienced since 1970 are also due to movement into the area from other communities within the County and from other counties. In 1975, for example, 30.5 percent of Grand Blanc Township residents lived in another house in Genesee County; another 7 percent lived in a different house in another County in Michigan. Tremendous growth to the south of the Grand Blanc community is expected to encroach northward as new employees of major developments in the northern Detroit metropolitan area, (such as the Chrysler Technology Center and Oakland Technology Park) seek larger, less expensive homes and the small town character found in communities like Grand Blanc. This growth is demonstrated by the increasing traffic volumes along 1-75, which have generally increased from 15-40% between 1983 and 1988. Table la Historic Population Grand Blanc Comm.unity and Area 1960 -1990 Community 1960 1970 1980 1990 1980-90 Grand Blanc Township 9,418 19,229 24,413 25,392 +4.01% City of Grand Blanc 1,565 5,132 6,848 7,760 +13.32% Village of Goodrich 701 771 795 916 +15.22% 1,509 2,315 4,891 5,551 +13.49% 445,589 450,449 430,459 Atlas Township Genesee County -4.44% Source: U.S. Census Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 15 �I Population Grand Blanc Community and Area Percent of Change 1980-1990 I IR...--------------------------, -lo-i-----------------------------' Grand Blanc Township City of Grand Blanc Vlllageof Goodrich Atlas Genesee Township C.Ounty Source: U.S. C.Cnsus Bureau Note: Numbers indicate 1990 population Grtuul Bl11nc Community Mtutn Pllln Community Clulr11ctn 16 �I I I I I I I I I Table lb Historic Population Northern Oakland County Community 1960 1970 1980 1990 1980-90 Brandon Township 2,416 3,830 8,336 12,051 +44.57% Groveland Township 1,306 2,570 4,114 4,705 +14.37% Holly Township 3,269 3,041 3,612 8,852 +145.07% Independence Township 10,121 16,327 20,569 24,722 +20.19% Springfield Township 2,664 4,388 8,295 9,927 +19.67% Rose Township 1,482 2,502 4,641 4,926 +6.14% Source: U.S. Census, 1960-1990 Population Projections Table 2 shows population trends and projections, which were based on the 1980 U.S. Census figures and estimates for subsequent years. Agencies responsible for projections had not updated them based on the 1990 U.S. Census at the time this plan was adopted. Many of the projections did not anticipate the extent of population loss in Genesee County or the growth related to northern Oakland County which occurred in the 1980's. I I For example, pre-1990 Census estimates projected a 5270 population for Atlas Township by 1995; 1990 Census figures revealed a 1990 township population of 5,551. Thus, Atlas Township is at least five years ahead of the growth estimates made as late as 1985. I However, the estimates for the Grand Blanc community were reasonably close to those of the 1990 Census. These estimates are provided in Table 2. I I I I I I - Table 2 Population Projections Grand Blanc Township and City of Grand Blanc 1995 - 2010 Community 1990 2000 2005 2010 '90-2010 Grand Blanc Township 25,392 26,644 26,958 27,049 6.53% City of Grand Blanc 7,645 8,159 8,262 8,290 8.43% Source: GLS Region V, Planning and Development Commission, Population Allocation Study, 1985. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 17 �Population Character Total population in City and Township has been classified into divisions by CACI, Inc., a nationally known demographic and market research firm. The CACI data referenced herein was based on projections using the 1980 U.S. Census information by Census tract on age, income and other characteristics. Future analysis of the 1990 U.S. Census will change these figures. Combinations of characteristics are determined which fit a national demographic profile. These profiles are then separated into divisions, such as "Small Town Families," "Fast Track Young Adults," etc. In the Grand Blanc community the largest portion (27.5 percent) of the total population can be classified as "Baby Boomers with Families." People in the "Baby Boomers" category are typically young families with children living in new suburban neighborhoods. This category typically has a high proportion of 30 to 44 year olds and children under 16 years of age. The population is primarily white and nearly 20 percent have moved within the past five years. "Upper Middle Income Families" comprises 7,766 or 24 percent of the area's population. There are 5,801 people (18.1 %) classified as "Middle Americans in New Homes". These people are predominantly white, middle income families with older children. The average family size was estimated at 3.3 people, consistent with the national average. The other predominant CACI classification was "Fast Track Young Adults" accounting for 16.2% of the population. This is assumed to be a highly mobile segment, moving at over twice the national rate. Over 65% of adult women in this category are in the labor force, the highest percentage of any CACI segment. I The remaining 13.9% of the population in the Grand Blanc area is categorized into the categories of "Old Money," "Skilled Craft and Office Workers," and "Settled Families," which each contain less than 7 percent of the total population. Population by Age The age of Township and City residents provides an indication of current and changing economic, transportation, recreational and other current community needs for age groups. Analysis of age also gives some indication of the affects by migration. The City's 1990 median age of 34.4 years is similar to the Township 33.7 years. The Township population has aged considerably since 1970 when the median age was 24.4 years. The aging of the population follows a national trend. The older segments of the population will overshadow the younger, thereby increasing the number and extent of the services needed for the aging population. The high number of people under 34 years old is in keeping with national trends which indicate the maturity of the "Baby Boomers" children. The younger median age in 1970 is supportive of the large number of people under 24. This group is now slightly older as seen in the 15 - 34 year old categories which account for over 35 percent of the population in the Township and over 37 percent in the City. (see Table 3). Grt1nd Blt1nc Community Mt1ster Plt1n Community Cht1rt1cter 18 1111 • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Population by Age, 1990 Grand Blanc Township and City of Grand Blanc ■ Township Daty 20 15 10 5 0 Under 5 years S-14 15-24 years years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 55-64 65 years years &over Source: 1990 U.S. Census Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Charticter 19 �Table 3 Population by Age, 1990 Grand Blanc Township and City of Grand Blanc City Township NUMBER PERCENT NUMBER PERCENT Under 5 years 1,666 6.6% 479 6.1% 5 -14 years 3,600 14.1% 1,060 13.6% 15 - 24 years 3,529 13.9% 1,101 14.1% 25 - 34 years 4,529 17.8% 1,314 16.9% 35 - 44 years 4,339 17.0% 1,309 16.8% 45 - 54 years 3,321 13.0% 861 11.0% 55 - 64 years 2,331 9.1% 686 8.8% 65 and over 2,077 8.1% 950 12.2% TOTAL 25,392 100% 7,760 100% Source: U.S. Census, 1990 The portion of the population of people under 34 years old (almost 17,278 in the Township and City) generally demand, in the short term, inexpensive housing (starter homes, apartments, etc.), a higher than average amount of consumer goods (groceries, clothes, videos, cleaners, etc.) and active recreation (ball diamonds, recreation trails, etc.) but these needs will change over a 20 year period as this population segment ages . The population in the Grand Blanc community is aging. Both the City and Township have experienced a significant increase in the percentage of the population which is 65 years of age and older. The City and the Township are similar in all age groups with the exception of the 65 and older group, the City has a greater rate than the township. The senior population may tend to reside in the City due to the availability of affordable housing and greater access to services. The Grand Blanc community experienced a decrease in population of those under 24 years of age. This may be due in part to the migration out in order to seek employment opportunities. Population by Race Almost 92 percent of the township and 93 percent of the City's population is white with small percentages of blacks, residents of spanish origin (who may be of any race), American Indians, and Asians. Generally, the racial composition of area residents is very similar to the State of Michigan overall and surrounding communities of similar size. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 20 • • • • • • • • • •■ • ,•. • ~ �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 4 Population by Race, 1990 Grand Blanc Township and City of Grand Blanc Community Total Black White Spanish Origin Other Grand Blanc Township 25,392 1230 23,177 42 0 565 Percent 100% 4.8% 91.2% 1.6% 2.2% City of Grand Blanc 7,760 219 7,249 90 202 Percent 100% 2.8% 93.4% 1.1% 2.6% Note: Spanish Origin may be of any race. Source: U.S. Census, 1990 SUMMARY The Grand Blanc community has recorded a moderate population growth during the last two decades due to suburbanization trends from the Detroit and Flint metropolitan areas. The automobile industry and employment in the northern metropolitan Detroit area has fueled this population growth and movement as thousands are employed in the numerous auto-related plants and other industries in the region. The population growth experienced in the study area the last 30 years is expected to continue into the next three decades and possibly beyond. Large-scale development projects such as the Chrysler Tech Center are encroaching the rural fringes of the metro areas, bringing with them employees who require housing, services and community facilities. The median age of residents is rising, reflecting the aging of the "Baby Boomer's" children and the influx of new residents. As this younger population ages, the natural increase should net a population spurt near the year 2010 unless household size decreases. The majority of the study area population is white. Specific attention should be given to the needs of the minority population, elderly and low income residents. Sensitive community planning can help Grand Blanc Township and the City of Grand Blanc maintain its high quality of life and provide the opportunity for housing and services which facilitate every segment of the population. Careful placement of new development will enhance the character of the area by considering the needs and desires of its residents. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character I 21 �• INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS Income In 1980, rand Blanc Township and City had the highest median household income of any jurisdiction in the area, except Atlas Township (Table 5, note: 1990 income data was not available at the time of plan printing). Table 6 indicates the distribution of household income for the Township and City. The diverse incomes are indicative of market preferences and the economic condition of Township residents. According to the 1980 Census, 2123 of City of Grand Blanc and Grand Blanc Township families (20% of all families) earned less than $15,000 per year. Table 5 Median Household Income, Grand Blanc Community and Area Jurisdictions, 1980 Grand Blanc Township Grand Blanc City Atlas Township (Includes Village of Goodrich Holly Township Groveland Township Brandon Township City of Flint Genesee County $28,261 $26,713 $28,633 $22,279 $25,793 $24,831 $17,858 $23,717 Source: U.S. Census, 1980 Table 6 Household Income Distribution, 1980 Grand Blanc Township and City of Grand Blanc Township City Income Range Households Percent Households Percent Less than $7,500 563 6.9% 238 9.2% $7,500 - $14,900 965 11.8% 357 13.7% $15,000 - 19,999 793 9.7% 369 14.2% $20,000 - 24,999 1,108 13.6% 204 7.9% $25,000 - 34,999 1,986 24.3% 559 21.5% $35,000 - 49,999 1,825 22.4% 553 21.3% $50,000 or more 923 11.3% 316 12.2% 8,163 100% 2,597 100% TOTAL Source: U.S. Census, 1980. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 22 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Employment by Industry Employment by industry for the Township provides a method for analyzing what occupations residents possess, indicating strengths and weakness of employment sectors and understanding potential economic needs of the Township. Table 7 indicates that the bulk of residents are employed in the manufacturing, retail, and professional trades. Table 7 Occupation by Industry, 1980 Grand Blanc Community, Genesee County, State of Michigan Percent County% State% 523 3.6% 3.7% 6.2% 5,095 35.4% 39.8% 30.3% Trans., Comm. & Utilities 467 3.2% 4.0% 5.8% Wholesale Trade 598 4.2% 29% 3.6% 2,613 18.1% 16.5% 16.5% 668 4.6% 4.3% 4.9% 4,069 28.2% 26.1% 28.4% 382 2.7% 27% 4.3% 14,415 100% 100% 100% Industry Category Employees Ag., Forestry, Mining, Construct. and Fish. Manufacturing Retail Trade Finance, Ins., Real Est. Services Public Administration TOTAL Note: Grand Blanc Community is defined as the City of Grand Blanc and Grand Blanc Township. Source: U.S. Census, 1980 Percentages of employees in various employment industries closely match those of Genesee County and the State of Michigan. The manufacturing segment is somewhat higher than that of the state, reflecting the substantial influence of the automobile industry and related manufacturers. The types of jobs that people living in Grand Blanc possess are given in Table 8. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 23 �. Table 8 Employment by Occupation, 1980 Grand Blanc Community, Genesee County, State of Michigan Occupation Employees Percent County% State% Managerial, Professional 4,617 32.03% 17.8% 21.4% Technical, Sales, Admin. Support 4,167 28.91% 25.7% 29.2% Service 1,378 9.56% 13.2% 13.9% Farm, Forest., Fishery 75 0.52% .5% 1.7% Precision Production, Craft, Repair 1,856 12.88% 14.9% 13.2% Operators, Fabricators, Assemblers, Inspectors 2,322 16.11 % 27.9% 20.6% TOTAL 14,415 100% 100% 100% Source: U.S. Census, 1980 Education Grand Blanc Township and the City of Grand Blanc residents have a substantially higher percentage of high school graduates than other area communities (Table 9). This fact reflects an educated workforce which is required for the new technologies and processes being developed for modern manufacturing facilities and for emerging professional services. The high educational attainment levels can be used as an advantage for the Township and City when attracting new employers. Table 9 Percent High School Graduates Persons 25 Years and Older Selected Communities, 1980 Community Grand Blanc Township City of Grand Blanc City of Flint Genesee County State of Michigan % High School Graduates 80.5 87.3 65.8 67.8 68.0 Source: U.S. Census, 1980 Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 24 '• • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SUMMARY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS The overall population of the Grand Blanc Community is increasing but the age composition of the community is changing. The increase in population is generally from residents migrating north to new employment centers. The Grand Blanc Community is experiencing an exodus of persons between the ages of 5 and 24, particularly those 15 to 24 years of age. The 15 to 24 age group is typically entering the job market or leaving the area for post secondary education. Those completing their education may not return to the area and those seeking employment may leave the area if quality jobs are not available. There have been large increases in both the Township and the City of residents over the age of 65. The aging population will require different recreational amenities, health care facilities, affordable housing, public transportation and access to special services. The population of the Grand Blanc Community is aging. The 1990 Genesee County median age was 32.0. This is a considerable increase from 1980. The City median age increased by almost five years to 34.4 years of age. The Township increased by four years to 33.7 years of age. The median household income for the Township and City is higher than all nearby jurisdictions, save one. There is a fairly high percentage (30.5) of residents who earned less than $20,000 as of the 1980 Census. The majority (58%) of residents earned between $20,000 and $50,000 per year and close to 12% earned in excess of $50,000 per years. The Grand Blanc Community had a high percentage of those employed in managerial and professional occupations as compared to the county and state (Grand Blanc Community 32.3%, county 17.8% and state 21.4%). Fewer Grand Blanc Community residents were employed in the service sector and as operators, fabricators and assemblers than the county and the state averages. The low to moderate income residents of the Grand Blanc community need access to transit, job and training opportunities, and social services. Access to transit will be somewhat limited in the area, with transit available on some of the major streets within the City and/or Township (Fenton Road, Saginaw Road, Hill Road, etc.). Unless population densities increase dramatically in other areas throughout the Grand Blanc community, extended transit access is unlikely to be made readily available for all segments of the population. The City and Township should continue to work with local transportation authorities to ensure that areas that can be accessed by transit are included within future route planning when ridership is adequate to support cost. Providing quality jobs for the residents of the Grand Blanc community is critical to the retention of the working population. The regional economy is important because it provides an employment base outside of the Grand Blanc community for the residents. The economic base of the Grand Blanc community is not strong enough to accommodate all who require employment. It is important for the Grand Blanc community to work in conjunction with regional and county-wide efforts to attract companies and jobs. This cooperation may take the form of providing information on vacant industrial or Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 25 �commercial land, providing information to prospective employers on housing and community services, and meeting with the Grand Blanc Area Chamber of Commerce representatives to participate in job retention and attraction programs. An educated and trained workforce is critical to future employment. While high school graduation rates exceeded the county and state averages in 1980, continuing education and retraining is important. The community may work in cooperation with area universities, community colleges, economic development organizations and county and state government to provide job training programs to the residents. The local government, while not always the provider of social service programs, can provide information on the programs which are available. The communication with the residents can be in the form of a community newsletters, public announcements, town hall meetings and human relation councils. HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND PROJECTED NEED Grand Blanc township is similar to both the county and the state in percentage of owner occupied units (Township 71.8%, county 70.4%, state 7.1 %). The owner occupancy rate for the City of Grand Blanc is considerably lower at 55.1 % with 44.8% being renter occupied. There appears to be a variety of housing types within the Grand Blanc Community with 28.2% being multiple family and 66.6% single family units. The median value of a home in the City ($90,900) and the Township ($74,400) is higher that both the county ($50,500) and state ($60,600) median value. According to the population trends and projections included earlier in this section, the percentage of Grand Blanc residents over the age of sixty-five is increasing more rapidly than other age groups. This trend is not limited to Grand Blanc or even to the State of Michigan. In 1984, the U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that 16.4 percent of the nation's population was over the age of sixty. It was projected, however, that by the year 2030, almost 27 percent would be in this category. In Michigan, in 1980, the percentage of the population over the age of 65 was 9.8%. The 1990 census indicates that this percentage increased to 11.9 percent over ten years. The increasing percentage of people in the over sixty-five age group coupled with the high number of households with income less than $15,000 per year dictates a need for a variety of affordable housing opportunities. There are special considerations for each segment of the population which requires affordable housing. Low income families with children will require affordable housing which can accommodate children, provides access to schools and recreational areas. Senior housing must have access to public transportation, health facilities and senior recreational activities. These two uses do not necessarily have to be segregated from one another or from higher priced housing. Studies have shown that mixing the elderly and families with children provides a healthy environment for all. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 L �I I I I I I I I I I I I Table 10 Housing Characteristics Grand Blanc City and Township - 1990 CITY (%) TOWNSHIP (%) TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 3299 100 10,017 100 Seasonal housing units 10 00.3 64 00.6 Owner occupied 1751 55.1 6954 71.8 Renter occupied 1425 44.8 2724 28.1 Vacant units 123 03.7 339 03.3 Single family 1829 55.4 7050 70.3 Multi-family 1450 43.9 2307 23.0 Mobile homes 20 00.6 660 06.5 1990 Median Housing Value City of Grand Blanc Grand Bland Township Genesee County State of Michigan $90,900 $74,400 $50,500 $60,600 Source: U.S. Census, 1990 I I I I I I I Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Community Character 27 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -II CHAPTER 4 CURRENT PLANS AND POLICIES INTRODUCTION An important preliminary step in the comprehensive planning process is the review of previous planning documents. Existing planning studies were examined for potential implications on the City /Township future land use plan. The current future land use designations (or zoning if the master plan was outdated) were mapped to help prevent land use conflicts. A map included at the end of the document (in the map section) illustrates land use plans or zoning along the Township borders. Several current plans, studies and ordinances were reviewed for this plan, including: • Comprehensive Development Plan, Grand Blanc Charter Township (1982) • Comprehensive General Community and Economic Development Plan, City of Grand Blanc (1981) • Community of Grand Blanc Five Year Recreation Plan (1987) • U.S. 23/1-75 Development Strategy, Mundy Charter Township (1988) • Zoning Ordinance, Mundy Charter Township (1982) • Master Plan, Holly Township (1990) • Zoning Ordinance, Atlas Township (the township's master plan and zoning ordinance was being updated in 1991). • Comprehensive Development Plan, City of Burton (1989) • Blinton Area Study (1989) • The Genesis Project, "Building the Economy of Tomorrow in Genesee County". (1989) TOWNSHIP AND CI1Y PLANNING DOCUMENTS Comprehensive Development Plan, Grand Blanc Charter Township (1982) Plan Goals and Policies This plan contains several General Development Goals that provide guidance to the Township on development and land use issues. The Township's "Growth Goal" suggests that growth is encouraged but that the growth should be balanced by protection of the assets that make Grand Blanc a desirable residential community. The promotion of community identity was viewed as another important goal, with a strong community identity considered as the first step in encouraging citizen participation in civic affairs. The "Quality of Life Goal" stresses the following principles: maximize contact with nature; encourage social interaction; optimize natural open-space systems; and, optimize community development. Another important General Development Goal centers on environmental and energy conservation attitudes. This goal encourages the preservation of wetlands and floodplains and their use as part of the Township's stormwater management system. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 29 �~ The plan's land use objectives and policies emphasize convenience of access; economical provision of utilities and public services; preservation of prime agricultural lands and unique natural features; and, use of the neighborhood unit concept in residential land use planning. In addition, commercial development policies seek to discourage strip commercial development, encourage quality site design, efficient accessibility to commercial establishments, sign control, and elimination of billboards. Industrial development policies center on the need for industrial diversification, adequate supply of industrial land while avoiding over-zoning of industrial land, and encouragement of industrial parks. Future Land Use The Township's 1982 future land use plan sought to maintain the Township as a primarily single-family residential community, but included a sufficient amount of multiple-family, commercial, and industrial land to encourage a diversified and stable employment and tax base. Multiple-family use was planned for several locations along Hill Road; along Saginaw Road south of the City of Grand Blanc; and a large area north of Grand Blanc Road, southwest of the 1-75 expressway. Commercial corridors were designated along much of Saginaw Road; along Hill Road from the Saginaw Road-Dort Highway intersection west; along Dort Highway; and along Fenton Road. Light Industry uses were planned for the area on either side of Holly Road, from 1-75 south to Ray Road; west of Holly Road immediately south of the City of Grand Blanc; and, in two locations west of Dort Highway: just south of Gibson Road and at the southwest comer of Dort Highway and Maple Avenue. The general industrial classification was planned for a large area southwest of Saginaw Road and east of Dort Highway, west of the General Motors site in the City. Parks and open space were designated for significant tracts of land throughout the Township. These tracts include the Grand Blanc Bicentennial Recreation Complex at 1-75 and Grand Blanc Road, the Grand Blanc Commons adjacent to the City of Grand Blanc, Deer Park (on the Cadillac property), cemeteries on Hill Road, golf courses southeast of the City; and, the YMCA property at Copneconic Lake in the southwest corner of the Township. Comprehensive General Community and Economic Development Plan, City of Grand Blane (1981) Plan Goals and Policies The City's Comprehensive General Community and Economic Development Plan was developed under a detailed set of plan goals and policies. The "Growth Goal" emphasizes maintaining a desirable ratio of non-residential valuation to residential valuation. The environmental quality goal statement expresses a concern for quality in development site design, and high standards for public spaces and services. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 30 •• • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The plan also addresses concerns about community identity; a balance of owner and renter occupied housing; a greater role for the not-for-profit sector in meeting quality of life demands; and environmental and energy conservation. Residential development objectives promote the concept of "planning analysis zones"-a concept that requires planning open space systems and street networks on a neighborhood scale. Commercial development objectives emphasize the importance of Downtown Grand Blanc having a "central place function" in the community, while industrial development objectives focus on the need for industrial land to be reserved to encourage a balanced economic base. Transportation objectives stress the importance of effectively integrating the local, metropolitan, state, and federal transportation systems; these objectives also stress the need for effectively integrating transportation networks and future land use planning. Future Land Use The plan contains a Comprehensive General Development Plan map that illustrates the City's future land use plan. Low density residential uses were planned for many areas of the City, including the area west of the planned extension of Genesee Road and an area in the southwest corner west of Schram, as well as all residentially platted areas. Medium/high density residential uses were planned for several areas in all parts of the City, often adjacent to low density residential areas and public/semi-public (predominantly parks and open space) areas. These locations were determined in part to fulfill the intent of the "planning analysis zones" concept, a concept in which each geographic area of the City provides a variety of housing choices and its own open space. The plan called for increasing the commercial and industrial assessed valuation so that it will be equal to half of the total valuation. To accomplish this, a significant amount of land was designated for commercial and industrial use, much of it already experiencing industrial and commercial development. Commercial uses (including retail, service, and office uses) were designated primarily along Saginaw Road, with a commercial spur extending westward along Grand Blanc Road. Much of the commercial land along Saginaw south of Perry Road was intended for office commercial uses. Another commercial area with office emphasis was planned for the southwest corner of Belsay Road and Perry Road. Industrial uses were planned for two distinct areas: light manufacturing, assembly, and research uses were planned for the area south and west of the high school campus (developed with senior housing), while the area north of Reid Road, west of the railroad tracks and Saginaw Road was designated for heavy industry. Public/ semi-public uses were designated for a very large area of the City, encompassing government facilities, schools, parks, and golf courses. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 31 �I• Community of Grand Blanc Five Year Recreation Plan (1987) This plan affects future land use planning to the extent that it calls for an additional 600 acres of recreational land needed to accommodate the recreational needs of the projected built-out population for the Township and City. (See Chapter 8, Community Facilities). The Grand Blanc community will be pursuing the completion of a joint community recreation plan that will take the needs of each community into account and determine joint improvement projects and programs that may be undertaken. DOCUMENTS FROM ADJACENT COMMUNITIES U.S. 2311-75 Development Strategy, Mundy Charter Township (1988) This study contains an analysis and development strategy for the approximate northeast quarter of Mundy Township, including sections 1, 12, and 13 of Mundy Township along the boundary with Grand Blanc Township. A major focus of the study was a detailed plan illustrating potential building and site layouts for commercial and industrial uses along the Hill Road Corridor from the Grand Blanc Township border to west of the U.S . 23 interchange. Outside of the Hill Road Corridor, single family residential is the most common land use designation in the three sections bordering Grand Blanc Township. However, a significant amount of commercial use is planned for three areas along Fenton Road: the northwest corner of Grand Blanc Road and Fenton Road; on either side of Hill Road; and, an area on Fenton Road in the northeast quarter of Section 1. The planned commercial growth in the Mundy Township portion of the Hill Road Corridor may accelerate development and increase traffic in the Grand Blanc Township section of Hill Road. The Hill Road Corridor Study prepared in conjunction with the Grand Blanc Community Master Plan addresses the impacts of this expected growth. Zoning Ordinance, Mundy Charter Township (1982) Sections 24, 25, and 36 of Mundy Township, which bound Grand Blanc Township, were not part of the study area in Mundy Township's U.S. 23/1-75 Development Strategy discussed above. Most of the land in these sections is zoned Residential Suburban Agricultural, the Township's second lowest density residential district. The planned uses for Grand Blanc Township and the zoning within Mundy Township are compatible. Mundy Township follows the same general pattern of development as Grand Blanc Township with commercial uses to the north along Fenton Road to south of Hill Road, with residential zoning south to north of Grand Blanc Road, where some additional commercial zoning is in place. From Grand Blanc Road south the residential zoning is nearly identical to the planned uses in Grand Blanc Township. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 32 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - Master Plan, Holly Township (1990) A representative of the Grand Blanc Township Planning Commission was invited to participate in the development of the Holly Township Master Plan. The Holly Township plan emphasizes controlled development and protection of natural resources such as wetlands. The Holly Township land use plan promotes low density residential uses along the entire boundary with Grand Blanc Township, except for the area near the intersection of Ray Road and Holly Road, which is designated Medium Density Residential. However, an area designated for higher intensity uses is located a short distance south of Grand Blanc Township Section 36. This area, associated with Saginaw Road and 1-75, is planned by Holly Township to contain a commercial/ office node and an adjacent light industrial area. If this area is developed as planned, various growth impacts may be felt in the generally rural far southeastern part of Grand Blanc Township. In 1991, Holly and Grand Blanc Townships held joint meetings to review the proposed Holly /Grand Blanc 850 Planned Unit Development (PUD). The approved PUD included 850 total acres, 533 in Section 36 in the southeastern corner of Grand Blanc Township. The approved project would include between 1037 and 1493 residential units of various types, a small amount of commercial/office fronting Saginaw, and a golf course. Master Plan (1991) and Zoning Ordinance (1992), Atlas Township Atlas Township is a rural community east of Grand Blanc Township. The Atlas Township Master Plan was adopted in 1991. Significant zoning ordinance amendments were undergoing public hearing at the time this plan was printed in early 1992. The Atlas Township Master Plan promotes a rural buffer along the border with Grand Blanc Township. The zoning ordinance in place in 1991 designated low density residential uses (Residential Agricultural or Residential Suburban Agricultural) along the entire shared boundary with Grand Blanc Township. This zoning is compatible with the Grand Blanc planned uses of Low Density and Estate Residential. The zoning densities along the border are generally expected to be retained as the ordinance is amended. The proposed amendments to the Atlas Township zoning ordinance include an historic district for Atlas "village", special land use districts along M-15 near Goodrich, condominium and land division ordinances, and a woodlands protection ordinance. Comprehensive Development Plan, City of Burton (1989) The City of Burton bounds Grand Blanc Township on the north. Higher intensity uses are planned for the three west sections (sections 31, 32, and 33) of the City bordering the Township area, while low density residential uses are planned for sections 34, 35, and 36. Land along 1-475, just north of Maple Road, is designated for medium and high density residential land use. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 33 �1·· ;, Commercial uses are planned for areas near the intersections of Maple Road with the following roadways: Fenton Road, Saginaw Road, Dort Highway, and Center Road. Land along the CSX Railroad tracks in Section 33 is designated for light industrial use . An Open Space Preservation classification is found in much of Section 33 (north of Maple Road between Dort Highway and Center Road). A neighborhood school and recreation area is located just north of Grand Blanc Township between Saginaw Road and Dort Highway. The City of Burton Development Plan is also consistent with the Township's planned uses along Maple Road. Blinton Area Plan (1989) The Blinton Area Plan was commissioned to study the development potential of the Grand Blanc/Linden/Fenton area and to outline the broad concepts of how that development should progress. The primary land use focus of study was the special purpose node concept. These nodes were designed to present the uses best situation at particular locations that were best suited for development. The factors that were considered when selecting a Special Purpose Node were: • Highway access • Proximity to existing facilities important to stimulating growth, such as Bishop Airport • Geographic location (external) - proximity to Oakland County /1-75 • Geographic location (internal) - proximity to labor force, etc. • Character of area One critical element considered in the Plan was a new interchange at I-75 between Hill and Reid Roads. The existing Hill Road interchange is only a half mile from this location; interchanges at less than one mile spacing are rarely approved by the Michigan Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. In addition, such an interchange would add traffic to streets which are already near capacity. One element of the Blinton Plan which is appropriate was the expressed need for cooperative efforts between communities to ensure the success of the Plan. The impact on the Grand Blanc area is most directly felt through the designation of :1e three nodes within the community. These nodes were: • Name: Location: Uses: The Triangle Node Hill Road/U.S. 23/I-75 Business Park, Manufacturing, Commercial Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 34 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • Name: Location: Uses: Dort Highway Node Dort and I-75 in the triangle of Dort/I-75/Grand Blanc Road Mixed use; westerly 75 acres high density residential; 72 acres abutting Dort small service offices and neighborhood businesses. East of Dort, 600 acres, Dort/I-75/Grand Blanc Road/CSX Corporation railroad (formerly C&O); high density residential dominating; planned · residential development; 22 acres at NW quadrant for Business Park • Name: Location: Uses: Holly Road Node Holly Road; I-75 to Oakland County line W of I-75 (except 54 acres on east of I-75, south of Baldwin) - light industrial; 77 acres at NW quadrant of Baldwin Road for research and development. Also 400 acres SW quadrant of Holly /I-75 interchange. 35 acres of Business Park. One of the primary reasons these areas were designated was to take advantage of the major new office, industrial and commercial developments occurring in northern Oakland County. The City of Grand Blanc, with no land in the plan area, did not take a formal position on the Blinton Plan. Grand Blanc Township, however, reviewed and rejected the plan based on the incompatibility with the township's own goals for development in the locations affected by the Blinton Plan. The Genesis Project "Building the Economy of Tomorrow in Genesee County (1989) This study was commissioned to develop strategies for the revitalization of the Flint metropolitan area. The major elements of the Project included: • Organization for Economic Development The overall organizing effort is planned to fall under the Genesee Economic Area Revitalization (GEAR). The overall responsibilities for this group include the formation of economic development policy, assistance in development activities and coordination of various programs and services offered throughout the area. The goal of GEAR is to increase government coordination and cooperation. • Developing the Future Labor Force - The primary thrust of this element was in job training. • Strengthening Local Business A number of concepts were developed as part of this element. A stronger alliance between General Motors and Genesee County is suggested to take advantage of the economic relationship between General Motors and the area. In addition, the development of Bishop Airport is encouraged. Finally, the development or updating of comprehensive land use plans is encouraged throughout the County. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 35 �• Attracting New Businesses and Industries As an obvious aim of any economic development strategy the development of a brochure about the County is encouraged to promote the positive economic development advantages of locating in the area. In addition, a market research program is suggested to find those market areas that can be tapped by the County. • Enhancing Opportunities for Minorities and Disadvantaged The primary thrust of this element was to increase minority access to financing programs. • Improving External and Internal Image In recognition of the negative aspects of the Flint area that seem to attract attention to the community, a program is suggested to help dispel the less than desirable image. Among the suggestions were an anti-crime campaign, a downtown redevelopment plan, and a public relations program. Grand Blanc Community Master Plan Current Plans and Policies 36 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTERS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES COMMUNITY DIRECTION One purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to allow the Township and City of Grand Blanc to set directions for their future development over a 10-20 year time span. In order to set a direction for this period the Planning Commissions of the Township and City of Grand Blanc determined those issues which are prevalent now in the area, and the issues that are likely to be prevalent for the next 10-20 years. From these issues a combined set of goals and objectives were formed. The goals are long range policy descriptions of the desired physical and social characteristics for the Grand Blanc Communities. The objectives address more specific elements of the goals. The Master Plan is more than just a future land use map. The objectives should be referenced when community leaders are considering land use and public improvement decisions to ensure consistency with the plan. Consideration of the objectiyes in decision making will help the two communities strive toward reading the goals. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 37 �THE ENVIRONMENT GOAL Direct and regulate development to minimize negative impacts on wetlands, woodlands, surface and ground water, and other sensitive environmental factors OBJECTIVES • Maximize the use of local controls to protect environmental features such as mature trees, water bodies and wildlife habitats. Assist with the enforcement of state and federal environmental regulations, particularly wetlands protection. • Promote use of development techniques that incorporate environmental features into site plans, such as cluster housing, zero lot line developments and Planned Unit Developments. • Where appropriate, direct intense development away from environmentallysensitive areas. • Minimize disruption of natural site topography and drainage. • Improve stormwater management. • Develop solid waste management and recycling practices which reduce reliance on landfill disposal and help create markets for recycled goods. • Protect the quality of drinking water sources. • Direct and regulate development to minimize the creation and impacts of air and noise pollution. • Encourage innovative housing design (such as clustering) and roadway design for environmentally sensitive areas. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 38 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - LAND USE GOAL Promote a balanced land use pattern suitable to the Township and City, emphasizing a predominant residential character of the community supported by appropriate amounts of commercial and industrial development OBJECTIVES • Provide selected neighborhood commercial services near residential areas to reduce travel on roadways and promote a traditional neighborhood ambiance. • Encourage concentrated, rather than linear, areas of commercial development to minimize traffic problems, unsightly development and to avoid premature and costly infrastructure improvements. • Direct highway commercial and other non-neighborhood commercial development away from residential areas to help protect the residential character of the community. Where such uses abut, effective buffers and landscaping should be provided. • Encourage community wide oriented commercial development in locations with sufficient infrastructure, convenient access to major arterials and where compatible with surrounding development. • Encourage appropriately located industrial development to provide community employment and tax revenue. Light industrial/research park type industrial uses should be provided. • Promote attractive design of commercial and industrial sites to improve community aesthetics including extensive use of trees, low signs and minimizing impervious surfaces. • Encourage continued aesthetic improvements to the City's downtown. • Encourage cooperation between the Township and City and communication with surrounding communities in directing and regulating commercial, industrial and multiple family development. • Offer incentives to encourage provision of open space. • Amend zoning ordinance and map to promote realization of plan objectives and future land use map. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 39 �I I~ TRANSPORTATION An efficient and safe automobile and pedestrian transportation GOAL network should be planned to ensure that residents and visitors can travel safely and conveniently to and through the Grand Blanc community OBJECTIVES • Plan for the construction of new roads and for the expansion of existing roads to accommodate development by ensuring adequate building setbacks and ample rights-of-way. • Control land use and driveway spacing along major roads to help prevent congestion and accident problems. • Direct intense commercial uses to locations which provide optimum signal locations. • Sidewalks and bicycle paths should be provided along designated major roads and linked to schools and recreational facilities as a safety measure and to expand recreational opportunities. • Promote improvements to interchange design as warranted by traffic demands. • Promote use of alterative modes of transportation based on overall demand needs for special population groups and cost-effectiveness of fundings. Gr,md Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 40 • • • • • • • • "• " �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RECREATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE GOAL Maintenance of a high quality of life shall be accomplished through promotion of community pride, active citizen participation, and provision of quality social services and recreational facilities and programs for all age groups OBJECTIVES • Parks and recreational facilities will be available to all residents within a reasonable distance of major housing areas. • Quality recreation programs, such as those provided by the Parks and Recreation Commission and the schools, will be provided for residents of all age groups. • Maintain a balance between those parks and recreational facilities that offer active recreation opportunities (ball fields, tennis, etc.) and those that provide only passive recreation (nature trails, nature areas, etc.). • Develop additional specific public service groups and programs to accommodate special population, such as the growing number of elderly, differently abled and children. • Continue planning and funding of new public services and facilities as development and population pressures increase. • Promote community pride and citizen participation through the educational system and leadership training. • Keep parks and recreation plans updated every five years to be eligible for MDNR grants. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 41 �INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GOAL The Grand Blanc community shall provide efficient and cost-effective public utilities, facilities, and services that are adequate to serve the future needs of area residents OBJECTIVES • Limit expansion of public water and sanitary sewer to areas where greater densities of development are planned. • Carefully coordinate public utility expansion with the Master Plan to avoid encouraging intense development in locations that can affect community character. • Develop long-term solutions to concerns about public water quality, supply and delivery. • Promote accessibility for handicapped. • Continue and enhance the Township's and City's joint delivery of public utilities, facilities, and services. • The City should utilize consistent policies on requiring construction of sidewalks along appropriate roads a development occurs. The Township should consider sidewalks or bikepaths where appropriate, such as sections of Hill Road and along the east side of 1-475. A joint master plan for sidewalks/bikepaths construction and maintenance should be considered. This could be part of an overall Capital Improvement Program. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 42 • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HOUSING GOAL Housing opportunities in the Grand Blanc community will be varied and affordable to all residents; property values and neighborhood stability will be maintained and protected; and residential development will be balanced with non-residential development. OBJECTIVES • Encourage development of a wide variety of housing styles, types, and prices within the community without changing the character of existing residential areas. However, there may not be appropriate locations for all types of housing within the City's limits. • Provide selected residential areas with large minimum lot sizes to help preserve the rural character and open spaces of these areas. • Designate some residential areas for smaller lot sizes to encourage higher density single-family development. • Protect the long-term stability of neighborhoods through adequate code enforcement and zoning regulations. • Encourage the location of quality retirement housing in the Grand Blanc community for all imcome levels. Grand Blanc Community Goals and Objectives 43 �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTER6 FUTURE LAND USE FACTORS INFLUENCING FUTURE LAND USE One of the goals of the Master Plan is to provide a vision of what Grand Blanc should be in the future and describe how we reach that future. One of the major elements in defining the future is the overall development pattern. How will vacant areas develop? What areas should be redeveloped? What type of development should be encouraged? How can the investment of current properties owners throughout the Township be preserved? The future development pattern in the Grand Blanc Community will be influenced by a variety of factors. Some of the factors can be controlled locally, while others are dependent on events occurring outside the community. Some of these factors will change over the course of the Master Plan, demonstrating the need for the Plan to be viewed as a guide, not as a certainty, unless the communities regularly review and update the document. However, land use development which deviates from the future land use plan should clearly demonstrate how conditions have changed since the Plan was adopted. Any change or amendments to the future land use plan should be cognizant of surrounding land uses and consistent with the adopted goals and policies. Development influences can be categorized into three areas: • Physical factors, which include existing land uses, surrounding land uses, environmental factors (wetlands, woodlands, drainage, topography, etc.), streets and utilities. • Socio-economic factors on a national or regional scale which affect the extent of development in southeast Michigan, Genesee County or the Grand Bland Community. This includes the image of the community, population growth, age and income characteristics, development within a reasonable commuting distance, interest rates, ability for developers to obtain financing, construction costs and real estate value. • Community policies and goals help shape the extent and pattern of development. Such influences may include the attitude toward growth, the (perceived) quality of the schools, current zoning, and the level of assistance provided by community leaders. State and federal policies and programs may also shape the development pattern. Physical Factors The presence of existing land uses, both on a site and in the vicinity, is a major factor in defi~g the desired future development pattern. Most of the existing land uses are appropriately located, as noted previously in the Land Use Analysis section. The Plan accommodates those uses and protects the investment of property owners. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 45 �Some existing land uses, however, are in conflict with the longer range vision of the community. Examples would include the brick manufacturing use on Center Road at the City /Township border. While this industrial use may be considered part of the neighborhood, a more intense industrial use under the current zoning could create problems. Therefore, the future land use map designates this area for medium density residential in the future. This does not mean the current use is necessarily expected to relocate or close, but demonstrates the goal over the long term for a non-industrial use at this site. Even if the industrial zoning were changed, the current use would retain its nonconforming rights and be allowed to continue. Both opportunities and constraints are created by environmental features, such as 100year floodplains, state or federally regulated wetlands, wet soils and poor drainage which can greatly add to the cost of development. Conversely, mature trees, rolling hills and the rural atmosphere can increase development potential. The availability and cost of utilities, including public water, sanitary sewer and storm water management affects the pattern and overall cost of development. For example, in nearby Goodrich to the east, a long period of dormancy has been replace by a relative onslaught of development proposals in conjunction with the construction of sanitary sewers and increased assessments to fund construction. The availability of utilities in the Grand Bland Community in contrast with some surrounding areas makes more intense development feasible. Installation of expensive water and sanitary sewer lines may discourage development of certain uses, such as low density /lower cost housing, unless costs are otherwise reduced. Transportation shapes the development pattern in a number of ways. The 1-75 and 1-475 expressways, and four roadways with interchanges, have a significant impact on the land use pattern. A site with visibility and accessibility to the 1-75 is more appealing to many industries and businesses than an isolated site. A location along an arterial roadway with high traffic volumes, such as Saginaw or Hill Road, is appealing to a commercial use, at least until congestion becomes a problem. Residents are typically looking for housing value offering a small town or rural atmosphere, but with accessibility to employment and shopping centers. A visionary future land use plan must acknowledge the relationship to transportation, but avoid the tendency to assume transportation dictates land use. The future land use plan is intended to provide a reasonable amount of commercial land use along major roadway corridors, but avoid the saturation of commercial development experienced in communities where arterial frontage was designated for commercial use. Gr,md Blanc Community Future Land Use 46 • (•. • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ' II I Socio-Economic Factors Market Demands and Community Needs influence all types of development. Grand Blanc faces a market dichotomy. Growth related to the Flint area has diminished, but residential growth related to the continuing boom in northern Oakland County is expected to increase. A combination of population growth, age characteristics, employment rates, interest rates, the willingness of lenders to finance a project and price of housing will determine future housing needs. A less quantifiable factor, but important, is the willingness of developers to take risks. The comfort level of potential developers is influenced by their perception of the socioeconomic and market factors. The projected slow but steady population growth will generate more demand for commercial and service uses. The amount of commercial development actually needed will be dependent not only upon population in the market area, but also on how frequently residents shop in the Community v. the emerging commercial centers within a short driving distance. Industrial development will continue to be susceptible to swings in the world-wide, national and state economy, especially for the automobile industry. Land acquisition and improvement costs including the price of land, cost of land assembly and gaining clear title, acquisition, preparation and municipal/ agency approval time for plans, site preparation and construction costs all influence the timing and amount of development. Community policies and services Community Desires as expressed through master planning, City /Township zoning and decision makers' attitude toward development can influence the market to some extent. While a property owner must be allowed to receive a reasonable rate of return on investment, the communities are not obligated to provide the owner with the highest possible profit. Each land use decision should be considered in terms of its relationship to the overall community. Each land use decision is important, since good or bad, the land use will likely be there for generations. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PAITERNS Residential/Vacant Land The largest blocks of vacant and agricultural lands are located in the eastern and southern portions of Grand Blanc Township. A mixture of residential densities comprise the second largest portion of land use in the Township and City with a number of single-family subdivisions, mobile homes, condominiums and apartment complexes. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 47 �A number of isolated single family subdivisions have been established in various portions of the more undeveloped areas, particularly in the southern half of the Township. The subdivisions have, therefore, established a land development pattern in these areas which require careful treatment. Development of this type can complicate planning for an efficient roadway network between subdivisions if future road extensions are not provided. Residential development along the section line roads is a potential problem as traffic volumes increase along the Township's major streets. As traffic increases, the quality of life for residents in homes along these streets can be diminished as the entering and exiting of driveways becomes increasingly difficult and as noise volumes rise. In many cases, homes along these major streets are set back a sufficient distance to moderate much of the impact of traffic along the street. However, if traffic volumes increase over time to the point where the desirability of the residential use of the property is threatened, the Planning Commission may receive requests for changes in land use to either more intensive residential uses, or for office and commercial uses . Commercial/Office/Service Land Many commercial and service uses are located along major corridors such as South Saginaw, Fenton and Hill Roads. These areas consist of relatively small retail businesses, groceries, automobile service and repair, small professional offices for realtors, lawyers, dentists, and physicians; and local services such as restaurants, dry cleaning, and printing. The type of development contained in the commercial, service, and office districts are intended to serve the needs of local residents; no regional shopping areas have been developed or proposed. The largest and most diverse shopping area is located along South Saginaw in the Holly Road area. A larger community shopping center and a neighborhood shopping center are located on the east and west sides of Saginaw Road. More diverse shopping needs, such as large scale purchases and comparative shopping, are conducted outside the Township at regional centers such as Genesee Valley Center and others in the Flint and northern Oakland County areas. Industrial Land Industrial uses are concentrated in three locations. The first is located along the South Dort extension and South Saginaw. This area contains very large industrial uses including the General Motors plant. The second is located near the intersection of Holly and Baldwin Roads and contains mid-sized light industrial uses. The third is an area with scattered small quasi-industrial uses located near the north end of the Township adjacent to Dort Highway, Maple Avenue and South Saginaw Road. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 48 • • • • • • • • • • ·• I �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I PublidSemi-Public Land Schools, parks, golf courses, City /Township offices, churches and cemeteries make up all uses included in the public/ semi-public category. Golf courses utilize most of the land included in this category. Bicentennial Park, at the 1-75 - 1-475 juncture is also included. Schools also make up a large portion of this land, particularly the properties on which the Grand Blanc Schools are located. Many neighborhood parks located in or near residential areas serve as recreation resources to many local residences. Churches and cemeteries also account for some of these lands. Table 11 Existing Land Use, 1989 Grand Blanc Community Twp.% Combined Acres Combined% . 39% 28% 6,658 29% Multiple Family Residential 8% 2% 599 3% Commercial 2% 1% 299 1% Service/ Office 4% 1% 276 1% Industrial 7% 3% 737 3% Public/Semi-Public 17% 4% 1,313 6% Vacant and Roads 23% 61% 13,156 57% TOTAL 100% 100% 23,038 100% Land Use Single Family Residential City% Source: The WBDC Group Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 49 �Table 12 Existing Land Use 1978/79 Grand Blanc Community Township Percent Combined Acres Percent 32% 20% 4,906 21% Multiple Family Residential 5% 1% 299 1% Commercial 11% 1% 461 2% Service I Office 2% 2% 115 1% Industrial 5% 4% 576 3% Public/SemiPublic 10% 1% 1,106 5% Vacant and Roads 35% 71% 15,575 67% TOTAL 100% 100% 23,038.00 100.00% City Percent Land Use Single Family Residential Sources: Grand Blanc Township Comprehensive Development Plan, 1982; Comprehensive General Community and Economic Development Plan, 1981. LAND USE ANALYSIS Land Use Conflicts The most frequent conflicts found in the Grand Blanc community exist between industrial/ commercial uses with residential uses. Such land use conflicts have the potential to affect traffic, noise, and aesthetics, and other impacts on the resident's quality of life. The degree of seriousness of these problems varies for each case. In some cases these uses are well-integrated into the community and pose little threat to other land uses; the number of conflicts present in the Township and City is relatively low. Continued care is needed to ensure commercial and industrial uses do not adversely impact residential areas. Providing adequate open space, lot sizes, screening for objectionable activities, incorporating natural features with the site plan and similar techniques allow proper placement of any industrial and commercial uses that are located near residential areas. Some conflicts, such as the existing Grand Blanc cement products on Center Road are expected to remain. However, the long range plan is to relocate or redevelop conflicting uses whenever possible. Expansion of conflicting uses should be prohibited or carefully controlled. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use so • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ ., I �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II - Areas of Interest A number of locations within the Grand Blanc area required careful analysis prior to land use designation. A variety of special circumstances are present in these areas, including environmental limitations, special traffic conditions, or land use conflicts, such as residential areas close to commercial and industrial sites. These areas are described in Future Land Use - Areas of Interest. Environmental Considerations A number of locations within the Township and City are impacted by wetlands and floodplain areas, as noted earlier. These areas can be used to advantage by providing the necessary buffers between land uses. For this and for the obvious environmental reasons, these areas should be preserved to the extent possible. However, there are many other environmental considerations that should be taken into account when reviewing development. Significant natural features, such as woodlands, wetlands and topographic variation should be preserved because of their functional importance to the regional ecology as well as for ability to lessen infrastructure demands, and for their contribution to the visual character of the site. Rather than viewing natural features as preventing development, they should be viewed for their opportunity to provide innovative site and building integration that use existing site features as building amenities. Through careful site analysis and site planning, quality development can be realized. The objective of incorporating natural features into site development is to allow new uses of land that do not irreversibly damage natural site features and attributes. The result is cost effective development that allows preservation of natural features and systems, creating long term benefits for the environment and the community. To provide some specific guidance the following discussion expresses the relationship of development to the natural environment. Topography on the site should be respected and utilized to the advantage of the development of the site. Wholesale grading should be avoided and building sites allowed to blend into the existing topographic and drainage patterns of the site. Grading should be restricted to that necessary for the requirements of the building, parking, and other developed systems of the site. Other topographic elements may be used to soften the impact of the architecture and screen objectionable views. Building orientation has traditionally been dependent on street frontages. Instead, building orientation should consider natural day lighting capabilities for the interior of the building, allowing uniform natural light into the occupied spaces of the building. Views to existing natural areas should also be considered when siting a building. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 51 �Architecture, building mass and shape should "fit" the natural characteristics of the site. Large, massive, structures are most appropriate for sites with fewer environmental restrictions. Sites that are wooded and/or sloping are most successful with less massive and informal structures that can be tucked into the existing landscape. Grading and drainage in parking and circulation routes should be designed to follow the dominant contour lines. Functionally, this does not "force" a separate drainage pattern on the site. Visually, it reduces long, uninterrupted views down parking aisles . Existing vegetation should be incorporated into building sites, parking areas and roadways reduces the visual impact of broad expanses of pavement and provide shade to reduce glare and heat radiation. Additionally, it may be less expensive to preserve a mature, high-quality tree than to install new nursery stock. Natural occurring landscape materials should be used to the extent possible, rather than introducing new species to an area that are not native to the immediate area. Selective cutting of existing vegetation should be allowed only for the health of the trees and to allow specific views into the site, where needed. Tree preservation should take into account such factors as the quality of the trees marked for preservation, the ability to develop property, and the willingness of the community to absorb the potentially higher costs of homes and development. The longterm benefits to the community of preserving existing vegetation are many; preserving community heritage, providing aesthetics and the other benefits must be weighed against the costs of preservation. Stormwater detention should use natural systems where appropriate. Where possible, existing natural wetlands should be used as stormwater detention areas. H no natural wetlands are present on the site, wetlands adjacent the site should then be considered. H these alternatives are not feasible, consideration should then be given to a man-made detention basin. The development of regionally-based stormwater management systems through the use of existing natural wetland and drainage areas would allow the use of contiguous wetlands as designated stormwater management facilities. (See Chapter 8) Traffic Conditions can impact land use significantly, particularly along major arterial roadways. Conventional land use development often automatically classifies these lands for commercial or office land uses. There are, however, many situations where residential uses (both single and multiple family) can be developed successfully along these major roadways. One example in the Township where this has been successful is along Fenton Road between Hill Road and 1-75. Long-established single family uses are present in this area with adequate setbacks and landscape buffers. This type of development can be successful along even the heaviest traveled corridors. Residential development along the section line roads is a potential problem as traffic volumes increase along the Township's major streets. As population and traffic increases, the quality of life for residents in homes along these streets can be diminished through an increased number of turning movements entering and exiting driveways and higher noise levels. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 52 • • • • • • • • • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ideally, single and multiple family development along major roadways should be developed such that direct access from individual homes is not permitted and homes are allowed to develop off the roadway, either through the use of marginal access drives or by subdividing lots that have rear yards facing the roadway. Examples of this style of development can be found along South Saginaw Road, in the southern portion of the City. In many cases, homes along these major streets are set back a sufficient distance to moderate much of the impact of traffic along the street. However, if traffic volumes increase over time to the point where the desirability of the residential use of the property is threatened, the Township may receive requests for changes in land use to either more intensive residential uses, or for office and commercial uses. The example subdivision layout graphic on the next page depicts an alternative to development along section line roads. Access and frontage for single family homes could be oriented away from the main arterial and towards the rear subdivision street. This would decrease the amount of traffic (people turning in and out of individual driveways) by channeling traffic to fewer access points. The Hill Road portion of the Plan describes a number of these principles which can be applied to major commercial corridors throughout the Township and City. In addition to Hill Road, Fenton Road, areas of Perry Road, Grand Blanc Road, Dort Highway, Maple Road, Holly Road, and South Saginaw may all be considered as candidates for access management. Land use relationships between established non-residential uses and stable single family neighborhoods should be considered. Many of these areas are considered to be transitional; areas where the predominant land use is gradually changing over to another use (e.g. single-family dwellings along an arterial road that are being converted or removed for commercial development). Where this development is occurring, due consideration should be given to providing adequate protection for single family neighborhoods which are stable and thriving. Protection measures may include increased setbacks, fencing, landscaping, or the provision of compatible transitional uses, such as small office and service uses. Many of the corridors noted above have established residential areas behind the commercial uses developed along the frontage. These areas should be protected from the potential of through traffic, lights from commercial developments, noise, drainage, and other related impacts. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 53 �FUTURE LAND USE DESCRIPTION The following narrative describes the land use categories designated on the Future Land Use Map (in ded at the end of this document in the map section). The future land use categories a not zoning districts, though the zoning map should eventually reflect the future land use map. The future land use categories are broader than the zoning district categories. For example, the Medium Density Residential future land use classification for 3-8 units per acre could translate into two or three zoning districts . Future amendments to the zoning ordinance text and map, based on the recommendations of the Plan, are expected. But, the future land use map does not change zoning for a property. The future land use map is intended to help guide changes to the zoning map and future decisions on rezoning requests. The Master Plan also offers some suggestions on changing the classification of certain uses within zoning districts. See the Hill Road Corridor Study included as part of this Plan, for a more detailed discussion of future land uses along Hill Road. Residential Categories in General The residential categories illustrated on the future land use map are defined by density, rather than type of residence or size of lot. The "units per acre" refers to the number of housing units (one unit= one family) which may be developed on an acre of land, not including areas devoted to public right-of-way. For comparison with the future land use residential densities, following are the density calculations for the Zoning Ordinances (Township and City). Generally, single family homes should not have direct access onto arterials. Access should be off local streets with increased setbacks with buffers separating the homes from the arteral (see Figure on the following page). Rural Estate Residential This category is devoted to residential uses developed on lots larger than five (5) acres. This land use is most beneficial in areas that have significant environmental and natural features worthy of protection. Larger lots allow sufficient setbacks from adjacent land uses and heavily traveled roadways. The majority of the lands placed in this category are located in the southern portion of the Township. Other smaller areas are located west of 1-75 north of Cook Road. Also placed within this category is the Centennial Farm, located between Dort Highway and Center road, north of Hill Road. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 54 • • • • • • • • • •,. • • • �I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . (1) C) -... ca C: 0 "'C C: ' □ ~ ....~ -... (1) (1) - □ . C: 0 ·-... t: Cl) )'~' :u "' (1) (.) (.) ca ca -·- - □ C: (1) "'C ·Cl) < ... (1) -... (1) (1) - -+- en m (1) ·-> Cl) [J- ~ en . ~- ca , C □~ ·-·; ·-"'C -... 0 ( .) (1) 0 "C Cl) Cl) .Q ::, □- 0 C: en -·....(1) m (.) "'C C: -+- □ . I Grand Blanc Community Future Land U,e 55 �Permitted Housing Density (Units/Acre) in Zoning Ordinances Zoning Districts Township City R-1 2.0/ac.• 6.05/ac. R-2 2.9/ac.• 3.6/ac. R-3 3.6/ac.• 4.54/ac.b R-4 (Township) 4.84/ac. - R-T (City) -- 10.89/ac. RM-1 13/ac.b,c 13/ac.b.c RM-2 (Township) 26/ac.b.c RM-3 (Township) 8-10/ac.c - MH (Mobile Home) 7.26/ac. 7.26/ac. • Including Roads b Exclusive of Roads c Actual density dependent on number of rooms Low Density Residential The classification assumes residential uses at densities from .2 units to four (4) units per acre. Most suburban subdivisions will fit into this category, along with condominium and other similar attached units development at these densities. This land use comprises the largest acreage within both the Township and City. The heaviest concentrations of single family neighborhoods are located in the eastern and southern sections of the Township. Through various land development proposals, certain planned unit developments could be developed at this density as well. Medium Density Residential The medium density category will accommodate residential land uses ranging from 4.1 to eight (8) units per acre. Smaller lot single family subdivisions, mobile home parks, and some lower density rental apartment and condominium complexes would be accommodated within this category. A number of locations within the Township and City have been designated within this category such as the area east of 1-475 and south of Maple Road, and north and south of Reid Road between South Saginaw and the City Limits. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 56 : • • • • • • • • • �' I t r I r t I I I I ' I 'I I t I In a number of instances, this land use acts as a buffer for lower density uses located adjacent higher density residential uses or commercial and office uses. Examples of this may be found along Fenton Road north of Grand Blanc Road; west of Holly Road to the north and south of I-75 interchange; north of McCandlish on both sides of South Saginaw, and in other smaller locations in the area. High Density Residential This classification generally will accommodate most multiple family developments such as rental apartment and attached condominium type complexes developed at densities ranging from eight (8) to 20 units per acre. The largest areas of this land use encompass existing or developing apartment complexes, such as those along Maple Road, Perry Road, Hill Road and Fenton Road. Newer designations are present east of Parsons Road, north of Cook Road and just north and south of the Grand Blanc City limits, west of Holly Road. Office Included in this category are professional offices, and personal services generally operating during daylight hours with low traffic generating characteristics. The personal services would be considered ancillary to the office use and would be an integral part of the office building. Examples of personal services include small drug store selling convenience items. barber shop, beauty salon, small cafeteria or restaurant, specialty shops, etc. The office designations are often used to maintain low intensities of development along major roads and to act as buffers between high and low intensity land uses. Larger concentrations of office land use have been placed at Holly and Pollock Road south of I-75 and Holly Road, north of Cook Road to the Grand Blanc City Limits. Other office uses are planned for South Saginaw north of Cook Road and at various locations along Hill Road (west of I-475, west of Dort Highway and on Grand Blanc and Perry Roads within the City Limits). Neighborhood Commercial This commercial classification is designed to accommodate commercial services primarily serving the nearby residential neighborhood. Areas designated for neighborhood commercial should also be used to provide lower intensity services in areas where traffic conditions or land use conflicts may be present. Neighborhood commercial land uses are designated throughout the Township near residential areas, such as the comer of Hill and Genesee Roads, at Baldwin and South Saginaw, along Fenton Road just south of I-75 and at Hill and Porter Roads. A small neighborhood commercial area is designated at Perry and South Saginaw Roads in the City. Neighborhood uses are generally those which generate low to moderate volumes of traffic, have less impact on adjacent uses than associated with community commercial. Examples of the neighborhood commercial include selected retail businesses such as drug stores, hardware, groceries, video rental, dairy products, delicatessens, day care, bakery, barber and beauty shops, some offices, shoe repair, and other similar uses which Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 57 �meet the day to day needs of the neighborhood areas. Some uses which are more intensive; such as drive-in banks, moderate scale gasoline stations and some restaurant/ delicatessens could be considered with appropriate site design standards . Generally, the Neighborhood Commercial Land Use category is consistent with the B-1 Local Business Zoning District. Community Commercial A wide range of retail services, restaurants, service stations, shopping centers and other similar uses are included in this category. They serve a broader market area and provide more land intensive comparison goods. These uses may generate a significant amount of traffic, have large parking lots, intense lighting, long hours of operation. Community commercial would include uses such as auto sales and service, shopping centers, recreation centers, restaurants furniture, appliances, offices and neighborhood commercial uses would also be generated. This designation may be found at Hill Road and I-475, at Hill Road and South Saginaw, and along South Saginaw, particularly north of the limits of the City of Grand Blanc, Holly Road and I-75, and the South Saginaw corridor within the City Limits and including the Central Business District. When translated into zoning districts, the Community Commercial future land use would generally encompass the current B-2 Community Commercial and B-3 General Commercial Districts. However, the list of uses should be restructured to ensure the more intense uses are controlled through locational and site design standards. In addition, the Township may want to consider a separate freeway service district. The City should consider developing a separate Central Business zoning district. A Central Business zoning district would involve replacing the current suburban "commercial strip" setback requirements and front yard parking with design standards consistent with a traditional downtown - shallow setbacks, side/rear parking, etc. Industrial This classification includes all manufacturing, warehousing, truck terminals and other intensive, industrial related uses. The intent of this category is to promote light manufacturing uses rather than to allow the development of large areas of heavy industrial uses. This is not meant to preclude existing heavy industrial from continuing or expanding. However, it is the desire of the community to encourage less intensive industrial uses in lands that are not adjacent heavy industrial areas or on lands that are adjacent residential areas. The Holly road industrial area, for example, generally has less intensive industrial uses, with high quality site design. Industrial areas are generally well served by roadways and utilities and in some instances, rail service. Two primary industrial areas are planned: The General Motors facility between South Saginaw and Dort highway, along with some land around that facility (the north industrial area); and the Holly Road industrial area, which extends from west of Holly Road northeasterly to I-75 (the south industrial area). Grand Blanc Community Future Land Uae 58 -• • • • • • • • • • • • • �I I t ' I r t I I I I ' I ' I I I r The North Industrial area is particularly sensitive given the amount of residential land planned to the east and west. That problem is somewhat mitigated by the large wetland area west of Dort Highway which tends to shield a portion of the industrial property. On the other border, however, care will have to be taken during the site plan review process to ensure adequate protection for present and future residents. Generous setbacks, landscaping and properly placed access should ensure compatibility of uses. The South Industrial area also has residential property on three sides, including some residential property in Holly Township. The same protection measures with be useful in this area as were recommended in the North Industrial area. The Rural Estate Residential designations to the east and west will help provide adequate setbacks for any homes built in those areas. The future land use plan proposes three smaller industrial areas. Since each of these areas borders residential, the future land use plan includes guidelines for the type of use and site design. One small Industrial designation is planned east of Dort Highway at the northernmost portion of the Township. This area is buffered from the residential property on the east by a large floodplain, which is heavily wooded. As noted on the future land use plan, low intensity industrial uses with sufficient buffering from residential area is intended. A second small industrial area is proposed between Dort Highway and Embury Road, south of Baldwin Road. This narrow section of land was not considered suitable for residential use. Zoning in 1991 was industrial. The plan proposed heavy commercial/ quasi-industrial uses. Sufficient landscaping along Embury Road will be needed to help buffer residential areas on the east side of Embury Road. Access should be directed toward the north of this area. The third small industrial area is along Industrial Park Drive, northwest of the McCandlish/Holly Road intersection. This site already includes industrial use. Since the site is bounded on two sides by residential uses, lower intensity /high-tech type uses are encouraged. Sites should be designed and landscaped to ensure compatibility with the surrounding residential. PublidSemi-Public Community parks, churches, schools, and other lands owned or used by the public to provide non-commercial,m cultural, recreational and social servies are included in the Public/semi-Public category. One of the most significant areas of public land is the Grand Blanc Commons, north of Perry Road west of Genesee Road and Bicentennial Park. These public/semi-public uses could either be allowed as part of the surrounding zoning district or permitted as part of a specific public facilities zoning district. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 59 �-• • • • • • • • • •,. • : FUTURE LAND USE - AREAS OF INTEREST Although many locations within both the Township and City should be considered as being areas of sensitive land uses, a few consistent locations have been discussed throughout the development of this Plan. Highlighting these areas in no way is intended to ignore other significant land use issues in various parts of each community. In this regard, much of the discussion that follows may have major points that are applicable to these other areas. Gateways An expressway interchange tends to attracts growth since there are only a limited number of access points to that highway. The road system serving that interchange is used to funnel traffic to the highway and, as a result, development is often attracted to those roadways. In addition, interchanges often act as an imaginary "gateway" into the community, since many visitors enter the area from the interstate highway. To ensure a favorable impression of gateway development from the highway interchanges, care should be taken to control access, limit lighting, minimize the scale of signs, provide adequate setbacks, and require extensive landscaping. Deeper setbacks along the freeways can improve aesthetics and provide additional room for noise alleviation, if necessary. Holly Road Interchange Generally, interchange areas are devoted to land uses which serve the traveling public, including service stations, restaurants, and like uses. The Holly Road/1-75 interchange has developed with a mixture of uses, only one of which strictly serves interstate traffic. Future development in the area, particularly between Baldwin and Cook Roads, will likely attract a significant traffic volume. In particular the area south of the interchange is expected to develop with a hospital and related uses. These uses should be planned to unify access and landscaping. Pollack Road may need to be realigned. This will dramatically increase the importance of the Holly Road interchange. Accordingly, highway services would be appropriate in the immediate interchange area. These services may include service stations, convenience stores, small retail areas, and restaurants. Truck traffic should be directed to use this interchange. 1-75/Sagi.naw Interchange This interchange provides a main access to the City and southern parts of the Township. Future developments, such as the Holly /Grand Blanc 850 PUD will increase traffic volumes and turning movements near this interchange. Although the 1-75/Saginaw interchange is located outside the Township boundaries, it is in the Township's interest to w~rk ~th Rollf T~wnship and ~e Michigan Depai:onent of Transportation to redesign this confusing interchange. Given the amount of time a major improvement of this nature is likely to take, the formation of a joint planning committee with Grand Blanc Township, Holly Township, the Genesee and Oakland County Road Commissions, and various economic interests in the community would be beneficial. This process has Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 60 �I I r 'I r t I l I I ' I 'I l I I been successful in other areas of the state where major road projects were desired. The joining of governmental and private interests is a benefit toward attracting state highway funds, particularly those which are directed toward improving economic conditions. Hill Road Discussion involving this interchange area is contained in the Hill Road Corridor Study which is an element of this Plan. Generally the areas west of the interchange are intended for office use in the long term. Areas immediately east of the interchange are planned for businesses serving the overall community and 1-75 motorists. South Saginaw Road This roadway represents the major north-south artery through the Grand Blanc community. While much of the northern reaches of the street are in the commercial and industrial categories, as is appropriate for the development which has already taken place, the Future Land Use map indicates the desire on the part of the Township and City to reduce the land use intensity along the southern portions of South Saginaw. Office and residential uses are prevalent in this segment. Management of access and high quality design are to be emphasized in this portion of the street in order to lessen the impact on nearby residential areas. (Access management guidelines may be found in the Hill Road Corridor section of the Plan.) The area of McCandlish and South Saginaw is particularly sensitive in this regard since it is in the transition area between the more developed areas to the north and the residential areas to the south. It is at this point too, that the Township and City have adjoining property. Both communities have agreed on the need to reduce the intensity of land use and to preserve the existing and planned residential areas in the vicinity. Reducing the land use intensity should also help reduce the need for major road improvements. South Dort Extension Development around this interchange is restricted due to the cross section of the Dort Extension, which restricts access near the interchange. Other constraints include wetlands in the southwest quadrant, the proximity of Embury Road, which leaves a limited development depth between Embury and Dort, and the higher elevation of Dort as it meets 1-75. For these reasons, much of the planned land use in the area is oriented to residential or low intensity commercial uses. Fenton Road (formerly U.S. 23), North of Hill Road This area is characterized by a mixture of land uses, from single family residential on small lots, to intensive commercial uses. This is one of the oldest commercial areas within the Township, which is the reason why much of the development is located on shallow lots, most, if not all, of which were originally platted for single family homes Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 61 �on small lots. As traffic volumes increased on Fenton Road, a major route into downtown Flint, these homes gradually converted to various commercial uses, developed in an uncoordinated fashion. The proposed Future Land Use is Neighborhood Commercial. The purpose for this designation is to reduce the overall intensity of commercial development, yet recognize that residential uses are not likely to develop. Traffic concerns, particularly the lack of right-of-way, make significant roadway improvements difficult. Parking which is immediately off the street, sometimes requiring backing into the street, occur at intervals along the corridor. To help resolve some of these problems, the depth of the Neighborhood Commercial is planned at 350 feet from the right-of-way to allow additional development in depth for redevelopment. In some instances, this may require the removal of some homes, over the long term, to allow this deeper development to occur. In addition, closing of some of the closely spaced streets, and opening up more internal streets in the residential area west of 1-475, would improve circulation within the area and onto Fenton Road. As an added benefit, more land would be available for parking or building development. Although a detailed planning effort would be needed for this option, some requirements may be identified: 1. Some of the streets could be reconstructed as culs-de-sac at approximately 300-350 feet from Fenton Road. For example, either Coolidge or McKinley could be closed at Fenton and a cul-de-sac constructed. The same option could be implemented on Washington and/or Jefferson. 2. An abandoned right-of-way, the former Eagleston Road, extends along portions of the interior of the area between 1-475 and Fenton Road. At least some of the rightof-way has bet~·l preserved for a utility easement. This right-of-way could be reactivated and a north-south roadway constructed to connect the cul-de-sac streets to the remaining through streets to ensure adequate traffic circulation and emergency access. 3. The closed areas, between the cul-de-sac streets and Fenton Road should be turned over to adjoining property owners, or reserved by the Township for parking areas. The landscaping and access management, landscaping, and other recommendations contained in the Hill Road Corridor Study should also be implemented along Fenton Road in the increased right-of-way depth. Grand Blanc Community Future Land U,e 62 ': • -• • • • • ,.• ,. �~ ! l r l l I r I ' ' Perry Road, East of South Saginaw Perry Road is one of the major roads serving the City of Grand Blanc, reaching into the Township into a number of the larger residential areas. A variety of land uses is proposed along Perry Road, ranging from Neighborhood Commercial near South Saginaw and at the comer of Belsay Road to Public/Semi-Public (golf course and cemetery) uses. As with South Saginaw, noted above, residential land uses make up the greatest area of land use along Perry Road. As this represents another "gateway" into the Grand Blanc area, development along Perry Road should emphasize quality, sufficient setbacks for residential uses, a reduction in land use intensity, and attention to detail, such as landscaping and signs. Commercial development should be limited to that serving the immediate neighborhoods. A cooperative effort with the City is needed to ensure that development along Perry Road is consistent and presents a positive image of the Township and City. DOWNTOWN GRAND BLANC The City of Grand Blanc's downtown is experiencing challenges not unlike those of many downtowns. Competition with outlying retail centers has, in many instances, changed the role of downtown from a retail center to one that is much more diverse, in terms of the services and products offered. Characteristics of a Successful Downtown There are a number of characteristics of a successful downtown, some of which are exhibited by Grand Blanc's downtown; some not. One of the most important elements is the design of the downtown area. The elements of a successful design include: • • • • • Planning Beautification/Positive Image Reuse of existing resources Efficient access and internal circulation Multiple functions and strong relationships Planning There are many ways to plan and many possible solutions to planning problems. The key to an effective plan, in addition to its technical soundness, is the process by which it is formulated. The downtown plan should be based on input from all parties concerned - merchants, property owners, City officials, and the general public. When adopted the plan should represent, to the extent possible, the consensus of the entire community. r t Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 63 �Recommendations should be workable but not necessarily timid. Ambitious, bold plans may not be implemented overnight; few plans are. Successful downtowns exhibit a project or projects large enough in scale to attract attention. These projects may include pedestrian malls, major renovations, festival markets, or similar attractions. The plan for the City of Grand Blanc's downtown represents a community effort with an extensive streetscape plan. However, additional attention may be needed to resolve some of the other issues, such as land use, which are also needed in a downtown plan, as noted in the remainder of this discussion. A key ingredient to any successful plan is the organization and the implementation strategy to carry out plan proposals. Grand Blanc should consider the establishment of a Downtown Development Authority (DDA) to create financing options. An alternative would be creation of a downtown merchants association to create unified business policies similar to successful shopping malls. Beautification/Positive Image The appearance of the downtown can convey a positive or negative image. Typical elements of beautification include streetscape (plantings, seating, light fixtures, paving materials, public signs, etc.), building facade improvements, attractive signs that are in scale with the character of the area, screening of parking areas, and maintenance of public and private property. The primary objectives of the beautification effort should be to unify the business district, project a cohesive image, and create an attractive business environment. This is sometimes centered around a common theme which has significant meaning to the community. The aesthetics of the area have been greatly improved through the streetscape plan, noted above. Generally, downtown Grand Blanc presents a positive image of the community. Notable among the plan's recommendations are the additional improvements needed on the fringe of the downtown area to keep signs in scale and screen parking areas. Reuse of Existing Resources Downtown Grand Blanc has a number of interesting and delightful older buildings that provide a sense of character to the downtown. Continued use of these buildings should be encouraged. Cost of renovation versus new construction, will of course, be a consideration of the property owner. There are a variety of tax incentives available which can make the retention and renovation of these structures economical. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 64 ': •.. • • • • • • • �Efficient Access and Internal Circulation Existing Access and circulation problems pose a significant hinderance on realizing a viable traditional downtown in Grand Blanc. The character of downtown Grand Blanc is influenced greatly by the heavy traffic along South Saginaw. Because of this the downtown has not been permitted to develop into a traditional town center. The street acts as a significant barrier to the pedestrian environment normally fostered within a downtown. Accordingly, the land uses which have developed along South Saginaw are more reminiscent of a traditional strip development than of a downtown. l r t l I I l r I 'r I ( I Crossing South Saginaw, whether in a vehicle or walking, presents a formidable challenge at periods during the day, unless accomplished at a signalized intersection. This strong psychological barrier inhibits the close knit feeling often found in a downtown environment. In addition, the close setbacks impair the ability of many merchants to have the front door parking so valued in a downtown, although the rear parking works efficiently in most situations. Multiple Functions and Strong Relationships The downtown should contain a combination of uses - offices, services, retail, recreation, culture,and residential - to create vitality and support the economic activity of the area. Ideally, the retail activity should be located in a core area with all shopping functions grouped to facilitate pedestrian use and encourage spin-off buying. In some respects the downtown shopping center provides some of these characteristics, albeit in a strip mall setting. A variety of uses do exist within the downtown area. City Hall, the Heritage Museum, and the residential uses just outside the downtown core, fulfill the need for this variety. The only real weakness is the inability to identify or relate these uses to one another. While the streetscape helps unify the appearance of the area, the inability to relate uses from one side of the street to the other limit the effectiveness of creating a downtown core. Downtown Development Although an urban design study is necessary to determine the extent of parking and other downtown characteristics, some of the following should be considered for improving the design and function of downtown Grand Blanc. • Establishment of a central business association or ODA to promote commercial activity. The association may assist in the coordination of store hours, joint promotional activities, common advertising sidewalk sales etc. • Efforts are needed by individual owners to assure quality merchandise, maintaining building exteriors and grounds, and improving selection and availability of goods. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 65 �• Architectural controls to limit the overall size of structures and to ensure compatibility with other downtown structures and uses. • Revisions to a Downtown Business District in the Zoning Ordinance to implement parking, sign, setback, lighting, and landscaping restrictions. • Possible narrowing of South Saginaw through the downtown to improve the pedestrian environment and create a more traditional downtown setting. • Development of inviting pedestrian spaces, perhaps with an activity center for outdoor art festivals, band concerts, etc. • Regulations for the preservation of existing trees within the downtown, to complete the intimacy of the area. • Changing zoning regulations to promote unified building setbacks, rather than duplicating the front parking design common to strip commercial districts . • Alternative development strategies should be explored to determine the future of the downtown. These alternatives might include: Enhancement of the downtown as a service center, with convenience shopping goods. Provisions for specialty shopping, joined together architecturally and by site elements to create a cohesive center for the downtown. Neighborhood preservation strategies to prevent deterioration of nearby residential neighborhoods. Design features that would create a pedestrian atmosphere for the downtown . • Possible narrowing of South Saginaw within the CBD to provide a clear entry point to the downtown, slow traffic movement, and allow easier access to both sides of the street by pedestrians. Grand Blanc Community Future Land Use 66 • •.. "' •"" • • • • • • I �CHAPTER 7 TRANSPORTATION TRAFFIC CONDITIONS The road network in the Township and City of Grand Blanc includes portions of roadways under City, County, state, and federal jurisdiction. 1-75/US-10 and 1-475 are federal routes, while Dort Highway (M-54) is a state route. These highways, together with South Saginaw Road (former state route-Dixie Highway) are regional arterials which carry north-south traffic from the Flint metropolitan area to the Detroit metropolitan area. An efficient system of County roads operated and maintained by the Genesee County Road Commission link the Township and City with adjacent communities. Road Conditions Many of the two-lane roadways in Grand Blanc area are in fair to poor physical condition, especially in the rural areas outside of the City. A number of these roads are in need of minor repairs. This is generally attributable to the amount of development which has occurred in the area and the state-wide lack of maintenance funds to keep up with this development's impact on the roadways. In addition, road widths are narrow with soft shoulders. Much of this is a result of the development which has taken place in the Township in areas that were formerly rural in nature, with low traffic volumes. As development has occurred volumes have increased and changed the roadway's functions from rural routes to principal access roads to developing subdivisions and commercial areas. l I The Township has an active program for upgrading the paving of subdivision streets and converting gravel roads to pavement. Upgrading of roadway pavements has been facilitated by the use of Community Development Block Grant funds in areas which meet the qualifications of low and moderate income family benefit. The City of Grand Blanc maintains its own roads through the Department of Public Works. Traffic Volumes J f l t I Traffic count information was provided by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT), the Genesee County Road Commission (GCRC), and the Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission. Average daily traffic (ADT) counts are shown on the Traffic Volumes map (provided at the end of the plan). Heaviest volumes are near the City of Grand Blanc and on the north and west areas of the Township where development is concentrated. The most heavily traveled roadways are 1-75 and 1-475, South Saginaw Road, and Hill Road. Higher traffic volumes are usually closely related to the type of development activities along the road and also the functional classification assigned to the roadway. Updated traffic counts are needed, given the degree of development which has occurred in the Grand Blanc area. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 67 �Table 13 Traffic Counts, 1987 - 1989 ADT 20,000 and Over Grand Blanc Community Roadway Location ADT I-475 Between Maple and Hill Roads 28,937 I-475 Between Hill and Reid Roads 20,066 Hill Road Between Fenton Road and I-475 25,395 Hill Road Between 1-475 and Porter Road 26,906 Hill Road Between Porter Road and South Dort 21,943 S. Saginaw Between Grand Blanc and Perry Roads 23,466 S. Saginaw Between Maple Road and Dort Highway 22,489 S. Saginaw Between Center and Reid Roads 21,854 Sources: Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT), the Genesee County Road Commission (GCRC), and the Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission Relationship of Business Vitality to Traffic Conditions High traffic volume is one of the major locational criteria for businesses. Many businesses theorize that they can attract a percentage of pass-by motorists, provided that the access is convenient. High traffic volumes have been a major contributor to the development of commercial businesses along such major corridors as Hill Road, South Saginaw, and Fenton Road. The growth of residential development in the Grand Blanc area has been a significant factor leading to the development of businesses along these corridors. Businesses moved into the area with hopes of capturing some of the market created by the new homes. As this development continued, the growth in traffic volumes created by new residents as well as the traffic generated by new businesses, accelerated. The increasing traffic volumes attracted still more businesses, and traffic volumes increased again. The cycle of new business development - additional traffic - new business development continues in the Grand Blanc Community. There is, however, a limit to how much traffic actually benefits businesses. When traffic volumes become so high that motorists experience frustrating congestion and delays, they may choose to shop elsewhere. There are numerous examples in Michigan of once thriving commercial corridors that have failed to react to traffic congestion problems and have witnessed business decline. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 68 �Most businesses in the community are still benefitting from the high and increasing traffic volumes. However, signs of business decline due to traffic congestion (and past land use decisions) are already evident in some areas along South Saginaw and Fenton Road, in particular. These signs include the establishment of marginal businesses, high business turnovers, and unkempt properties. If congestion intensifies in other areas, similar problems may appear, as stores either go out of business or relocate to more convenient areas. Eventually, pressure for competitive retail development centers may emerge along other corridors, such as the eastern stretches of Hill Road, Dort Highway, Perry Road, and the southern portion of South Saginaw, which may offer prospective customers "easy and safe access." Using the principles outlined in the Hill Road Corridor Plan could forestall these events and help the community keep commercial and other traffic generating land uses in planned locations. Accident Data ~ r l I Traffic accident locations were provided by the Michigan State Police, Traffic Services Division. The average number of reported accidents from 1986 through 1988 is shown on the Accident Data Map (provided at the end of this document). The highest number of accidents occurred at the intersection of Maple Avenue and Fenton Road, with an annual average of 39 accidents from 1986 through 1988. High accident locations are due in part to the high traffic volumes moving through the intersection, but may also be due to poor intersection design, and traffic signal timing. The second highest accident location is at Fenton Road and Hill Road where an average of 35 accidents occurred from 1986 through 1988. Another location with a high number of reported accidents is the congested area where Dort Highway, South Saginaw Road, and Hill Road come together. Twenty accidents a year occurred at both the Hill RoadDort Highway and Hill Road-South Saginaw Road intersections from 1986 through 1988. t ' r l t I Grand Blanc Community Transportation 69 �Table 14 High Accident Locations, 1986 - 1988 Grand Blanc Community Average # Accidents Location Fenton and Maple Roads 39 Fenton and Hill Roads 35 S. Dort and Hill Road 20 S. Saginaw and Hill Roads 20 Maple Road and Dort Highway 17 Maple Road and S. Saginaw 14 Baldwin Road bridge over I-75 14 Dort Highway and S. Saginaw 13 Hill Road and SB I-475 on-ramp 10 NOTE: The number of accidents shown represents a three-year annual average. Only locations with 10 or more accidents are noted. Source: Michigan State Police, Traffic Services Division, 1990. EXISTING ROAD CLASSIFICATION Road classification systems assist the Township, Genesee County Road Commission (GCRC) and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MOOT) in determining the order in which improvement projects should be completed, and to assist in the determination of appropriate land uses along each roadway. Functional classification assignments are based on the purpose of road segments for moving people and goods through an area in the most efficient manner. The existing road classification, or "functional classification," in the Grand Blanc area is shown on the Existing Road Classification Map (provided at the end of this plan) and listed in Table 15. Regional Arterials Regional Arterials are highways, often under County or state jurisdiction, which serve trips between communities and other major activity centers throughout a region. Roadways of this type are designed to accommodate large volumes of traffic, usually traveling at speeds ranging from 45 to 55 mph. Since the primary function of the regional arterial is to provide mobility, access to adjacent land uses may be limited in order to optimize capacity along the roadway. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 70 • • • �Arterials Arterials (major) are roadways which serve longer trips within an urban area, sometimes extending beyond municipal boundaries to connect to adjacent population centers or larger arterials. Major arterials are designed for moderate to large traffic volumes and speeds of 35 to 45 mph. Some access to adjacent development may be permitted from roadways of this type, but on-street parking and curb cuts are regulated to preserve capacity of the street. Arterials (minor) include roads connecting intra-urban land uses. These roads tend to accommodate slightly shorter trips than a major arterial. Roadways of this type are generally designed for moderate traffic volumes and speeds of 30 to 35 mph. More frequent curb cuts and on-street parking may be permitted in some cases. Minor and major arterials are usually not located within identifiable residential neighborhoods. Collectors The primary role of a collector is to provide access and mobility within residential, commercial, or industrial areas. They usually carry moderate traffic volumes and operating speeds of 25-35 mph. Access spacing and side streets may be closer together than on arterial roadways, and on-street parking is often permitted. Local Streets The remainder of the streets within the Township and City provide access to individual properties, with limited continuity and mobility. Local streets are designed for low volumes and speeds of 25 mph or less, with numerous curb cuts and on-street parking permitted. These streets are linked by collector roadways to other land uses or arterials. All roads not otherwise classified fall within the Local Street designation. Current functional classification maps of the City, County, and state were reviewed, generalized according to basic traffic engineering functional criteria, and mapped. This classification information is essential to understanding both land development patterns and future roadway improvements. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 11. �Table 15 Existing Roadway Functional Oassifications Grand Blanc Community, 1990 North-South Roads Regional Arterials: Interstate 75 Interstate 475 South Saginaw Road Arterials: Fenton Road Dort Highway Holly Road Center Road Belsey Road Collectors: Porter Road McWain Road Embury Road (Grand Blanc Road to Cook Road) East-West Roads Arterials: Maple Avenue (Fenton Road to Center Road) Hill Road (Fenton Road to Belsay Road) Grand Blanc Road (Fenton Road to S. Saginaw) Perry Road (S. Saginaw to Vasser Road) Baldwin Road (Fenton to past S. Saginaw to the eastern "urbanized boundary" per FAU map) Collectors: Reid Road (Dort Highway to Saginaw Street) Cook Road (McWain Road to Embury Road) Baldwin Road (S. Saginaw to Vassar Road) Maple Avenue (Fenton Road to Center Road) Source: I Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission Grand Blanc Community Transportation • • • • 12 �STREET SEGMENT IMPROVEMENTS With current traffic volumes, roadway congestion is increasing; road surfaces are becoming cracked, buckled, or generally worn; safety issues at intersections are becoming a concern; and roadway functional demands are changing. Increased development along major roadways typically intensifies negative traffic impacts on the community. An inventory was conducted of most of the arterial streets in the Grand Blanc community and the analysis and recommendations are described below. Dort Highway Recent improvements to this facility allow it efficient traffic movement along its length. No specific improvements are recommended to this roadway. However, care must be taken as new growth or redevelopment along the corridor continues to increase problems with traffic management. Application of access management principles will be necessary to maintain the capacity of the roadway to carry increasingly high traffic volumes. t I r On the other hand, there has been a fairly high average number of accidents at the Dort/South Saginaw /Hill Road intersections. Since each of these roadways perform an important function, either as Arterial or Regional Arterial roads, rerouting of any of them to improve the intersections is difficult; relocation could have the effect of creating more problems than would be solved. Continued study needs to be made of these intersections to monitor the type and severity of accidents and to make improvements where possible. ' Grand Blanc Road t Grand Blanc Road will serve as an important east-west route through the Township and into the City of Grand Blanc, particularly as development increases in Mundy Township and along Grand Blanc Road in the Grand Blanc communities. Traffic volumes are reaching the point at which improvements should be considered. Given the residential land uses which are planned along the majority of Grand Blanc Road, a four-lane improvement is recommended, with five-lane cross sections at major intersections. There are some right-of-way limitations which will impact future widening and costs. Widening is already underway along this corridor from South Saginaw to Seward Street. Holly Road The roadway surface from McCandlish to the City limits is generally in poor condition. Cracking, buckling, and disrepair are evident along this collector in the Township that carries traffic to 1-75 from the South Saginaw and the rest of the Grand Blanc area. Improvements should be made to widen the Holly Road section from the City limits south to 1-75 in the short term and farther south over the long term. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 73 �As new development occurs in the Holly Road/1-75 area, traffic volumes will have to be carefully monitored. Existing traffic volumes are already near those needed to justify a widening, since a two-lane roadway is generally at capacity with 7,000-9,000 vehicles per day. Further study to determine peak hour problems will be needed to determine the extent of the need to make short term improvements to this roadway. A five-lane or boulevard cross-section will be needed for Holly Road where right-of-way is sufficient, since most of the abutting, proposed land uses have moderate to high traffic generating characteristics. The five lane cross-section intersections will require improvements for left turns at Cook and McCandlish Roads, since these are likely to be traffic signal locations. Constraints to road improvements along Holly will include the railroad track and wetlands north of Cook Road. Also needed are improvements to the bridge at Holly Road and 1-75 to accommodate the wider cross-section including better turning radii. Some consideration should be given to creating a boulevard segment for Holly Road, where feasible. A boulevard would increase the traffic carrying capacity of the roadway by concentrating turning movements at selected locations. Intersection safety could also be improved by providing indirect turns as noted on the accompanying graphic. A boulevard would also present an attractive appearance from the 1-75 interchange into the Grand Blanc community. Given the extent of this potential improvement, which could eventually reach the entire length of Holly Road to the Township limit, a phasing of improvements is warranted. The following phases are recommended: • • • • Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 South Saginaw to McCandlish Road McCandlish Road to Pollock Road Pollock Road to Baldwin Road Baldwin Road to south Township limit Holly Road/1-75 Interchange As development continues in southern Grand Blanc Township the City, Township, Holly Township, develops and road authorities should evaluate improving the design of the 1-75 interchange at Holly Road (refer to the "Future Land Use -Areas of Interest" section of this plan). Pollock Road The proposed land uses along Holly Road, particularly between Cook and Baldwin Roads, will place additional traffic pressures along Pollock Road. As this development occurs, improvements will have to be considered for at least one-half mile west of Holly Road. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 74 �Fenton Road Improvements to the northern portions of Fenton Road are somewhat constrained by development, which lacks setbacks from the street pavement. Over the long term, a boulevard cross-section would be desirable to maintain traffic carrying capacity, improve safety, and provide an attractive roadway. In the short term, pavement improvements are necessary; portions of the roadway are cracking and buckling, especially from Maple to Hill Roads. As described in the Future Land Use portion of the Plan, closing some of the side streets and adding to the available land for parking, landscaping, and setbacks will held improve the aesthetics and traffic conditions along this roadway. Land uses have generally suffered from traffic conditions and past land use decisions (lack of lot width and depth, parking too near the roadway, etc.). A careful review of zoning requirements for minimum lot sizes and widths will help avoid this condition in other locations. Perry Road The existing roadway is safely and efficiently accommodating traffic volumes. Roadway condition is good, driveway spacing is adequate and development along this route is well planned for a major corridor in the Township and City. Mid-range recommendations include widening the roadway to four lanes from Genesee Road to Belsay Road when warranted by traffic conditions. Although current traffic volumes (11,021 ADT) would indicate the need to complete this project, most of the traffic is currently residential in nature, accessing the new developments in the eastern portions of Grand Blanc Township and on into Atlas Township. It is likely that Perry Road could absorb at least some additional traffic without widening, particularly if Genesee Road were extended. Center Road Center Road is currently carrying a moderate traffic volume, even though much of its frontage is undeveloped. Future Land Use along Center Road is largely residential in nature. As new development occurs traffic should be closely monitored to determine the need for improvement. Hill Road Discussion of improvements may be found in the Hill Road Corridor Plan. r t I Grand Blanc Community Transportation 75 �• BOULEVARD INTERSECTION DETAIL NO TURNS CD NO SCALE Grtlnd Blllnc Community TrtlMpOrttltion 76 �I I I I I I I t I I I I I I 'I I I I Maple Road Maple Road is carrying a significant volume of traffic, particularly between Fenton Road and South Saginaw. Most of the development along this roadway, including within the City of Burton, is planned for residential purposes. A minimum of a four-lane crosssection is recommended for Maple Road, from Fenton Road to Center Road. Maple Road was widened to five lanes between Fenton Road and S. Saginaw in 1991. Baldwin Road The amount of industrially developed land, as well as the extensive industrial land use that is anticipated, may require improvement of Baldwin Road from one-half mile west of Holly Road to South Saginaw. The major element of this project will be the replacement of the bridge crossing 1-75 at Baldwin Road. Development along Baldwin Road east of 1-75 will require creative treatment. The route from the Holly Road industrial area may attract some amount of truck traffic, if not restricted. Although it would seem that the Holly Road interchange with 1-75 should carry the bulk of this truck traffic, it is likely that some drivers will use the South Saginaw interchange to Baldwin Road. To avoid this problem, the Township should work with the Michigan Department of Transportation to attempt to limit truck traffic to the Holly Road interchange, once improvements are made to accommodate this traffic. Setbacks along Baldwin Road should be reviewed as new residential development occurs to ensure that new homes are not adversely affected by truck traffic. Reid Road This is a narrow road with several residences and industrial uses along its length. The large amount of truck traffic using Reid Road to access the industrial uses present noise, safety, and degradation problems to the roadway. The industrial development along Reid Road should direct its truck traffic to the South Dort Extension, rather than South Saginaw. South Sagi.naw/1-75 Interchange As noted earlier, in "Future Land Use - Areas of Interest," the S. Saginaw /1-75 interchange should be improved to reduce its confusing and disjointed circulation. STREET IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE FUNDING Road improvement and maintenance funds will continue to be a concern as available revenue shrinks and other demands increase. The Township and City, along with the Genesee County Road Commission, have attempted to maintain streets to the best of their ability. Continued diligence and effective use of resources will be necessary to maintain an effective improvement program. Although funding resources are limited, there are a number of sources available, as noted below. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 17 �Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) The FHWA allocates federal-aid monies to states and local agencies according to the Federal-Aid Secondary (FAS) and Federal-Aid Urban (FAU) system of roadways applicable to roads in the City. In addition to allocating funds for these systems, federal funds are designated for special programs which go toward the elimination of unsafe roadway and traffic conditions on any federal-aid route, except for the Interstate system. Act 51 Funds This fund is generated from gas and weight taxes through MOOT and can be used for general road improvements including intersection reconstruction, paving, curbing, sidewalks, turn arrows, and streetscapes. Projects on primary road systems do not require a local match; projects on local roads generally require a 50% match. The City receives Act 51 revenue directly from the state; the Township receives its share through the Genesee County Road Commission. Highway Trust Fund The money in this fund comes from the federal government and is allocated to the programs described below. All of the money in these funds is then distributed to the Local Task Force. Contact should be made with the Local Task Force, through the Genesee County Road Commission, as soon as the Township or developer has a need for information on a proposed transportation improvement project. MDOT Transportation and Economic Development Fund (TEDF) The TEDF was enacted in 1987 to provide increased revenues to jurisdictions so that traffic demands created by economic development could be met. The fund is available to jurisdictions and the state to use for highway funding needs relating to a variety of economic development issues and is divided into six categories. The types of projects for which communities are eligible are noted under two categories. Category A Road projects related to economic development opportunities in agriculture or food processing, tourism, forestry, high technology research, manufacturing, or eligible office center developments. Category A projects are intended to improve the network of highway services essential to economic competition, improve accessibility to target industries as a catalyst for economic growth, support private initiatives that create or retain jobs, and to encourage economic developments that improve the health, safety, and welfare of Michigan citizens. In order to access this fund, the Township must work with the Genesee County Road Commission. For eligibility, projects must satisfy several requirements regarding proof of need, enhancement of economic activity, and support of governmental units. Local matching funds of at least 25% are required. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 78 �I I I J I I I t I I I.. I I I I -I 'I I Category C These funds are for the reduction of congestion on primary County roads and major streets within counties with a population greater than 400,000 through the addition of travel lanes, left turn lanes, or intersection improvements. Eligible two lane roadways (as of July 1, 1991 must have an average daily traffic volume greater than 10,000 vehicles. Volumes along a four lane roadway must exceed 25,000 vehicles per day. The overall goal of Category C is to promote increased economic potential and improve the quality of life by reducing urban traffic congestion levels. The objectives of the project must be to improve the operational level of service in heavily congested areas, reduce the accident rate on heavily congested roadways, improve the surface and base condition of heavily congested roadways, and improve the social, economic, and environmental conditions of areas adjacent to heavily congested roadways. The project must be located on a County primary or major street on a Federal Aid System (urban or secondary). Eligible applicants for funding under this category are limited to County and City road agencies and a 25% match is required. Project costs include all those related to highway construction except for routine maintenance. The local Federal Aid Urban Task Force, through the Genesee County Road Commission, reviews all proposed projects and makes recommendations for funding to the State Transportation Commission on a quarterly basis. Special Energy "Overcharge" Fund This grant is issued by the Department of Commerce (DOC) and MOOT for projects related to energy conservation, such as linking traffic signals to provide better progression (flow). The amount allocated to Michigan varies annually. Highway Safety Planning Funds The Michigan State Police Department issues this grant for safety related programs, such as sign inventories and signalization studies. MDOT Bonding Programs Th: MOOT issues loans under this program for projects involving "heavy" road mamte~ance. The amount available varies because a variety of programs receive money from thlS source. Budget authority for this program must be specifically sanctioned by the state legislature. Economic Development Administration (EDA) This .s-i:ant i~ issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Adm1mstratlon, for the funding of economic development (job creating) activities, including related road/infrastructure improvements. There is limited opportunity for use of this funding source, as it is annually subject to legislative approval/renewal. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 79 �Street Millage This type of funding mechanism can be used for general road improvements. The amount of tax received under this program varies depending on the millage rate approved by the individual jurisdiction. Special State Allocation The Michigan State Legislature offers loans for amounts up to $1,000,000 for the funding of projects linked to significant job-creating activities. Approval of this type of loan requires legislative approval. Bonding Programs A loan can be obtained from the Michigan Departments of Commerce and Treasury for the funding of general road and infrastructure improvements. The amount of the loan varies depending on the program, funding restrictions, and bond markets. Special Assessment Districts Locally financed improvements can be accomplished through this means which may include some cost-sharing by the local government and the balance of the cost spread among property owners who benefit from the improvement. Examples of such improvements include road improvements, sidewalks, or driveway openings or closings. Tax Increment Financing This approach allows either a Downtown Development Authority or an Urban Renewal Authority to pledge future increases in property tax revenues within a defined project area to payment for public improvements made to attract new private investment within the district. For example, street improvements could be financed with added tax revenues derived from new development or improvements to existing properties within a defined district. An important element of TIF financing is that incremental increases in property tax revenues from all taxing entities in the project area are allocated to payment of public improvements costs in the project area. Consequently, the revenue which is realized by these taxing entities from the project area, including the County and School District, remain constant until the costs of the public improvements are paid. It is important to realize that tax increment financing is only a viable financing alternative when there is strong assurance that new private investment in the project area is going to occur. Otherwise, little or no incremental increase in property values and tax revenues will occur, to pay the costs of public improvements. Grand Blanc Community Transportation BO �I l I J I I I t II l I I l I I I I I Downtown Development Authority Act 197 of 1975 authorizes a local government to create a Downtown Development Authority, or DDA, in order to "halt property value deterioration and increase property tax valuation where possible in its business district, to eliminate the causes of that deterioration, and to promote economic growth." ADDA has the authority to prepare and implement plans for redevelopment of central business districts, including the authority to acquire and dispose of property, carry out public improvements projects and issue bonds to finance such projects. The principal and interest on bonds of a DDA may be retired through use of tax increment financing (TIF), or through collection of user fees or rents. A Downtown Development Authority is created through enactment of an ordinance, following a public hearing and notification of all property owners within the proposed boundary of the DDA. The Board governing the DDA consists of 8-12 members, a majority of whom must be owners of property within the boundaries of the downtown district. Before a DDA may issue tax increment revenue bonds to finance downtown improvements, a "Development Plan" must be prepared which contains several items required by Statute. These include: • • • • Designation of the boundaries of the development area within which tax increment revenues may be derived; Existing and future land use plans for the development area; Description, location, cost and time frame of improvement to be made; Evaluation of relocation impacts on persons residing in the development area, and a plan for relocation of displaced households. Transit/Demand Management The Township should recognize that its growth may create the need for road improvements, the volume of which is likely to out-pace its ability to finance. As a result, other measures must be considered which will decrease the demand placed on these roadways. It is unlikely that the Township will find itself in a position of being able to build itself out of its traffic problems; adequate funds will not be available. Transit Accordingly, other measures must be sought. Providing additional transit opportunities should be addressed by the Township on a continuing basis. Increasing transit availability can have a number of benefits: Grand Blanc Community Transportation 81 �• Service may be provided to employment centers which may not be readily accessible to all income levels with the Township and metropolitan area, thus increasing the supply of labor for existing and future industries. Similarly, employment opportunities for existing and future Township residents will be made more available as accessibility increases. • Increased use of transit can have the effect of reducing the overall volume of traffic along major roadways, thus enhancing traffic safety, reducing congestion, lowering maintenance costs, and improving accessibility of land uses within the Township. Demand Management Transportation Demand Management (IDM) addresses travel needs through a combination of measures designed to reduce the number of single-occupant vehicle trips, especially during peak periods. By maintaining personal mobility while reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the demand for new and/or expanded road and parking facilities is reduced and the performance of existing roads improved. Examples of TOM measures include: • • • • • • • • Car pooling Van pooling Transit services (route, express, subscription) Employer incentives for shared-ride travel or disincentives for single-occupant travel Parking supply and cost Flex-time Compressed work week Non-motorized travel The Township may find it in its interest to work with local employers, the Genesee County Metropolitan Planning Commission, the transit authority, and the Genesee County Road Commission to develop TOM strategies to reduce the long-term need for substantial road improvements. Sidewalks and Bike Paths Providing an efficient and useful non-motorized trail (sidewalk/bike path) system can also enhance circulation throughout the Township. Sidewalks should be provided where substantial pedestrian traffic occurs, or is expected to occur. This includes residential neighborhoods and major streets alike. As major streets are widened, consideration should be given to providing sidewalks and bike paths. Grand Blanc Community Transportation 82 • �I l I J I I I -t I II I I l Programs for meeting the need for additional sidewalks and bike paths must address two user groups; 1) those persons who use the trails as a method of reaching a predetermined destination, such as a school, park, or public building, 2) those persons who use the paths for fitness, health, and general enjoyment. Accordingly, planning efforts should undertake to determine the potential destinations for bike paths, and evaluate areas of population concentration where the paths have the greatest potential for use. The Township and City should work together to evaluate these factors and create a coordinated system of bike paths to connect major recreational areas and residential neighborhoods. Funding for bike paths may come from a variety of sources, including local millage, limited portions of road improvement funds, and state recreation grants. NEW ROADWAYS Genesee Road Previous plans for Genesee Road have recommended its extension south of Hill Road to Perry Road. This would provide more of an arterial for the City, Township, and County, providing access to northern portions of the metropolitan area and taking some traffic from other roads, including Belsay and South Saginaw. The need for road improvements along Belsay may be delayed with the completion of this project since traffic volumes east of Belsay on Perry drop by over one-third, indicating the use of Perry to access Belsay. Additional access to Hill Road will be necessary as the vacant land adjacent to Genesee Road north of Perry develops. This extension will also require intersection improvements at Genesee and Hill Roads to accommodate a potential traffic signal. Section Roads New residential development in the eastern portion of the Township will require that a road system be developed which provides service to those homes which will require access to major roadways. To avoid disrupting major residential areas, these internal collector streets may be designed to allow efficient movement to the arterial routes yet not take on the function of a collector street. This will require more of these sub-collector streets but will create fewer impacts within residential areas and moderate neighborhood traffic concerns. .I I I. I I Grand Blanc Community Transportation 83 �• Private Roads In the southern portions of the Township there are substantial areas of Rural Estate lands, which will have residential neighborhoods developed on large lots. A roadway system will be necessary in order to properly serve these areas. Rather than an extensive network of public roads, which are expensive to build and maintain, regulations may be developed to manage private roads. These regulations should take into account the possibility that the roadway would resort to public ownership and cover, at a minimum: • • • • • • • Easements for utilities Minimum rights-of-way and pavement widths Pavement construction standards, including pavement design and grades Minimum lot widths on private streets Maximum cul-de-sac lengths Maintenance responsibilities Permitting and review process Grand Blanc Community Transportt1tion 84 ' : ... "'" "'• "'• , �a I I J I I I t t l I I I I • l I I I I I CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY FACIUTIES UTILI'IY SERVICES Water Services City water services are provided through six municipal wells drawing water from underground aquifers. The City is considering the addition of one well within the next five years. Although capacity would appear to be adequate water quality is a concern to Grand Blanc's residents. Water from the wells is currently untreated and softening is required in homes due to the hardness of the water. The City is planning the installation of individual iron removal facilities for four of the five City wells. This will improve the water's taste and remove odors. This project, to be completed in the fall of 1992, will greatly enhance water quality. Plans were underway in early 1992 for the Township to connect to the 72 inch water line running to Port Huron. Connections to this line are controlled by Genesee County and the Detroit Water Board. Capacity and lines will be expanded as development occurs. The public well system will be converted to a backup system. Most of the Township can eventually be served by this system. Lower density areas in the southwestern part of the Township will probably remain on individual well systems. Groundwater Protection When dependent on well water services, groundwater and well head protection is a concern. Protection of the groundwater sources is critical to the long term usefulness of the well system. To this end, consideration of a groundwater protection program for the City would be beneficial. In addition, some elements of a program may be beneficial in the Township to protect private water sources. The following steps may be followed to develop such a program. Data Collection A protection program begins with the collection of information that could affect groundwater sources. Data that will be valuable includes: • • • • Land Use Water and sanitary sewer facilities, including community well heads Topography and soils Aquifers and area hydrology This information will help identify surface water recharge areas as well as areas where groundwater resources may be at high risk of contamination. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 85 �Vulnerable Areas High risk, or vulnerable areas are those which provide the most opportunity for groundwater contamination. These can include visible areas, such as wetlands, floodplains, and standing water bodies, and those areas where the wells are shallow and have little earthen protection. The Floodplains and Significant Wetlands Map point to some major locations where these vulnerable areas may be sought. A relatively narrow band of floodplain splits the City east of South Saginaw and north of Perry Road. Smaller wetlands can be found in many areas throughout the City. Groundwater sources do not adhere to political boundaries. Thus the City is dependent on water recharge areas are outside its own boundaries. Regulation Groundwater quality significantly impacts properties dependent on well systems. Though much of the area will be connected to public water systems, protection of the groundwater remains an environmental concern. Potential regulations to help protect groundwater include zoning requirements for secondary containment of storage areas for potentially hazardous materials, specific provisions for the storage of hazardous materials and special use requirements for businesses using these materials. The broad range of potential hazards can be seen through a partial list of businesses which may use hazardous substances. A partial list would include: • • • • • • • • • Golf courses and landscaping services (pesticides, herbicides) Large parking lots, particularly those running into wetland areas Vehicle maintenance shops Laundries and dry cleaners Photography services Gas stations Metal manufacturing Printing Junk yards Sanitary Sewer Services Sanitary sewer coverage is adequate throughout the City and developed areas of the Township, with trunk and subtrunk sewer lines passing through the City, including service for Grand Blanc Township. Sanitary sewer service to the City and Township is contracted from Genesee County. The sewer lines in the City are at 76 percent (as of November, 1990). H capacity becomes a problem, additional sewer capacity can be purchased from Genesee County. Grand Blanc Community Community F11cilitie1 86 • • ,.• • •... .1' �a I I I I I I t I I ,e I I I I 'I I I I Township capacities are generally adequate but will require monitoring as lines are extended and development increases. The northeastern portion of the Township, where residential development has been most intense, is served by a sub-trunk sewer running through the City and branching north and south from a point just west of Belsay Road from Perry Road. Other sub-trunk lines serving the less developed areas of the Township run from Fenton Road east and south of Cook Road, south of Baldwin to Holly Road. Additional lines from that point are in the design stage. Major extensions of sanitary sewer service will be restricted by funding availability. As a matter of policy major new subdivisions, developed at densities greater than 1 unit per acre should be required to provide public sanitary sewer services. Storm Water Control As with any community, storm water drainage is a constant concern, particularly in areas where development is occurring and in older areas. One alternative stormwater solution being implemented in some communities is Master Storm Water Detention. This program involves the development of central areas for storm water management. Land is purchased that lies in natural storm water detention areas, such as floodplains, wetlands, and low lying parcels. Watershed analysis is conducted to determine the locations most suited for storm water storage. These areas are then purchased and developed for storm water detention. The program can be implemented through a special assessment district, since each property owner in the watershed will benefit through the ability to channel drainage to the central location, or Master Pond. The advantage to the property owner is the ability to use more of the land for development and channeling storm water to a central source. The advantage to the Township is the assurance of continued maintenance. COMMUNITY FACILITIES McFarlen Library This library is located at the northeast comer of Perry Road and Curwood Drive in the City of Grand Blanc. Development of this facility was assisted by gifts from local residents. This centrally located library serves the needs of Township and City resident and is part of the Genesee District Library system. Grand Blanc Community Commons This 137 acre facility includes a vacant parcel of land located north of Perry Road and east of Curwood Drive. This unimproved parcel is open to the public and a walk bridge was completed in 1991 connecting the parcel with nearby residences. No improvements ~e J?lanned for this facility other than the walk bridge and nature trails. Parking for this site 1s accommodated at the adjacent Mcfarlen Library. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 87 �Medical Services The residents of the Township and City of Grand Blanc generally use health care facilities in Flint. A proposal for the construction of a hospital at Pollock Road and Holly Road would significantly upgrade the availability of health care services for Grand Blanc residents and for the population increases expected in the southern Genesee County and northern Oakland County areas. PARKS AND RECREATION Five-Year Recreation Plan The Grand Blanc Parks and Recreation Commission, which serves the Township and City, has a current Five-Year Recreation Plan. The Plan identifies five (5) deficiencies, including: 1. Softball/Baseball Fields Additional fields and improvements to existing fields. 2. Senior Activity Center Facility size inadequate; additional parking needed. 3. Large Play Areas Areas for soccer, football, non-organized activities needed. 4. Completed Recreation Area Enhancement of Bicentennial Park. 5. Lake Development Bicentennial Park lake development for water activities. A five-year program was developed to correct these deficiencies and provide additional recreation facilities and programs. Since the Plan was prepared, the following public park/recreation facilities have been added or modified, and do not appear in the plan report: • Three acres have been acquired for passive recreation in the City of Grand Blanc, north of Reid Road and west of South Saginaw. • A Senior Citizen Center has been completed, with activities organized by the Parks and Recreation Commission. The Center is located southwest of Saginaw Street off of the east side of Holly Road and is placed on a 2.5 acre site. Demand may be sufficient for the development of another senior citizen center within the next five years. • The Mayme Anderson Pocket Park at Ezra Perry Center on Saginaw Street has been completed. This is a passive park with two benches and landscaping, donated by friends and relatives of Mayme Anderson. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 88 ; • • • • ,' • • • • • I • �I I I I I I I I • Construction of Foot Bridge over Thread Creek at Grand Blanc Commons Park has been completed. This will provide access to Commons Park from the library site. • The Grand Blanc Golf Course is a 165-acre course which is open to the public. • Deer Park is a privately owned recreation area which is open to the public. The facility offers a parking area from which residents may observe a confined herd of wild deer. Trends and Analysis As is evident in the Park and Recreation Report, the major emphasis in the past 10 years has been development of active recreation, particularly at Bicentennial Park. This is due to the increase demand for organized field sports such as softball and soccer. Currently there are five additional softball fields planned for the park. This will use up the rest of the undeveloped land in the park reserved for that purpose. With this park nearing completion, emphasis is turning to acquisition of new park lands and facilities throughout the Township and City. Issues and needs previously identified by past master plans which continue to be valid include: • Softball Fields - Field lighting to program in more teams . I • Bike Ways - A bike way linking all residential area to park and commercial developments. I_ • Large Play Areas - Needed for soccer, touch and flag football. • Pavilion - or Amphitheater - To hold local summer concerts, plays and outdoor education programs centrally located to the Township and City. • Developed Nature Areas - Floodplain, wetland areas for walking and nature study. I I Recreation Facilities I, Rust Park I This 16.5 acre park is adjacent to Indian Hills Elementary School in the City of Grand Blanc. There is one tennis court, one joint use play field and ball field, a picnic area, and a nature study area available at this park. This park is programmed for recreation activities throughout much of the year. r l I I_ Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities - 89 �Bicentennial Recreation Complex This 147-acre park includes a picnic area with pavilion, eight tennis courts, playground equipment, four ball fields, eight basketball hoops, spectator facilities, fitness trails, nature study area, shuffleboard, horseshoes, two restrooms, and one additional play field. This facility is open to the public year-round. Improvements to be completed at this facility by 1992 include ball field improvements, general outdoor lighting improvements, development of additional softball/baseball fields, an additional picnic area (already completed in 1990), and additional toilets. Additional improvements will include irrigation systems for ball fields, additional sidewalks, and waterfront development but timing and funding sources for these have not yet been determined. Schram Street Park This two acre park is located in the southwestern corner of the City and provides a play area but no equipment. Due to objections by nearby residents, no improvements are planned. Indian Hill Floodplain This 11 acre site is not improved and has no recreational equipment. The City considers this floodplain area to be open space. The site is often used for discarded grass clippings, leaves and debris during summer months. There are no planned improvements. Bush Street Park This neighborhood park consists of two acres mowed by the City. The site is used for various types of recreational activities by the surrounding neighborhood. The park contains no equipment. No improvements were planned in 1992. Kings Pointe Well Site This is a vacant two acre parcel owned by the City with no existing or planned recreational improvements. School Recreation Sites The Five Year Recreation Plan Update lists all the school sites and the recreational facilities available for public use. These facilities are used extensively for public recreational activities in addition to school-related functions. No improvements are planned for any of these locations with the exception of routine maintenance and baseball field improvements to be completed in the summer of 1991. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 90 �I l I / I I I I ti l I l I I l I IMPROVEMENT FUNDING Community Development Block Grant The Small Cities Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program was authorized under Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. The Act has the effect of combining all of the various categorical grants previously administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) into one, more flexible program. The program replaces such individual grants as Urban Renewal, Model Cities, Open Space, Historic Preservation, Community Facilities and other similar grant and loan programs; but provides funding for only a few. The CDBG Program is of importance to implementation of community facility improvements because it provides a source of funding for such projects as business district improvements, economic development and planning. Projects which foster local economic development are especially attractive prospects for the Block Grant Program. Use of these funds for actual project construction is limited, unless evidence is provided of significant benefits to low and moderate income households. Land and Water Conservation Fund Financial assistance under the Land and Water Conservation Fund is available to states and their political subdivisions for planning, acquiring, and developing a wide range of outdoor recreation areas and facilities. The program is administered by the Department of Natural Resources. Grants provide up to 50 percent of the cost of eligible projects such as land acquisition, urban parks and playgrounds, nature interpretative areas, fishing piers and boat launching ramps. Communities must have a DNR-approved Recreation Plan in effect in order to be eligible for such funding. Michigan Recreation Trust Fund This state-sponsored program also provides grants for acquisition and development of recreation lands. Its restrictions are much like the Land and Water Conservation Fund; except that considerably more money is available. Eligibility for this funding source is also contingent on inclusion of the project in an up-to-date community parks and recreation plan. r l I I, I Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 91 �l r I I I l t l I t I I I, I l CHAPTER9 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The preparation of a joint Master Plan presents unique challenges to the City and Township. Many of the natural and man-made systems (creeks, floodplains, sewer lines, etc.) affect both communities. In addition, many of the services provided to the citizens of each community are duties of both units of government. As a result, each government is, to some extent, dependent on the other to respect the need to provide these services. This requires that each community be aware of the planning and development needs of the other. Many of the implementation recommendations presented in the Master Plan will require the close cooperation of the Planning Commissions, legislative bodies, and other groups in the formulation of a unified development plan. The following text describes recommendations for the implementation of this Plan. Table 16, which follows the text, presents a capital improvements schedule for the recommendations. PLANNING CONTEXT FORMATION OF A JOINT PLANNING ACTION COMMITTEE As development has continued throughout the Grand Blanc area it seems increasingly clear that efforts are needed to work on a regional basis to address problems with the provision of various services needed to sustain growth. Since these problems are regional in scope, affecting several communities throughout the metropolitan area, they need to be investigated on a regional scale and solutions proposed that will accommodate the needs of each community. To work cooperatively it is in each government's interest to begin to develop a consistent set of planning assumptions, regulations, and master plans that take into account the common character of the Grand Blanc area. One of the central outcomes of this Plan was to point out the need to consider planning programs in each community in a coordinated fashion. This document need not, and should not, be the last word in planning for the Grand Blanc area. A continuing, comprehensive, and coordinated planning effort needs to be continued, involving the Township and City. The most appropriate vehicle for continuing this effort may be the formation of joint, permanent planning committee to consider the common impacts new growth in the area might have on each community. Although not necessarily invested with any planning authority, such a committee could be the catalyst by which this planning effort could be continued. I I I Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 93 �A number of joint projects could be undertaken by both communities, including: Corridor studies (Fenton Road, Perry Road, Grand Blanc Road, Holly Road, S. Saginaw and others). Recreation Plans. Bike Trails Plan. Public Service Plans. Groundwater Protection Plan. Master Pond Storm Water Plan. In addition, the City and Township could work cooperatively to develop uniform regulations for zoning, subdivisions, and other planning-related matters, some of which are noted as implementation recommendations. There are several options by which joint planning could be conducted. The three that would seem most workable are: • Project Specific Committees One method of organization may be based on the need to complete specific, individual projects for which specific committees could be developed. This would allow the Planning Commissions to maximize involvement of particular groups or individuals who may be interested in the topic to be addressed. It would also provide some flexibility to involve adjacent communities, where they are affected. This was the process used for the development of the Hill Road Corridor Development Plan. The disadvantage to this structure is the potential number of such committees that could be formed and the complexity of their structure, taking into account reporting procedures, meeting dates, and other factors present when involving multiple committees and multiple tasks. • Formal Planning Committee State law provides a number of vehicles for forming joint administrative committees or organizations providing planning services on a multi-jurisdictional basis. The precise structure and requirements of these vehicles requires additional research to determine which one would best fit the Township and City's requirements. The advantage of a more formal group is the clear delineation of powers, functions, and jurisdiction. Considerable discussion would have to take place to determine the division of duties between the Planning Commissions and the committee. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities • • • • • : ,.• ,. • • �l • Standing Committees Standing committees could be formed to take on planning functions that effect both communities. The existing Park and Recreation Committee could direct development of a joint recreation plan. Other standing committees could include such topics as transportation planning, public service provision, land use review, and others as needed. The principle difference between this method of organization and the project specific committees is the broader area of coverage, which is by topic rather than individual, short-term projects. NATURAL FEATURES I FORMALIZE PROTECTION OF REMAINING WETLANDS l This may be achieved through any of the following regulations: ~ • • • • l I I I I l I I I Wetlands provisions in the Zoning Ordinance Formation of a Wetlands Review Board Developing public education program Wetland protection options: 1. Land Donation 2. Conservation Easements 3. Deed Restrictions 4. Property Acquisition Program ZONING/SITE PLAN PROVISIONS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO REQUIRE THE INCORPORATION OF NATURAL FEATURES INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANS One of the keys to securing quality development is to require careful site analysis and creative site planning. The objective of completing a site analysis is the incorporation of natural features into site development. This, in turn, allows new uses of land that do not irreversibly damage natural site features and attributes. The result is cost-effective development that allows preservation of natural features and systems, creating long term benefits for the environment and the community. Site plan review measures can be instituted to enforce this recommendation. While some of the existing provisions can be effective, clearer standards for review are needed, such as: ✓ I Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 95 �1. The uses proposed will not adversely affect surrounding properties, or the environment. All elements of the site plan shall be designed to take into account the site's topography, the size and type of plot, the character of adjoining property and the type and size of buildings. The site shall be developed so as not to impede the normal and orderly development or improvement of surrounding property for uses allowed in this Ordinance, or to alter natural systems, including wetlands, wildlife habitats, woodlands, and other important natural features, as stipulated in the Master Plan. 2. The landscape shall be preserved in its natural state by removing only those areas of vegetation or making those alterations to the topography which are reasonably necessary to develop the site in accordance with the requirements of this Ordinance. Existing landscaping and land forms shall be preserved to ensure that proposed uses will be adequately buffered from one another and from surrounding public and private property and shall not adversely impact the natural drainage systems of the site. 3. Appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure that removal of surface waters will not adversely affect neighboring properties, natural drainage areas, or the public storm drainage system. Provisions shall be made to accommodate stormwater, prevent erosion and the formation of dust. The use of detention/retention ponds may be required, including watershed detention systems, where available. Surface water on all paved areas shall be collected at intervals so that it will not obstruct the flow of vehicular or pedestrian traffic or create standing water. DEVELOP A GROUNDWATER PROTECTION PROGRAM I Keeping in mind the City's dependence on well water as a community water source, and considering the areas of the Township not yet served by public water a groundwater protection plan would be beneficial to both communities. The following steps may be followed to develop such a program. Data Collection A protection program begins with the collection of information that could affect groundwater sources. Data that will be valuable includes: • • • • Land use Water and sanitary sewer facilities, including community well heads Topography and soils Aquifers and area hydrology . This information will help identify surface water recharge areas as well as areas where groundwater resources may be at high risk of contamination. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities • • • • • • • • ; •1111 I. • • • 96 �Vulnerable Areas l I 'l a ll I_ I I High risk, or vulnerable, areas are those which provide the most opportunity for groundwater contamination. These can include visible areas, such as wetlands, floodplains, and standing water bodies, and those areas where the wells are shallow and have little earthen protection. The Floodplains and Significant Wetlands Map point to some major locations where these vulnerable areas may be sought. Regulation Development of regulations applicable to groundwater protection include zoning requirements for site plan review, secondary containment of storage areas for potentially hazardous materials, specific provisions for the storage of hazardous materials, and special use requirements for businesses using these materials. The broad range of potential hazards can be seen through a partial list of businesses which may use hazardous substances. A partial list would include: • • • • • • • • Golf courses and landscaping services (pesticides, herbicides) Vehicle maintenance shops Laundries and dry cleaners Photography services Gas stations Metal manufacturing Printing Junk yards. LAND USE I CONSIDER A CONSISTENT SET OF DESIGN STANDARDS FOR ACCESS MANAGEMENT, LANDSCAPING, ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY, AND SIGNS I In order to ensure that development in the Grand Blanc area maintains a consistently high degree of quality, the Township and City should undertake an effort to develop and maintain a unified set of development guidelines and standards covering each of the following areas. I -I I ,~ I Access Management One measurement of the efficiency of traffic movement is the capacity of a roadway to accommodate the traffic pressures placed on it. Preserving this capacity is one way to prevent costly roadway improvements. One way to preserve capacity of the roadway is through the control of driveways. Transportation studies have consistently shown that the number, design, and location of driveways can have a great effect on the ability of roads to safely move traffic and provide access for adjacent land uses. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 97 �The number, design, and location of driveways along the major roadways in the study area will affect traffic flow, ease of driving, and accident potential. Every effort should be made by the Grand Blanc community to limit the number of driveways and encourage access from side streets, service drives, frontage roads, and shared driveways. The most effective means of ensuring proper access management is the site plan review process, enforced through the zoning ordinance. However, in order to properly administer site plan review, each community should have a corridor development plan for the major road corridors within the study area, similar to that completed for the Township on Hill Road, preferably completed as a joint project between all affected communities along the roadway. Following the completion of the corridor plan, guidelines should be put into effect that can be used as a guide by the Planning Commission to ensure consistent application and enforcement of access management. Other standards for site development, including landscaping, could also be included in such a plan. Access Management Guidelines and suggested areas of implementation are provided in the Hill Road Corridor Plan, which is part of this Plan. Many of these guidelines can be implemented on the major corridors throughout the Township. Landscape Design Another important element of any development is landscaping. Landscaping can perform a number of vital functions, including screening, micro-climate control, improving aesthetics, and preserving the natural environment. The Township should accept guidelines and zoning ordinance standards for landscaping within their site plan review ordinance sections, similar to those used by the City. Landscaping is normally used to provide buffers between incompatible districts/uses and for aesthetic considerations for parking lots, strip commercial areas, and others. The first use, buffering, is generally considered as screening; greenbelts are used for aesthetic purposes (although there are other legitimate considerations). The City of Grand Blanc has adopted a successful tree planting program as part of the existing landscape program. Buffers Buffers are sometimes set up on a scale; the greater the differences in intensity between two uses, the more significant the size of the buffer zone. Usually, these differences are determined with respect to zone districts. For example, a single family residential district against an industrial district would receive the greatest buffer zone requirement. Since there are a number of occasions where this occurs, consideration of specific buffering requirements would be useful. Buffer zones are set up according to width and intensity of landscaping and/ or required walls or fences. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 98 �I t 'l I I I I ,, l I Topography Any landforms (topography) on the site should be respected and utilized to the advantage of the development of the site. Wholesale grading should be avoided and building sites allowed to blend into the existing topographic and drainage patterns of the site. Grading should be restricted to that necessary for the requirements of the building, parking, and other developed systems of the site. Other land forming may be used to soften the impact of the architecture and screen objectionable views. Existing vegetation Incorporating existing trees into a project's parking areas and roadways reduces the visual impact of broad expanses of pavement and provides instant shade to reduce glare and heat radiation. Additionally, it is less expensive to preserve a mature, high-quality tree than to install new nursery stock. Selective cutting of existing vegetation should be allowed only for the health of the trees and to allow specific views into the site. Preservation of existing trees should be based on the quality of the tree, its relationship to the site, and the value added to the development. Replacement trees should be of sufficient size to have immediate affect. Landscaping Three areas normally receive the most attention with respect to landscaping requirements: parking lots, commercial and industrial setback areas, and building landscaping. Of these, parking lots usually attract the most attention from zoning requirements, including setbacks, percentage of landscaped area, and others. These are normally enforced through a site plan review process. The attention devoted to parking lot landscaping is generally due to the unappealing nature of large areas of asphalt. Parking lot landscaping is also used, at times, to help direct traffic, reduce heat and glare from parking lots, and to help define edges of property or boundaries between lots. Architectural Quality The variety of uses that are likely to occur make enforcement of a consistent set of architectural guidelines impractical. Innovation and unique design should be allowed to flourish. In keeping with the landscape guidelines architectural design should, to the extent possible, take into account the natural features of the land. The building mass and shape should "fit" the natural characteristics of the site. Large, massive structures are most appropriate for sites with fewer environmental restrictions. Sites that are wooded and/ or sloping are most successful with less massive and informal structures that can be tucked into the existing landscape. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 99 �Signs Signs should reflect their function. Those uses which require a motorist to quickly identify and react to a business or service (impulse or frequent-service businesses) should have enough signs to adequately identify their purpose for the motorist. Those uses which require less identification should have smaller, less intrusive signs. Since signs are regulated by each community through specific sign ordinances, some coordination of sign provisions should be encouraged, particularly along major road corridors. Some specific sign provisions related to the Hill Road Corridor Development Plan would be applicable to other corridors within the Grand Blanc community. Regulations The key issue in developing regulations for access management, buffering or landscaping is the extent of the regulation with respect to maintaining diversity and originality. Tightly structured regulations allow very little room for creativity or for taking unusual conditions into account. Vaguely worded regulations will invite plans that only provide a minimum degree of compliance, without creative thought or intent. Effective regulations, for example, may require a specific number of trees per parking space, but the location of those trees would be flexible, but structured within general guidelines. This balanced approach is most effective, where the intent of the regulation is clearly indicated, especially through the use of graphics and general provisions. These regulations, however, must be specific enough to provide guidance, yet flexible enough to take differing conditions into account. IMPLEMENT A PROGRAM FOR GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT, DESIGNED TO PRESENT THE POSITIVE IMAGE OF THE AREA. THE GRAND BLANC GA'n:WAYS A community's physical image can be critical to its economic prosperity or even its survival as a desirable place to live. Quality of life and business attraction are, to some extent, dependent on the image a community projects. The physical image of a community begins to be formed at its edges, when one enters through a "gateway." The Grand Blanc community has a number of gateways, the most important of which are interstate highway interchanges, since many of the first-time travelers to the Grand Blanc community will likely use these highways to reach the area. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 100 • • • • •.. • "" II • • • �f, The 1-75 Interchanges To ensure a favorable impression of gateway development from the highway interchanges, care should be taken to control access, provide adequate setbacks, and require landscaping. Specific actions may be taken at the following described interchanges. Holly Road Holly Road is likely to attract significant volumes of traffic due to the planned development in the area, particularly between Baldwin and Cook Roads. Note is made in this Plan of the consideration of a boulevard cross-section for a widened Holly Road. The boulevard would enhance the rural atmosphere. Accordingly, highway services would be appropriate in the immediate interchange area. These services may include service stations, convenience stores, small retail areas, and restaurants. South Saginaw Although the interchange is located outside the Township boundaries, it is in the Township's interest to work with Holly Township and the Michigan Department of Transportation to redesign this confusing interchange. Given the amount of time a major improvement of this nature is likely to take, the formation of a joint planning committee with Grand Blanc Township, Holly Township, the Genesee County Road Commission, and various economic interests in the community would be beneficial. This process has been successful in other areas of the state where major road projects were desired. The joining of governmental and private interests is a benefit toward attracting state highway funds, particularly those which are directed toward improving economic conditions. Hill Road Much of the discussion involving this interchange is contained in the Hill Road Corridor Study which is part of this Plan. South Dort Extension Development around this interchange is restricted due to the cross section of the Dort Extension, which restricts access near the interchange. Other constraints include wetlands in the southwest quadrant, the proximity of Embury Road, which leaves a limited development depth between Embury and Dort, and the higher elevation of Dort as it meets 1-75. For these reasons, much of the planned land use in the area is oriented to residential or low intensity commercial uses. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 101 �ZONING DISTRICTS SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO ENSURE THAT THE ZONING ORDINANCE REFLECTS THE INTENT OF THE MASTER PLAN In particular, residential densities should be reviewed to ensure consistency with the Maste Plan. In addition, the Neighborhood Commercial and Office land use designations should be reviewed with regard to the available commercial zone districts . The intent of each of these designations is to allow a less intensive office and commercial district to limit traffic generation and provide suitable buffer districts between various land uses. Each of these districts should be reviewed to ensure that they continue to be limited to less intensive uses, or that the more intensive uses are only allowed as a special land use by the Planning Commission. DEVELOP A JOINT ZONING DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION TO ENSURE CONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE TWO COMMUNITIES Although some unique elements of individual zone districts will have to be preserved, the Township and City should develop common zone district designations with similar uses and regulations. The Township and City will continue to have some unique districts, such as the City's central business district. TRANSPORTATION MAJOR ROAD WARRANTED IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHERE The following roadways are recommended for improvement: Estimated time for improvements is based on rate of development, as follows: Short Range Mid-Range Long Range 1-3 years 3-7 years 7+ years ROADWAY COMMENTS Grand Blanc Road • Phase 1 • • Phase 2 Phase 3 Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities Three lanes from Saginaw to Davis (under construction) Four lanes from Davis Street to South Dort Four lanes from Dort to Fenton Road 102 • • • • • • • • : �r ROADWAY COMMENTS Holly Road • Phased improvement to four lane boulevard • Phase 1 • Phase 2 • Phase 3 • • Four lanes from Holly Road west 1/2 mile Mid-Range improvement (as development dictates) Fenton Road • • Replace pavement (Short Range improvement) Four lane boulevard (Long Range improvement) Perry Road • • Widen to four lanes from Genesee to Belsay Roads Mid-Range improvement Maple Road • Widen to five lanes from Fenton Road to South Saginaw (1991 improvement) Widen to four lanes from South Saginaw to Center Road; Mid-Range improvement Pollack Road • McCandlish Road to Pollock Road Mid- to Short-Range improvement (as development dictates) Pollock Road to Baldwin Road Mid-Range improvement Baldwin Road to south Township limit MidRange improvement Baldwin Road • Widen to four lanes from Holly Road to South Saginaw; Long Range improvement (as development dictates) South Saginaw • Redesign and construct interchange with 1-75 Mid- to Long Range improvement (as funding is available) • COMMUNITY FACILITIES A STUDY SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO COORDINATE DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS WITHIN THE TOWNSHIP, AND TO INCLUDE THE CITY, WHERE APPLICABLE. A REGIONAL STORM WATER SYSTEM SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED. Generally, drainage requirements are enforced when development is proposed; drainage requirements are generally applied on-site, looking at each development as a single site. A major drain study should be undertaken by the Genesee County Drain Commissioner to plan one or more regional drainage systems. A regional drainage system would take the burden off individual land owners and allow natural drainage areas to act as storm water detention and/ or retention areas. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 103 �Where possible, existing natural wetlands should be used as stormwater detention areas . If no natural wetlands are present on the site, wetlands adjacent the site should then be considered. This concept would allow the use of contiguous wetlands as designated stormwater management facilities. If this alternative is not feasible, consideration should then be given to man-made detention basins. CONTINUE TO STUDY THE OPPORTUNITIES TO SHARE RESOURCES AND SERVICES, SUCH AS JOINT PLANNING EFFORTS AND PUBLIC SERVICE. As the tax burden increases at the state and local level, it is imperative that community services be provided in the most efficient manner possible. While the Master Plan stops short of recommending a full consolidation of the Township and City as a single governmental unit, some sharing of services should be considered. Fire and police coverage may be enhanced by a joint service arrangement which would enhance mutual support efforts which already exist. Utilities, including water, sewer, and stormwater management, could also benefit from such an arrangement. CONTINUE AND EXPAND THE CURBSIDE RECYCLING PROGRAM. Over the long term, reliance on landfills will no longer be a viable solid waste management strategy. Programs that reduce the need for expansions of landfill space are essential. The Grand Blanc community has taken a leadership role in Genesee County by researching and establishing a curbside recycling program. This voluntary program, already in effect, provides pickup service by a local disposal company of plastic jugs, tin cans, glass containers, and aluminum products. Expansion of newspaper recycling in the future is one improvement to be considered. The City and Township could also work toward purchasing only recycled paper products in the future - even specifying a percentage which should be "post-consumer" recycled material. GRAND BLANC CITY AND TOWNSHIP SHOULD CONSIDER A JOINT COMPOSTING PROGRAM. In addition to curbside recycling, community wide composting is a demonstrated method of reducing the waste stream which routinely may be headed for landfills. As with other forms of recycling, composting provides a usable end product which could be used by the entire community. Grand Blanc Community Community Facilities 104 • • • • • • • • �:Ila ,.. I.... Table 16 :'111111 ..... [:,al '. .... fWIJI 111!!1 '· !111■.1 ,111111!1111 ••~ r ~ ~ I~ ~ \ ·~ ~ SUMMARY OF MASTER PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS-1991 CITY OF GRAND BLANC/CHARTER TOWNSHIP OF GRAND BLANC1 MICHIGAN -• . • • Encourage a estate residential development on large lots (areas acres) primarily in southern portion of Township, east of 1-75 North of Cook Road, and Centennial Farm (between Dort Highway and Center Road, North of Hill Road). high I • Promote low density residential (.2 to three (3) units/acre) in designated areas but partirularly In the eastern and southern sections of the Township. high I • Medium density areas (3.1 to 8 units/acre) should be developed In designated areas but particularly In the areas east of 1-475 and south of Maple Road and north and south of Reid Road between South Saginaw and the City limits. High density areas (8 to 20 units/acre) should be promoted in designated ares but particularly in these existing and developing complexes on Maple Road, Perry Road, and Fenton Road, east of Parsons Road, north of Cook Road, and just north and south of the City west of Holly Road. high I • I I Planning Commission Township Board Planning Commission Township Board Planning Commission Township Board Planning Commission Township Board high 1 I • --, �·· ·r ·· l· '· · i • • • Office locations should be promoted primarily at Holly and Pollock Road south of 1-75, and Holly Road north of Cook Road to the City limits. high Neighborhood commercial uses are to be promoted at designated locations near residential areas but particularty at the comer of Hill and Belsey Road, Baldwin and South Saginaw along Fenton Road just south of 1-75 and at Hill and Porter Roads. Community commercial (general) are proposed at Hill Road and 1-475, Hillroad and South Saginaw and along South Saginaw, particularty north of the City limits. high Planning Commission Township Board • I high Planning Commission Township Board . I Planning Commission City Council Township Board • I 1 ;::JIII!l:l!i: :::/} . Promotion of general industrial areas on Holly Road (south industrial section), the GM facility between Oort Highway and South Saginaw (north). • I high Planning Commission City Council Township Board - • . . . Smaller industrial designations are proposed east of Oort Highway at northern most portion of the Township. Implementation of appropriate setbacks, access control and appropriate landscaping for gateway interchanges at Holly Road, South Saginaw, Hill Road and South Dort extension. Formation of a DOA for the City's Downtown Area Implementation of appropriate setbacks, screening, resulting and use intensity landscape standards for Holly Road (south of South Saginaw Road), South Saginaw Roads, Fenton Road (north of Hill Road), Perry Road (east of South Saginaw). I high I I high I high I high 2 I I • • I I Planning Commission Township Board Planning Commission City Council Township Board Planning Commission and City Council • Planning Commission City Council Township Board �~ ·~ ·~ ~ J1l!!!I _a .-- 11!11!!11 1llllllll 11111!!11 'QIII 111111111111 iwal[II --. ~ . ---. ~ :iffitj■.-ii,i:J!iffi■iffl~ijiii Ji ;i i i!iliJ; : :j i:i:;j ;: ;:i~iJi,il;:i:;: ': i:;:;:;:1;:;: i :il: : )i i:;l:!;ji:1 :;l Planning Commission Township Board • Implementation of access management standards on Dort Highway. high • Wtclen Grand Blanc Road to four lanes with five lane cross sections at major intersection~. medium s • Widen Holly Road from South Saginaw to 1-75 including resurfacing. Traffic will dictate two vs four lanes. high high high high I s s s medium s South Saginaw to Mccandlish Road Mccandlish Road to Pollock Road Pollock Road to Baldwin Road Phase IV Baldwin Road to south Township limits Phase I Phase II Phase Ill • • Road widening for Pollock Road is at least one haH mile west of Holly Road. Planning Commission Township Board GCRC • I I . .• . . City GCRC GCRC GCRC I GCRC I GCRC GCRC GCRC Improvements to Fenton Road: 1. Pavement irl1)rovements (Maple Road to Hill Road) I high Wtclen Perry Road to four lanes. I medium Widen Maple Road to four lanes from Fenton Road to Center Road. I high Bridge Replacement at I-75 on Baldwin Road . I Reid Road--Redirect truck traffic to South Dort Extension. I 2. Develop a Boulevard cross-section. 3. Closing selected side streets. • . . • .• . low high - s City/Twp JGC RC medium L -GCRC -- high s GCRC GCRC - 3 lill... ., �.---•-•• ••• • Improvements of interchange circulation at South Saginaw and 1-75. medium L MOOT GCRC Planning Commission City Council Township Board • Create a coordinated system of bike paths. (Master Plan) medium s • Extension of Genesee Road south of Hill Road to Perry Road. medium L high s • medium s • high s • Planning Commission City Council Township Board : : =:1111~1::111111:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :=: : : :,: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::: : : : : ;: =: : : : : : : : : : • • • Development of a groundwater protection program. (City and Township) Development of a Master Storm Water Detention Plan. (City and Township) Improvement at Bicentennial Park-including irrigation system for ball fields, additional sidewalks, and waterfront development. City Council Township Board City Council Township Board Special Assessment Districts CBDG : J~mij,J.ffliii■.iffi::=•ffiaat.rgri.l !': : :j :Ii: • • Formation of a Joint Planning Action Committee. (City/Township) high Formalize protection of remaining wetlands. high 4 • City Council Township Board Planning Commission City Council Township Board �"'WIii ..,.. ..._. . • . • ,.. ~ ,.. '111111!1 a ,~_a Jllllll!II !1111111111 .-. 11111111 1111111111 Zoning/Site Plan Provisions should be developed to require the incorporation of natural features into development plans. high I . Improve upon design standards for access management, landscaping, architectural quality and signs. high I • Review zoning ordinance districts to ensure that zoning ordinance reflects the intent of the Master Plan. high I . Continuation of the Curbside Recycling Program. high I TIME FRAME_;_ (1)-lmmediate = Within Two Years (S)-Short Term= Within Five Years (L)-Long Term = Five to Ten Years (O)-Ongoing - Begin within Two Years-Then Ongoing LEGEND: GCRC MOOT LAWCON CDBG Genesee County Road Commission Michigan Department of Transportation Land and Water Conservation Fund Community Development Block Grants GBTWP\master.pln\table 16 5 ...., --, --, ---, ~~,---, Planning Commission City Council Township Board Planning Commission City Council Township Board Planning Commission City Council Township Board City Council Township Board �111111-tllll_l __ FUTURE LAND USE _ _AVE · ---=,,,.. ---tr II u.,---1 . ····-~HI' i 1 1.~u•· LOR ,LJLl~i f;-I I .RD ------' L J~t~- -· iRr{'-"'t7· 1)) I Li. . ~lL------ n . .• ,..... 1 ii . i , c·. -- I ;i I 'r ----- ffit{JJ'·~-:) l,,,__ :c,ii~~\\ _/2~ ... U LDR -..... ~ ~~~-,.~_\\( ~r---RO - A"'· ,.,-~!, ...- ~•.", -I 3 - - - - - - ·LOR ii[ ~•,'·.fi~ : -.·~ lk)A ---- o::I - ~. . /.~.;f~ \1\~. ijltL l. \~'i wl er tJ' ~-~. ' -- --p4x=:==1 er · bU..J!!"'1 ~ t_P .._ . ~'_ RIL -----,---1 cl. - . - . \ •' \ if . I~ -·---11__ :_=-:_·~--2kl' /!'li~i :; ;,.· ""____ r--I30·-: ~==-:.,=-"":a'~ =l I :c I I -,J''- - -25 -- --- ~- I LOA ' ;~ ____RO~-: -~'·j 'I·-r -w ., I mr. , I . - - I· LDA - j. - - - - -- - I 36 - Aecomm~nd ■ d lor pl1nntt-d unll d11•,u1lopm•nt lo c lu1111e, I 1om11 •fld pr111rY1 11ourc••· n1tur ■ tt 1 I I I I ?,5 ~ J ,t. H UIUl't fttG I ... IIH ICll.l Utt r •..., City/Township of Grand Blanc ~ RURAL ESTATE (5 -10 ACRE LOTS, CLUSTER OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL AT SIMILAR DENSITY AT APPROPRIATE LOCATIONS) LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (1-4 UNI TS/ACRE) PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC ~ ~ ~ MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (4 .1•8 UNITS/ACRE) HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (8.1·9 UNITS/ACR E) --- - --NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL CL] LIGHT INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL OFFICE IOU\.O l .ullNll fU Nll II<. · · •· I . WA "'- 1. lr.Yl.101 1 WCH IOIM •i••N l UJ - IU I n lM"T. �B I I I I I I I I 1· I -I 'J FUTURE LAND USE R •.. !c~~J P" I -•.!;~ .... ..~ /·~·- · ~ ;; D . MD DR MOR I I 2' I ~. . City of Gr,oul BJ11~ - LOR ' . II ' 'J J• ·· •ALJ.,f c•q• c:::::J u,a LOW DENSITY USIDENTIAL c:::J MOR MEDIUM DENSITY KESIDENTIAL C=::J HDK HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL c:=::i o oma C=::J NC NEICHIORHOOD C0MMEROAL C=::J C C0MMUNIT'\' COMMEK□ AL t::::J I LICHT INDUSTKIAL , ruauc I SEMl-ru•UC �11111111 FLOODPLAINS & SIGNIFICAN1~ WETLANDS J ; '-*.\,rr ~ mu~aJ) i\~ITTlrr----\~~Ii.Jee'~'•- ,I \ t:.~ . - n 1 t~--- ,,:1 ... ,,; '~, r· I I I I•. ,,-::.__,, - i 'B · -./' ~ -~- ~ ,_~- hln i ~o1~ - - - - - J -1..:-.:.;-,, ·, I i• - t• c::=J :: '~ a..'~ ~ .. \'\J~ d : •I . ..... - - . -- •I (I) ■ --:)~- ---■ ,-, ... ;-,,_ . I ~ ~'\,\ I . -~ -~ ·-•. ~ , IL '{; r~~-~- ~ 14 , b-_,..:\.-i - ,:, .~ - ·I I -·j~)~t1 iJ ;• .1• - · • '. . l~~: "" . I - . 1U I I ----- 13------- "'~·~..~' ■ " . 5- •I I■ ; C . 1~ I RD. I ~ I iI r--------r------- I "t->if-~. I I ~ ~I ~ I I '~CON1C ---- ' 1J-i o soa 1000 20D0 City/Township of Grand Blanc I I Legend ~ SCALE f" • 1000' ? rZl APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN WETLANDS ~· , 33--- --- ~~? I I ·;;_5~ f? \ c:r,i~ I ---- -3 ~ .. .. 1:·~ .•li..■-■-•J~ C ~-:: i - • JANUARY ttto I ~~ UIJO"-~-r_j ill.~~J.-- - - •1~ IU ■ ~ \ ----\-- - -~-... I _-..:,.••~ 1 ......... I ......... ...•••.•.. • • • • e • • • e I e e e e e e •• e ' I , ........•. ............. • ell e • e e e • ...._. I ••••••••• l l --+-1 Sources : Flood Plain - National Flood Insurance Rate Map Wetlands - Fish & Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory, 1981 THE WBDC GROUP \t, 1 : \ .:~. ' ·,;;:":':'. GOULD 11!: NOIN£Eft1NO INC. 2040 E, MAPLE AY!:NUE FLINT, MICHIGAN PHONE 70 - 1110 �,-- • r .-• • • • . • • " • • Ill,~ ' STEEP SLOPE AREAS \\ ,7 rr II MAt'Lr;, , ilETilrTTlrr--'\ ~r::.;;;:::::JbJ""'·"'- J , I I \ , , . - , "' G.\. ;;:=======~,..'.======:::::;~~=======;:::==::;-;====.;:;;;;;;;;~~='=~=,,=c;=:;=====: l.wtii '}:'.:.-,_..., I ---1i:I r-~-. I ~•• ,, I F:.,,, ··~ .. . , IJ II I I -----2..~~, "' . 1JL.LJ~if•~lu1.u)II _' ,,,----,,c::-:-7 ' ,, ,\~--7..:, -~ :r:.1 :,•1 \\1, n F..m '-._ . '1] . • . ~ 1 .., \@~i \ ....... . \ 11110'-l.W000'\1 1 ,/, \ -//'}:;;:~;., ,;, ' t.~,__...:1 ___ --_,_[t~'"~:~1;.i~ --·.- ,o• Hill. Sl.(NI i i i i -+ • I I I )\1' Y,1'3 ---- -- - - - - - -.- -ci, J --0:1 o:I 51 f- I I .µc, --- - •------- - 29 ----\ _______ _, ________ 32 J1 ' -r----- JANUA1'Y tltO Y'~ ~ 0 IOI 10H ecALi ~ SLOPE 6 - 12% IOH r • 10ocr City/Township of Grand Blanc ~ J:::;:;:I SLOPE 12% OR GREATER . I I - 36 i -----1 I ·- ®Jj{ .. -+-- I --25 I I ~• ,..,. ...,. Source : Genesee County Soil Survey r;· .. ~l~-'-4 _..__ _ _ - _ _: - - - - - THE WBDC GROUP '".' " ., :',', GOULD INONff.EfllNG tMC. H4.e I.. IU,"-! A'IINUI l'UNT, MICHtOAN l'MOMI 741-t1H �1 1 , • . • •. • • • •, fl, 1·-- EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS AY.f.. I i : ! --- 13 --- :t I I V -· .. - - - · j . 0 0:: V I I I _, ,,.••,.,·.,<1-j -- 2 5 - - --- -I .., ~~:.:- \~~---, ~~ _L_ - ---~~ -·-\ I ~ • I " . )} ! ..... , , __.._, I I II ,~ ~ . '-. '~, . __JU-== ~~, I -- =.:::;::,=====~ I r--- -1 I - 6 ------ _, ---34 I I I % -' < ,\ : , I I I V I I I I II 1. / s ~ w e ~,, - ~ - '> 5'x ~. V ~ ,. . sc•u r-1000' City/ToJVnship of Grand Blanc _ •...::.- ~AY Legend reel SINGLE & TWO FAMILY ~ RESIDENTIAL loH:l MULTIPLE FAMILY ~ RESIDENTIAL : I I I I V ----- --31, - --- -- --+ --- ·-- 32 - -- .,_ •t0 .... fil2_ I I ~C• ''flxl . '-~ iil:I .1!£..1..J l~r.i V : :r~~. )_'.-.'.::-,.,, j JAMUAIIY - r-' ..I _ J - _ I I .,,,. ., ~• - - '"\--.. [TI [iJ COMMERCIAL 0 PUBLIC I SEMI • PUBLIC INDUSTRIAL __,-- --I ~--- - t 4•1 ls/0\ SERVICE I OFFICE W VACANT / AGRICULTURE THE WBDC GROUP AkU.1~1!~~~~.* ''\~~::(~:~:~ QOULO lNO...CUIINO rNC, H41 l. IIIIA,u: AVlNUI ,uNT, lltCMtOAN ~ I 74J•l120 �• r. r· -r· r- ~----~ •••••• ~ .TRAFFIC VOLUMES mm lfJ:fi•~;:;:. •·~ l !J IF '--~ 1 .i'--'lh- I I __ ., (-:-/5¥i _____ -'1- - - ;ox I i --·.- I Hill. GlCHS i•I • ·- _-l1_=~~-· :,_. . ■ L , ·-;RAND I~ •_ .. ~ ,, --;;-- ....... .:1...1 I -·1·I OF ~ ~lttJED 11 ......_ ·: i I '\'".9 . ■ -- _ ~.~. •I J. ------13 : ---.-::~-. r· ' 0,•'L.•• ! I : I I I ... ~N_Q__J_ 6 LA ;:, ' ' ■ J■-■,,-_ ·' I IJ , ~ ~- ' ." "" • ~ ~•~!·• \ I -------J - '', - ~'·. ··-c...... , 0:: I I 0:: ~- w ' M'CA · >JDLISH 1 ' . , • □ I■ _._,.. ' :, ,. ...,,.~ ' •r~)i ll ~ • I " 'I - . . :'\ y/,L.J "• ,o ,,c • C'Lc I I WI if ;~ _1__:·= . , J '-- N)] ,--;i . ' ,-,-, , ~ r·"-·•1 (fl, .JJI , - 30 -------- - - -- I -2'9, --- ~ \ I ,- - E!lia ___ _! I I TIA~;•~ : i,, io..;:;·:_;,~~1 ' -·-·- 1 !· __·_cc _ -------~ \.,\A/ " ' .. '' 2·'a POlLOCK -,-...... _,_ :: 1I ' a:n='!"I , z I , --- I :t~~f~'--j ~ : : " ~ -- -,,-,,~ j ? ~ ~ ~-~• _ . '-"- )J'V JANUARY 1910 - '\ _ __.___ - - --- .~:·;:·..::· City/Township of Grand Blanc i ,: i :, , : I, :' : : /2~==:=~§::='===~ ::::=: : , - ___ , ___ - '"\~ '.J --r I\ : 1-35- I I I I I I r-----i 6 _____ _ ,,,-. ,;),.,._,, -·a ~;-:.::.;... J '-'•""' mm I ?l ·---\ - --34 :' - ___ - L • I LIi L__- I R.l!::.i.:.U!v ' { ~I I ~ ~~:;~~~===J~~~===~\~~;~ : :=;'=====7 ~==k===~mmm9 f ' ;•is-;~-. _===~R9D I ' --=< • r~lz5: ------ ~ 1/.t ·.j~ ... /,j - 1 ~ , n-.- r; : ~~• I , [Lill :,I :: --- -- - - - - - - -- -----3 I' -------- -------- 32 , I - - - - - 2 7- ---- - I ~--- - . " . D ily Traffic (ADT} Counts , 1987, 1988,or1 A,e,age a 989 So"'" • MOOT, Genesee County Road Comm,ss,o . Geoesee Co"oiY Me>ropohta, I I I I I ____, - - - - THE _ . Planning Comm1ss1on WBOC GROUP 1 :\~~:~.' '~''. ···,:; :•,,;·, GOULD £NOINEl!'tllf0 INC. 20"0 £ . MAJtt.E AVENUE Fl.I NT, MICHfOAN P'HOHE TU -1 120 �,.I -~ r ■ --9.-tlrll'"11 • • -•--- -• · • ••• 11 ACCIDENT DATA I ~ r_. .Y~~;;;;r- ,,,, ' I I :.,;,',,- I ·-sr---i I • ----- j~~/s:j I - - ;o; M1~L OL;;. B.£1..Q =,,_ ,w ~-~ ~~,,.. . .u ~'.~,L--- I JI I ~I 1- I• • • 7~~=-, ~ •I ·-·GRAND jl~BLANC -~d~7f-1 _ ~ __d.. ; fl~f1l . !•1Ft e,p . i i /6 . ·, II ; ~ ~-~· -· -~ • I ------ -9----_, --J.ii-- . -- I• -+i \\. I .. ~I • i ■ I .V, u . -. I ■ : ' .J - - - - - - / 3 - - - - - - - i : ■ I I ~•-■-■~■-■-■ I' J I I : '13 I I -- I ----21 ---- .:I ! I I I"' ~ :· I •; I . . ~· I I m1 I I .,-, ,-~-~ -----\30------------- -2r t '~'"-"J \ TIRRmr.·~ i [!:'.jU : I : rI [? \ I I I I 1 I I v...._l ~ JANUAIIIY 1111 : ICALI : " r • too• City/Township of Grand Blanc >i I I s,,c,s' ~Pr~,. . _ .,., . 1 ~- , 1 ---+--_L__...,._ __ L~lf( L ~..... - . --- 25 ------- I I ------36 -----I I I I I I - -~ _1\ _ L io,..-c,,.,(.;-t- ____.._ _ I i I I 1 r'~'t·.,- .,s ~ ,~, - '?r!') ~ i '·'~->~~ 1~·- ►Jl----1---~4--- .. ., ,.,. ~~------3~ -------- -------- 32 --- .,,{,. -ot'!~'-:-~'--:'.:"- 1--~ t""'J,,·.~ \,,r g I riI:] ANNUAL AVERAGE ACCIDENTS, 1986 - 1988 • Two Year Average or Less .,===- fl ~ c,:J•l•fl(ll('" Source: Michigan State Police, Traffic Services Division ' i - -- I - THE -_-.-====----;! . WRDC GROUP ' '" ··. "' Qout.D lMQINHl'ltNCI MC. I040 L lilAPLI AVtNU& nJNT, ll)CMIQAN ,ttONll f4J - t1H �Ill • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • > c:, u0 0C: Cl.> ·~ -~ Cl.> E ~ E I.!) 0 ...--u . . 0,:, ~ 0 :5 :!: ~ cc 0 (/l cc 0 I- u w ...J ...J 0 u ...J ct u 0 ...J •• •• •• • z 0 H H ...J < u ct a:w I- cc ct H aw r:r; r:r; a: I < ~ u A < 0 ~ H r:r; H ~ ~ a:w 0 H li--4 ...J z ct ~ '-' z ...J .-~ -~~~-: . _,j~~~[Jj .,,......._. ••■•fl ct I- a: ct • • ■ ■ �l r·- r-r· r• ••••·• •• •·• •••• •• COMMUNITY FACILITIES ,i]fT sh.)? 1 l r.-:.jF,1 I s;~;. I J:1.t , I I r-~~-,-----,~: I I ~ ;, ··--· I• t• IJ 7 II I I I .,'1 ,,,, Pj ,. t,, ;;:::,_ .-f•t )•,'·· ,~·-i,,f~ f,' ·, :.1~r =·· I ~h \°L~'": ~_]j. i ,01 MILL •LtN R·I ~ ■- '~ t/ i I i : --- 13 ------ ! - I I i '?} - - - - -, --J - ~'1 I I a:: ~ ,"°' w - " . _,,,,., ..,,.,,....,7lt., !::\~ I I uI K I I I --,,r; I -- - -- -,- - -- - - -29 t • "'_-•'j~ \ : r-~- - I I Ai --------3 I I f? ' u L~,W"COIIWI C -~)fd'(J ~ ~ JANUA"Y 1'110 ..,__..L_ ___ : _,. I • " ' 1011 OCAa r - ••■- -1000' - -- 25 - ------ "t:.,11] h . ,f C ir.11 owns ip o Grand Blanc /-7,::=::::::::::::==~~~===::~~ [BJ rp7 I I I ,, ...... I I : ,-~ I · 4 --- -,- I _ . , , , __ _ \ \ I I · : ,. ,., ------ ---T--~ "y. I "-;.,r~:~\ -l:.---:'...\):I '~. II \;: ===::'==~;-;:::=~~ BAL~IN \ ~--i I l ,4 •1 ..--1 I II : . : r-----:r----I I 1 I . 1 , .~ I -,;.... .. ,\ h ~ -s:,,:~A ..... .. ''/.;<;:~ 1~~-!c=,': ........__ _ _ - r:~:~~~~~~~~~FcouRSES -+---' PUBLIC FACILITIES - SCHOOLS, CEMETERIES, u:.J CITY / TOWNSHIP BUILDINGS 1£187 Aerial Photography City of Grand Blanc Comprehensive Plan, 1981 Grand Blanc Township Comprehensive Plan , 1982 I I I __ I -- --- THC WBIJ( (,IHltll' QOUlD aNG9NIIIUNG INC. IHI L IIA"'--1: A'IINUI P'UtfT• ..Ct9CIAN PM0NI: Ul-9110 �, 1 - 1 · 1111 · 1 -ll ,-~1911 ■ l1 I .DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY _J ::===;:==:_,-:=;-----=>::::::;:;;_fTTI ~ • ' ( ~~, !;, I s•--;·t.1 i!S~,c;: , :til :: .l:-. :.{:·,, I i!i: ,-~""'--''"'-' l~J I :;i I ' r-n ' r~~,;~~ r,;.,( I r------·-_-__,_1 t:., , •·.-,.••) I -~ :q: '. \ 6,,,,-,...,.,,.,.,.,. ·,J,,;~ 'iY'"i;· -.,- -,J..,~........ LJ.,~1'"'-=-"--' \ :: :: ::1 -..., . "'''-=" I . : ' - ~ - \-,-4~¾.e®i I I 0:: \; !._' ~ ;;-,/ <il___.li~~I ',' i ,'.,___,, 1,- ~I :~---i) ,.,,uwooo':, " _. 1- z m~ ,\ ~<".Whiaville . • . - ,•. ···-' & 1 I ~ •.;.,,~r_.,:, ::· {/ 1 · r.::~:::~ '" ' ·-;;.':'>'-1 I ~ . -= ••,., :;v. " " _ __ ___ _\~~-:~:.~;.,,}•'F; ~ ~ \ '""'"'"'~ , ,, . _: _ 1 I ... 1~:; 1 , , '--1- 1 '"""16' I - \~~;-A_ ),) l □tll~~ JJ . . ...,• : li_,r-~ ,"'--:rr~,~ ~ :~•::: """""'-lli.1"'-"L---1 ';:::;:::=~ N ~H1r3v······ ......., . -• " ''"""'" I II ~r:7 - ;:;::~~;:::.!.'!.-~--'-'-~!!=;;;~==-=r-===ii'~-~ I . U r I I - . , • 1, ·-E3f-- , ~~·--- ~ ___, ___ "__ ___ • , ::j_. . ~-- ~:::1 . I ~'.:'!.'-:~J "·' · I, t I _ __ I ~~ •' i -,, - +-- i l ~l ,\j I , ■ ' • 'dA I I 8W --■-■-■ y . ._, ,. :, GRAND I , /, / " I r I . '.\l g- - I 0 ' -- 13 ------' i - -~- " I j-·1. \;}) I I I I ~~ "'V..-' I r ;-1-4\<i; I - .. -21 -- -~i_; ~t ). I ?1 :, I ,;;. "c'; I I I .~,,~ I I .. ,. ~s r 1 ' ______ ,____ -- .29 ' 1------- I ~ ,;_ / .--~·~ ---2 5 ---27- - ---- --,- --~ <t, >1 ---- - I I t= =,,.,-= ="'- -'- '' '' I I _I_ _ _ I I . TW I I C) I I ti:j : tn:_ ______3~ -- ---- -- -------rI 1 :k_ ,...:--~< c1.. • ,. ~ II I I I_ I i I I I I LA7£ .,"- C!'- ?J JANUARY 1110 sf44 - ----'-- --- L Legend ~ ~ 0 ,iii TIU WRl>l (,IU ll 'I' IIOO 1000 GOULD Utalftf.lEIU..Q INC. SCAU: f" • 1000' City/Township of Grand Blanc U40 l . 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MAPLE AVENUE FLINT, MICHIGAN PHONE 743 - 9~0 �• • Hill • • • • • • • •■ Road Corridor Plan 1 9 9 0 ■ . · : • Grand Blanc Charter Township �SUMMARY of HILL ROAD CORRIDOR PLAN The Grand Blanc Charter Township has copies of the the full Hill Road Corridor Plan available for review or for purchase at the Township offices. �■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY What is a Corridor Study? 'What type of development should be promoted along Hill Road in Grand Blanc Charter Township?" and "How can we avoid the congestion, high number of accidents, and ugly appearance which plagues other major roadways in Michigan?" Such questions about the future of Hill Road led to this comprehensive study of the six miles of Hill Road in the Charter Township of Grand Blanc, from Fenton Road to Vassar Road. Most major urban corridors in Michigan are characterized by congestion, an expanse of pavement, a proliferation of confusing signs, clutter and familiar franchise restaurants and businesses. The combination of these items over time creates indistinguishable corridors; they look about the same regardless of the community. The typical mid western corridor begins with scattered commercial development. This development generates traffic which attracts more development, until eventually congestion becomes so severe that the business climate deteriorates. Gradually viable businesses move on to new corridors. This trend is difficult to counteract since it usually occurs over a long period of time Hill Road Corridor Development Plan and thus is not readily apparent to community and business leaders. Unfortunately, it usually takes the closing or relocation of a major business or the need for a multi-million dollar roadway improvement before the problems are realized. By then, it is often too late. Hill Road is already experiencing the benefits and problems generated by growth. Further development along the corridor needs to be carefully managed and coordinated. Hill Road has been undergoing the early stages of corridor development. Residents have noticed that, along with the benefits of growth, this important corridor is slowly beginning to duplicate the character of some unattractive and poorly functioning corridors in the Flint and other metropolitan areas . Numerous signals demonstrate the corridor needs an overall plan to meet community ~o~ls.. Individually, the signals may seem ms1gnificant. However the cumulative affects of the various elements needs to be evaluated while a vision for the corridor is still possible. Grand Blanc Charter Township l �II ■ ■ ■ ■ • • • • • • Introduction and Summary Existing Conditions and Considerations for the Future: Land Use Considerations: Traffic Considerations: Determining the most appropriate future land use pattern along Hill Road is a signficant challenge for the Township. A diversity of land uses along Hill Road is already apparent, including developments such as the Grand Pointe project near the I475 interchange, several shopping centers, numerous offices, a mixture of small businesses, several multiple-family complexes and numerous single family homes. Traffic volumes along the corridor reflect the development pattern, ranging from over 25,000 vehicles a day near the I-475 interchange to less than 10,000 vehicles a day along less intensely developed sections east of Saginaw Road. But with over 1500 new homes and several commercial developments eventually planned for the area east of Center Road, traffic volumes will dramatically increase throughout the corridor. The fi,ture land use plan eool'Ded through consideration of 'Darious factors and goals, which were sometimes conflicting: Narrow residential lot frontages also create potential for an undesirable proliferation of driveways. These poorly spaced driveways conflict with Hill Road's primary function to move through traffic. • • • • • • • • • • • existing land use patterns, current zoning designation, need to minimi:ze land use conflicts, desire to preseroe the natural en'Dironment, desire to preseroe the T'U1'al character, infrastructure capabilities/capacity, traffic generation of typical uses, the real estate market, desires of property owners, need to protect property owner rights, goals and objecti'Des of the Comprehensi'De Plan. Conflicts are already apparent between some of these uses. Several of the commercial uses along Hill Road are in converted single family homes. Some of these small lot developments provide ineffective buffers between commercial establishments and the stable residential neighborhoods to the north and south. Hill Road Corridor Development Plan One of the strategies of the Plan is to reject the · common fallacy that traffic patterns should dictate land use. In contrast, the Plan proposes a realistic land use pattern that is compatible with the township's character, needs and goals. The Plan recognizes the attractiveness of this high traffic corridor to commercial uses. In particular, the Plan acknowledges the trend toward intense development proposed along Hill Road in Mundy Township to the west, which may affect the long term viability of single family homes fronting Hill Road west of I-475. However, the Plan also realizes that, while a continuous commercial corridor may be desired by individual property owners, the long range effects would be detrimental. A continuous strip of commercial uses would produce more traffic than the roadway could handle, even with improvements, and would be incompatible with the many residential uses along the corridor. Grand Blanc Charter Township 3 �■ •■ • • • • • • • • Introduction ,ind Summary Balancing the Rights of Property Owners and the Community: Land Use: The Plan attempts to balance the property owners' right to a reasonable rate of return on their investment, as noted in recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, with the township's right to require quality development consistent with community goals . The Plan may not always result in the highest profit for each property owner, but is considered to be reasonable. The overall result of the Plan should protect investments of property owners community-wide. Corridor Plan Recommendations: This study recommends: future land uses along Hill Road; roadway, landscaping and drainage improvements; and site design standards to promote quality development. The overall intent of the Plan's recommendations is to promote development along the corridor which complements other corridor uses and the community's image. Relationship to Comprehensive Plan: the Township An amendment to the Township Planning Act (Public Act 168 of 1959, as amended) in 1987 allows townships to prepare "subarea" plans for areas with unique physical characteristics. The amendment also states that once the standards of a subarea plan are adopted by the Township Planning Commission, site plans for developments within the designated subarea "shall comply with the Plan adopted." The Hill Road study is an element of the larger Comprehensive Plan prepared jointly by the City of Grand Blanc and the Charter Township of Grand Blanc, which will guide development decisions for both communities into the next decade. Hill Road Corridor Development Plan The land use recommendations of this study focus on interspersing commercial and residential uses to preserve the corridor's character and provide efficient traffic operations into the future. The proposed diversity of land uses, in conjunction with other measures, will help avoid premature and expensive public improvements. • Long term redevelopment of residential uses west of the 1-475 interchange with unified office uses. • The proposed Grand Pointe development should meet the need for intense commercial uses along the corridor. • The section from Porter Road to Dort Highway is appropriate for small to midsize neighborhood commercial and office uses, but should not serve as a continuation of the community-wide type uses envisioned just east of 1-475. • The area surrounding Hill Road's intersections with Dort Highway and Saginaw Street should be redeveloped as a commercial node to support the growing number of township residents and motorists in the area. • The farmstead, wetlands, Thread Creek, and Maplelawn Cemetery should be preserved as a transitional entry into the residential east end of the corridor. This area could be preserved by the Township and property owners through enrollment in the state farmland and open space preservation program, or a farmland or open space trust fund. • The area east of Center Road should maintain its residential character, with a limited amount of neighborhood- oriented commercial development. Grand Blanc Charter Township 5 �---- •■ ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • • Introduction and Summary • • The Township should take a more assertive role in managing property access, and improving coordination with the Genesee County Road Commission in reviewing driveway permit requests. The Township and the Genesee County Road Commission should begin working toward construction of a boulevard in near the I-475 interchange. This will include a determination on the cross section (width) and right-of-way needed. • Right turn deceleration tapers should be required by the Genesee County Road Commission for major traffic generators (such as over 40 right turns expected during the peak hour) prior to granting driveway permits. • Driveways should be adequately spaced from other driveways and intersections to preserve traffic operations. Such requirements can be provided in the zoning ordinance to assist the Road Commission in controlling access. • Frontage drives, rear service drives, shared driveways, and connected parking lots should be used to minimize the number of driveways, while preserving the property owners right to reasonable access. Walk/Bikeways: Observations, worn paths, and the desires expressed by residents demonstrate the need for improving pedestrian facilities along Hill Road. The Plan recommends long term development of a sidewalk and bikepath system along the corridor. The plan proposes sidewalks west of Saginaw and a wider bikepath running along or near Hill Road east of Saginaw, to link the large residential developments with schools, parks, shopping areas and other neighborhoods. Hill Road Corridor Development Plan Drainage: The Plan offers general recommendations for drainage improvements for each major segment of the corridor. These include a combination of improving existing drains and constructing on-site stormwater retention facilities. Site plans should be designed to minimize the amount of impervious surface contributing to stormwater runoff. One suggestion is to provide maximum as well as minimum parking space requirements and/or a maximum percent of the site which can be covered with building and pavement. The Plan includes general, corridor-wide guidelines for visual elements, such as landscaping and signs. Segment improvements are noted for drainage improvements, roadway width, sidewalks and bikepaths. Specific site development standards are provided to help ensure quality and complementary development. Landscaping: Landscaping provides both aesthetic and functional benefits. The aesthetic benefits have been recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court as a legitimate public interest. In addition to the aesthetic benefits, landscaping provides environmental benefits, organizes traffic flow, decreases the rate of stormwater runoff and buffers incompatible land uses . The Plan suggests several landscape standards for future developments. • Provide trees, berms and other landscaping along the Hill Road frontage, such as one canopy tree and several understory plantings per each 40 feet of linear frontage . Grand Blanc Charter Township 7 �■ ■ ■ •■ lntroducHon and Summary boulevard. Similar, but smaller, signs or entry treatments could be used at the I-475 interchange and at Vassar Road. Implementation: Many Plan recommendations could be implemented by amending the zoning ordinance, review procedures and administrative practices; others will require a public-private partnership. The Plan provides a checklist (the open boxes) to help monitor implementation. Zoning Ordinance Amendments: ■ ■ ■ The Plan suggests several changes to the current Township zoning districts. Some of the recommended site design standards should be incorporated into appropriate sections of the zoning ordinance. Others are intentionally flexible to be used as guidelines to assist developers and designers when preparing development proposals, and to assist reviews by Township officials. I Q ■ ■ I I I I •I • Overlay District: The Plan recommends creation of a "Hill Road Overlay Zoning District." This district could provide separate provisions for permitted and special land uses, landscaping, building and parking lot setbacks, signs, and other regulations. Q Q Special Land Uses: Provide for "Special Land Uses" within the commercial and office zoning districts. These special land uses, as provided for in the 1979 amendments to the Rural Township Zoning Act, are those which may be acceptable in some sections of a zoning district following review and approval based on discretionary and nondiscretionary standards. Districts: The Plan recommends that the current zoning districts be restructured as follows: Hill Road Corridor Development Plan Residential - given the emergence of site condominiums, the zoning ordinance should list both maximum densities and minimum lot size for the various residential districts. Environmental characteristics and existing development character should be considered in determining maximum density. The Comprehensive Plan suggests density classifications. The two office districts could be combined into one Office-Service district. This district would permit low intensity office-service uses which are primarily or exclusively daytime operations, and thus have less impact on adjacent residences. High traffic generators would be listed as Special Land Uses. The four commercial districts could be combined into two districts-Neighborhood Commercial and Community Commercial, making ample use of Special Land Use provisions. Neighborhood commercial uses would be those serving the surrounding area (typically a one-mile radius) or those that predominantly serve traffic already on the street. Community Commercial would permit most higher intensity commercial uses, similar to the current B-3 General Business and Freeway Service Districts, but those potentially incompatible with residential uses or generating very high peak hour traffic volumes would be listed as Special Land Uses. Q Landscaping: Provide mm1mum standards for landscaping along the street, within parking lots and as a buffer from less intense uses. Minimum sizes at planting should be specified. Incentives should be provided for preserving existing large, healthy and durable species native to Michigan. Grand Blanc Charter Township 9 �•■ •■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Introduction and Summary Other Roles: The public, business leaders and developers also have a role to promote quality. Many of the recommendations are minimums or guidelines. The private sector needs to work cooperatively with the governmental leaders and staff to promote managed high quality growth . While many of the Plan recommendations are intended to be gradually implemented as new uses are constructed, there are several corridor-wide improvements which will require public funding. The major public sector projects such as improvements to Hill Road, street trees and a sidewalk/bikepath system, will require support from the community and business interests. Hill Road Corridor Development Plan Grand Blanc Charter Township 11 �• • • • • • • "' Boland Drive to Porter Road : Fe nto n Road to 1-475: Widen Hill Road and R.O.W. to accommodate a 20-30 ft. wide grassed median if/ I . when both sides redevelop with unified office develapmen t. Res lrict to two access po ints by using a Frontage Road / con nected parking lots. Construct new stcrmwater 0 _,_,_,o_n_t_•g_e_p,_o_p_•_rt_ie_•~, _ _t_in_•_•_, West to Sherwood drain . Center Road to Belsay Road : Add s idewalk. Add street trees. 1-475 to Boland Drive: Widen Hill Road and R.O .W. to accommodate a 20--30 tt. wid e grassed median. Prohibit left turns from Grand Pointe Drive but add a one-sided signal at med ian crossover . 1 ◄t---A-d_d_•_t_,e_•_t _i,_ee_•_·_ _ _ _ _ ◄t-•-t_e_o_l•_n_d_•_n..,d Comp lete sidewalk. Antoinette . ► cou~mn 1-11tLCR£ST ~ ESTATES 0 Widen Hill Road to three lanes with curbs to accommodate traffic volumes and lett turns , while preserving residential character. Future office expansion at Center Road shou ld share existing Hill Ad . driveway. Install/require right-turn deceleration tapers at all high traffic driveways and minor cross streets. Develop an 8-fo ot wide bike path along Hill Road or through the parallel Consume rs Power right-of-way 1/4 mile to the south - long-term connection to Perry Road. Add street trees as area develops. Upsize / construct drains or stormwater sewers flowing to Myers Drain, which is scheduled for Improvement. Redes ign intersection to correct offset at Old f ra nklin. Porter Road to Dort Highway: Stormwater retention will be needed as vacant pareels develop. Redesign intersection to correc t offset .., t: Thread Creek to Center Road: North Side : I Frontage Road from Porter Place to Lincoln with very limited access. Close two of fiv e exis ti ng Porter Place/ban k/ 7-11 driveways . Add street trees . Add sidewalks . Improve Count y drain to the North to serve new developmen t. I I Maintain urban/rural transitional character. Encourage preservation cl Centenn ial farm. Main tain two-lane roadway with restricted access. Consider bike path 1/4 mile ◄►--•-o_u1_h_o_1_H_i1_1_Ad_._ Belsay Road to Vassar Road : _ _ _ _ _ , _____A_e_a1_;9_n_G _e _n_e_s_s_•_A_o_ad_an_d_ex_1_en_d_1o_c_o_n_n_ec_1_w_it_h_P_e_r_ry_A_o_a_d_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.._ LOR ci a: LOR 1. . . - - - D- r_a_rn_i_m_p_ro_v_e_m_e_n_t_n•_•_d_e_d_ , s_c_h_ed_u1_e_d_1o_r_1_9_9_1.________ , I LOR ci a: LOR Improve condition of existing two-lane road. Add center turn lane at all four legs of Belsay Road intersection. Add street trees as vacant areas develop with residential uses. UJ w ~ 0 :i: I MOR LOR 0[ r- LOR 8 ~ 8 ci a: a: < (/) (/) • L OR z 0 0 ~ ci a: >z . STOCk&RJOC( COMMONS < > ORCHARD LOR Exland S1raa1 : UJ u.. : HAVEN LOR ',IV I/' LOR changed zoning to commercial CORRIDOR PLAN/ LOR GIBSON RD . ci a: a: w >a: 0 C. REID RD. --1--1 Porter Road to Dort Highway: South Side: As area redevelops , require joint access and connected parking lots. Prohibit driveways (left turns) within 200 tt. of the Dort Highway intersect ion. Add street trees. Add sidewa lks. Establish new county drain in the South to serve this area ; otherwise on-site retention needed. * Co~nt agr&ement CORRIDOR-WIDE IMPROVEMENTS: Dort Highway to East of Saginaw: Minimize driveways. Add street trees. Complete sidewalk. Consider lower level lighting for "Whigville". Develop new drainage system running east to Thread Creek. TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENTS: • Incorporate access management standards for driveway spacing end location; minimize number of driveways; promote shared access. • Incorporate landscape standards for street edge, within parking lots , and to butter incompatible user, • Prohibit use or portable signs; promote ground signs. • Amend zoning ordinance to treat high tratflc generators es "Speclal Land Uses ... • EXISTING TRAFFIC SIGNAL 0 POTENTIAL TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL ( 1-4 UN;TSIACAE) MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL (4.1-8 UNITS/ACRE) HIGH OENSllY RESIDENTIAL (8-20 UNITS/ACRE) 111111111111 PROPOSED BOULEVARD • - - - PROPOSED FRONTAGE ROADS I REAR SERVICE DRIVES ~ - Hill Road Corridor Study· Grand Blanc Charter Township NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL I SERVICE 0 COMMUNITY COMMERCIAL OFFICE ~ ~.., 500 PUBLIC I SEMI-PUBLIC RURAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL 1000 Road wldlhs no1 10 SC3le � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Grand-Blanc_Master-Plan_1991 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The WBDC Group Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-11 Title A name given to the resource Grand Blanc Community Master Plan and the Hill Road Corridors Study Description An account of the resource The Grand Blanc Community Master Plan and the Hill Road Corridors Study was prepared for the Grand Blanc region by The WBDC Group in November 1991. Subject The topic of the resource Master plan reports Grand Blanc (Mich.) Grand Blanc Township (Mich.) Genesee County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/347017284c800c6d4c0e065715088c1a.jpg e3bbf47dee2e03646fac6d2182d085f5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_V_37_001 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1941-09-05 Title A name given to the resource Grand Canyon Desert View Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Grand Canyon. Trees are visible in the bottom right of the frame, and a rock formation can be seen in the center of the foreground of the image. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Canyon National Park Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3493d282609b3200afc336373f50c144.jpg a772432acacd9708ee826b5af46188f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_V_27_012 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-05-03 Title A name given to the resource Grand Canyon from Cliff Ruins Pt. Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Grand Canyon. Tall rock formations are visible on the left side of the frame with mountains visible in the background. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Canyon National Park Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/014a304b3363c12ed8d5cfc605c26278.jpg df13c4001613f56224d1c97699bbd72d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_FilmPacks_V_27_005 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939-05-02 Title A name given to the resource Grand Canyon from Hopi Point W Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of the Grand Canyon. Trees are visible on the left side of the frame. The side of a canyon wall is visible in the center of the frame. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Canyon National Park Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f1b9648fbb0da54c14e7f5b7544e43ed.jpg ffd0646667b159c9facca3c0e0582217 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_2_1909-1911_98 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-15 Title A name given to the resource Grand Canyon, looking east below Grand View Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph in portrait orientation of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park. Taken by Robert Merrill, looking east below Grand View. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Canyons Rivers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/69290c0f744f12715dbdcccb1be5846c.jpg 3259dfa3cc2de5b9dd60213b9d6d4d40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_EastmanAlbum_2_1909-1911_96 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1911-08-15 Title A name given to the resource Grand Canyon, looking south from Inspiration Point Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph in portrait orientation of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park. Taken by Robert Merrill, looking south from Inspiration Point. Subject The topic of the resource Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Canyons Rivers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d71f413176de9eb8f78116da85d24208.pdf 6d0636ea6cdd1eb8a3049437f752a731 PDF Text Text GRAND HAVEN SESQUIFEST 150 Years Mulligan's Hollow Recreation Park POW July 7 & 8 1984 Men's & Women's :'.°'l<U;G.r: Cui1i11'L,;S1l 1 $500 first._ All Categories 111B{.X.l?rize $ $300 for 1st (8) Drums registered ... must live 50 miles outside of Grand Haven Head Dancers Jerry Hawpetoss Virginia Pigeon DRUM CONTb.:S'l' 1st - $300.00 2nd - $200.00 3rd - $100.00 ;ll·:.'.D VE'l'F:l/AN Frank hish PUBLIC WELCOME! Grand Entry Saturday 1:00 p.m. Sunday 1:00 p.m. Registration opens Friday - 6 to 10 p.m. Saturday - 9 to 12 noon No Exceptions .A (I /f'~,~~ TRADER FEE $50 Contact Ike Peters Phone 616/530-8790 4240 Grandville, Michigan ~ FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: Phil Memberto 774-8331 (work) 451-9697 (home) Jerry Pigeon 451-8451 (work) Bill Memberto 363-8471 (home) �Mulllgan's Hollow Recreation Park 150 Years POW July 7 & 8, 1984 REGISTRATION OPENS Friday 6 to 10 p.m. Saturday 9 to 12 Noon No Exceptions TRADER FEE $75 for the weekend. CONTACT Ike Peters 4240 Chicago Drive Grandville, Ml (616) 530-8790 NO IMPORTS Head Dancers Virginia Pigeon Jerry Hawpetoss Grand Entry Saturday - 1:00 p.m. ,'~1.A'....'U' Sunday - 1:00 p.m. Head Veteran Mr. Frank Bush Drum Contest 1st $300 2nd $200 3rd $100 M.C. · Mr. John Balley $300 for the 1st (8) drums registered. Must live 50 mlles outside Grand Haven. Dance Contest 17 yrs. & up 1st $500 Men's/Women's 2nd $300 Trad.lFancy 3rd $200 10 to 16 yrs. OoyslGirls Trad./Fancy 1st $300 2nd $200 3rd $100 1st 25 families to register and participate will receive $50 ... must live 50 mlles outside Grand Haven. Camping available to participants. ii'!'JI ~ Cash prizes for boys & girls categories under 10 years. NO DRUGS OR ALCOHOL Public Welcome! For more information, contact: Phil Memberto Jerry Pigeon Bill Memberto (616) 774-8331 (work) 451-9697 (home) (616) 451-8451 (work) (616) 363-8471 (home) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native American Publication Collection Subject The topic of the resource Native Americans Indians of North America Anthropology Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Michigan Description An account of the resource Selected digital surrogates of published and unpublished materials from the Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection dealing with different aspects of human culture and anthropology, with an emphasis on Native American people, events, organizations, and activities in Michigan. Includes newsletters, event programs, flyers, posters and other printed materials. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gillis, Edward V. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American Publication Collection (RHC-14)</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-02-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Gi-gikinomaage-min Project (Kutsche Office of Local History) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-2000 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/446">Edward V. Gillis Native American publication collection, RHC-14</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-14_grand-haven-sesquifest_1984-07 Title A name given to the resource Grand Haven Sesquifest Pow Wow, July 1984 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984-07 Description An account of the resource Grand Haven Sesquifest Pow Wow flyer, Grand Haven MI, July 7-8, 1984, collected by Edward Gillis include.d as part of his Native American publication collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mulligan's Hollow Recreation Park Subject The topic of the resource Indians of North America -- Michigan -- Periodicals Indians of North America Michigan Michigan -- Grand Rapids Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/593ccd0760ef0a958fc0f6f187da363f.pdf 7a28bf03660c406aab9f3bccf898321f PDF Text Text �� https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ec16542d686602bf10bc787365b1558b.pdf 0d1d970ac01e81ce16ec2cdae7a87667 PDF Text Text Of the October Term of the DeWitt Circuit Court, in the Year of our Lord Eighteen Hundred and Sixty, State of Illinois, Dewitt County The Grand Jurors chosen, selected and sworn in for the county of DeWitt, in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Illinois, upon their oaths, present that on the tenth day of September in the year of our Lord Eighteen Hundred and Sixty at the county of DeWitt in the State of Illinois aforesaid, George Gregg then and there not having a legal license to keep a grocery, did unlawfully sell spirituous liquors; by a less quantity than one gallon, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the same people of the State of Illinois. 2d. And the Grand Jurors aforesaid, in the name and by the authority aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present, that on the day and year last aforesaid, at the county and State aforesaid George Gregg then and there not having a legal license to keep a grocery, did unlawfully sell spirituous liquors; by a less quantity than one gallon, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the same people of the State of Illinois. 3d. And the Grand Jurors aforesaid, in the name and by the authority aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present, that on the day and year last aforesaid, at the county and State aforesaid George Gregg then and there not having a legal license to keep a grocery, did unlawfully sell spirituous liquors; by a less quantity than one gallon, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the same people of the State of Illinois. 4th. And the Grand Jurors aforesaid, in the name and by the authority aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present, that on the day and year last aforesaid, at the county and State aforesaid George Gregg then and there not having a legal license to keep a grocery, did unlawfully sell spirituous liquors; by a less quantity than one gallon, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the same people of the State of Illinois. 5th. And the Grand Jurors aforesaid, in the name and by the authority aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present, that on the day and year last aforesaid, at the county and State aforesaid George Gregg then and there not having a legal license to keep a grocery, did unlawfully sell spirituous liquors; by a less quantity than one gallon, contrary to the form of the Statute in such case made and provided; and against the peace and dignity of the same people of the State of Illinois. Ward H. Lamon State’s Attorney, 8th J.D. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-45_CW1-4363 Title A name given to the resource Grand Jury indictment of George Gregg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1860-10 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lamon, Ward Hill, 1828-1893 Subject The topic of the resource Lamon, Ward Hill, 1828-1893 Alcoholic beverages Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 Grand jury Indictments Court records United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 De Witt County (Ill.) Illinois Description An account of the resource Illinois Grand Jury indictment of George Gregg for selling spirituous liquors without a license. Signed by Ward H. Lamon, former law partner of Abraham Lincoln. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Civil War and slavery collection (RHC-45): http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ff9f4356016596b7b0af8ea161eef333.pdf f39dea71e8d619ecc99b72a58d8d6f6d PDF Text Text ..,_ ) • < • ' • • • Memories of Great Races hich on National Fame ith Sport Lovers Linger -----·--- G UARDIAN of atl1letic l1·aditio11s, lJL1ilde1· of ll1Cll a11d cha111JJio11s, tl1c G1·a11d RatJids Boat ~t11tl l:a11oe club, fo1· yea1·s outsta11di11g i11 tl1e .:t1111als of loc,tl l1isto1·y, l1as clecided aside its idc11lity. 1'110 club l1as oll'c1·ed lo Ll1e city its p1·ope1·ty a11d clubl1011sc 011 (;1•a11cl ri,·c1·, r1ca1· Nu1·ll1 Park, ,vitl1 tl1c 11n<le1·sta11di11g ll1al tl1c city cor1tin11c ll1c ,,,or!-: of· tl1e cl11b i11 SJJ01·ls. Eve1·y i11dicalio11 l1us l)CC11 J,y tl1e fact tl1,1t tl1c Jirst eigl1l• to lay oarccl C~ra11d l{:.llJi(ls boat "\\'US see11 ill actiOll ::tway fL'OJ)l 1101110. give11 by l:ity Ma11agc1· 1,·1·ed Locke a11d 111c111bc1:s ot· tl1e co111111issio11 tl1at tl1e gift ,vill 111 1914 the Ce11t1·al States l'ega.tt:..t. l1igb lJOint LL"OlJhJI' agu,in ca1ne to Gra11cl 11-aJ)icls \vl1e11 six erc\vs \vo11, ]Je acce1Jted as 011e of tl1c 111ost 'fl1is ycn.r tl1c se11ior cig•ht-oared sl1cll ,vas entered in tl1c People's ge11ero11s offe1·s eve1· 111ade. reg-utt,c at Pl1iladelpl1i,1. 'l'l1c local Tl1e sole stipulatio11 n1ade by crc,vs wou11d 1111 tl1e year by ,vinPresident Chat>les Mc(,,!ue,va11 u.nd 11i t1g tl1c larger sl1aro af tl1e races men1bers of tho club is "tha't the at tl,e Cl1icago Labor day rcga.tta. city assume a 111o·rtgage of $3,000 'T'l1e11 1914 sa,v t)10 <'ii;l1t-oarecl agai11st tl1e property, wl1icl1 is val- crew reach the fl.11al heigl1ts of 1,ed at n,ore tha1, $30,000. '.L'l1e city ro,ving and Vl·in a first at ll10 Na11,1s expressed tho J101Je tl1at tl1e clut, will f1111ction as a self-sttt111orling utility, provlcling an excelle11t 111t1nlc!pall)• cor,trolled 1,lace fol' social and atl,,etic ,,ctivities. 'l'he Uru11d - l~~nirlR J-:Jor,t pnrJ~.<::innr n]11l, hrilrl1.1 I \ r I 1110 ln11,i 1t11dcr '" 99-year lease l'.·l1lcl1 l1as 80 n10,·e ;;cars to run. 1 l\la11y notable prii,es havo been· brou.e;l1t to tl1c city by club rr,ernbers. Discarding the practical value of tl,e publicity attendant 011 sucl1 efforts ar1<l lool{ing or1 tlte glamorous scene of clea11-limber, higl1 spil:ited ~vou11g men forgi11g ahead tl1rougl1 years oJ: p:ttient effort to rea,•11 son1e of tho pinnacles in tl1e ar1.1ateur sporting world, it ma~,. be seen that tl1e club ,vill 1'ing·er long and fondly in tl1e 111emories of tl1ose ,vl10 favor sport~ma11shi1> in Its best for111s. First Victory Comes 'I'l1e first winning crew to appear on local waters as the result of orgar,i«ed efEort was a four comJ?osed of A. B. Carroll, strcl,e; Je~sie Fox, No. 3; Cl1arles McQuewa11, No, 2, and Willl11n1 Sargeant, No. 1. It was the juni01· four-aared event held 011 lleec1s lal,e 011 a two- R"'g;:.Jtf-:=t "'"'::-·' ~t"ff:!c1 P..:1pld1 Bc::it ..:tl~ Cance ... !ub !.t.i cu,1JJ. ~kcl -~ ... overflowing, The two large pictures were taken in 1921 whery the club was host to Central States Amateur Rowing association, In tile smaller pictures (upper right) are the members of the first crew to win a race for Grand Ra,pids. From left to right they are: William Sargeant, Charles McQuewan, Jesse Fox and A. A. Carroll. Directly beneath then, is the famous eight of 1922 which won three races in four days at Peoria, Ill. The man witl, the megaphone strapped to his face is Pete DeYoung, one of the best coxswains over known hereabouts, Others in the boat are Russell Nelson, stroke; Alvin Hoek, No, 7; R. Tanis, No. 6; Phil Thorndyke, No. 5; George Dunker, No, 4; Mart 8ursn1a, No. 3; Bill Youngs, No, 1, and 1-loward McMillan. bow. Upper left is a four out for a spin. They are, from front to rear: Herbert Conlon, Ernest Conlon, Charles McQuewan, and Jack Corbett, the latter coach of the crack crews for many years. In the small pi~ture, low,, left, are seen Lester Stiles and Clarence Worfels, who won the junior clouble sculls of the Southwestern Amateur Rowing association meet held at Peoria in 1912. ' era mile course tl1at tl1t::se me11 ca1Jt11recl and t!·1eir ti1ne, 12 minutes, 27 H iSecond:.:;, stands as a l'ecord today, This ot1tstancl'ing victory ,vas the result of 1norc lht-t11 tl1ree years of r,rcparalio11, The first club lo be organizecl l1erc was tile o,vashlanong clttb, ir1 1884. In 1385 it built a boat l1ouse on needs lal,c. Tl1is <club contin11ed until 1891. !11 1889 1.11e jurtior cre,v, cor111,osecl of Ja.n1C'~ J1'orhes, strol-<e; C. Freeman, No. 3; W!ll!a111 Beeson, Nci. 2, and :Ed Earl, bo1,·. \¥011 the junior fotn· l'ace at tl10 Nort11,vesler11 Amalet1r Ro,ving associn.,tjon regatta. Tho senior c1·e,v again annexed anotl1er first place. 111 1802 the Gra11d Rapids Bo,it club wa:; born, successor to tl1e 0,vashlanong clttb. I11 1901 the ENRY FORD ,vas in the public eye a quarte1· of a ce11tu1·y ago but 11ot as the moto1· mag11ate and manu- factu1·e1· of 10 million a11to1nobiles. On Jan. 13, 1904 newspapers ca1·1·ied repo1·t\ that ''He111·y l!.,ord of Detroit'' set a ne,v speed 1·ecord fo1· -automobiles by driving the ''famous 999'' The 1·eco1·cl a n1ile in 39 2-5 seconds. Da)· lot1 and Vv"heeli11,:;-. Da11ville ancl New Baltimo1·e befo1·e offi- Peoria prese11tecl '1jJplicatio11s to ll1c cial ti1ners and b1·oke the pre- leag·t1e should a11y cities clrop out. Nortll,vestE'rn An1ateur Jtovving as- sociation held its last regatta in Gra11cl l1apids at Reeds Lake, at ..,·J1ich meet tl1e local club 1vo11 tl10 1ntern1ediate four-oared eve11t. Club Settles Down The year 1902 sa,v the club r,1ovc to tl1e locatio11 it is 1101,· g·ivi11g to tl1e city. Tlte r,arno at tl1is ti111e ,,:as cl1anged to the• one it hare fro1n then on, namely, tl1e Gra,11d Rapids Boat and Canoe cl11i,. Organization of cre,,vs :tnd training wc11t forward slowly but surely. In 1904 fo11r local rcgattn.s ,vere l1eld and in 1906 medals ,verc given. !11 1907 anotl1er regatta was J1eld a11d tl1e club also J)articipated i11 tl1e Macalawa regatta, rowi11g against Cl1 i~ago a11d \vi1111ing ft ve out of six events. The11, In 1911, ll1e club swu11g Into realizatio11 of its hopes and plans, a11 era that lasted u11til nuton1obl)es and a growing public Jove for distant ar1ci faster moving pleasures ,vitl1 less worlc brougr1t a slaclceni11g of interest in river sporta. At tl1e Central States regatta at Peoria, Ill., the local club entered six 1nen. 'fl1ese 111en brought hon1e tl1e associatio11's higl1 poi11t lt·ophy after winning tl1e ju11ior singles, junior doubles, half-mile dasl1 for fours and tl1e senior single title. When Labor day of tl1e san1e year arrived tl1e Grand Rapids club went to Chicago and rle[eated the l,1ke city men In almost every contest. Triumphs Continue In 1912 tl1e club co11ti11ued its conquests. At the Central States ancl Soutl1west regattas they won all single a11<l do11ble shells races, one four-oar sl1ell race in both tl1e Central a11d South,veste1·11 r11eets; all q11ttrter-rnile clasl1 events, the Ce11tr,1l high point tropl1y and tied 'l'.·itl1 St. Lo11is for ll1e s:tmc trophy In tl1e Soutl1,vestern 111eet. ln tl1e l\"atlonal associatio11 regatta tl1ey won the i11tcrn1c<liate four-oar race. This year was also marked ·• tiona.l r<>gatla at Phil,1delphia. I,oc-al strol,ers took six firsts at tl1e (lran,l Rapids-Cl1ic1go meet at Wl1ite Jake. !11 1915, at tl1e Michigan Union reg,1tta at .'\nn Arbor in ,vl1icl1 were e11tered crews from tl10 Detroit, C'adillac, Gra11,l 11aplds boat clubs and tl1e stude11ts at tl1e 11niversity, Gran<l Rapids made a clca,1 sweep of ,,11 canoe P-vc11ts 81Jd ,vo11 five of seve11 shell races. The Worlcl war came alo11g· and rowi11g languisl1ed. 111 1920 the sport was revived an<l at the Central States reg1,tta at tJ1e n1unicij,al pier i11. ·C hicago the Grand Rapic,s club wo11 fou1· firsts. Hold Major Meet H,re The role vf l1ost to a 111a.jor meet ,vas first tairen by the Grand Rapicls 1.:lub ,·n 1 921 •·,hen 1·t 1-11 vi'ted the " Central States ,\.mateur 11owing associatio11 J1ere. G,·ai,d Rapids played tl1e perfect J1ost but refused to ,c;i,'e UJJ its claim to beiiig tile best ro,ving club nncl 1,r~St'llt ,valkecl away witl1 the J1 igli point tror,l1Y, I,, 1922 ca111e a series of haJ,pening·s tl1at cl imaxecl all that l1ad gone befo~ :i.11d \vhicl1 sent the high reputatio11 of tl10 local club across tl1e cou11 try. 1,1 1021 at tl10 !1on1e regatta Detroit J1ad 11osed 011 t the Graild Rapids eig!1t-oared cre,,v i11 a rousi1t~ fi11isl1 and i11 111any hearts g-100111 had settled i11 spite of the fact tl1e local club ,,011 tl1e l1igl1 poi11t iropl1y. T-tatecl as a ''jlLt1ior" eigl1t, becattse ;t_ l1ad 11ever ,vo11 2. 11rst P):tce, tl11s same ct·e,v ,ve11t to the Soutl11\'est :tssoc1,ttio11 111cet ,J Ltlv G, 6, 7, S, Tl1e Centra,,! States regatta ,vas being lleld tllere at tlIQ sa 1110 tiiiie. Famous 19 22 Eigl,t Wins . . Entering the Soutl1wcst Ju111or r<:1.ce tl1e eight ,vo 11 ll,'l,lltlily i'.ro 111 Detroit, tl,eii· iie,,rest coii1petitor. 'I'liis er,titlecl tl1e 111 to enter sciliur competitioii, aiid on tJ-,e folloiving day th8 Y agai)l wall,e<l a,vay ,vitll tlle race a nd th " chainpiitosliip. Not satiSfied wjth this spleridid sl1owi11g, tl1e crew in1mediate ly ar1·angect to row i11 the Central re,;·attii final ai,a 0 11 ce n1ore, witl1 cnly a day's rest, ,van a.not)1cr title. Wi11nlng ll11:ee starts in four days over cot1rses a11d d ista11ces sucl1 as were l!iid out at Peoria ren1ains a feat rarely equalled. Besides the achievement of their . leading cro1,v, otl1e1· Gr,1nd lt:11,1cls co111bi11ations ,van four firsts :i.na an equal numbei· of seconds and thirds in tl,c South,veste,·i, 11 ,,,~t and tl,e junior slng·les ai,d jtiiiict· cloub)es iii tlie Cei,tral races. Fron, tliis l,io! poirit t\lAre caiiic abottt the gradt~al cleclin; of the sport of ro,,•in'' wl,icli !,as caiise<l tl1e directors the club to l1o!cl tl1e opinion that tl1e club will f1111ctio11 best, 1ierl1aJ)S, in 111unicipal l,ai,,Js. It rnay continue to be a part of tho city's recreatio11 but it v,ill hav<'> to worlc Ion~ and h rd to acl1ie,,o tl1e l1ig!1 ~place tl1~t tl1e Gr,,11d Rapicls Boat ancl Canoe club helcl in the eyes of the rowir,,:;world for many y0ars a11d to brir1g to tl1e city ll1c famo that v.·as sl101v0rctt on lt by tl10 l1nrd-worJ.::i11g· a111alet1r oarsn1e11 of otl18r d:1.,•s. It is a 11oliceal,lc J)Oint i11 tl1e l1istory of tl1e club tl1at tl1roughout it ,vas n1aintained by the n1embers ;;f I I and. tl1at c·,e11 after it l)ogan to gai11' pro111i11e11te, it preferred to l1t111dle its o,vn aff~iirs. Amateur Spirit f,Jolds If ever a cltlb' v.•as tho1·ougl1ly a1nateur i11 tl1e entire spirit of the ,vord it ,vas 1.110 Gr2.11d Ilapids Boat and C,1.11oc club. 'fl1e mcn1bcrs met crews backed by u11Ji111ited finances, witl1 more expensive equipn1e11t and. greater resources of all otl1er 1,inds, but always abided by tl1ci1· o,vn decisions an,! ,vere 1·ev.•arded by tl1eir victories. The cltlb in later· years l)ecan1e r11ore of a social ce11tcr tl1,1.11 sports lielcl, altl1oug·t1. it foster~cl tl1e ud·va11cen1e nt of tennis i11 the city and offered encouragement in other sports. ::l{a11y peo1ole l1ave memories of the openi11g r,arties that followed ereclio11 of tl1e clubl1ouse ill 1907 a11d tl1e sul,sectue11t wl1irl of :;ociul ev·e11Ls tl1rougl1 tl1e years. Tl1e dining roo,n, ,vitlt ils up-river vista, will re111aln as one of the fragrant 1ne1nories of tl1e ciL1l1l101tSl', as ,viii ,memories of · its spacious verandas and green lawns and tl1e J h't ·1 ct1 ea11, w , e sand p1 es provided for 1e chilclre11 . ,vorl,er and unclivicled eutl1usiast, 110 ,vas honored by tl1e club in 1921 Associatecl witl1 thoug·I1t of the pJaco will rerr,ain other memot•ies, tl1ose of men ,vl10 W".'' for the club, and wl10 \'lorked for 1t. Among tl1c latter ,,vas tl1e late ll11ntley R1,ssell, wl1ose" l:'":de1:sl1i1, 1i11. ": <l:·iv~ for !11en1b~rsl11J) 1n 19(2 1es11lted 1n an inc~·eu.se oJ: . nearly 100 and . ,vt1lcl1 ultimately I esult:d ln erect1?n of tl1e clubhou~e which v.·as cons1~ered one ot tl1e _f111e~t 1~ tl1e coun,t'. y. It l1ad room for .JO 1_ac111g sl1el,s an_d 150 canoes. Besides tl,e ten111s '.'01,rts tl!e1 e ar': pla.ces fo1· quoits and a ba~eball cl1arno11d. Honor Charles McQuewan F.very s1,orting club l1a:; its clea11 :i11d to C~l1srles 1\,lcQuewan. of :i~r, ,,.rttsl1ing·to11 st .. SE .• g·oes tl10 11011or ,v1ll1 tl1e Gra11d ll:t)Jids l3oB.I. a11d (canoe club. A me111be1· of tl1e first ~re,v io ,,·in l1 erc in tl16 (.J1vasl,t,,nong club days, coacl1, counsellor, BREAKING IT GENTLY Tl1ere ca111e a !1urried !,11ock at the cloor and a voice 111ade Itself l1eard througl1 the letter box. "01it11 up, Mt·s. O'Malley-open Uy lJeir1g 11un1ed tl1e n,st me1111Jer 011 tl1e honorary roll. It was tl1roi1t;-l1 J1is 1nediation that .Jack Corbett, one ti1ne An1erica11 an1ateur sculljug· chan1pion, Came l1ere year after year to coach the cre,vs a11d that the Cc11tral States association l1elct its regatta he1·e. Associated ,vitl1 tl1e na111e of Mr . :VJ cQuevva11 are l1u11dr eds tl1at ca11 be 11a111ecl. Among tl1e1n, givi11g 011ly a tJarlial list, are Lo11 MeL'o11- nell, '.ron1 T,uce, Ned Raiguel, Will Conger, Alfred Davies, Cllft'oed Dolan. Franlc Bru,11n1eler, Herb and Er11est Co11lo11, Art GoclY\ir1, J,"red Collins, Guy Dawson Fred Li11der, Clarence Worfel, 'Lester Stiles, Julius Pete1·se11, Sop!111~ .Joh11son, ~\lvi11 Floel,, Dick Tanis, Pl1il '.rhor11clyke, George Dor1ker,, !viarlir1 Buursrr1a, Willi,1n1 Yo11ng, H. l\'[cMlllan, JD. M. Schopps, J,1ck l•ov;Jer, .Joseph I{:ortla11der, .Jr., a11d J0 eter DeYoung, 1nedal winners all, wl10 contributed to the more than 500 gold n1edals and 75 tropl1ies wl1ich appeared in the clubrooms. upl" Mrs. O'Malley 011ened tl1e door (]Uickly. On the ste1Js stood her 11eighbor, crying softly. "Oi've come to tell ye yer 'usba11d has met ,vith a11 accident, Mrs. O'Malley," she wailed sadly, "Ah. lo be sure, an' ph\vat is ut 110,v ?" cried the other, a11xiously. ''Ocl1, tl1e poor 1na11 Vv·as o,,ercon1.e l)y tl1c heat, darlin'." "1'l1e heat? At this toin1e o' tl1e ,vas . made at vious speed mark of 46 seconds n1ade in Augers coui·se, Fi•a11 ce. The 999 was tl1e same car which Ba1·r1ey Oldfield drove i11 the N cw ·ace the year befoi·e York r and was originally designed - F d by 01· • Two wars ,verc in tl1e offing 25 years ago but only one materialized. Colu1nbia was marl,ing time 11ntil l1oslilities 1nigl1t be declared wit\1 Panama, wl1icl1 just previo11sJy l1ad seceded from tl1at natlo11. Russia was 1nobillzing troops for a possible struggle with .Ta.pan. A decl:1ra,tio11 of ¥.-·ar and two ~rears of strife; resulted. .... Eigl1t St, Lc,11is workrr1en were l<illed in a po$t-l1ollday misl1ap. Tl1e ,vt,istle sounded the end of labors and the workmen, all of wl1om were employed 011 tl1e sixth floor, rusl1ed for the e levator. The cro,vd surged against the hrittlc gnte, guardi11g the elevator shaft, u11d as it s11apped u11der the 1,ressurc, 10 persons were J1urled Into space. T,,ro recovered. ..... The Iro(]uois tl1eater fire caused Chicago l1uilding i11spectors to close all theaters in the city wl1ile tl1eir res1)ectiv·~ stati were in~'esLigatecl. 'l'his resulted in several ma11agers ba11ding in damage suits against tl1e city fot· loss of patronage for no reaso11. Tl1e tl11al fa'tality report in the fire disclosed 588 perso11s lost tl1eir lives. • • • considerable Tl,c ya11guar~ o•f t;1e pcrso1111el or ll1e House o·f tl1e Good Sl1e1)l1erd arri,ed i11 Grand RaJ)ids .Ta.1,. 18, a qtrarter centtrry .ago. Two nuns. c·on1i11g· fron, Cinci11r1ati, ~stablisl1e,1 tl1e order whicl1 l1as flourished 111 its reforma1.ory worlc and 1Jt1ilt u 1, a state ,vide reputation. Tl1e first locatio11 wa-s a building- adjoiningto the west of St. James church 011 Bridge st., ne,vs reports asserted. Winter of '64 Was So Cold Mercury Sank From Sight It takes all l,inds of weather to make a climate. "Old Man Winter" l1as been getting in a few good licks 1·ecently but he l1asn't been really steamed up generally since 1864, records i11 the possession o:f Willian1 I-I. Tracy, U. S. meteorologist, sl1ow. If you don't believe that 1864 'l'.·as cold, l1unt up a Civil war veterar1 a,nd ask him how the sunny soutl1 lost its reputation that year. Tho weather tl1at winter did n1ore dan1 • age than both armies. Louisville, on the edge of tl1e ,vinter bouncl north, saw tl1e n1ercury climb down to 25 degrees below zero, Jan. 1. St. Lo11is citizens scraped tl1c frost off the wi11dows and read 20 below. Georgia and Alaba1na saw a dro11 to below zero. Federal and soutl1ern soldiers alilce declare\! an ar111istice and we11t cl1op11ing ,vood in perfect l1armo11y. And in Qrand Rapids it was a mild 8 degrees be10,,·. Farmers in Ca11ada and Montana saw the botton1 break out of all thermometers a11d didn't bother , Following agitation as to wl1ethe1· Grand Rapicls ,vould 0ontinue to be represented in organized baseball tl1e quostio11 was definitely settled i11 fa,•or of repre- to go out Lu 1nake re1Jairs. sentation in the circuit at the an11ual electio11 of officer8 of tl1e CenNEVER THOUGHT OF THAT tral Jen,gu c. 'fl1e officials were "l\ian, your hair is gray, yet l 11n,,nin1ous in objections to a11y cl1ange in tl10 loop. Tl1e leaguei don't see a single gray !1air in your year!" "Yis, yj~," returnRcl tl,e l,ea.rer of v,rl1iel1 scl1eri.ulccl 140 ga1i1es. was bearcl." "vVell, you must re111embet· that tl1e 11e,vs, o,,r11estly. "Your 111an agains to lie con1posed of Grand fel I into the fur11ace o' the fo11n- Ra1Jicl.s, Terre Ha11tr:>:, l 1:var1svilie, 1ny hair is so1newl1at older tl1an mY South Bend, E'ort Wayne, Marion, ,vhisl{ers." drJt· ." ' ' • • ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club Description An account of the resource Scrapbooks of newsclippings, photographs, postcards, and ephemera of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Photos were taken at regattas on Reeds Lake; the Grand River; Peoria, Illinois; and in Chicago of club members, and events. Historical articles, reports of regatta events, and articles featuring members Charles McQuewan and Jack Corbett are included. Programs include the First Grand Regatta on Great Salt Lake 1888, and Peoria Rowing Festival, and banquet and music programs and the GR Log, a publication of the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club. Materials from the Central States Amater Rowing Association, and the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen are also included. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1980s to 1940s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks, (RHC-54)</a> Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Racing shells Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-54_Ephemera-GRRC_F108 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Grand Rapids Herald Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929? Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club Ships its Oars Description An account of the resource Newspaper article announcing the Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club gifting their property and clubhouse on the Grand River to the city, with the undertsanding that the city continue the work of the club in sports. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Grand Rapids Rowing Club Subject The topic of the resource Grand Rapids (Mich.) Outdoor recreation Boats and boating Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/481">Grand Rapids Boat and Canoe Club scrapbooks (RHC-54)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/077851b3bd266efad2f4d77ec15d7e90.jpg 490c5bbdce82ef2467b9236f67362d9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1980s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000387 Title A name given to the resource Grand Rapids campus construction Description An account of the resource Tim Wondergem in front of a fundraising thermometer showing $4.5 million raised toward the Grand Rapids campus construction. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Universities and colleges Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo