344 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ae51590e6af3be9dd6ff50071d56fa46.mp4 61b8ac384d705c1dd396a1897a8652fe https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/07b6338f076295c683d68ee26bb55322.pdf 7fcd8ae15966cd9bc909ea0b0ba324a3 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Gerhard “Herman the German” Neumann Date of Interview: 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 5] HERMAN THE GERMAN: I would say my experience with the Chinese mechanics which had started in Hong Kong and General Motors garage, of course, was that they were very, very capable, very neat and very orderly. I didn't remember any particular occasion of ingenuity which they had, but except for this story I told you before, I had mentioned before, about the bearing in the engine and using the felt of a hat, or the bamboo of a buffalo in the distributor, the Chinese were very, very good at that. It came later that we had no more spare tires, and it came later that we had no more tail wheel tires, and again the Chinese were thinking of wrapping a rope around the tail wheel to make a [?] then take off on a rope, or the Chinese had been very, very good to a point with the delicate business of [?] the electrical instruments, we had no electronics at that time, but the radios and so on, and the repairs we left to the Chinese. When the AVG left and turned it over to the air force, already we had Chinese mechanics, [?] to maintain the very delicate instruments. I have the highest respect for those fellows who were all very thin and you don't think they have that much strength, but their strength – they don't drink, and the American boys did a lot of drinking, but they shouldn't, though some of them should – and they were always very, very gentleman like. I have nothing but the highest respect, I really mean it, for the Chinese people and, of course, for the Chinese mechanics. �FRANK BORING: From that perspective, I'd like you to evaluate and just compare, if you will, the Americans had first started coming in and then the Chinese, and the difficulty you may have had in getting them trained properly to get the job done, which they ultimately did, but there was a period of transition when things must have been very difficult. HERMAN THE GERMAN: I wish I could tell you about any personal feeling I have towards training the Chinese, or what their ability was versus the Americans, it was practically automatically that the Chinese came in, another few, another few, the next morning I met another few Chinese and we took them over to the aircraft with the cowling, we moved and looked at the engine and explained what it is, and I would say that they caught on just as well and as fast as anyone else would have caught on, or better. I really have the highest respect for these people – I said it before – they are very good. The American boys had a lot of guts, a lot of courage, had rank. So far as rank is concerned, being crew chief is the mechanic's rank, or propeller specialist, but the real delicate work was usually taken over to the Chinese, I want to say that. No-one says the Americans were no good, some were no good, we know that, and some were outstanding, but in general the Chinese – I had never seen anyone giving something to a Chinese which did not come out all right, and was returned in good order. FRANK BORING: Let's look at the difference in personality and characteristics between the American mechanics and the Chinese mechanics in terms of you were getting introduced to two foreign groups, introduced to the Americans and their way of doing things. HERMAN THE GERMAN: The Chinese mechanics and the Chinese officers respected anything what the Americans said, and did it as the Americans said, even if they felt differently. I personally felt that the Americans were pretty strong in looking down upon the Chinese. I'll give you an example which I don't say is typical of an American. But many of the American enlisted personnel, who did �not have the education of an American pilot of an American officer, misused the Chinese. I saw the Chinese coolies walking down along the street to the highway to the airfield, and carrying the typical Chinese bamboo stick and two baskets hanging on each side, loaded with meat or whatever they had in there, and I saw American boys in their jeeps or in their station wagons trying to hit one of these basket so that the Chinese would spin around from the momentum which goes around, and I was pretty sick of that particular incident which I saw several times happening. But it was the same fellow, so they weren't all the same. You would never find this in the pilots. I found most pilots as top-notch caliber, also socially. They were decent to the Chinese and treated them well. The enlisted personnel, there was a difference and I could see, if you take it as a whole category, between the officer corps and the enlisted personnel, that these were not – not all – but most of them were not quite of the same caliber and did not treat the Chinese as nicely as I think they should have been treated. But the Chinese did exactly what the Americans said, and how they said it. I did too at first, I didn't know to use my system here, whatever system I had. I did what the Americans said. They came over here and they were Colonel Chennault's boys, and we were one unit later, with the Chinese and the Americans, and I did think as long as the AVG existed, we were one big unit. FRANK BORING: Tell us some more (inaudible)… HERMAN THE GERMAN: I'll tell you something here which you wouldn't say on TV but one time I made very good friends with one good mechanic, a real good mechanic, and one time I made some friends, many Americans of course, they had to do it and I was delighted to do so, and one of the in particular was a good friend of mine and one day he and I walked down to town and followed a very attractive Chinese girl. She was walking ahead of us, and she was dressed very nicely like a home style girl, which she probably was, and the American soldier told me, "I'd liked to bite her in the ass and so that it would drag me to death", and I couldn't figure out what the �hell he is talking about, "biting her in the ass and dragging it to death", I didn't know the word "ass". If I would have understood it, I wouldn't understand why does he want to be dragged to death. This was a typically American expression which I stumbled over many times. I would have to think about what to say now……… FRANK BORING: There were always 300 …………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: You mean by name…………… FRANK BORING: Yeah, just some of the ones that you personally felt ………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Well you personally interviewed one of them already down there. FRANK BORING: Anyone of them also that may have irritated you or ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: I made friends with a few of those American boys over there. Some were very fine, some didn't live any more. Bill Sutherland was one who happens to be the AVG garage mechanic, one of the four. Bill Schaper, Bill Schaper was a very, very nice man. He was tall, he spoke well, he didn't cuss as badly as the rest of them do. The American cussing was not taught at German schools so I had to learn what the various terms meant, which I did not know, which is all natural to the American audience, but to me it was strange. But Schaper was a very fine man, and a very good mechanic. He was one of the very, very good mechanics, and he and I worked together a lot, and he taught me some of the things which I should know, I certainly didn't know everything, and he didn't know everything either, but it was very fine teamwork. There was the aide for General Chennault, for Colonel Chennault, was Harvey Greenlaw. He was a senior American officer I assume, a very, very nice man and married to a very pretty – I believe she was a white Russian girl – Olga Greenlaw. Olga Greenlaw had a reputation of being one of the boy's friends, pilot's friends, and disappeared a lot, many times, I don't know about her personal life, but Harvey Greenlaw was always very, very nice and even when �the war was over when I already lived in California and not yet married, Harvey Greenlaw visited me in his Rolls Royce and looked me up and took me out to dinner. He was a very, very nice man, a fine man. FRANK BORING: How about any of the other staff, either like P.Y Shu, the ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: All right. There were other people in Colonel Chennault's staff like his aide, Shu, Colonel Shu. Now I never knew where Colonel Chennault was necessarily, and I didn't have many messages from him, but if I had any, I always gave it to Colonel Shu, because Colonel Shu saw to it that Claire Lee Chennault got the word, and I got the answer back from Colonel Shu. He was an absolutely reliable man and I've seen Colonel Shu many times, right up to a couple of years ago in Taipei. Colonel Gentry, our squadron doctor, the man I met in – who incidentally swore me in later when the AVG disappeared, and the air force took over. It was Colonel Gentry who made me sign the military papers. He always was good and there was no, what we called, short arm inspection, (you can't use that on television), but there was none as there was in the military later, there was regularly every few months a short arm inspection. But the GI's – the Flying Tigers could walk around town and they sure did. Who was the guy who got fired by Chennault and then the air force didn't take him? No I can't really talk anything about him except that he was so drunk at times that he flew, but he was, he was so drunk that the Chinese had built dummy planes out of bamboo that looked identical, painted on top of the wing and the cockpit and the tail, that from an aerial photograph it looked like a regular airplane, but it was nothing but a bamboo frame. During one air-raid alarm, he went on the dummy, trying to open the dummy cockpit to go and get in, so drunk he was down there. Finally Chennault fired him and the navy didn't take him and the army didn't take him and only the marines took him and he became an ace. But he was an ace already in China, but he was so drunk he was totally unreliable. I can't tell you much about Skip Adair, but he was always very nice, a very, �very fine – very strictly an officer and an enlisted man, so to say, an enlisted man. FRANK BORING: Did you have any contact …… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Did I get to know any of Colonel Chennault's personal staff or other staff? No I did not. I was so involved in personally getting used to Americans and learning English, and doing a good job on the aircraft, there was no one day off a week or anything like that, it was a round the clock deal, with flashlights as there was no electric light – whatever lantern we had and so on – to get the plane ready for the early 4:30 morning take-off time if necessary. What I really suffered under, I was standing running engines within a few feet from the exhaust and my hearing got very badly damaged which showed up years later. FRANK BORING: If you could give us your evaluation of the P-40E as an airplane. HERMAN THE GERMAN: Of course, when the Americans brought planes in, they were all P40B's. I had never seen anything else but an American fighter aircraft, but the P-40B. It was clearly identifiable by two or three things. One of them was the shape of the individual exhaust stack which was round on the P-40B, while it was flat and long on the P40E which reduced the exhaust flame, which in a night fighter is a very important thing because a following plane can easily aim at the aircraft from the exhaust flames he sees in front. I also heard that the P-40E had about a 100 horse power more than the B engine, so that there would be quite a difference. But the big thing we saw was that two 30 caliber machine guns were mounted in line with the engine on top of the engine rather than six machine guns in the wing. This particular B had two 30 calibers and four 50's. The four 50's were two and two on each wing, while the two 30 calibers were shooting through the propeller. I don't think I ever saw a P-40 which did not have a bullet hole through the propeller, which in America would mean condemnation right away, it's not safe enough to fly, and in China, we didn't have another propeller, �so we had to fly them anyhow, and just fire the bullet hole which this own pilot, his own gun, shot through its propeller bed. This happened during a dive or during an over-speed condition, beyond what they call a red line on an instrument. Each throttle of the P40's we had in combat had a little safety wire so that you shouldn't push any further. You could push further and you could get more power out of these engines but you shouldn't do that. If you found a plane when it returned which t had the safety wire broken, which indicated the pilot shoved the throttle forward, than plane was taken right out of commission and a certain mechanical features had to be overhauled and checked, what else could have happened. But the P-40B, when it was used in a dive, in a dive either to attack a Japanese plan, or to get away from a Japanese plane, in any case, if the pilot at the same time fired a gun, fired through an accelerated speed instead of shooting through the gap, which is then between one blade and the other blade of the three bladed propeller, it hit the propeller blade right through the hub, and it got a beautifully, nice 30 caliber hole through each of the propeller blades, and many aircraft kept on flying. We just fired them nicely until we got some spare parts later. FRANK BORING: Tell us if you can, what examples, what had to be done to bring one of these planes that came in from combat, back into combat. Any examples you might have, and this is one of them – supply problems and all that – incorporated in your answers. HERMAN THE GERMAN: One of the greatest number of repairs, and quite difficult to perform, was the propeller governor. I don't know whether you are familiar with the propeller governor but with a three bladed propeller, the blades rotate not only this way with the engine, but the pilot can adjust the rotation of the blades during take-off and during climb, you have a different turning angle, than later when you cruise for better efficiency, or in a dive when they go even more different. This was an automatic gadget which was held on by four nuts, inside the engine right between the Vee of the aircraft. This was the most frequent of faulty unit, which the pilot, �when it was faulty, could operate the control, but the blades did not change, and it happened because there was a slight oil leak inside the unit which needed oil for lubrication, which got between the electric contact points. There was a point up or a point down. Point down has a contact here, point up has a contact there, and if any one of these points got a little full of oil, which as hot oil in there, it did not make contact, it did not rotate the blade, and that thing, I would say that about every fifth to sixth flight, this unit had to be taken out, washed in gasoline, taken apart and put back in again. To do this in 25–30 minutes between combat and back again, was a very, very difficult thing, and you could not fix that unit that quickly. You took another unit, you slapped another unit in, put it in, four nuts on it, electric wiring on it, a cowling on, and "Here pilot, off you go again". He started the engine and off it went. FRANK BORING: Where did you get these …………… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Neumann_Gerhard_1991_v05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Title A name given to the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann interview (video and transcript, 5 of 9), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Gerhard Neumann by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying TIgers. Neumann, known by his American Volunteer Group (AVG) comrades as "Herman the German," was a mechanic and the son of non-practicing Jewish parents. Though drafted into the German army in 1938, he attained a deferrment as a working engineer. He left Germany to seek a job opportunity in Hong Kong in 1939, but upon arrival learned the company had disappeared. Circumstance led him to working for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) where he worked as an auto mechanic. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he accepted an offer from Col. Chennault and joined the AVG. He served among the headquarters personnel as a Propeller Specialist. In this tape, Neumann discusses his impressions of working with the Chinese and American people and his evaluation of the P-40 airplane. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c0fc6c7bb5ed75af0939022db2ef0533.mp4 e96f44c2c2169589be5c0274748872c5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fc12026d8c6115dc15f18c8242943dbc.pdf d86e208d6ef5788a12dc3dbb27644879 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Gerhard “Herman the German” Neumann Date of Interview: 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 6] HERMAN THE GERMAN: ……… The repairs necessary on the aircraft of the American Volunteer Group consisted of two parts. One, due to enemy action like bullet holes in the fuselage, and the other one was fundamentally in the design of the Curtis airplane which had a retractable landing gear, which was just modern at that time, but often got stuck and so did not work, and so between landing gear operation, landing gear which had to turn, which in later aircraft was just in and out, the American system was with wheels and you had to rotate it and then fold it back into the rear, and this mechanism was a very complicated one, and which was later abandoned as the war went along. But landing gear problems and bullet hole problems, plus instrument failures. A lot of the instruments of altitude or speed, or engine RPM, that means how fast does the engine turn, a lot of those instruments failed much prematurely than they should have failed. But a bullet hole in the fuselage was somethin' which, of course, you couldn't help. This was due to – you developed a fighting tactics and in order not to fight with the Japanese, not to give them a chance to get behind you. However the American aircraft, a P-40 had armor plating behind the pilot's seat, and had self-sealing fuel tanks. This is inside a sticky stuff, which when it's penetrated by fuel, will swell up and close up automatically. This is what the Japanese planes incidentally, did not have at the beginning of the war. They had no armor-plating, they were therefore much lighter, armor plating is �very heavy, and had no self-sealing tanks, therefore they had much bigger fuel capacity. In the same space, they could put all fuel rather than an inch thick layer all-around of cover against leaking fuel. And so the Japanese aircraft weighed about one half of that of an American aircraft, 4,300 lbs. – I happened to know because I put one together later – for the same horse power of engine. And therefore, the Japanese pilot had a much easier time to climb steeply, to climb faster, to fly higher, to do all kinds of things. One thing a Japanese plane could not do as compared to the American plane, was to dive. A Japanese plane is so light, that when they start diving, they start wobbling, the wings, and the wings started shaking, and an American plane is solid like a rock. When that pilot goes on a nose down there, he goes down except for the danger of over speed, if you over speed, then you have to pull the engine out, and if the pilot pushes too fast, he goes down too fast. But bullet hole riveting – we didn't do a beautiful job, it wouldn't win a prize in a beauty contest, but it meant one man crawling into the fuselage which was very difficult and another man with a hand drill, we had no electric equipment, was drilling holes through it, putting a patch on it, cutting it out, where did we get it from? Where did we get the metal from? Simple things like metals. We had a wreck, and then we had another wreck, and maybe a plane was shot down. Maybe twenty miles away which is a long distance in China which had no highways, and you'd strip it, either drag it by buffaloes or ox cart, bring it in, then take it all apart to make little shelves to look like [?] or having shelves for some spare parts, anything which we possibly could use, including the metal, to cut up some metal. Another bad thing were tires. The runways were so rough in China, all from big rocks, next layer was smaller rocks, and on top finally, gravel, which was chopped up by women, 10,000 women sitting down there. Then the propeller blast blasted those little gravels in the rear, and the first thing to go are the radiators. You have an oil cooler, you have an engine, liquid coolers, not water but it is Prestone, they call it, a liquid which can go a little higher temperature, and they started to leak. You couldn't get any spare parts on any radiator coolers because if any �crashed, they were the first to go. The propeller goes, the landing gear goes, and the radiators go. The rest of the blade may still be okay. And so we strip it one by one and have one hangar clean which is done, and then another one, and we kept through the six months of operation, pretty well. By that time already P-40E's came in and the last two weeks prior to the takeover by the China Air Task Force, spare parts began to come in for the P-40E. FRANK BORING: During the ………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: No, how shall I get the sentence going? FRANK BORING: If you didn't know of any, or didn't see ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: No, I did not know any failures because of that, pilot error, yes. And when the AVG left and I stayed right in Kweilin, the rest of the group, of course, left for the United States and only 34 altogether members stayed, including some of the pilots and three squadrons split up. There were about three or four per squadron which stayed in there and I was left with four planes in Kweilin all by myself. They said, "See what you can do with it", then the first American regular mechanic came over there who later worked for American Airlines in Tulsa. We became good friends. FRANK BORING: Mechanical things that had to be done to taxi, take off, the instruments ………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: The P-40's as we said before, were the only planes the AVG had where the same standard equipment as the next plane, which happened to be a north American P51, which was a very good plane. The pilot had the stick, of course, to control, had a trigger on the stick to shoot, and we mechanics, we crew chiefs as I called it, it sounded a little better, every morning and every evening, taxied the plane into a hidden area and in the morning at 4:30, we went out on trucks, which usually I drove, the other mechanics sitting in the rear, because there was no gasoline in the truck. The truck was �driven with gas, you had to pre-heat that thing to get gas cooking and then get gas inhaled into the engine rather than vapor of gasoline, you couldn't do that. And then we'd run the engines up in their [?], watched the color of the exhaust flames of the individual stacks and you could see at night when it's dark or in the evening or early in the morning, when you enriched the mixture which is inhaled by the engine, which you do normally for take-off, during take-off, you fly enriched. Then you cruise, you pull the mixture control, they pull that back, it's a separate lever, mixture control, and you can watch the individual flames, the color of the flames. If they are worked properly and how each cylinder in itself works, the same will be done two times on a right mag, which is the magneto on the engine side, the other one on the magneto on the outside, so there are two mags. The pilot switches to right, left, then takes off with both, both magneto's on both. The mixture's on rich, you want to have a nice, big, yellowish, reddish flame coming out of each exhaust stack. If that does not happen, you look at the clock and see if you have time enough to change a spark plug because that's the only thing that you can do in a great hurry. To take an engine apart and put it together again, is a matter which takes anywhere from five days to six days, working around the clock and the plane is out of commission. We had no spare engines whatsoever to shove another engine in. Furthermore, it may interest you that it took seven to eight hours to replace an engine in an American plane. It took forty minutes in a Japanese plane. And this is one fundamental thing which the Japanese had done much better. All electrical connections in American planes had to be safety wired and screwed to get at each individually. All the fuel lines, all the pressure lines, all the temperature devices and all the instruments which maybe amounted to 25 to 30 between the fire wall which is ahead of the pilot and the engine sticking out. It took about 20–25 minutes for the Japanese who with one lever, pulled all connections that had been stationary here, hinged on the other side, put down, had to snap on and that's the whole thing. So we have not done such amazing work here in America. I hate to say it but, I tell you, the German aircraft was like the Japanese, the �Japanese copied from the Germans the same system of getting it together. I believe the British were better, but finally you may – it may not be part of your story – the engines were changed to Rolls Royce, the P-40's later got Rolls Royce engines, no more American, Allison got out of it. FRANK BORING: If you could physically show us in terms of what needed to be done. You said about the gauges and you talked about the flames coming out, what else needed to be checked? HERMAN THE GERMAN: The other things to be checked are very difficult for any mechanic on the ground to see. It depends on the report by the pilot, on his prior flight, what does not work in the air, since we have the airplane sitting on the ground, and the only thing we can watch are the flames and running. We can't tell whether any speed instrument or anything like this is accurate or works, or whether the wheels pull in because we can't pull up the airplane except we have some special tools later made in China to support the wings but this is several days of operation to check the landing gear or repair them again. We really depended on the pilot's report, and it's done very orderly, after each flight the pilot stays in the cockpit, takes his log book out and fills in what flight, what number, what did not work. That is the order then, he goes and briefs the headquarters and General Chennault about whatever he shot and whatever he saw, we mechanics immediately get the log book, that's the bible, and from the log book, whatever is not written in, is not going to be touched. We had no time to play around down there in a war, to do anything else. We go on the log book. The pilot said, "this gauge is out, that does not work, the engine does not accelerate fast enough, those things, of course, we tried to do as good as we can in the dim light and the little time available, and with no new parts there, and that is often a very tricky thing. FRANK BORING: (inaudible) �HERMAN THE GERMAN: Working on an airplane is something which you do as much as you can in the daytime. You have daylight, even if it rains, at least you can see what you're doing. Then when it gets dark, you have hand held flashlights, which are very, very difficult to do, one man can't do it. One man has to hold the light, another one has to perform the work. It is much easier said than done to hold a light steady and shine on a particularly narrow spot in which a man works. The work has to be done perfectly because if you take any lines which leak and you don't seal properly because you have no gaskets in properly. You don't safety wire. Do you know what safety wire is? In an airplane, any connection has a thin wire which is twisted through it and put in such a position that by itself the nut cannot loosen itself under the vibration of the engine. All the safety wiring, and all this has to be done, and you tell the fellow, "Hey, shine over here". At this the Chinese were wonderful incidentally. We usually used Chinese for that because Americans said, "To hell with it, here you do your own." But the Chinese would come and would hold it steady and hold it there while I'm doing the tightening and the maintaining or the exchanging of parts. So it was very difficult to do anything at night against the advantage at night is that you see the flame of the exhaust. It was the only real thing you can do in a few hours you have available per aircraft. We couldn't take from the 52 aircraft existing or 50 aircraft that became 45 later, and take an engine out of commission just to overhaul it and to do something. Unless it's written up in the book, nothing would be done. FRANK BORING: Let's go to [?] what you saw. HERMAN THE GERMAN: All right, I have been subjected to bombing of course, all before, although it was usually, as we've said, Kunming down town was bombed but not our area specifically, but sometimes there was a hang up bomb or a pilot released his bombs a bit later, and then one went right over Model Village, they hit Model Village several times. You in the meantime, sit up and watch your airplanes at 20,000 ft. usually coming in, there was very clear blue sky, they're �coming over and they are past you already when you begin to hear the whistling of the formation of the formation of bombs coming down, a whole bunch comes down, and they are moving on the ground at the speed of the aircraft, which is something like 200 mph at that time. AT that time you start digging into any depression that you can find. No-one will stand up, everybody lies flat and if you are afraid, you don't look up, if you are not afraid and want to see what hits you, you see the bombs come down. Although Kunming was the center of their target until December 20 raid, often the bomb didn't fall free immediately at the plane, and if it was just a split second later, it was outside of the city wall and could well be over Model Village, which was, of course, only if the plane flew over Model Village. But lying on the ground and knowing that the planes already had passed overhead, you then wait for the formation, for the whistling of the bombs as they come down. They, of course, come down at first instant at the speed of the airplane, then they are dropped down, and very quickly down full vertical, and you hope that you are not in line, or you can tell that you are away from it that may be half a mile or a quarter mile away. But if you are sure, if the weather is bad and you don't see really clear, or one formation flies there and another formation flies on the other side, you darn well better lie down in any depression and any hole and any ditch, next to any road the Chinese had built has a protection, you dig and everybody feels like digging with their fingernails and even the least feeble man will dig in when the bombs start screaming as they are coming down as you feel the explosions and hear the explosions that's coming down at the sped of the plan as they go overhead, and you hopefully you are missed as they drop a bomb there, they drop a bomb on the other side. But luckily, I was never – but several people didn't make it, got hit by bombs on the ground. Then came December 20th, and here were first American fighter aircraft lined up or already flying with the alarm. And the Japanese obviously did not have the report. They had the report that planes were there but did not have the report, I believe that the planes were actually taking off already in an altitude to wait for the Japanese. Usually �when they are fifty miles away, we start taking off and start climbing up to about 20,000 ft. whatever the report says. And that was a great day when you stand there and while the Japanese, stubborn as they are, and aren't afraid of death, or maybe they are afraid of death but don't show it, they keep on flying to their target, the target this time boys, the airfield, the runway strip, hopefully any planes on the ground. Chennault's idea, of course, was to have all the planes in the air, or if they are not all needed din the air, take off and fly to some other airfield nearby. And then when you know you are not in line with the bombs, you stand up, you cheer for your plane as your P-40's go over there and you hear "eeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr" and then there's a firing of the guns, you can hear that clearly split seconds before you hear because it takes a while to come down, but you can see it because every fourth or fifth bullet is a tracer bullet which gives you a line, which gives the pilot a line of fire, so that he doesn't have to look through his little site to hit the other plane. He just follows his tracer bullets into the other plane and there's great delight if we could see one Japanese plane after the other before, because they stubbornly went to the target. If they had gone up before, banked the wings and gone back to Hanoi wherever they came from was one thing, but they had orders to come and bomb the airfield so they went to the airfield and our planes of course took advantage of that and as the planes were known not to bank but to fly to the airfield, we could come from below, and then banked after dropping the bombs wide open, they could not shoot back, they were wide open, and a lot of Japanese planes just absolutely exploded because, as I mentioned to you once before, they had no armor plating, no self-sealing tanks or anything like that, no protection. We had these bullet going through and besides, America, I would say this for America, we had the best guns, we had superior machine guns. The Japanese had 20 mm canons in a Zero which we faced down there, but they were very slow, like dada-da-da-da and the American goes “Bruuuuuuuuuuu!” down there and it's really fantastic and if a pilot is lined up properly then that Jap has no chance whatever. �FRANK BORING: Describe if you could the reaction after the battle when they flew in and landed. HERMAN THE GERMAN: Of course, then the old-fashioned, I think pre-war American system was a victory roll and while in the early days, Chennault let the boys do that, later he told them, "Cut this out" because we endangered the plane at low altitudes to make it roll, plus you used more gasoline. We were so short of gasoline that we just couldn't do anything extra, but the cheerful, if we knew that plane number so and so, they had big numbers on it, and we stood there with glasses and would say, "Hey, there's number 48, 48 is going to get ‘em!", and the plane in front of me explodes or goes down, starts spinning down… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Neumann_Gerhard_1991_v06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Title A name given to the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann interview (video and transcript, 6 of 9), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Gerhard Neumann by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying TIgers. Neumann, known by his American Volunteer Group (AVG) comrades as "Herman the German," was a mechanic and the son of non-practicing Jewish parents. Though drafted into the German army in 1938, he attained a deferrment as a working engineer. He left Germany to seek a job opportunity in Hong Kong in 1939, but upon arrival learned the company had disappeared. Circumstance led him to working for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) where he worked as an auto mechanic. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he accepted an offer from Col. Chennault and joined the AVG. He served among the headquarters personnel as a Propeller Specialist. In this tape, Neumann describes the primary aircraft repairs he worked on for the AVG and his perspective on witnessing the battles and bombings that were taking place there. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0a06ff47f8daa71bc4bd33de5b7184b1.mp4 6d5037c463ccd839311a9ebdeb447c30 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0109e6d3cab39e1eb615a9adf9de5d40.pdf 6edd93831f01d94ba8f2bc08e35f4eef PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Gerhard “Herman the German” Neumann Date of Interview: 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 7] HERMAN THE GERMAN: When we had that third alarm out there, we were out at the airport, our P-40's were up in the air, we all ground crew stood there, near a ditch to jump in if necessary, and we watched the formation of the Japanese come in. They were unescorted by any Japanese fighter aircraft, but they flew their V9 formation or whatever, nine and eighteen planes, whatever it was, I think the twenties or it was nine airplanes came I believe at that time, one of the Vees and as the Americans start diving onto the Japanese, we could hear this screaming of the American engine as from a higher altitude they gained on the Japanese. Furthermore, the Japanese, I believe I mentioned this once to you, kept on flying to the target as directed. If they lost one plane or two or three on the way, they still would come, and so then they had to make their turn after that airfield and that was the place where the Americans did get, and could get, and should have gotten the Japanese planes, and they did, and four planes went down, smoking and another one exploded in the air, others smoked oil and spun down into the ground, and that, of course, was a great moment for us on the ground, and all the Chinese cheering, now they had seen the first Japanese bombers go down, four of them down there altogether on that flight of nine I believe, eight were shot down because right out of sight, another ten miles further, another twenty miles further, they shot down another of these Japanese planes. And when the pilots came down, the crew chief ran out, the other guys' crew chiefs and the Chinese �came out and they all hugged each other and there was great excitement for the first time. Then the Japanese came two days later, I believe it was two days later that there was a second raid, and this system of one time something, then coming back two days later, the Japanese maintained stubbornly, be it over Chungking or Kweilin or wherever it is, but they came. We knew two days later they would come again and that helped us a great deal to quickly perform whatever maintenance we had to do, they came two days later and by god, there they were again. The alarm system, the alert system incidentally was absolutely superior in China. It was primitive but plenty of space available. The Japanese had to fly over hundreds of miles from where they left to the target then back again, so they were exposed, they had really a disadvantage. We never flew, during the AVG days, over non-Chinese territory, it was all over Chinese territory, except Burma actually. FRANK BORING: Give us if you will, the second time the crew chiefs and the Chinese …………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Of course when they came back it's two days later, we had never known that they do that, that they come back two days later, so here they came again, and again, no fighter escort, and again only twin-engined bombers, and they were good but particularly fast, heavy, they did their job all right but Japanese pilots were not there for them, they did bravely what they were supposed to do, but the Americans got the second time again, this time they knew already from the first time, they got another eight planes also, six planes, or five planes, I do not know exactly how many planes, but there again, of course, it's the same thing. Now we waited two days later, would they come again, but this time they didn't come, and it was the last time they came without a fighter escort as far as I'm concerned. I am not seeing any more big air attack, massive attack without 60–70 Zeros zig-zagging over and trying to protect them against American planes which they did. FRANK BORING: After the second ……… �HERMAN THE GERMAN: No, not during the AVG days. FRANK BORING: Where did you go next? What was the reaction of the Chinese population? HERMAN THE GERMAN: The Chinese of course delighted, they had seen this before and they knew the Americans now, the word spread quickly, the Americans are here, and the P-40 had not yet, I believe the P-40 had a shark's mouth painted on, it was not yet called the flying Tigers, did not yet have the Disney Vee with the tiger with the little wings on there. So they had shark's mouths on and there were three squadrons, only the one squadron came up first during to the December 20 raid, December 22 raid I believe was the first Pursuit squadron which was there, we then moved in as we lost Burma, we as the British, lost Burma and with it the Americans lost their base, they also brought their planes up to Kunming. In the meantime, the first squadron was moved up to Chungking to Pai [?] Chi Ye, is the airport outside Chungking, and I was asked to go with a convoy, drive in a big truck, international, I think, trucks they were, up with the equipment up to Pai [?] Chi Ye. We were barely in Pai [?] Chi Ye setting up the same would be now in learning to set up, in Kunming how to set up the plane if necessary and camouflage the huts and so on, I got orders to move to Kweilin, and there we were, we flew, instead of driving down we flew with one of CNAC's planes and had been drafted I guess, a Chinese pilot, a very good Chinese pilot, I forgot his name right now, but he was very good, he stayed there a long time, he was well known and well liked, and he flew us into Kweilin, and Kweilin had been bombed once before but not badly, and as we moved in, of course, the Japanese came, because Kweilin was relatively close to Canton, on a straight railroad line so that you could bomb Kweilin also at night, but the Japanese did not during the AVG days, bomb Kweilin at night, this came later. FRANK BORING: Was that pilot Moon Chen by any chance? �HERMAN THE GERMAN: Right. Moon Chen, that's right. FRANK BORING: The next combat that you saw, were you again exposed to the Japanese bombers coming over? HERMAN THE GERMAN: Yeah, oh yeah. FRANK BORING: Okay, let's talk about the next incident, tell us where it is and when. HERMAN THE GERMAN: Kweilin, Kweilin. FRANK BORING: Give us a date also. HERMAN THE GERMAN: I could not give you the day, but we were down… FRANK BORING: The year. HERMAN THE GERMAN: Yes, early '42 of course. Early '42 Kweilin and all the six bombers were shot down during that raid, I know one raid was June 30, or another raid was before that but they came every few weeks, some Japanese planes came over then they came sometimes with fighters only, to strafe and they did burn up some American planes which did not get in the air, I think this was during the AVG days. We looked at one of the wrecks, it looks miserable. FRANK BORING: Don't be so concerned with the dates and the times and all that. What we're looking for is getting the (inaudible), don't worry about how many planes …… HERMAN THE GERMAN: After we moved to Kweilin, nothing happened in Chungking. We were only there a few days, we got also rid of Kweilin. Kweilin is a lovely town which has a very nice river and mountains and a lot of [?] farms and we had a wonderful runway which had been built �by the Chinese between the narrow mountains, it was very well protected. There were some very good caves which Colonel Chennault occupied with a big map inside, and a big circle of Kweilin and 50 miles, 100 miles, 150 miles, which was plotted by the Chinese who had earphones and connections with listening on the way in Canton and Kweilin and so we could follow very closely how many, where the Japs were. There was never the exact number, that sounds like 20 planes or 15 planes or someone said, "I know the number". It was above the clouds but the sound was followed through and was plotted along, and we were old soldiers at that point. We had been bombed a lot, I had been bombed with the rest of them, because I had been bombed before the AVG came up, but then we became just routine, we would not leave – normally we would have left the airport if we had another 15 or 30 minutes to go, but this time now, we were soldiers and we were paid to be soldiers, and if necessary, get killed in the process. But you stayed there and you swung around and you watched them and you prayed for your American pilots and our pilots, which at that time we had remaining, that were alive that were all excellent, really were very, very good, and we all cheered for them and we could watch them, particularly when there was dog-fighting developed which we hoped would not take place, but was okay until I got that Zero in flight, and I said no more dogfights at that point. Up to that point, the American flight instructions I guess were dogfighting, although Chennault himself was kind of worried about this dogfighting business in general versus the smaller, lighter Japanese planes. FRANK BORING: (inaudible) HERMAN THE GERMAN: The hectic day operations began very early in the morning, the planes were still dispersed so that they couldn't be exposed for night bombing, then we checked them out, then we fixed whatever had to be fixed up, brought it back onto the flight line. Then came a period of rest, not hectic at all, the truck came with sandwiches and eggs, because that's all you got in China was eggs and �chickens and chickens and eggs, that's all you got all the time. A truck came with breakfast for the pilots and the crews and some coffee. Now we stayed out there by the airfield, ''til word came okay, which Chennault had plotted with either Adair or with whomever, to attack now Canton or to hit that air base. They got intelligence information, the Japanese got more new planes from Japan to Canton, so they said, all right we'll leave at 1:30 and these times were given us ground crews very late, so to avoid any possible leakage of anything, or God knows what we'll want, and then we helped the planes in the air, and then again we had rest for about an hour and a half and by that time we saw on a map, on a plotting map there, "returning", and then someone said "how many, how many, returned". We knew 18 left or 15 left or 12 left, rarely that many, rarely that many. I think at most five or six aircraft – that was all we could afford at that point, and to keep the other six in reserve, that if they come over and follow our returning planes, that is usually the technique, then the enemy comes and follows right in, just as they come down to land and to refuel and can't stay in the air anymore, then the enemy comes down, so we have to get the second bunch up there and they are ready to get up before they could hurt those planes on the ground, and that you did, you stayed until it got kind of dark and you say, "well, they won't come any more now, let's go back home, or let's taxi the planes back". So the pilots went home again to listen to this one record player we had, an old hand crank record player in the Kweilin area, for the pilots, where they were a little fancier than the enlisted personnel and all the crew chiefs, so to speak, we took the planes away, stowed them all, then I, who was driving the truck, went from plane to plane to pick up the crew chief who put it there and said, "Are you okay?" and so and so and would slowly got all the people together, we got back home again, listened to the record again, that one record, "Ramona, da da da da da da da", that was our standard record, played over and over again with that old needle on there. And then we waited either for a night attack which did not come in the AVG days, but came later in the military, but waited for the next day. At 4:30, up again, out back to the field, so you had your seven day �occupation, never a day off or anything like that. It was around the clock. FRANK BORING: What was the morale like of the crews, given the fact that this was a daily grind, seven days and constant pressure of attack and whatnot? HERMAN THE GERMAN: I was surprised at first when I first heard about several pilots and several crew chiefs leaving around March or April. I thought it was terrible, on the other hand I had absolutely no idea what their contractual agreement was that they would stay, which I found out later that they were just dishonorably discharged. Why they left, what went on I was not a party to it whatsoever, but, directly nor indirectly I just know that certain people left, how they got home, if they got home, if they desired to get home, I don't know because the word came that in the meantime, Americans in Iran are building big supply centers for the Russians, and that now they are looking for American mechanics to work on Iran's side to help the aircraft either return to the States or fly to Russia, and so I assume that they thought they would make it good money there, which they may have gotten as not the regular military. I assume that the military in America cannot draft you unless you are on the soil of the United States, which is, I think, rather stupid. I think under the German system, if you're an American you get drafted, that's it. But here in American you have to be on American soil, there's is Congress Act so and so. So otherwise, the morale was good, they all waited for July 4th to come around, and when I myself knew that my days were numbered, it never occurred to me that I might stay in the military, or be accepted by the military, I had never been to the United States, and so I saw the General on the 2nd of July, I believe it was the 2nd, I said, "Colonel, I thank you very, very much for your help, it was very interesting. I'll go back to Kunming to my garage". He said, "No, you won't", I said, "What do you mean I won't" and he pulled out of his pocket a pink piece of paper [?] and "You have permission to enlist, Herman Neumann as Staff Sergeant, so and so and so and so into the military" So I �said, "Thank you very much, I will stay here", and I was promoted immediately to Technical Sergeant, then Master Sergeant. FRANK BORING: Were you present during the two week period after the finishing of the ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Of course, of course I was, right at Kweilin. I was there when within the two weeks following July 4th, several of the Americans volunteered to stay over for two weeks. I should have mentioned to you that the Chinese at Kweilin gave us a huge town party which was a party that we were picked up by trucks and they had beautiful girls from Hong Kong and from wherever, each soldier was escorted by one Chinese girl and by God, there was real excitement and then the city gave a big dinner and a banquet of Chinese food and desert, and some singers, some children playing there, and then a speech in English, thanking the Americans for all they did for Kweilin and hoping they'd have a safe return and wishing them the very, very best. The Kweilin citizens were really wonderful, so was Kunming too. Chungking I think was too big to be that personal, but Kweilin was a very personal matter, and they certainly appreciated that. During these two weeks, it was just the US Air Force began to come in, and there was a Lt. Col. Holloway, Bruce K. Holloway. I believe he came quite early. He became our group commander and Bob Scott, Robert Scott, who wrote the book called, "God is my Copilot" maybe he preceded him. I do not know exactly how this was, but we didn't see the difference, it just went on the same way. American pilots came in, I got suddenly a 2nd Lt. as engineering officer who knew nothing about an aircraft, who immediately took me aside, and said, "Sergeant, I know nothing about airplanes, will you take me now and tell me what we should do". And so it went, this was what the professional military came in. This man came back as a major, a second round into China, and then I saw him in Vietnam as a full colonel. I personally have never heard about Gen. Bissell, except that Gen. Bissell came to try to recruit American Volunteer Group people about a week or ten days before July 4th, 1942, and Gen. Bissell �was a brigadier general at that time, commander of the 10th air force in India and our unit was approached to be in China under the command of Gen. Bissell. Those people who were still over there, the 250 people, loved Col. Chennault, who was offered a generalship, but deliberately a day later than Gen. Bissell and Bissell then had priority that we or he would have been under the command of Gen. Bissell, although they gave us the title China Air Task Force beginning July 5th, that didn't help very much, no-one could stand Bissell, and not only did we not like Gen. Bissell, but the little Chinese kids, standing along the side of the road, holding up a finger, saying "Piss on Bissell, piss on Bissell." They didn't know what they were saying. He came over and saw all the kids saying "Piss on Bissell" down there, it must have been quite a depressing view and I don't think he ever came back again. And he was not sorry when Chennault got his own command in the 14th air force. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Neumann_Gerhard_1991_v07 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Title A name given to the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann interview (video and transcript, 7 of 9), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Gerhard Neumann by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying TIgers. Neumann, known by his American Volunteer Group (AVG) comrades as "Herman the German," was a mechanic and the son of non-practicing Jewish parents. Though drafted into the German army in 1938, he attained a deferrment as a working engineer. He left Germany to seek a job opportunity in Hong Kong in 1939, but upon arrival learned the company had disappeared. Circumstance led him to working for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) where he worked as an auto mechanic. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he accepted an offer from Col. Chennault and joined the AVG. He served among the headquarters personnel as a Propeller Specialist. In this tape, Neumann describes the combats he experienced and the morale of the crews, in additon to his experience during the final days of the AVG becoming a Technical Sergeant and later a Master Sergeant. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8ec9025e032842b01796ba2bacd7a415.mp4 0e4a511e2f0093d9647791497f2fad5a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0b774e3eb5018a6a2c0a5c59b38272bf.pdf 530912dafc4cc12aef1bcc0ed80c18c0 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Gerhard “Herman the German” Neumann Date of Interview: 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 8] FRANK BORING: Start it off by saying… (inaudible). HERMAN THE GERMAN: I believe it was about two weeks, maybe two to four weeks before July 4, '42 that P-40E's began to arrive in China. Whether this was in anticipation of the regular air force personnel was supposed to come in or whether it was just because a B was not powerful enough, had many disadvantages, I do not know. But in any case, we fed 'em in, they just suddenly were there, they were painted just like the B's and we maintained them in the same manner, which I described before, namely, whatever a pilot wrote in was fixed, whatever was not written in was not fixed. But I know that the pilots who ferried the E across the Hump from Burma into Kunming, spoke highly of the E, what a difference 100 horse power made. I could never imagine that although I was an engineer, that 100 horse power would make a huge difference for an airplane which weighs about the same as each other, but had 100 horse power more, which is 10 % more power available. Higher altitude, faster speed, safer crossing the Hump in bad weather and so we obviously liked the E. The visual signs [?] whether the machine guns were six machine guns, three of each in each wing of the E, 50 caliber, or whether there were only four 50 calibers and two 30 calibers firing through the propeller hub. That was a big sign from our point of view. Otherwise I could not tell any difference of it. The engines were Allison engines, �fundamentally the same, they just made a little higher pressure ratio, which is not visible from the outside why this happened. But I believe I mentioned the exhaust stacks which were flat in stacks to depress the collar of the exhaust flame in order to make it more difficult for following an aircraft down, and use it as a target. FRANK BORING: You had mentioned earlier how you were able to raise the airplanes up so you could work on …… HERMAN THE GERMAN: …… the lining? FRANK BORING: There was an incident in which the Japanese could ………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Yes, I happened to be there. We couldn't quite trust our eyes, nor trust our ears when we …… FRANK BORING: It's very important where it was, if you can give us the context of where it was and the airfield and everything else. HERMAN THE GERMAN: It was in Kweilin, where maybe a week prior to the dissolution of the AVG, Japanese fighters came over there and dropped a whole slew of leaflets, saying, "We, the Imperial fliers of the Japanese Air Force, challenge you, the fliers of the American Volunteer Group to a sportsmanlike duel at such and such, I think it was 3 o'clock in the afternoon on July the 1st or 2nd or maybe June 30th", I can't recall exactly when. But most Americans who read this paper, of course, did not believe it. They said, "This is a trick of the Japanese." And word came that General Chennault had read this paper and said, "You'd better be ready because they will be there at 3 o'clock sharp, and by George, the Japanese were. Our planes were up waiting. He had reinforced this one squadron in Kweilin with additional planes from another location, I think it was either Liuchow or Ling Ling or Hengyang, from somewhere we had twice as many planes, and so we had never been before that many planes together, and he had them all in groups, getting up there in case they do come earlier that he had planes in the air. Of �course, they used up fuel which was very valuable. Then the next layer, the next half a dozen, the next half a dozen went up, and by George, I believe sixteen Japanese fighter planes of the I-97 type came over and we had about 24 planes in the air. There was a wild turkey shoot wherever you looked, right or left, high or low, one plane following the other one. It was a real going wild thing around down there, and when we all wound up, we had lost I believe something like four planes altogether, and the Japanese lost 16 or 18 planes. It was a good ratio, but not quite up to our normal standard, but there were so many Japs that they were just hanging on to each American plane down there. It was a great, great turkey shoot. FRANK BORING: I wonder if you will – about trying to convince the AVG to stay on. HERMAN THE GERMAN: General Bissell had come over and spoken, I believe in three locations where AVG's were, trying to persuade them to stay over there and enlist into the military offering them some pretty good rank promotion compared to what they were in the United States before they left. I did not attend any of the meetings because it never occurred to me that I would be one of them who had a choice in this matter, and I thought come July 4, I will be out and I'll be either going back to my garage, or do something else. So I did not attend the meeting, but the boys who did attend the meeting came back furious, and said I had considered staying over here for a while, but with that man in charge I shall not stay over here. This was the unanimous thing I heard about General Bissell, and I don't know whether I – did I mention to you the General Bissell thing? Yeah, you had that in here. But this confirmed what I heard about Bissell all along the line. I know General Chennault did not get along with him because Bissell short-stopped various supplies which were destined for China from the United States, and they did not arrive, they did not come through, and the reason was, we were told that General Bissell he needed it down for the counter �offensive which would ultimately come down from Burma and push the Japanese into the sea. FRANK BORING: Tell us if he was…. (inaudible)? HERMAN THE GERMAN: Yeah, we had one day in which – on July the 4th or 5th I believe it was, Fox movie was there with a team to take pictures of those AVG's who stayed behind, who voluntarily stayed longer in China, and the P-40 was put in this background to that thing, and I did not want to participate in the little military show they had planned because I told them I had no basic training in American military and I didn't know what to do, and they told me that the German and the American system was identical. It was some German General who came over here in the late 1800 and something – 1870 and trained the American in the German system, they were both identical, and so I said okay, you guys, if that's what you want. Now on the right and left of me, I had a friend of mine who translated what it was the commands were, because commands,. unless you are a real soldier, you don't understand what it means "Er right, er right", and they all know what it means and I didn't understand what he said, so they translated to me, in the time between the initial command. Each command has two parts, one an alert and the second, the execution, when to do it, like, "Aaaabout" and then they know already what comes and they tell me, "Turn around, face." At "face", you swing around, and everything worked fine. Our ranks spread, our ranks went further apart, forward and aft, and I was standing in the middle of the grouping pretty well alone, and when the command came, "About face", I read about it but "turn round", but the German system is on the left heel to the left side and the American system on the right heel, turn around the other side and I noticed that when I was nearly all around, I started swinging back again the other way, and Fox had to cut out that segment down there. And I have never since that time participated in any military training. FRANK BORING: When did you first hear them being called the Flying Tigers? �HERMAN THE GERMAN: We did not have the V for Victory and a tiger with wings which was said right away was from Walt Disney, that Walt Disney created it. They showed up about in March, I believe sometime in March and I cannot tell you whether they were papers which you – what do you call the papers which you [?] all right, the German pictures, "Ap Sie Bild" which means you pull the cover off the [?] underneath, because they were all so identical. I don't think they were really painted by anyone in China, they just filled in more and more and more of them, and pretty soon they all had the Flying Tiger insignia on them. But then a few weeks when the first E's came, before the E's, they had already another insignia on there which was – the China Air Task Force, had a different insignia on and then later the 14th Air Force again changed the insignia. FRANK BORING: Where did you first hear though – decal is the word you're looking for – the AVG being called the Flying Tigers or anything you may remember? HERMAN THE GERMAN: It just fed in very slowly. We were sent in some copies of American newspapers, it was reported an aerial victory which we had frequently, of so many planes shot down against the loss of only so many. Incidentally, when you talk about the loss ratio, you have to remember that the Japanese fought over enemy territory, we did not fight over enemy territory, maybe occupied territory, but not over actual enemy territory, and I do not know – this may be of very great interest to the listener, of a single case in which any American who bailed out, had to bail out in enemy territory, was ever turned over to the Japanese, although the Japanese some time, maybe during the AVG days, maybe a little later, offered a $10,000, U.S. dollar reward for any American turned in, dead or alive, and I understand nobody was ever turned in by the Chinese. They stuck completely with the Americans. �FRANK BORING: Could you tell us, speaking as (inaudible) reference to TV about the fact that American fliers that were shot down, there was never an incidence ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: Never was known to me and I was pretty well familiar later. FRANK BORING: Okay, and then also make sure about the $10,000 reward and about the Chinese people. HERMAN THE GERMAN: There were, of course, several of our planes which were [?] very badly that the pilot felt he could not return safely on to landing field in free China and they had to bail out and pull the ripcord. They went down. I do not know of a single case where the pilot where the pilot was so seriously hurt in the bale out process that he could not make it home, or that he died. The Japanese had offered a $10,000, U.S. dollar reward in 1942 which was a heck of a lot of money in those, it's still a lot of money in these days, but a hell of a lot of money in those days, for the turning over of an American pilot, dead or alive, to the Japanese. Whether they would have paid I do not know, but in any case, I was quite well familiar with what was going on and would have probably heard about any instance, and I am not aware of any single instance, in which a Chinese who were fully aware of that reward, turned over any American to the Japanese. FRANK BORING: Two weeks in which American military personnel were now coming in on a regular basis and the transition period was occurring where people you had – please give us your candid review ……… HERMAN THE GERMAN: I will give you a candid review – I will give you my candid opinion, which will be very disappointing because I did not know any difference except that my friends left, there were fewer and fewer, nobody said goodbye, there were no big official farewell deals, and the feeding in of the Americans was done very smoothly, which was suddenly, regular air force personnel with �officer rank and enlisted men rank, and I remember the first day a planeload full of G.I.'s came in while we AVG's were still there, and they knew nothing, they were frightened stiff, therefore they were worried because this was new world territory, we were the old timers, and same as the officers who I began to know very well, the engineering officers who really didn't know anything about airplanes. Then they asked me, what do you here, what should I do there, so it was a very smooth transition and I heard no big farewell, except that pilot Petach got killed, and we felt terribly sorry that he had just got married before and ended two weeks extension to get killed, was just really tough luck. It's tough luck all the time when you get killed, but to get killed on a voluntary extension of two weeks, was just unfortunate. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) HERMAN THE GERMAN: Being on a crew chief level was not as familiar, of course, with the pilot's home life, their personal life, but we all knew Nurse Petach, we have seen her before, or the name prior to her name whatever it was, and that she married pilot Petach. Petach was one of those few pilots who voluntarily stayed two weeks longer to help the U.S. Air Force integrate smoothly, transition the whole matter, he really did a very loyal thing for this country, and when we heard that he got shot down during these last two weeks, two days, after having just been married, and after I believe the story came around that Mrs. Petach expected a baby, we felt terribly sorry about it. FRANK BORING: The transition was smooth but in fact, there were some difficulties in the sense that there were some personnel coming in that really didn't know how to work on the airplanes that you were working on, that actual problems that were occurring in the transition period. HERMAN THE GERMAN: I can only now tell you that in the transition period, I met the engineering officer, he was a Second Lieutenant of the U.S. army air corps and he indeed did not know what to do nor did I expect �him to know what to do. He arrived from the United States in a war area, and here we old timers who had gone through the war for six months and knew already what to do, and so he very properly asked me and I helped him and we worked very closely together. I flew with him in a twin-engined plane to various other locations to pick up some spare parts and what parts to pick and where to pick them up from, and I did not see any difficulty. That does not mean that there were no difficulties, I personally have not seen but a smooth transition from the AVG into the air force. FRANK BORING: At this point, if you would, I would like, where do you think the AVG fits in terms of history, in terms of the Chinese point of view, the American point of view, that small one year period of which you were all – where does the AVG fit, in terms of that. HERMAN THE GERMAN: The AVG, as such, is not really known, was not really known by the time the AVG left as AVG. The word Flying Tigers took over so completely and was so popular by the Chinese population, by the American press, and by the Life Magazine which wrote an article about the Flying Tigers, which we got in China there, that the 14th Air Force which followed later, or the China Air Task Forces followed at first, then the 14th Air Force, tried very hard to absorb the name Flying Tigers, and indeed many men who were interviewed by the American press, said that he was with the Flying Tigers and this is what the newspaper wrote, one of the Flying Tigers while actually he was not one of the original Flying Tigers. I believe there was a major disagreement in the States later about Flying Tigers and the follow on military. As a matter of fact the U.S. government did not want to give credit in terms of overseas time to those members of the original Flying Tigers, and it was not considered an American outfit, it was the Flying Tigers of the Chinese Air Force. But that, of course, is a bunch of nonsense, but that's the way it really went. I, myself, personally, wanted to ultimately get American citizenship, but they said you were with the Flying Tigers of the Chinese Air Force, you were not �with the American Air Force, so that was the official part. But when it suited them, the other way around, they were… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Neumann_Gerhard_1991_v08 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Title A name given to the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann interview (video and transcript, 8 of 9), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Gerhard Neumann by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying TIgers. Neumann, known by his American Volunteer Group (AVG) comrades as "Herman the German," was a mechanic and the son of non-practicing Jewish parents. Though drafted into the German army in 1938, he attained a deferrment as a working engineer. He left Germany to seek a job opportunity in Hong Kong in 1939, but upon arrival learned the company had disappeared. Circumstance led him to working for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) where he worked as an auto mechanic. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he accepted an offer from Col. Chennault and joined the AVG. He served among the headquarters personnel as a Propeller Specialist. In this tape, Neumann discusses the meeting with General Bissell regarding an extended stay of the AVG and the identity of the Flying Tigers. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ef02d4602893f6598fd6dd7ca31d1566.mp4 3d7ea152b5ae62c99ac9532b5ea867f5 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/087aa5f6a9659d98d0022dc160438bbe.pdf a898450179ff952a67f8a9b0b9a49bf7 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interviews Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Gerhard “Herman the German” Neumann Date of Interview: 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 9] HERMAN THE GERMAN: The existence and departure of the Flying Tigers – of the original Flying Tigers was a very sad case indeed, but the record they left behind and the record that was published, particularly the entire program we had, where we were experiencing loss after loss after loss of the allies to the Japanese, the Indonesians and whatever, and there the AVG stood as a shining example, that the Japanese were not unbeatable, but slowly people began to believe – we had lost Hong Kong to the allies, we had lost Singapore, which was unbeatable, and the Japanese all managed to take – Indo-China and Dutch New Guinea for example all the way down to Australia. The Flying Tigers were held up as the ones who beat the Japanese at the record level. I do not know what the official level really is but it was in the neighborhood of 12:1 or 13:1 or something. I even heard the figure of 14:1. I do not know what this ratio was, whether it's ratio of pilots killed or pilots lost or it was airplanes lost or whatever, but it was a tremendous ratio and it showed that a small group of volunteers, well led, which was the important thing, well supported by the population on the ground, in feeding them and housing them and everything else, building runways so that they could make it and beat the Japanese, and that was an inspiration used by the American people, used by the American press, used by the Chinese. I couldn't read a Chinese newspaper but I heard it all over that the Flying Tigers were indeed, practically exceptional god-like affair. That of course was not true. �It was a really tough outfit, and although voluntary, some people had left, the tough guys stayed behind and did their job and inspired the American people. No question about it. FRANK BORING: With the help of the Chinese – they were able to do something different in terms of what was going on with the Japanese, the bombing of the Chinese cities. If you could talk to us about that, in particular the affect AVG had in defending the Chinese. HERMAN THE GERMAN: I had moved from Hong Kong in June of 1940 into the Yunnan area. There was Yunnanyi which is slightly west, maybe 40 miles west of Kunming. There was a big flying, central flight training base. I had never seen a single Chinese fighter aircraft by itself in combat with the Japanese. The Japanese came daily and the Chinese had plenty of opportunity, but I have to say that they did not attack the Japanese, except through one anti-craft gun 88 German anti-aircraft gun near Kunming. It was not the Chinese Air Force that did anything. The Chinese training planes were seen departing prior to the arrival of the Japanese. Now I did see Russian equipment in China. I never saw them in combat because they had old Spanish Civil War type equipment in China, like biplanes and light bombers. But I didn't see them in action either except I suddenly heard that they had left and returned to Russia when Germany attacked Russia and the planes were called back and the crews and supporting personnel were called back. So I can only say that were it not for the Flying Tigers having arrived and being trained in Burma prior to World War II and then being available right there in World War II and the Japanese coming over there with their first squadron, unprotected by fighters and losing nearly all their bombers and two days later, the same thing happened. Think, the Flying Tigers were right there and established themselves in the minds of all the Chinese, certainly of the free Chinese. I do not know what was known all over, what news went over to the occupied Chinese, but the free Chinese certainly gave credit to the Flying Tigers being over there, and Colonel Chennault. �FRANK BORING: I'd like to ask you now what you feel was your personal accomplishment in that period of time and how did it affect the rest of your life. HERMAN THE GERMAN: Those are two separate questions of what affect my membership of the AVG was in my life's career and what I thought I may have contributed. I contributed to the AVG the, I believe a little better maintenance and availability of fighter aircraft and I'm quite sure I contributed in several cases to an airplane available in a flight line having gone up and maybe shot down some Japanese aircraft, but that's all as far as I could do, except for training Chinese. I did train a lot of Chinese who sent to me who sent to me another 20 men and another 20 men, on the maintenance of engines and the aircraft. So that may have a far-reaching effect later on when these Chinese stayed with the American military. But in my own life it was a period of getting to be an American, of being associated with America and to be particularly associated with the men who looked you straight in the eye, Colonel Chennault, later General Chennault, who affected me through the whole life, because when I came to America after the war, and told people that I happened to be with the original Flying Tigers, "Oh", they'd say, "You were with General Chennault" and I'd say, "Yes, I was with General Chennault," and I had my passport and my military pass for Flying Tigers to show it, and this practically assured me a job in the aeronautical business at a time when tens of thousands were being laid off after the war. I got a job offer immediately at Douglas Aircraft where I was and at General Aircraft where I was then later. Having worked with General Chennault, with the original Flying Tigers on my passport an entry, take it anywhere, which I didn't recognize at the time, completely as later, but it was certainly an important, the most important thing in my life. FRANK BORING: That is – in terms of your association with Chennault, affect you, in terms of the things that you decided to do the rest of your life. �HERMAN THE GERMAN: I'm trying to tell you how I personally felt of having been associated with the Flying Tigers. The personal acquaintance-ship with General Chennault was, could have been independent of the Flying Tigers because he happened to be my one removed next door neighbor, and we were getting along very well, although we did not talk very much, and I didn't talk very much. I couldn't and he didn't. But certain of the pilots of the Flying Tigers were very impressive. This Tex Hill, Ed Rector, as my Squadron Commander, there were some of those people who were really, truly effective in my life in believing in people. On the other hand, a lot of drunken crew chiefs and non-working all the time the way I was taught to do as I was expected to do. They kind of disappointed me for some time, but not all of them at all. There were some wonderful guys down as crew chiefs also, and propeller repair men and so on. But there were some, there was a difference between the pilots and the pilot's operating and the pilot's behavior and the crew chief personnel. Now maybe the pilots were drinking at nights too in a great mass, and I assume they did, but I was not aware of that. What I was aware of was that Tex Hill and Ed Rector, and some squadron commanders or squadron members, flying members of the AVG and they are wonderful people, and they gave me a lot of confidence that American military will do the job to beat finally the Germans and whatever else they had to beat down there. FRANK BORING: How did that affect you as the man, how did that experience during that period of time – where there any characteristics that came out of there that have carried on either in terms of your competence, in terms of your feeling more comfortable with Americans, or ………… HERMAN THE GERMAN: I thought out there that the mass of Americans, of course there could be a lot of other people, that the most of the crew chief level and ground support personnel of the Flying Tigers, were not working as hard as what they should be working, very frankly, and I decided right then and there, that wouldn't happen to me, if I go, �I'll go all out or quit, and this affected me, I'm sure. But on the other hand, the pilots I have always seen ready, I do not know when they were not ready, but I know they were ready lying on their deck chairs next to the airplanes, all day long, waiting for the command to go up in the air and there was never any hesitation of any of those. They were the high type guys I liked to emulate. FRANK BORING: I've got one question that actually has nothing to do with AVG (inaudible)… HERMAN THE GERMAN: There's not much to say. Looking back at those six months, I was so busy with myself and my job of maintaining those aircraft around the clock and doing the very best I could, that I had little time to think about what would happen six months later or a year later or twenty years later or forty years later. It is now that I was there about 50 years ago, and it always stuck with me that the Flying Tigers and General Chennault. I often think what would Chennault say about what I am going to do now. Will he be approving of it and I know he did, because his death bed so to say, less than a month before he died, I visited him in a Royal Marine Hospital, and I saw him and the General said, "I read about you that you are now General Manager of the jet engine department of General Electric and I'm very pleased and very proud of you. I want to congratulate you and I said, "General, it was your influence which made me have the confidence to get going, and you got me to America and you helped me all along the line, and I thank you very, very much and I wish you wouldn't smoke", because he was sitting in this bed and smoking, and he said, "I'm going to die anyhow in a few days, I might as well enjoy it to the last." But General Chennault was the big figure in my life. I met many big figures, many heads, I met five presidents of the United States personally, but he was still one of my idols, top idols. I'm sorry, I wish I could tell you more. FRANK BORING: That was excellent. (Inaudible) �HERMAN THE GERMAN: Looking back at General Chennault leaving China on July 20, 1942, no excuse me … FRANK BORING: The date's not even that important, just say leaving China, that would be good. HERMAN THE GERMAN: I was going to say less than three weeks before the war was over. Looking back at when General Chennault who I can truly define as a personal friend of mine, and a major influence, left the area where he fought for eight years, less than a month before the war ended and having heard rumors that he may have been asked to leave an to retire, was a shock. But the worst shock was that when Japan surrendered in a big ceremony when General MacArthur was there, when the prisoners, the big top prison officers, American officers had been released by the Japanese and joined on the battleship Azores for peace treaty signing, and General Chennault was not there. I was really shook up and somewhere I can assure you my whole squadron, and I'm not the only squadron, there was squadron after squadron, we all felt Chennault was our old man, and the new group of people coming in may have been very nice but to see to it that General Chennault is one of the top men signing the peace treaty with the Japanese being there in charge with this [?] was a real shock and a very, very great disappointment. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) HERMAN THE GERMAN: When I met General Chennault in his office as a future commander of an American volunteer group, he had this simple desk. There was nothing fancy about his office. It was all work, we talked about work, we talked about responsibility and the importance in life, and I taught the General, at that time when he was not a General, that I was brought up this way, in a German home, it is first, the work, then the pleasure, if there is time for pleasure. But we got pleasure out of work, and when I became an apprentice for three years prior to going to engineering college, I had the same �thing, it was work first, and you work your fanny off under miserable conditions. You finish your work and the aircraft runs or the automobile runs, and everything's all right you get pleasure and satisfaction out of working on it. I saw this with the pilots. What I saw of the pilots, or most of them, except Pappy Boyington or some of those exceptions, very few exceptions, I saw them always ready, always ready to fly, whenever they were told, "You, you, you – take off now", they're gone, they're working. I'm sure they got their satisfaction of shooting down airplanes and painting another Japanese flag on the side of the airplane that shot down another plane. I did not see the same thing unanimously with the enlisted personnel, from the enlisted personnel, but some of them also were very conscientious and very good but there were some of them who just would not make it in good old Germany down there, they would fall by the wayside because it was not work first and then the pleasure, and that's what Chennault saw in me and I saw in the General, and that's why we got along very well with each other. When I look back at the six months with the Flying Tigers and the problems of repairing under terrible conditions without a hangar, without a light, without real tools, without any spare parts, and when I see what was done and the net result was that the whole Chinese free nation admired what was done under those tough conditions, then I don't mind at all having worked that hard and I've continued to this throughout my life, all the way and to the last day, and the last day I closed the door and that was it. I think a lot of people would be better off when they think, first the work and then the pleasure, and I still stick with it, and have some problems sometimes at home. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Neumann_Gerhard_1991_v09 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Title A name given to the resource Gerhard "Herman the German" Neumann interview (video and transcript, 9 of 9), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Gerhard Neumann by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying TIgers. Neumann, known by his American Volunteer Group (AVG) comrades as "Herman the German," was a mechanic and the son of non-practicing Jewish parents. Though drafted into the German army in 1938, he attained a deferrment as a working engineer. He left Germany to seek a job opportunity in Hong Kong in 1939, but upon arrival learned the company had disappeared. Circumstance led him to working for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) where he worked as an auto mechanic. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he accepted an offer from Col. Chennault and joined the AVG. He served among the headquarters personnel as a Propeller Specialist. In this tape, Neumann discusses the effect the AVG had in defending the Chinese people and his personal accomplishments during that period in his life. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9ffa3a820d2eee459650c2955a4a5a75.jpg d7e9158c4ab1a236e4682e6480ea7b32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1541 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 109F, July 2, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e0f13a60be77b5d7fd6e435594571461.jpg b3de078f97840c35aaa527abd4cec41d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M3050 Title A name given to the resource German bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber, single-seated fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 109F, May 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/49820e3af0eb48117224b1935332494d.jpg 2265dffb7e25781298cba29cd5d22ae0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX1543 Title A name given to the resource German bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber, single-seated fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, May 20, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-20 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9fc88c5d16de1d0356d468c8eb9a8ee2.jpg 608970b2c2f4e40d52ab51a3e4827ff8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX1545 Title A name given to the resource German bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber, single-seated fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, May 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/95310458418b6aa9cbadb0aefe49a324.jpg e63e23ad010dd4b5f4b4ba121e77c6f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX1546 Title A name given to the resource German bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber, single-seated fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, May 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1ec0ddccfe504b09bc02cb722a0df2fe.jpg 2f990f693dd777ee3d32c166ad85021a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_MX1554 Title A name given to the resource German bomber Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber, single-seated fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, May 15, 1944. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-05-15 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bf45cdb2a20954af425c5ccad9d0b2e8.jpg fb4736c51f97f17e54ceced9954a3c5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1535 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 109F, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2a73b63befc91f2265de06a46cb4b94b.jpg 7e433f95cad2e40992b4c7b6152c5433 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1538 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 109F, July 2, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b6bd1b286ccb4022169b72b6c4db7c2.jpg 0d31a38afc4658dda130dc799e08855e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1539 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 109F, July 2, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1a1db5d8ecc57dc62960d5373951c781.jpg a12e690806ed41d4a170e5f0791b28d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1544 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, FW 190, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/84ac50f3ed522f386d18340f7e153ede.jpg f9540bee96fe33c555ec7005d32f8ee7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1551 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e7c8b06a5a2641f0fb7971673bd30fa4.jpg 9472e4373b0738193e1941ba514a4b92 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1553 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, FW (Focke-Wulf) 190, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4f02d03ae91967e806fbf93286f7be48.jpg 8b3a29ce367d7ddae329ffa5105bc47c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1561 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME 110, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/90c2042e6069bf8099b85560239fc0db.jpg 29c1d74ec6804a916ebde7718e34f5be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1562 Title A name given to the resource German bomber fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 110, June 30, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-06-30 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/c296c2bcf743f45f7d3fd07de123bd4a.jpg b1ec534b14eeaf28ca10e74e0df12dd4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M68 Title A name given to the resource German bomber/fighter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German bomber/fighter, ME (Messerschmitt) 210, September 14, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-09-14 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5136b608ef7bbd94d5ed2e3efa6eb341.jpg b4a6c00a9839f9b887788f2eaff42d08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1642 Title A name given to the resource German dive bomber aircraft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German dive bomber aircraft, medium bomber, JU (Junkers) 88, July 5, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b2b0a465cb7a88e3fe9be32f9e9e2117.jpg 871db62a098890909667ce3096d7e964 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1643 Title A name given to the resource German dive bomber aircraft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German dive bomber aircraft, medium bomber, JU (Junkers) 88, July 5, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3f0f647eeafe3027a24b09840c2b21fd.jpg 03823eb0edaa6538174d85b443b754d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1651 Title A name given to the resource German dive bomber aircraft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German dive bomber aircraft, heavy bomber, Dornier 217, July 5, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6307ff52ab6e5979c4dd6e4087b5dbfa.jpg b15469ac94fb1184d4a825073a2cfbd0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Naval Recognition Training Slides Subject The topic of the resource Slides Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Warships--Recognition World War, 1939-1945 Description An account of the resource Slides developed during World War II as a training tool, for top-side battle-station personnel on board ship and for all aircraft personnel, by the US Navy. In 1942 a Recognition School was established by the Navy at Ohio State University where the method of identification was developed. In 1943 the school was taken over by the US Navy. The importance of training in visual recognition of ships and aircraft became even more evident during World War II. Mistakes resulting in costly errors and loss of life led to an increased emphasis on recognition as a vital skill. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides (RHC-50)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1943-1953 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="http://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/477">Naval recognition slides, RHC-50</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-50_M1652 Title A name given to the resource German dive bomber aircraft Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Navy Description An account of the resource German dive bomber aircraft, heavy bomber, Dornier 217, July 5, 1943. Subject The topic of the resource United States. Navy Germany World War, 1939-1945 Military education Airplanes, Military--Recognition Slides Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval recognition slides (RHC-50) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-07-05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives