292 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d3513b1cd1e00ebc14ea8acd6686113e.pdf 6946b73cac41c4a194ed8b182d6fb732 PDF Text Text Emily Buettner 3/3/2020 Time feels as if it carries an entirely different weight with it now. The days are long yet heavy, with more and more happening to those close to me everyday. Over two weeks ago I began this pandemic in a hospital room with my Grandmother. The previous weekend my Grandmother had been admitted to the hospital for colon cancer, the second time she has had to face cancer in her life. One of her favorite game shows, The Price is Right, echoed through the speakers on her hospital bed as I talked to the nurse taking care of her. He was a grand valley state university student, and from him I learned that the university was going to be potentially closed. At the moment I honestly believed nothing was going to happen. However, later that night as I prepared to head back to my apartment the notice came out about the University shutting down for the next two weeks. I remember mainly feeling surprised, but also worried for what was to come. Within the next couple of days the hospital my Grandmother was at began restricting the number of visitors who could enter a room at a time. I remember this being the first time I directly felt the effects of the pandemic. I was worried about carrying a disease to my vulnerable Grandmother, and being the reason she would never be able to make a recovery. My roommates chose to worry about how to have a good time instead. While my roommates worried about what outfit to wear to their next day party, I had to worry about them bringing any number of diseases ranging from COVID, the flu, or strep back to the apartment. Because of my living situation at the time, and being able to choose to go home as my mom was in the area, I decided to leave. Over the past two weeks I left my apartment to move back home with my family in Virginia. Me and my mom were able to fly out of Grand Rapids and went through the Chicago airport in order to get home. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-03-30_BuettnerEmily Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Buettner, Emily Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-03-30 Title A name given to the resource Emily Buettner Journal Description An account of the resource Journal entry of GVSU student Emily Beuttner shortly before the university closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/29e74ae2cbcbbd32c0975fb437c08e2e.mp4 0bf5e3bef3799a6a1622dc00e27a71cf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8ded1b5182f5895b2e11bd487afe22af.pdf 87dbf7a9b54bb397a7a7588c9d61781a PDF Text Text Living with PFAS Interviewee: Emily Donovan Interviewer: Dani DeVasto Date: June 18, 2021 DD: I’m Dani De Vasto and today June 18, 2021 I have the pleasure of chatting with Emily Donovan, hi Emily. ED: Hi. DD: Emily can you tell me about where you’re from and where you currently live. ED: Yeah, so I am originally from South Carolina. I'm currently living in North Carolina and I’ve been a resident of North Carolina for, little over half my life now. I live in Brunswick county, so I live in a town, Leland, we’re right outside of Wilmington. And we’ve been here for going on almost twelve–over twelve years now. DD: Ok, Emily can you please tell me a story about your experience with PFAS or with PFAS in your community? ED: Yeah, so three years after moving to this area my husband started losing his eyesight and we didn’t know what was happening. We were terrified, we thought he was going to go blind. He had an MRI and this was around our ten year anniversary because he did the MRI and then we went on vacation, and I just remember that experience as having this kind of dark cloud looming over us. We get back and we find out that he had a brain tumor and it needed to be removed immediately or he would lose his vision permanently. So we did all the things, found a really amazing neurosurgeon, got the tumor removed and miraculously his vision was fully restored. We met with the surgeon six months after the surgery and the surgeon just looked at us–and this was literally the world's best skull based neurosurgeon, he was from Japan and had a teaching facility at Duke university, and he looks at us, and he’s like I’m good but I’m not that good. [Chuckles] That is–that is God and I had always kept that memory. I mean it was a very traumatic experience for our family but at the same time, just remembered that miracle because you hear about them but you don’t ever feel like you–would you recognize one if it happened to you. So that happened and then we fast forward to 2017 which was probably five years maybe six years later and I wake up and–actually it was in June, and so wake up to a news story that there’s a chemical plant upstream of Wilmington and they’ve been dumping large quantities of PFAS into the Cape Fear River, which it turns out is our drinking water supply. I didn’t know any of this so I start doing all of this research and like everyone else in our community, we're scrambling and we’re pulling together and we’re sharing information, and we’re reaching out to scientists. And I can’t help but wonder if what caused my husband's brain tumor was tied to these industrial chemicals that have no business being in tap but were in our tap water. And not just in questionable amounts these are insanely large amounts. I think a scientist did a study of a sample that he had taken in 2014 at the–the kind of the height of the contamination and one hundred and thirty thousand parts per trillion was recorded. It’s still questionable in my mind, it's 1 �unclear, was that just the PFAS’s that he could detect with where science is at right now, because the one thing that we are learning too, is that these labs can’t fully detect all of the PFAS, because they don’t have analytical standards for them. So there’s still this question mark of how much we were exposed to. It also was–it also started coming more into focus you know not just of what happened to my husband but, you know, my daughter’s childhood best friend. Her mother had breast cancer, at a very young age. She was in the military and then lived in this area. Her parents both developed rare blood cancers or diseases within months of each of other, and we were all living in the same neighborhood. And then I at the time was a youth director at a very small church and in our program I would you know end every evening that we met with prayer requests, and I just started realizing that we were praying for some very serious problems in these teenagers' lives. A father who had terminal brain cancer, bone and brain cancer. A mother who had colon cancer. A sister or a brother who had intestinal disorder and was so severe that he was hospitalized. So there was just all of these things, there was a kid in my youth group who didn’t even know his mother because she died of breast cancer before he was–right when he was born and so you know I just started looking around and this seems like too much disease, too much illness. I didn’t even have to go outside my inner circle to hear stories. And that just kind of resonated with me and furthered solidified that something needed to be done. Someone needs to speak up, so I helped–I was part of a group that formed in our region called Clean Cape Fear and we are a grass roots all volunteer coalition and we have just focused on trying to hold elected leaders, government bodies, and pretty much everyone including ourselves accountable. With a focus on making sure the polluter pays, and in this case the chemical company was DuPont which then spun off to Chemours. DD: And how is that work going? ED: It's been a really interesting journey, and I think–I feel like things are going good but you know I have very high standards of what I think a resolution should be. I think, you know, in a perfect world this chemical company, regardless of its name, should be making communities whole again. For the devastation and harm they caused, and we still don’t have safe drinking water. My tap water, our utilities, still record some of the highest levels of PFAS in the finished water that comes out of my tap, in the nation. But my work, what I’ve done is, I’ve testified before Congress twice. I testified in August of 2018 and then again in July of 2019. I organized to bring community members with me in July 2019 and meet with representatives, and that was a really positive experience. The community members that came convinced our local congressional representatives to cosponser the PFAS Action Act and make it a bipartisan bill. I know they weren’t the only ones that made it a bipartisan bill there were others, but that was positive to see that happen. We also, when we formed Clean Cap Fear, we–the first thing we did was host the first ever public forum on GenX. Because GenX is what was in the news it was supposed to be the PFOA [Perfluorooctanoic Acid] replacement. So everyone’s like what’s GenX and then we come to find out that really it’s not just GenX but it's all PFAS. So I think one positive thing that my group has done is we’ve shifted the focus away from a chemical by chemical approach and we’ve changed the narrative to let's talk about this class of chemistry. We really worked hard and intentional to do that. We noticed early on, one of the things when we sat around this dinning room table and were figuring out what we needed to do as a community. We realized that information was important and getting accurate information, that the chemical industry for–not just the chemical industry, but industry in general has a play book. We see it 2 �with tobacco and we see it with oil and gas and the same thing is happening with these chemicals, is that they play this game of hiding the information and making–casting doubt and making it really difficult for communities to advocate for themselves so we felt it was important to really bridge that gap of reliable information and so we focused on having public forums because there was so much silence and confusion and a lot of misinformation getting spread online, and we’re like let’s get scientists in front. Let's get scientists and medical experts, let's get the experts in front of the community and have some good conversations, and that's exactly what we did and in fact this is the–last week was the four year anniversary of our first public forum on GenX. So I don’t know, I mean obviously I don’t know if other forums were happening around the world in GenX, but I would like to think we were the first ever globally [laughter] on GenX. But it was a powerful standing room only event. DD: Wow. ED: And from that we had a second event and our second event was focused on equity and making sure this–that the information was communicated to all communities. Communities of color, low income communities, communities with English as a second language, and so we brought in a lot of nonprofits on our second forum and we made sure that everyone was networking and working together. That public officials, that the water utilities were working with the homeless community to just make sure that everyone understood. Hey, you know what, maybe we need to be careful about our tap water and we need to figure out how to get everybody access to what we feel is safe and comfortable drinking water. And then our third forum was really focusing in on the science and so we brought in a lot of scientific experts from the universities in North Carolina that had unlocked, uncovered or had been working on PFAS. And so they just really got into the weeds on that forum and by that time the media had caught on, and the media was starting to host their own public forums and so we were–there was just like a public forum on PFAS every week. And so by that point we felt like we had really initiated a concept and so we didn’t feel that we needed to host any more public forums so we just stepped back and let those continue. And so we started focusing on just network building, and alliance building, and coalition building and also just holding public leaders accountable and making sure that they did what they said they were going to do and not just talk a certain way and then act a different way. And so we’ve always just tried to maintain that perspective. Some other things that I’m really–you know I’m really proud of some of the work that we’ve done, is that we brought Mark Rufflo to town and we hosted two “Dark Waters” screening events, and so I worked really hard to make that happen. And we had–I did a ton of lobbying in D.C. and [chuckles] this isn’t even my job, I have a day job. My day job was working for–you know, building up a youth ministry, and I say was in the past tense because right before the pandemic in the beginning of January 2020, I actually retired from youth ministry and then I started working in communications for another local church so I’m still in the faith community. I just kind of shifted my gears away from doing teenage ministry more into helping communicate, with– digitally, with the church. So–but anyways in all of that I do this on the side [chuckles] this is kind of like my ministry and I think that’s what was happening is that I couldn’t really keep doing all of this, so I had to figure out what to do. So it kind of goes back to, that miracle that I felt my family had experienced when my husband’s eyesight was fully restored. It should have never been–he has twenty-twenty vision and we can’t explain it. And so I do feel that I have been called into this space to bring–to be the conscience and the humanity for society and remind 3 �public leaders that there’s a reason why you are elected. To remind scientists that the work is for the people, you know–that yes the betterment of humanity, and all aspects of humanity and that this work, you know even into the chemical industry to you know have a soul and make things right [chuckles]. So this is kind of the space that I keep trying to remind myself that I feel called to be in. I’ve also just done a–I know I didn’t go into to great of detail about the screening events but some really positive change that came from both of those events is that we got our attorney general to file a lawsuit against DuPont and Chemours seeking natural resources damages for the state. We’re kind of following up to see where that's at right now, because again there’s that accountability piece. And then we also saw the most PFAS legislation filed in the state legislature this cycle then we have seen ever, then we saw in 2018 when the legislature was supposed to be at the peak of our contamination story. So I really think that was a direct result of those screening events. So, North Carolina legislature woke up a bit about it. Unfortunately, North Carolina legislature did not progress the bills that were filed, so there was some really fantastic representatives in the house who filed some really good, thoughtful bills, and the party in control of the General Assembly right now, the Republican Party, did not move them out of the rules committee and so refused to advance them, and that has been really dissatisfying to watch. But again until we could convince the community that this is a voting topic, and not just our community, because our community is very aware that this is a voting topic, but it's the rest of North Carolina. We’re stuck, and we’re also know that behind the scenes the North Carolina Manufacturing Alliance which is the main hub that Chemours operates through is doing some heavy funding to make sure that their interests are maintained. So it's been a very eye opening experience to see how money flows through politics, to see how industry can capture public bodies, and can capture elected officials. But then also how industry can just capture the scientific narrative too, and so that has been an interesting experience. DD: Can you say any more about the kinds of legislation that were trying to be forwarded? ED: Yeah there was a Polluter Pays Bill, a local representative, Deb Butler, she had sponsored a Polluter Pays and basically it would have required any responsible party that put PFAS into a public source of drinking water was responsible for making sure that the utilities could filter it out. And so not putting the burden on the ratepayers, and it was pretty much a very specific bill that would have helped not just the Wilmington area because there are three utilities that have been impacted not–three utilities and three hundred thousand residents are impacted by this, but there’s also communities upstream along the Haw River that feeds into the Cape Fear River and Pittsboro, and their water district has high levels of PFAS that almost–I mean they’re just as high as our levels here, and that’s coming from the textile industry in Burlington, North Carolina, and so the concern is making sure that industry is being held accountable for what they’re dumping into these public bodies of water, because we can’t filter them out easily it requires very advanced technology to filter it out of the drinking water, and that’s very expensive. And as it stands right now Pittsboro residents, Brunswick county residents, CFPUA residents, Cape Fear Public Utility Authority, which is–it which services New Hanover county and Wilmington residents and then portions of Brunswick county residents are all having to pay for upgrades themselves because Chemours is refusing to do it voluntarily. That’s the big one, it did not go forward, and it did not have bipartisan support even with some–there’s republican representatives in our district who live in this contaminated area and they didn’t cosponsor–one of them didn’t cosponsor it. It was really odd like [laughter] this is why–what are your–who do 4 �you want to pay for this, it’s a real problem, and they’re just–yeah, there’s just no explanation for why he wouldn’t champion it or wouldn’t co-sponsor it. Because we had the Brunswick County representatives, our both republicans and they both co-sponsored it, they were like we’re on board [chuckles] so it just is such a bizarre situation. There were some other bills that would band–band PFAS and firefighting foam and that bill, I worked really hard with the state level coalitions to introduce that bill back in 2019 and it did not progress on in 2019. And I don’t know why because in Congress, Congress has already banned PFAS and firefighting foam, the military will no longer be using it. So it’s banned immediately from I believe training, and it will be banned completely from use by 2024, I’m not like–I can’t remember, I think that’s the date but I’m not sure. So the writings on the wall it’s inevitable, the military’s already doing it. Everybody sees how expensive it is to keep using this product, it’s a huge liability for the military, our military bases, it's a huge liability for municipalities to keep using it, so it seems like a no brainer North Carolina should actually pass this bill and go ahead and just fall in line with where the world is headed and they refuse to. The bill got resubmitted this past year and it was resubmitted by the Republicans but only as a lets catalog an inventory on firefighting foam. So it was not a firefighting band bill, it was a let’s have the state fire marshals create an inventory tracking system so they know exactly where it is but let's not touch–let’s let it still being used, and so that was just a little bizarre to me. There was movement in the house to get the bill to add banning it from training. So the house did eventually agree and pass their version that said fire fighting foam or AFFF would be banned from training and that was a modest win. But again it should be banned completely, especially when we see the military’s doing it. The Senate is debating it, and it’s my understanding that it's not going anywhere right now, but I haven’t checked in recently to see what the Senate side is doing. So this bill hasn’t been–it hasn’t fully passed, it hasn’t been signed by a governor yet. Other things, the only piece of legislation if we’re going back to 2018, so we found out in 2017 in June about our contamination. 2018 was when bills were submitted, and the only bill that got approved was this Water Safety Act Bill, and basically it gave the state agencies five million doallas to address PFAS. Compare that to Michigan, Michigan spent fifty million and North Carolina has like–DuPont and Chemours here, and they could–they only wanted to spend five million, and by the way North Carolina has a billion dollar rainy day fund. Like–is it a billion–I will have to double check, they have a massive rainy day fund and, they have the money, like there’s money they can use, it’s not that we’re a poor state at all, we're not. They just didn’t you know didn’t want to spend the money. That money was used, I believe–here’s where I have to like, I don’t want to misspeak, because I can’t remember everything that that bill incorporated, but it was modest, and it gave them–it gave money to establish a group the PFAS network which is North Carolina, education–like universities that are all supposed to start studying PFAS but the problem with doing that is that it didn’t give the state agencies like DEQ [Department of Environmental Quality] and DHHS [Department of Health and Human Services] authority to regulate. So even if the big thing that came from it is that they gave these independent scientists money to go and sample all the water supplies in North Carolina to find out where PFAS was, and so that’s good, we kind of want to be able to see it. But they wrote it in a way where they didn’t want utilities, they didn’t want any research to be done on the finished tap water only on the raw water. So it's just raw water sources that are being tested. And that’s fine that that’s being tested but DEQ can’t regulate off of any of that testing. So our DEQ said we still need a chain of command, we still have to do testing of our own in order to regulate. So that’s great that you’re letting us know but we’re still going to have to spend money and do our own work. So, it was kinda just like this silly–I mean I don’t want to 5 �call it silly because it’s great work what the scientists are doing, and the scientists just did some phenomenal work because they looked at more than just five or six, they were looking at, let’s open it up and do a wide view, you know a wide view and find out what we're seeing. So that was important for us to kind of see where it is, that was public surface water, I think they were then going to start looking at ground water across the state which is a little more tricky. And so I think they are working on that right now, but again in all of that in these four years the state of North Carolina still has not officially regulated PFAS. We do not have any drinking water standards for PFAS, we don’t have any surface water or groundwater standards for PFAS, we don’t have–any discharge limits or regulations set for PFAS. So nothing has been done in four years. On, officially and legally and that is frustrating because this is really just feeling like they’re running out the clock. It shouldn’t be that difficult to say, hey lets do something. There’s been a lot of back and forth on well, the federal government should do it, or the state government should do it. And there’s been a lot of waffling, and the most interesting thing is that the head of our EPA now was the head of North Carolina’s DEQ so secretary Regan, Michael Regan is now administrator of the EPA. Michael Regan–and super excited to see what he is going to do, and no one knows more about PFAS probably than he does, with his experiences here in North Carolina. The concern being will he act on PFAS because North Carolina was such a tricky place to be and we still don’t have regulations in North Carolina, will get regulations out of his EPA at the federal level. So there’s a lot of questions there and one other thing that I’ve done is I’ve partnered with center for environmental health, and we filed a petition to the EPA last year too [unclear here] to do human health and toxicity studies on fifty four PFAS that we documented we were exposed to either through our food, water, our air supply, or was in our blood. And the previous administration denied the petition and so we resubmitted the petition to the Biden administration, and we’re waiting to hear back and we also filed suit. So we are poised to go to court with the EPA regardless of you know which administration, just to show that this is something we feel should have been done. These chemical companies should be forced, or should be showing the toxicity data on anything that they make before they release it into the air, or the water, the soil, the food supply, you know this is just–it makes sense. You know you should have to get permission before you dump, not afterwards, but we understand that, the past is the past so let's fix it now. And it's my understanding that Chemours is actively fighting this. And so again it seems like Chemours says one thing publicly and then does one thing privately. Which is that they fight, they fight all these lawsuits there–my water district and Wilmington water district has been in an active lawsuit with Chemours for the last two or three years to get them to pay for utility upgrades, and they’re actively fighting it. And we are–and my coalision is working to get Chemours to pay for human health studies for the ones–the PFAS that we can document we were exposed to and they’re actively fighting against it [chuckles] so it's been a really not surprising journey because we knew they would play this game. But I know–what I think is interesting is will the agencies step up and do right by the public, you know who–what entities are they here to serve. Are they here to serve corporations or are they here to serve the American public, the taxpayers that pay for them because we are realizing that corporations don’t always pay their taxes, or you know find funny way to not pay taxes, but I’m paying taxes [chuckles], so I’d love to see this work for me, so. DD: So, you’ve hinted at this a little bit, but maybe you could say a little bit more. What concerns do you have about PFAS contamination moving forward? 6 �ED: Oh-gosh, this is where I get sad. Sorry [sniffle]. DD: I’m sorry. ED: Will I wake up one day and find out that something is wrong with my kids. And it was related to doing what I thought I was supposed to be doing as a parent, giving them water. You know our pediatrician–every time we would visit the pediatrician, they were like giving us–you know encourage to drink water, encourage to drink water, and you know we did that, oh my gosh my children love water. And for the last four years they have been afraid to drink water at their school. So you know there’s– I’m worried–yeah like I just don’t know–there’s mother doubt you know. Why didn’t we have a filter on our sink just as a precaution. There’s rage of why should we have a filter on our sink just as a precaution. And then there's an aching heart for those who simply can’t have filters because they can’t afford them. But like I see and read and talk to so many people that have to choose. They’re like I can’t keep buying bottled water, or I can’t keep filtering this out and keep paying for my utility bill. You know and so then there's this over rationalization of maybe it’s not that bad, maybe this isn’t an issue. But it gets kind of alarming when you read the studies and you see what the effects are, and the information is still emerging. So that’s the biggest one is, will we wake up in five or ten years and have major medical issues because we’ve had so many in the past, and that trauma comes back to the forefront of I don’t want to deal with another trauma, another medical problem, because it was really hard. I mean we got through it, people have been through worse, you know like I get that. This is avoidable, this is preventable, there is a solution to this problem, and it's just people having the courage to stand up and do the right thing so that’s what I worry about. Oh, there was one other thing, that, that I did that I am proud of that has been successful, is that we finally got two–we petitioned two school boards. I participated in an environmental working group tap water study and I pulled water from my children’s public school and it ended up being the top. The top of the study, and it ended up being an underreported moment because we get our water from the river so the levels fluctuate. So, when EWG [Environmental Working Group] called me and said you're at the top of this list and by a lot, I was like [we're by a lot?]. I was like okay so we had the highest levels in our tap water in my children’s schools and that’s not even a full representation of what I know is in the tap water. Because they used a commercial lab and our utility is also looking for Chemours compounds that weren’t included in that so. So we are always reporting higher than what some people will test for, and so I took that information to Wilmington–[or New Hanover?]county’s school board and I took it to Brunswick county school board and I got them to install reverse osmosis filling stations in all of their schools. So forty nine public schools at the start of last school year had reverse osmosis filling stations in every school so that children and teachers and staff could access healthy drinking water and its–I’m proud of it but I’m frustrated because Chemours should be doing that. You know and here a mom in Brunswick country you know whose [son and school teachers is begging people?]to do it. So, I’m happy it's done but sometimes it's bittersweet, but the person that’s doing it, you know it shouldn’t be just me, it shouldn’t be just my group, and by the way it wasn’t just me. I have a really fantastic team of supporters–a leadership team that I work with–so yeah again I have to state that it is not just me this whole Clean Cap Fear is a collaborative effort, and there is a lot of people who make the work I couldn’t do it alone. 7 �DD: For sure. Before we wrap up today, is there anything else you’d like to add that we haven’t touched on or anything that you want to go back to and say more about? ED: No, I could talk for hours about this [laughter]. It’s been a long journey, it's been a good journey. I do want to mention too that the national PFAS contamination coalition, this is–that has been really great group to be connected to. It’s other community groups just like mine across the country dealing with similar contamination stories. Whether it's industrial or military and I’m just grateful to lean on them because I think this whole experience is–it can get isolating if you think you’re doing it alone. You know and advocates are stronger when they can collaborate, and it's been really great to have that network of support. And so I think that is the biggest takeaway from this, is that coalition building has really worked, locally, we have a really strong coalition. There's a strong coalition at the state level and then this national coalition to be a part of so it's been a really, really important for emotional health and mental health when you're going through a contamination crisis and you’re trying to advocate for better solutions. DD: Absolutely, thank you so much Emily for taking the time to share your story today. ED: I appreciate it, thank you for having me. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0015 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Donovan, Emily Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-18 Title A name given to the resource Emily Donovan, 2021 (Interview video and transcript) Description An account of the resource Emily Donovan is originally from South Carolina, but has lived in North Carolina, near Wilmington, for almost 12 years. In this interview, Emily discusses how her husband's sudden loss of sight led doctors to identify a tumor. A few years later, the Wilmington area was identified as a PFAS contaminiation site. Since then Emily has been involved in community action for PFAS awareness. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource DeVasto, Danielle (interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fd1faa537c77dc2bc4fc50b90fe995fe.mp4 ef4c2005653addb39f47d2f8ea702b5f https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4ab35dfde1db5f15d05771ee90c838aa.pdf 939b064d29c914fd5945499f95e40355 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 1] RED PETACH: When I was a little girl – I've always been interested in China. My father used to take us to a Chinese restaurant so I learned something about Chinese food and when I became adolescent, I devoured Fu Man Chu books, mystery stories and Pearl Buck, so the love of China and the interest in China has always been there. Then when I went to college and I went to Penn State, they had a scholarship program Lee Nom in China, Penn State and China and Canton China. They'd had that for several years but they were always men exchange students. I sang in the choir so I heard about it, they always announced in the assemblies, and I heckled and heckled and finally got them to admit women, so I was one of the first, one of the few women – there were five of us – and there were 25 men. It was the first time I'd ever been away from home. It was a wonderful experience – I left by train and when that train rolled around the corner, if I could have gotten out of there, I would have not gone and I was homesick all the way across the United States. FRANK BORING: Let's go back just a few (inaudible)… RED PETACH: I come from a family, there were six of us, two girls, three boys and myself, and when my brothers said to me, "Jump", I always asked, "How high?" They ruled the roost, but I when I went anywhere I always had my family with me. The rest of the family �were never interested in travelling, I always was, even as a little girl, when I was just barely able to walk, they found me at the other end of town just enjoying myself and my neighbors had to bring me back, I was having such a good time, so even early on I was – and I was the only one in the family who's travelled. When I finally coaxed them into allowing women to go to China, my brother, my one brother particularly said that he wanted to go but he couldn't go. They always had a good reason for not going, but my father told me later on that I was the one in the family that he would have said to go, I guess because I was the one who was really independent. I was a women's liberator way back even then. But as I went across the country, I was so homesick I cried all the way practically, and I remember people on the train, a young gentleman on the train who said, "Someday, we're going to read about you in the paper." I thought, uh huh, that one I don't believe, but my father had me wear an eastern star, the little slipper, so that I would be taken care of if anything would happen, some man would come to my assistance. As far as I know I didn't need that assistance, but when we came out to San Francisco, we stayed there for quite a while. I met Josie and the rest of the fellas, some of the fellas, Major Gentry was there. We waited a long time because – I don't remember now how many days, but we wanted to go badly, and then they decided they were going to send a crew, there were about 150, but they weren't going to take us, and Josie and me again heckled and heckled and heckled and finally we went on a Norwegian, a Dutch freighter and I got the captain to permit us to go. Our quarters were on the top deck of the ship, we were in the nursery, so we had a fence around us, and they put up cots and our toilet facilities were made for children but I found that very amusing. The Captain was very generous, he allowed us to use his bath for our baths, but I noticed that in my letters that I wrote back home, that every time we moved off that deck we were flanked by medics we couldn't move, they were protecting this precious cargo and I must admit it was a little annoying, but every time we went down to dinner we had to go down below decks to dinner, we were �escorted by the medics all the time. They were very much in favor of me going. FRANK BORING: Once the decision was made for you to go under the exchange student program, tell us about that part. RED PETACH: My parents encouraged me – I wouldn't say that encouraged me – I didn't need any encouragement, I wanted to go very badly and they were in favor of it. That was a wonderful experience for me and that was one of the things that changed my life. I was interrupted and I'm getting my stories mixed up because when I went as an exchange student to San Francisco and I met my aunt, and then we went on a Japanese freighter and we went to Tokyo and then I took a train from Tokyo through Manchuria through Beijing, Peking we called it, and down to Singapore, Macao and then down to Hong Kong, and then into Canton, and that's where I learned to eat with chopsticks, and it was the first time I had ever had raw fish because it was a Japanese freighter, we learned to eat that kind of food, but the thing that is interesting to me now is that the film, "The Emperor", I was there while he was there, and when they showed the film I would start analyzing it because there was a picture of him in Diram [?) where we had been and it was just an unbelievable experience, and I remember when we stayed in the university at Canton, I had two Chinese room-mates and the one in particular I correspond with today. We would take trips into China and one of the experiences that I had there, we went by train as far as we could and then we took a bus into Peking, the Forbidden City. It had not been open to tourists. I spent four days in that Forbidden City, all by myself. We were staying in a missionary's home and I would take a lunch, and then I'd just wonder around that Forbidden City. It was an experience that few people have had. Their clothes were still on their beds, the food was still there on the couches, and to see all that furniture and all those wonderful – the architecture – I just wallowed in all that, I felt like Alice in Wonderland. The Japanese had it controlled pretty much, they didn't realize what a tourist attraction it was. �FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) RED PETACH: I majored in political science, again it was a thing a woman didn't do, and minored in sociology. Most of our classes were taught – all of our classes were taught in English by Chinese professors. We had I think, two professors but they were Chinese who spoke English. I did try to learn a little Cantonese, I never did learn Mandarin, but I learned enough to get around when I was in China, but we stayed at the inns at the Chinese dormitories, and we had just mats, no mattresses, and when I came home as an exchange student, I slept on the floor for a couple of months because I couldn't get used to those soft beds, my body just was too rigid for the soft beds. FRANK BORING: You had read about the Chinese up to that point. What was your actual impression of the Chinese once you got there? RED PETACH: I was just enthralled by the Chinese. I was amazed at the poverty, I had never seen that, begging, that sort of thing. But the professors we had, I was just impressed by their gentleness, their kindness, their intelligence. They were – it's hard to describe really, I had a kind of reverence for them because I respected them so much, but of course, some of the culture was very different. Some of the political leaders would come to talk to us and we'd go to various Chinese occasions, and I can remember the first time I was impressed, we had an excellent speaker and we were very impressed with what he said and right in the middle of it he burped so that you could hear him all over the four corners of the room, and I was astounded that he would do that, but then I found out that that was a sign that they'd had good food, that was one of the cultures in China I had to get used to, but it was all so interesting to me. My room-mates came, Chinese girls came from very good families, only good families went in for an education. We were foreigners and were never invited to their houses, it was understood it wasn't the thing to do. But we toured a lot, we �bicycled a lot all over, staying at monasteries, that sort of thing. I got so much out of that experience - that was the reason I went into nursing. I wanted to go back to China to return to them some of the benefits that I had gotten, and I knew the best way to get there was in medicine. Being a doctor was just going to take too long, and I had met some Americans out there who had been in China at Yale and had been to Yale Nursing School, so one of the other exchange students and I – our letters passed in the mail – both of us decided we were going to go to Yale School of Nursing, so when I got back home to Penn State, that was in '35, '36, I came home in '36, I graduated in '37, but then I had to take extra courses. I took a chemistry course and a zoology course in the summer so that I could get into the Yale School of Nursing and I got my master’s degree from the Yale School of Nursing and of course, when I was there at Yale, they all knew I wanted to go back, and when I graduated from Yale, the only way I could get back at the time was in the missionary field, and that just didn't quite fit me, I didn't quite fall into that category, so I decided – I always liked public health better than hospital work so I went out to Minneapolis to do nursing work, and I'd been home on vacation and just come back, Major Gentry had been going to the east coast recruiting people for the AVG and they came to the Yale university and they said, I know somebody who wants to go, but I don't know where she lives, so they called my father at home. When I got back from vacation and when to the Visiting Nursing Office, I called, and being a real smart aleck, doing what I was supposed to do if I'd been out in the district. "This is Jane Foster calling, are there any messages for me and she said, your father called. The first thing I thought of was there's something wrong, so I didn't wait to get back home, I called from downtown from a department store, and Dad said, “You're getting a call from China. Stay home until you get it.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 1 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks describes her background and interest in China as an exchange student before becoming involved with the American Volunteer Group. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2d7d4599dcf5ab87649c27288e145078.mp4 b0f1bc7efd802a4c570894ab76db32d8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/51594425f39c864fa542cfd7323e2b99.pdf ecc3cc3b4b49f2e22a6ae6b2c0fd8134 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 2] RED PETACH: One of the interesting experiences I had thinking of what I knew about China from what I had read, when I went into Japan, their culture was so different. You sat on the floor and that sort of thing, and I had to get used to that, I'll never forget, they separated the men from the boys, and then we wanted to know where the men were, and a little girl took us down the hall and we could go in a peep-hole and see. From Japan we went through Manchuria by train and at that time, there were bandits that would raid the trains, so all the windows of the train were down, closed down at night so no light could come out, and I can remember seeing these Chinese men with their long fingernails and I thought of those Fu Man Chu magazines, and I was a little apprehensive. Then we went to Peking and saw the beautiful architecture. Of course, the colors are similar to Japan's, Japan is very similar, real bright colors, beautiful blues, beautiful greens, beautiful golds, and the forbidden city was just one mass of gold, and the carvings of those marvelous, marvelous steps, marble steps, they were carved with lions and dragons on them. It was very, very impressive. We didn't see that much of Peking when we went, but on the way over, we came on down to Shanghai and into Hong Kong, and into our dormitories there at the campus. Our mode of transportation in those days was a bicycle, and I used to ride all over the campus. When we'd go to parties or anything, I'd stash my skirt over my arm and off we'd go. Then we had rickshaws, but airplanes were �not even considered, that was out of the ordinary. When we went up through the interior, between semesters, we went up through the interior. There were four of us, two girls and two boys again, and we stayed at Chinese inns. The way we got our heat was through the brazier on the floor and we had to put our feet – we'd always take our coats and let the heat come up inside so we could be sure to get warm. That portion of it was quite. In the villages the sanitation was non-existent. We knew enough Chinese to get our dinner and get transportation. We went up into Hangchow, then we went into Peking, and that was the time I really toured Peking, and we saw the summer palace and the beautiful paintings on the – the pathways were covered with tile and on the top of them they had beautiful paintings, very lovely, and Chiang Kai-Shek had them all repaired. It was a beautiful place, a lovely place to go into. FRANK BORING: What was the reaction of the Chinese people to your red hair? RED PETACH: The reaction of the Chinese people to this very tall, red-haired, blue eyed, blonde, white skin – it was almost true of any exchange student, we didn't need to worry about whether we could find somebody, because we were always encircled by Chinese. They had never seen anything like this, and of course, especially we got into the interior, and some of the Chinese kind of cringe when I say this but the peasants used to say, pointing the finger of fun, "Wilo fung wilo, fung wilo", which meant, "foreign devil". But I was a real shark, red hair, blue eyes and white skin. As I said, we never needed to worry about not finding anybody of our exchange students, when you saw our crowd, one of us was in the middle. FRANK BORING: When you actually had to return back to the United States after your… RED PETACH: I was so enamored of the Chinese, I had always been but after that trip, with the architecture and the experience and the contacts with these professors, these gentle scholars, they really were men of learning, I was just overwhelmed, and of course, it was the first �time I was away from home. My whole idea was, I want to repay them for everything that they had done for me, but my father wanted me to come home through the Philippines and through Europe, not through Europe, the Pacific, and I wanted to go around the world. I wanted to go through Europe, there were certain places I wanted to see. So fortunately, in those days, communication was not very good, and I knew that if I started around the world, my father couldn't get me, he wouldn't know where I was, so I started around, I went around the world. I was by myself most of the time. I had the itinerary of the other exchange students, so that when I got homesick, I'd go hunt for them and then we'd be together for a little while and then we'd go off. But I went to the Philippines and Singapore and it was interesting to see those places when I came back after the war. Then I remember particularly going to India, and I'd become so accustomed to Chinese tea, it was very delicate, very slight, so we had to taste this Ceylon tea, the British said was just so good, so we went to taste the Ceylon tea, and I saw them put the cream in it and the lemon in it, and I thought, if it's so good, why do they doctor it like that? I couldn't buy it, I didn't like that strong stuff, and I went back to my Chinese tea, and I still prefer the Chinese tea. When I came down, I went through the Suez Canal, stopped at Cairo, and that was the first time, I thought, I'll never go on another tour again, not on one of the tours, from Cairo to see the pyramids. They gave you typical tourist tour, I was riding on camels and I had pictures taken of us on the camels, and I was horrified, I thought, you don't do that. I was a typical student so I didn't like that idea. Then I went to Versailles, and I took a train, and of course, I had $50, I went through Europe on $50. It amuses me that the young girls today think they're so adventuresome. The way I did it was, I took my train rides and slept on the train at night, or on a train station, and then I would have a good breakfast and a good dinner. Then if I was staying over in a place then I'd go to a pensione or some tourist's home, I never went to a big hotel. But what is amusing to me now is that from Versailles to Genoa, I carried on a conversation with a gentleman in French, he didn't speak any English, and my French �was not all that good, but we did carry on a conversation and he wanted to know where I was spending the night, and I told him, there at the railway station, he said, "Girls don't do that, you come home with me," and you know, I did. I laugh about it today, I went to his home and his mother was there. I slept on a couch downstairs. He took me on a tour of Lautelle [?] before he left and got me on the train the next day and went to Pompeii – when I think about it, I wouldn't do that today! I was innocence abroad. There was Skinner's book about innocents abroad or something like that, I can't remember the name about these young girls who toured Europe. I read that book and that's exactly what I did. I went to Munich, I went to Germany and when I was in Germany when the Olympics where being held, that was in '36. I didn't see the Olympics, I didn't have money enough so I couldn't get a ticket, but I stayed at German hostels there and one of the interesting things that happened to me, I love opera and I was going to see opera in Germany, and they did have "Die Walkuren" that night. The only ticket I could get was right down front, so I went in an evening dress, I did spend money for a taxi to get there, and I was right down front. I'll never forget the sound of those German voices singing that "Ride of the Valkyries" I thought the roof was going to go off the place. But on the way home then I was being very economical, I went by subway, and didn't speak a word of German, and I got lost. Finally I found some German gentleman , young fellow, who spoke English and told me I was on the other end of town, and he very kindly took me all the way back, and took me right back to the hostel where I was staying, took me home. Another that happened – I allowed so much money for each country, and when I went into France – although I went from Germany into Belgium – I only had a certain amount of money left, so again, not being able to read German, I went to the train station, and they had a special on the menu, so all specials I assumed were food, but it turned out to be an alcoholic beverage and I didn't drink in those days, and it was scotch, and I drank it, so I went out, because I had some time until the train left, I went out in the street, and got in the midst of this huge crowed which just �pushed me, I couldn't move, pushed me down and all I saw was two heads on one person, and I figured, better get back to the train station. Somehow I got back to the train station and sat down on a bench until it went away. Then I went on to Belgium. RED PETACH: I didn't know much, really. After my experience as a student, as an exchange student at Lingao, I wanted to go back, again to return some of what I had learned, and I informed one of these other exchange students, and our letters passed in the mail, saying that she was going to go to nursing school too, so we went to Yale Nursing School. FRANK BORING: We need to start from the very beginning of that again, so when you returned back as an exchange student and the mail crossed over – start that part again. RED PETACH: So when I returned home and decided to go to Yale Nursing School, so I could go back to China, and this other exchange student – our letter crossed in the mail – saying she was going too. So we spent three years in Yale University, got our master’s degree, and when I graduated, the only way I could get back was in the missionary field, and I just didn't quite fill that category, so I went on to do public health nursing in Minneapolis. I was home on vacation and I had just gone back and started work again and at that time Major Gentry was canvassing the east coast to try to find people to join the AVG. They got to Yale University and they said I know somebody who wants to go to China, I don't know where she is now but I know where she lives, so he got my father's phone number and called him, and I being very smart-alecky when I came home, I called my work and said, "Were there any messages for me" and they said, "Yes you have a call from your father". I was very worried, so I didn't wait 'til I got home, I called from a department store, I called my father, and my father said, "You got a call from China, you 'll go home and stay home until you go". So I sent home to my apartment and knowing well that my father who was a doctor, didn't approve of, why on earth, anybody with a �master’s degree, work in the slums. He thought I should be a hospital administrator, he'd spent money on me going to school, but he wanted me to be a hospital administrator, and of course, that didn't interest me at all. I liked the contact with people outside. At the time, I was going with a gentleman, and Major Gentry called me and told me what he wanted and he wanted somebody in surgery and I was not very good in surgery, I didn't fit that very well. I said I hadn't had much experience in that. I didn't know whether I wanted to go or I didn't want to go, and he finally talked me out of it, so I said, "Okay, I will go", but I was still not sure I wanted to go, because I was dating somebody and this gentleman I was dating, "I said, if you marry me, I won't go, and he said, "I won't do that because you will regret it all your life," and I knew he was right, I knew I had to go back, I knew I would be sorry if I didn't go. So within 24 hours, I was on my way home, and going back to China, and I got involved with the Flying Tigers, the AVG. FRANK BORING: What did Gentry really do to convince you to go? RED PETACH: When I talked to Major Gentry on the phone, he told me that this was an outfit that was going over to protect the Burma Road, and that I would help in the operating room, doing this sort of thing, and having been in the operating room, I anticipated what we would be doing. He was mainly working in the hospital, this is what I assumed, but it didn't turn out to be that way. FRANK BORING: Did he tell you anything further about who else was going to be going? RED PETACH: At that time I didn't know who else was going, I knew he was trying to recruit three nurses, but at that time, he had no numbers, I didn't know of any numbers, and I didn't know what outfits there were. I knew it was a flight unit, an aviation unit that was to protect the Burma Road. Really at that point, to get back to China, it didn't much matter to me what it was, I figured I could fit in some way. �FRANK BORING: What was the reaction of your family when you told them you were going to go? RED PETACH: My father would do anything to get me out of working in those slums, he just thought that was ridiculous and I think he liked the idea that I was adventurous and I was going to go back, because he did some training as a physician in Vienna… � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 2 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks discusses her tour of Europe after being an exchange student in Lingao and attending Yale Nursing School upon her return home, where she was recruited for the AVG. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/977b3d1a8a9270e336b728b65b36ebd1.mp4 b641cda8684f8a996a34c6c1067430f3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/95143e7375a903430a3844c1eedb1fed.pdf 8101c7a2cbd1725f5b8d36dd938da9aa PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 3] RED PETACH: When Major Gentry called me, I was working in the slums of Minneapolis, and my father who was a physician would give anything to get me out of there, a person with a master’s degree in the slums was ridiculous, and as far as the rest of my family was concerned, I had been to China before so thought I would probably – it didn't mean anything to them. I had disrupted the family relationships by being an exchange student in the first place. They always told me what to do beforehand, and they weren't very happy with me after I came back because they couldn't tell me anything. I had grown up by then and I was in command of myself. FRANK BORING: What was it that you actually told them you were supposed to be doing there? RED PETACH: When I talked to my family, and I told them as much as I could from what Major Gentry had told me, that there was an outfit that was going to protect the Burma Road, and I can remember at the time being kind of self-satisfied because my friends were married to men who were being drafted, and I said, "Well, I'm going to escape that, I don't need to worry about that, I'll be away and I won't be involved". But it turned out differently. FRANK BORING: What was the first step? Where did you go first? Where did you meet up? Where did you first sign up? What was the first step? �RED PETACH: When I decided to go, of course, I came back home and did as much as I could by way of getting clothes, packing and that sort of thing. I didn't have any contact with anybody until I got to San Francisco, and then I met them there at the hotel, they were all strangers when we met together at San Francisco. FRANK BORING: If you could describe to us why you wanted to go to China, something along that line. RED PETACH: When my family asked me about the salary and the money that I was going to get I said, "I really didn't pay much attention to it, because it didn't mean anything to me. I don't even remember to this day really what we received by way of – it wasn't any great deal I'm sure of that. But the money wasn't important, I wanted to go back to China, and that's all that was important. FRANK BORING: There were guys from all over the country there in San Francisco. What was that like, the first time you walked in, what was that like? RED PETACH: When I walked into the hotel in San Francisco, I think one of the first ones I met was Major Gentry. I liked Major Gentry, he was very nice, very kind, very gentlemanly, very gentle. Then Josie, Miss Stewart, I liked her right away. We established a good relationship right away. The fellows – I don't know why I thought I was so sophisticated and so much older, but I felt that they weren't, if you'll pardon the expression, dry behind the ears yet, and I wasn't the least bit interested in them. I thought they were young, aggressive, nice looking but kind of, not arrogant but swashbuckling, this kind of thing, some of them, not all of them. FRANK BORING: So it sounds like you saw R.T. Smith you saw right away. RED PETACH: I don't think so. �FRANK BORING: Okay, so she didn't really know what she was getting into. Did you talk about your experience? RED PETACH: When I met Josie, we call her Josie now, I referred to her as Miss Stewart for a long time, she was always the senior rank. In those days, I thought she was terribly much older than I, so I looked at her, not quite as a parent, but as a very senior citizen, so I respected her. I didn't have the camaraderie that I would have with someone my own age, and I looked up to her as the one who knew all the answers. Of course she knew Major Gentry before, I think she was Major Gentry's classmate in college, so that what contacts I had it was generally through Miss Stewart to the Major. However, I had a good relationship with him. FRANK BORING: What were some of the people who stuck out that you met during that period of time – that perhaps stuck out more than others? Were they the ones that you eventually became good friends with later on or were there any ones in particular? RED PETACH: On the boat going out, that's all, not there. It was interesting to me, I did not really get to know the fellas very well. As I said, when they did put us in the boat and we were up in the nursery, we were always flagged by the medics, so we didn't get a chance to talk to anybody. We knew the medics, we knew Gentry and Gentry, Prevo, Sam Prevo and Doc Rich well, but not the other fellas who were bold enough to come up in the nursery, we got to know them, but it was interesting to me the aura around the crowd because we knew their passports were false. Now ours were current, we were nurses and doctors but some of the pilots were bond salesmen and other things. Now Pete, the boy I eventually married, was a bond salesman, and when we went over, they were very careful about at night time, the shades were all drawn and there were no lights around and they were being very quiet, no radios or anything like that, and we were convoyed – we picked up a convoy in Hawaii and they convoyed us across, I don't remember where they dropped �us off, but it must have been either in Singapore or, around in there. FRANK BORING: Was there a drop off in any of the other…? RED PETACH: We stopped off at Singapore, but we weren't allowed to go (inaudible). I always felt sorry for the fellas on board because they were going crazy being on that boat all that length of time. Some of them were terribly sick. Some of the interesting things that happened on board – they got shots while we were there, and, of course, we helped Major Gentry give them the shots, and the thing that amazed me, these great burly men fainted way down on the deck. I just couldn't understand how a strong-hearted man could react so strangely to just a little old shot, but I learned the experience. When we got to Singapore, there were a few of them went aboard, most of us weren't allowed to go aboard. But when we landed in Rangoon, they wouldn't allow us to go aboard. And those fellows that had been on board that boat all that length of time were frustrated, and to my amazement, when we arrived at Rangoon, they wouldn't allow us to go ashore. These fellows had been on that boat for so long and were so frustrated, and to my amazement, everything that was portable on that ship went overboard. They picked up chairs, they picked up everything. There wasn't anything on that ship that wasn't attached down that was still on that ship. I don't know whether the Captain was sorry that he didn't let them go on shore. Going back to some of the experiences on the deck, we had some good dance records and we used to dance up on the deck and every so often the Captain would have to call us and tell us to turn down the music and turn it off. Doc Rich and I used to dance a lot on board deck and I said, "If you want an interesting experience, try to dance on board deck." When you put your foot down, you don't know whether the deck's going to meet you or whether it's way down below. But we used to play deck tennis – I was not too bad at deck tennis, I'd take the fellows on at deck tennis, and then – someone had classical music and that's where I really began to know my husband, my future �husband. Pete would come and we listened to it, but he was a good dancer, and we'd play deck tennis together and we really got acquainted over Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto. We were arguing about whether it was the piano that made it or the symphony orchestra, and to this day I don't know remember which side I took. That was when we got into a good discussion. FRANK BORING: Are there any of these guys that stuck out during that period of time? RED PETACH: Not too many of them because they might have come back but I don't remember. I know some of them have said afterwards that they did, I didn't recall if they did. FRANK BORING: First impression – first time you met him. RED PETACH: I don't remember really the first time I met Pete, but he was a good-looking gentleman, and I said, he was a good dancer, and he liked classical music and so did I, and he had a wonderful bass voice. I was impressed with him because he was so gentle and so understanding, so sensitive, which for a young man of his age, I thought was unusual. Most men aren't that sensitive to how a woman feels. FRANK BORING: How did the men treat you? What was the relationship between, not just the pilots but the ground crew and the people that you dealt with? How did they treat you? RED PETACH: My whole experience over there – there just wasn't a better outfit than those fellows. Before the war began, I thought they were a lot of fun to be around and they treated me very well. The fact is, I think they all really carried me around in a pillow. They were really very nice, and I thought they were great before I got back home and when I heard all those glorious things about them, it just verified what I'd said all along. �FRANK BORING: When you arrived in Rangoon, what did you expect? RED PETACH: My first impression of Rangoon in Burma at that time was that it was very similar to the rest of the Orient. They have a different culture, but it's all similar. The general social graces and this sort of thing were similar to the Chinese, and of course, I was much more familiar with the Chinese than I was any other Oriental but there wasn't that much difference except the way they dressed, and this sort of thing, and their language. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) RED PETACH: When we arrived in Rangoon it was late in the afternoon, early evening, and so they wouldn't let the men go ashore because they didn't want them running around Rangoon, and the men were just livid, they were upset, they'd been there for so long they wanted to get off, and they Captain paid for it. Not a thing was left on board that ship. The next day we went ashore and started up to our headquarters in Toungoo. FRANK BORING: …basically the same thing, just add in the frustration… RED PETACH: When we arrived in Rangoon, it was late in the afternoon, or early evening, and of course, the authorities didn't want the men running around Rangoon at night so they wouldn't let them go ashore, so the fellows were pent up, they'd been there for too long, and to my amazement, everything that was portable went overboard. They just picked everything up and threw it overboard. I just stood there and shook my head at what was going on. The Captain was probably very sorry he didn't let those fellow have their time in town. The next day we went into Rangoon then on to Toungoo. We took the train up to Rangoon and when we arrived at the base, it wasn't exactly what I expected because we were ushered into thatched roofed houses, the women's quarters were on one end and the male quarter was the other and in the middle was the clinic and whatever they used as the hospital. It was very rugged to say the �least, it was not exactly what I had experienced. We slept on beds with mosquito covering the beds and to keep the ants from crawling up we had little pans of water stapled on the beds so that they wouldn't come up the poles. Many of the times at night we were glad we had those mosquito nettings because the rats would run around the ceilings and they'd fall down on your neck, and if you hadn't had the net there, you'd have had a rat in bed with you; it was not very comfortable. And the other thing that we had to learn to live with, it was those days before they had the plastic buttons, they were bone buttons, and the rats would get in the drawers and eat up all the buttons, we wouldn't have any buttons on our clothes when we left. And in the rainy season it was wet and mildew, and when we went for lunch it was like fighting the bugs before you got to the food, and until they got the screens…In the dry season it was lovely. The moon, the one thing I remember was the brilliant moon, you could read a paper the moon was so bright. It was just beautiful. Again we used to do a lot of biking down there, it was one way we could get around. FRANK BORING: RED PETACH: FRANK BORING: The first weeks or so, when it was basically just the routine – because we have it from the pilot's point of view and the training and all that – but from yours, what were you and the medical staff doing? When we started the routine – really we didn't have much of a routine – and that what was the thing that I used to write home and say, "I hope I don't forget everything because I hope I will be able to do nursing when I get back home." Because there wasn't any hospital, it was a clinic and Major Gentry did an awful lot of tonsillectomies that day, the first couple of months we used to help him with it. The major problem was malaria and dengue fever, and then the fellows were really sick and I was sorry that they were ill but that did keep me in practice and gave me permission to do some nursing which – that's what I went for. What is dengue fever? �RED PETACH: Dengue fever is something like malaria, it's very much like malaria, the symptoms are very much like malaria, only they get really very, very sick. It's chills and high fever and sweats, it's miserable while they're going through it. It's not fatal, but it's a miserable, miserable illness. But we had – most of our airmen at Tongue, as I remember – that's when I got to nurse Chennault a little bit there. He usually liked a ten minute company when he went out in the evening, and of course, he was a very good poker player, and he was a very good cribbage player. He usually had Josie, Josie would go, would be his accomplice. And that was the time when Pete was getting really – what'll I say – the courtship was beginning to start, and I can remember one night when I was all dressed to go out dancing and Pete was going to pick me up, and Pete disappeared, and Chennault came in, and of course, I had never been in the army, and I didn't know what the army philosophy was, and I was to escort Chennault that night, and that irritated me. I felt I should have been consulted the next I found out that one doesn't do that when one's in the army, but I enjoyed his company. He had a good sense of humor and I enjoyed it. We used to go a lot of times to Olga Greenlaw's house. That would be in the evening when the General wanted to relax. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 3 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks describes her inspiration for wanting to go to China with the AVG and their journey from San Francisco to Rangoon. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e6f0a969d1c91bf853e3fce62361df22.mp4 5b58944334dbe8ea45b261be2c98d4ce https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3d166ada625f837d8210ff04ad133eca.pdf 9a06a0f29dea17372bef242c3dbc7122 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 4] RED PETACH: As far as the medical situation was concerned in Toungoo, the environment was very rudimentary as far as the equipment and everything was concerned and the skill of the physicians, it was good. Sam Prevo was in orthopedics, Doc Rich was in general and further along he was out at the front most of the time. And of course, Major Gentry was very well qualified. We didn't have much of a problem as far as medicine and supplies and this sort of thing was concerned. As far as nursing was concerned, I didn't begin to use my nursing experience and I know in the early days, I kept thinking, if I don't use my nursing experience, I'm going to have to take a refresher course when I go back because I've lost it, I've lost a lot. Because other than the few fevers, the fellows were healthy and the illnesses that you would find in the clinic, the male nurses took care of. We didn't get involved in that at all. FRANK BORING: What about the accidents that occurred? RED PETACH: This stands for most of the year. It was usually all or nothing. We had a few broken legs and that was one of the things when war was declared. When war was declared and the Japanese flew over us, we had no air shelters, no nothing. We dragged those people out in the ditch, and I can remember hauling one of the fellows with a broken leg, and getting him out, and of course, the Japanese have �since said that if they knew what was there they would have bombed us, and they could have very easily. FRANK BORING: Before we move on from this particular point, when you… RED PETACH: Shortly after we were there, there was quite a bit of discomfort, annoyance. FRANK BORING: I'm sorry, shortly after you arrived in Toungoo. RED PETACH: Shortly after we arrived in Toungoo, the first couple of weeks were all right. Of course, that other contingent had already been there, and there were some still to come. There was a lot of discontent because they were uncomfortable with the situation, the environment was certainly not good. These fellows had come from a better environment, and they were living in primitive conditions almost, and there was a lot of discussion about people that are not going to stick it out. But after they started working together, and particularly after they saw what Chennault had to offer, it began to be cohesive. But it really took a hold after war was declared when they went up and they started shooting down the Japanese, they the unit began to really develop. FRANK BORING: At this time you… RED PETACH: When we were in Toungoo, one of our major entertainment was going down to Rangoon to the Silver Grill. This is where my romance took place with Pete, and I had a lot of great times, with dancing and…The British were very formal, the fellows weren't very comfortable with that, they liked it – when they were a little more informal – they did it – but they were very kind about having entertainment for us, and I remember one time in particular they had a big dance. The nurses as far as the British were concerned were second class citizens, they were not "upper class", and when we were dancing, the AVG boys were dancing with Josie and I and having a great time. Our contacts with the British, fortunately were �limited. When we went to the Silver Grill in Rangoon, our contacts mainly were with ourselves, we were enjoying ourselves and the British stood off and were usually aghast at what these foolish Americans were doing. At the one reception, I know that the British considered the nurses second class citizens and when we were at the dance, when we danced the AVG boys were dancing with Josie and myself and having a wonderful time and these fellows were sitting there and saying, "Why can't I do this?" You could see it in their eyes, they wanted to dance so badly, and so General Chennault danced first with Josie, then he danced with me. That opened the door, the British came and danced with us with us then, so that let the British know that we were equals, that we deserved the same treatment. And when they'd come on the base, they were colossal snobs, and I can remember this one General, one of the officers, when he was not talking to General Chennault but talking with the others, he was kind of looking down his nose at General Chennault, "Well, he doesn't begin to compare…", these Americans are just not... I came away with a decided dislike for the British, but I understand that's the colonial British, not the island itself. FRANK BORING: If you could, let's talk about the early days—tell us what you can about that, the earlier days on that. RED PETACH: For our entertainment we would go to the Silver Grill, and of course, Pete had been inroads all this time, it had started on the boat. He was always there. I enjoyed his company, I wasn't all that enamored of getting serious, but it was fun. He was a very good dancer and I had a good time with him. We didn't play our music so much down in Rangoon because of the environment, the mosquitoes and everything else, it was just so crude, but we did enjoy each other's company. We would bike a lot together and dance at the Silver Grill. The Silver Grill is where the romance took place so the Silver Grill has a special meaning for me and that's where all of it began to develop. Really it was much more when we got to Kunming that I saw him more. When we were in �Toungoo, he usually chose Miss Stuart as his companion so I didn't see that much of him in Toungoo. When we got up into Kunming, I saw a little more of him than usual, but I never saw that much of him. I was very fond of him and had a great respect for him. He would invite us occasionally to his apartment for dinner and I can remember one time in particular when we had a very sick patient in the hospital in Kunming where we used the hospital in town because we didn't have any on the base. We were 24 hours on, 24 hours off, and I told Major Gentry – the Major had invited me to dinner that night and I told him I couldn't come because I was on duty and Major Gentry said, "You're going." There wasn't any question, and again, not familiar with the army routine, I wasn't aware of it. But the General was a practical joker and he was very flexible, he would stand on top of the steps and reach down to put his hands on the lower step, and he do it so difficultly, it would be so hard, and he'd take a bet, "Can I reach the bottom step?" and of course, everybody would fall for it, and he could, and after he got his money, he'd reach over and show how his foot would stay flat on the floor. Another time, I guess this was in Toungoo when Pete and I were going together, we were at one of the houses and he liked to play cribbage, and I played cribbage, so he was the champion cribbage player in China, and I was playing with him this time, and he was standing behind me, and of course anybody who knows the cribbage game, it's all addition, and he was standing behind me, adding for me, and I was beating the General, and the General said, "Get that boy out of the way there", and Pete naturally left, and of course, I lost, I didn't add quickly enough. But I think, if you want to go into one of the interesting things that happened, the day before we were married, we were invited to his apartment and again, the General was great on games and things, and we were playing Indian wrestling, and if anyone is familiar with Indian wrestling, you put your leg up against – you know and push and pull – and the General gave me a yank, I flew across the room, hit my arm on the corner of the table and was married with a black eye – it was my favorite story. Another time when a D14 came through, all the fellows were talking about it, so I wanted to �go see it, and I drove down to the field, and I was at the lower end of the steps, and I'd gone up to the tower to look, and I started down and Chennault was waiting at the bottom of the steps and he looked at me and said, "Red, we'll see you any place, won't we?" That's all I heard, he never scolded me for being there, and I wasn't really supposed to be there. He was very generous with his discipline. To socialize, when the General wanted to relax, usually he would go to the home of Olga Greenlaw and play poker. Usually either Josie or I would accompany him. I'd get the drinks for him and sit by him while he played poker. He was an excellent poker player and this was his way of relaxation. It was fun, I enjoyed being with him. FRANK BORING: What were your impressions of Harvey and Olga Greenlaw? RED PETACH: Olga and Harvey Greenlaw, I knew casually, not very well. I'd visited their home, they were always gracious and very warm. I was not impressed with her intelligence, but they were good company, they were nice. FRANK BORING: There have been a lot of comments by some of the guys that they really didn't understand what it was Harvey did for the AVG. Do you have any comments about his role in the AVG? What he did do? RED PETACH: As far as Harvey's role in the AVG, I always thought it was like an appendage. He did errands when they were needed, and Olga was just a hostess for the fellows when they came in, and it was good for the fellows, they needed that kind of entertainment. But Harvey was usually working with, as far as I know, with Steve Carney when they had messages and things concerning the Burma Road. FRANK BORING: What can you tell us about Steve Carney? �RED PETACH: As far as Steve Carney is concerned, I really didn't know him very well. I didn't have much contact with him. All I knew about him was what I heard from the fellows. FRANK BORING: We'd like comments on him because there really isn't that much available on him, and people talk about a lot. RED PETACH: As far as Harvey was concerned, I never thought he was very smart. I always thought he was kind of a buffoon, and he was just kind of hanging around doing errands and didn't have thus much responsibility. As far as Olga was concerned, I always thought she was kind of flighty, a flighty woman that liked to attract men. There were a lot of stories about relationships with some of the fellows. I don't know, some of them may be true, but I don't think there were very many - if there were many – there weren't very many involved, what the truth would be, I don't know, I haven't any idea. I know there were a lot of innuendos, but I never rely on those, because Olga was the kind of a woman who liked to attract men, and I understood it that way. As far as the treatment that the fellows gave me, it was excellent. I was always treated like a lady, as I said, I was kind of carried round on a pillow. It really prejudiced me for the rest of my life because nobody for a long, long time, nobody could compare with the Flying Tigers, they treated me very well, for the most part. There were just one or two that thought we were out there to entertain them but for the most part, the fellows were just great. FRANK BORING: Without naming names and whatever way you want to put it, I would be very interested in hearing that. RED PETACH: As far as my relationships with the Keller's were concerned, I should say, Josie's and mine but Josie should probably speak for herself. Two gals out there with 300 men – some of the fellows thought we were there just to entertain them. I feel the General wanted the nurses there because he wanted American nurses so the boys would feel more at home, more comfortable. There was �something of home there, and I think that was more important to him than actually nursing the fellows, and this is what we tried to do. We tried, at least I did, they were like brothers to me, they were like my brothers and I grew up with three brothers. The fact is, I spent my life mostly with men, so I understood, I felt very close to men. A couple of them made passes and I made it very clear and decisive that… that I wouldn't tolerate, that I wasn't interested in. When we were in Toungoo and Pete was courting me at the time – when he was on a flight, he would come over and buzz our unit, and of course, some of the fellows caught on to this so that they started buzzing the unit, and so Pete, to make sure that I knew that he was the one that was doing it, would buzz the unit and wiggle his tail, so that's the way I always knew it was Pete. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 4 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks describes her first impressions of the medical situation in Toungoo and the early days working as a nurse for the AVG. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/91cf005c0e7f87046d9be44cdce0efc6.mp4 d2b247a1d35808b8dda36f46b346723b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2067259ecbd3ff4ca7cdce3c25e799c9.pdf 0410e2b7fcac96df9c0f8004d65e4850 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 5] RED PETACH: When we were in Toungoo, and the fellows were training on the planes, and a lot of those fellows had not had experience in that style of plane, and of course, we did have accidents, and that was one of things that, later when I would go to the movies, I would have to get up and walk out, because you'd hear the whine of the plane and you knew what was happening, and it just wrenched you, I couldn't take it. I think even to this day, when there's a war film on, and I hear the whine of that plan, I shiver, because I know what the results are. Down there usually, and this was at times through the whole year, it was either all or nothing generally, and when we got up to Kunming it was another story. These fellows, they worked very hard and Chennault was very good to them. I think part of the discontent at the early period was because wanted action, and once they started to get some action, they were more content. They could see the purpose of it better. FRANK BORING: Tell us about what happened at Pearl Harbor. RED PETACH: When we heard over the radio that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor, I was in kind of shock, because I never expected, I didn't really expect war. However, I knew that the fellows, particularly the navy boys, and Pete, had been on the ranger, and they had been stopping German U-Boats in the Atlantic, so that you knew war was there, but you're never ready for it. And of course, there we �were, caught in Burma with no protection at all, except they did have a warning that the British weren't all that good in their execution of their responsibilities. FRANK BORING: What was the immediate reaction around you by the group use of – before there was a certain morale discontent because of the Pearl Harbor…? RED PETACH: When we heard about Pearl Harbor, of course there was a lot of excitement, then we all knew there would be action, and I think the fellows were champing at the bit, dying to use the knowledge that Chennault had given them, so they could prove, "We'll take 'em." FRANK BORING: Now at this point – what did he order you to do at this point? RED PETACH: Very shortly after the Japanese came over and didn't bomb us and we dragged our patients out in the ditches… FRANK BORING: What was your impression ………you were worn out taking them into the ditches and all that and the relief that you weren't actually bombed, and when. RED PETACH: When war was declared, we knew we were sitting ducks because we didn't have any protection, and when the Japanese bombers flew over us, we had warning that they were coming, so we took all of the patients out that we could and went to ditches. They could have just bombed us out of existence, we were just doing the best we could, just kind of there, just hoping. And when they flew over and didn't, what a big relief. So very shortly after that, we were all were shipped up to Kunming. I wanted to go up the Burma Road but Chennault didn't give permission for me to go, so they flew us up. We flew up to Kunming, and we were in conditions a little bit better than Toungoo. We were in temporary shelters, something like the CCC camps that we had in the United States. There wasn't any heat. I got a room to myself this time, in Toungoo, Josie and I were together, this time she had a room and I �had a room. The heat we got from Chinese braziers, we'd have that in our room. It was a wooden structure instead of a thatched roof. We didn't have ants and rats, so we didn't have that to contend with, but as far as comfort is concerned, or luxury was concerned, that was nil. But while we were up there, the Japanese flew over that was before the fellows got up there - the Japanese bombers flew over us. They had a Jing bow, a Chinese warning there. The first time when we went out with the Chinese, and it was just fascinating to see those Chinese streaming, just like ants, streaming out of the city, long long lines of those people streaming out to go to the graveyard, and they'd have kind of a picnic out there, and stayed out their until the balloons went up and it was all clear. They bombed in town and we weren't anywhere near town, we were in the outskirts of town, so we weren't affected. So the next time when the Japanese were over, we didn't go with the Chinese, we just stayed there and looked up there, up at the sky, and watched the Japanese bombers flying over. I thought afterwards, that was kind of silly but – then of course when the fellows came up, they chased them away and we never had any problems since, they just took care of it. FRANK BORING: Did you… RED PETACH: We went into Kunming very irregularly, once in a while to shop. We saw some of the devastation in Kunming, some of the buildings, but it was never leveled away like you see some of things - some cities that you see in the movies particularly. There were pockets of where the bombs hit, other than that there wasn't overwhelming devastation - there were some areas where you saw it. FRANK BORING: What was your reaction to this destruction, this wholesale wanton destruction by the Japanese? RED PETACH: When we'd go into Kunming, fortunately I suppose in many ways, Kunming didn't have the architectural structures that you see in �Peking or in Canton, it was much more primitive. They had solid buildings but they weren't the colorful, beautiful architectural structures that you saw in other places, so you didn't feel the devastation as that acute. Of course, they had walls around the city, it was a typical Chinese city, but no really elaborate buildings were there. Some of the better structures were the embassies and as far as I know, they weren't touched, they didn't bomb them. FRANK BORING: When you had been to China before, you had made friends with some of the Chinese people and you had actually interacted with Chinese people, was that also true of the time you were there in Kunming? RED PETACH: When I was in Kunming, we didn't really have much opportunity to interact with the local Chinese. I did find out people that I knew in Ling Lung that were out there, and some of the professors that were at Kunming University and I did go to see them, and I know that I was very unhappy that this one Chinese woman that I liked particularly was very far, and since I didn't have any transportation, it was difficult for me to get there, and I didn't feel at liberty in a situation to go for my own pleasure, but I was very upset when I saw what happened to the Chinese that I had known in Kunming - then were in Chungking – in the universities. Their salaries were practically nothing, the coolies were making more money than they were. They were almost starving, they really needed food, they needed clothing. The universities were the places that were bombed. They were really shorthanded. It made my heart ache to see these people that I saw in such good surroundings in Canton, being so miserable. They were like refugees, there's where I saw reverse economics, the laborer was getting much more salary because they were needed, than the professors. That was very disturbing to me. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) �RED PETACH: In regard to the bombing of Kunming, it wasn't a military target and - well it's war, and you know terrible things happen in war - it's so useless but you know what the enemy's going to do, they're going to hurt as much as they can, and this was an area where they had war lord and in that area, we met one of them particularly, and they had money. If the Japanese can devastate that area, that was less money that could be available to the Chinese to fight them, but that's war. FRANK BORING: …the AVG? RED PETACH: When we were in Kunming and as I said before, when I met these fellows, I just thought they were so young, and I really wasn't interested in them in any way. When they went down to Rangoon and fought in Rangoon, when they came back, they had aged ten years. If I had seen that in a film, I wouldn't have believed it, I would have thought it was an exaggeration on the director's part. They were men when they came back, they just turned into men overnight, and when the fellows were stationed in Kunming and were sent out on patrols, you'd count the planes as they went out, you'd count them when they came back and if one was missing, your heart just churned, you just didn't know …And there happened to be four Pete's in the outfit, so every time there was a Pete, and there were a couple of them shot down, it was difficult. That's why it got me during the daily storm, the gals sitting at home and how horrible it was sitting at home. You sit out there and watch them - count the planes, count them coming…it’s tough. And as far as our living up there was concerned, you lived each day at a time, you didn't think in terms of the future, you just enjoyed what you had, your relationships with the people, everything was on a 24 hour basis. You just didn't think of anything else, but I know that when I sent letters home, I had a feeling inside of me, that he'd never come back. After the first raid, the whole morale changed. They were in there fighting together, battling together, the whole atmosphere changed and the Chinese were very grateful. They were glad to see them there any way, not �to be bothered with the bombs again, they were very gracious, and Generalissimo was very kind, when he came to see us. I admired Generalissimo, he handled himself very well and he talked to us, and I can remember Mrs. Anna Chennault – not Anna ChennaultChiang Kai-Shek - Mrs. Chiang coming to the celebration and telling the boys they were angels with or without wings. It was good, and it was nice when Mr. Kong, the financier had a party for the fellows, and invited some of the nice Chinese girls to be there. It gave the fellows a good break. That was the one thing they didn't have enough of. FRANK BORING: What was your… RED PETACH: As far as my reaction to the bombing was concerned, of course I always knew they were good and they just confronted it. They were aces high with me. There's just nothing that could compare with them, and I think the accolades should also go to the mechanics, the ground crew that kept those planes in shape. Pete Fox who was Pete's ground crew, he kept him alive. Those mechanics kept them alive because they kept those planes going and kept them in good shape for the fellows, and they knew it, and they did a good job, and they would beg, borrow, and put in all kinds of parts. They'd cannibalize some planes so they could make them work, make them fly, get them to fly. It was a great job they did. I didn't any more verification that they were great, I knew they were great before then. FRANK BORING: What was the life like during that period? RED PETACH: Our daily routine, our medical daily routine really didn't vary that much because again, it was usually all or nothing, and what we do, we had a few seriously ill patients, and then Josie and I would go down to the hospital in the city, and it would be 24 hours on and 24 hours off. Of course, the main interest was the fellows shifting to Rangoon, and the crews going back and forth and replacing each other. We were always very anxious keeping track of what was �happening to them down there in Rangoon and what's happening to them as they push back. They were pushed back up further and further into Kunming. That was really the subject - that was our main concern. FRANK BORING: You took very good care of them, are there any of them when they recuperating, you became good friend with, or any incidents that happened during that period of time? RED PETACH: As far as my experience in taking care of some of the fellows, there was nothing special because, I loved them all , I was fond of them all, and I there wasn't any particular specialty. We had one not a good actor in the outfit - and of course some of the things we had to take care of, something like black eyes – there were some bad characters in the AVG, and one of them known for his braggadocio and his fighting, was Boyington, and Peret – the two of them would get involved every so often so when of our jobs was taking care of black eyes, and Pat Boyington was generally in trouble most of the time, because he was using liquor too much, but what was really interesting was Peret was always being reprimanded for his fighting ability and for getting into fights and this Ajax Baumler was – one of the army fellows that came in, that the army sent in, to get some experience from the AVG and he was a big braggadocio, and he got into a fight with Peret, and of course Ajax Baumler - none of the fellows liked him and Ajax came in with the worst pair of black eyes I have ever seen. That was one pair of black eyes I was glad to take care of and he deserved every bit of it. Peret said, "It was the first time I got a gold star for being a bad boy." He really worked him over. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 5 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks discusses the news of Pearl Harbor and the devastation the AVG witnessed in Kunming, in addition to their medical daily routine during those days. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6cd2cf72ebd6d9c0bc1c5b96d30aa20b.mp4 540ae952c8c2583ab1c37ae543a5900d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a21b7639c137a7968dff6a5fe683bb4.pdf cca39372551883fb89c8f074525ac095 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 6] RED PETACH: This is about the hospital in Kunming. The services in the Kunming hospital were good for that period. It was adequate, it was not super deluxe, but it was not real primitive. We had enough material that we could work with it. We always had a private room with our patient in the room and we put up a cot and then we'd rest there because we were on duty 24 hour, off 24 hours, but at least we had no problem with nursing equipment and the things that we needed to take care of them. FRANK BORING: Was it exclusively taking care of the AVG, or did you have any contact with the Chinese or Chinese doctors or nurses? RED PETACH: We nurses had no contact with the Chinese, we were exclusively AVG. The old man wanted us available for the boys, to take care of the fellows when they came in. I don't know about the doctors, sometimes they had – Rich might have at the front, but they did not come to the hospital at all. We had no contact with the Chinese. FRANK BORING: If you could tell us the story of RT - when he went up to get the airplanes from the Gold Coast. RED PETACH: Later on in the war they were able to get airplanes from the Gold Coast to replace the ones that were shot down, and the fellows would be sent over to ferry them back, and they had the colossal �story about RT when they went over to the Gold Coast, he flew into Cairo and RT always had two pictures on either tip, so he goes into this British bar and he had a handlebar moustache… FRANK BORING: I'm sorry, we've got to make sure you set up the whole… RED PETACH: There was this story about RT when he – it was Pee Green – when they were ferrying planes from the Gold Coast and brought them into Kunming, and there was a story about him – because he was ferrying a plane – he landed in Cairo and RT always carried a shooter on each hip, and he had a handlebar moustache, and he went into this bar…The fellows used to have to ferry the planes from the Gold Coast to Kunming to replace the ones that were destroyed, and then there's a great story about Pee Green and he always had a six shooter, one on each hip, and he had a handlebar moustache and he went into this bar in Cairo, a British bar, took out his six shooter, put one of the down on the deck and says, "Whiskey, me boy, whiskey", and all the monocles dropped. FRANK BORING: The Flying Tigers - when did you first start hearing about the Flying Tigers? RED PETACH: I don't know, I don't remember. FRANK BORING: This is after Pearl Harbor and after the initial battles and whatnot and thing were going on in Rangoon and – there was being replacements coming in – I should say, they would switch the fighting and everything, was there a change in morale, they were getting tired, they were getting…? RED PETACH: When they were in Kunming, there was a shift back and forth of the squadrons to Rangoon and back, the morale was good as long as they were active. When they weren't active, they got bored and they were champing at the bit, but that's normal for any person, any active person - they want to get involved, they want to be working. They're bored when they're not doing that. �FRANK BORING: There were reports of not just scrounging for equipment …going on? RED PETACH: I heard stories of black-marketeering and I know they were scrounging around for material. They did everything they could to get the material. They used hairpins, they used anything they could get their hands on. I don't know - I was not apprised of any - I was not there, it was just stories, rumors. Madam Chiang Kai-Shek came to a few formal occasions - when Madam Chiang Kai-Shek came to visit us, she came usually on only very formal occasions. I never had a chance to really talk with her. The only thing I knew about her was what I heard. I do know that she was very careful about keeping the nice Chinese girls away from the AVG, which I didn't appreciate, and she was very strict with the Chinese they say, using make-up and this sort of thing, which she did herself. But I had always admired her Madam Chiang Kai-Shek. I particularly admired him. He was very good. I admire Chiang Kai-Shek because of what he was doing, of what he was trying to do for China. He was a learned man, a very able man, very gentle in his appearance, very gentle in the way he spoke. He was just one who handled himself that you automatically respected the way that he conducted himself. I know there's been rumors about his - but I had never seen evidence that he was not respected - not a good gentleman. He was very good. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) RED PETACH: Well the morale missions that Stillwell designed for these fellows. It really upset the whole bunch because it was dangerous. They didn't want to do it because it was foolhardy, it wasn't for any definite purpose, and it created a big problem in that area, with the fellows, it created a lot of discontent. As far as the raids that Stillwell suggested - or the maneuvers that Stillwell suggested for the fellows during the war - he wanted them to fly very low. It was not only dangerous but the fellows didn't like it because it was �useless, there was no point in it. They didn't mind taking on seven Japs to one but why just - yourself out there like a fowl to be shot down, and it created a lot of discontent, particularly between the fellows and Chennault, because Chennault was in the hot seat, he was between the two of them. It created a problem. FRANK BORING: How about when you got married? RED PETACH: There was a kind of quiet understanding that we were not to marry any of the fellows. The General - no-one ever told us we couldn't get married but it was kind of one of those subtle things, you were out there to do a job and leave. Of course, we were there to do a job, and I had certainly no idea I was every going to get involved with the young fellows but Pete was persistent, and he was a good man. So we talked it over with Chennault and he gave us permission to - he said it was a good match, and he gave us permission to go ahead and get married. We were married in the Consulate - by a Consular. The night before, Chennault - we were in his apartment - he was entertaining us and we did the Indian wrestling - that was the night before when I ended up with a black eye at my wedding. Our honeymoon was travelling up the Burma Road, and then the next day we went by sampan on the lake at Kunming. That was our - we had one day off. It was beautiful - we went across the lake and went up the pagodas on the other side, and had a trip up there and we were ready to come home at dusk and one of the Chinese ran up to us and said, you've missed the bus, and he was on the way back to Kunming was - he had to find a way back – it was our boat. Pete said, "No, no sir, he was not going to come back. I said, "You can't do that, you just can't do that", so he came back with us. That was our honeymoon! FRANK BORING: Who was at the wedding? What was the wedding like? RED PETACH: Our wedding was a very, very simple one. The Consular was a Methodist minister and Major Gentry and Josie, Miss Stewart, �were there. It was just a very simple civil ceremony. It didn't amount to a great deal. FRANK BORING: What was the reaction to the - as you call them - the fellows, and what was the kind of response that you got from everybody? RED PETACH: I think some of the fellows were kind of bewildered. It's amused me since they wanted to know why I picked Pete. I really couldn't tell them. There were others there that were very attractive. Bob Little was a peach of a fellow. He was killed over there. FRANK BORING: Could you tell us about the…? RED PETACH: As far as the activity during the war, as the Japanese came up the Burma Road and they got closer and closer to Kunming, I never really felt threatened because I figured those fellows would take care of us, we'd be all right, and we were. FRANK BORING: …the kind of people that were coming over that were eventually going to eventually replace the AVG? RED PETACH: My whole feeling about the army coming in is, that they really gave General Chennault the short stick. What came in first were garbage cans and this sort of thing, they weren't really much help and my feeling was that they deliberately withheld sending people over there to ease the transition between the AVG and the army because they asked us to stay over those two weeks, and when Pete was asked whether he would stay on, I thought that he would be defending the base and that we'd be in Chungking. I knew he could take care of himself in the air, I wasn't concerned about that. It never occurred to me that they'd send him out on a bombing and strafing mission which is what they did. The next day they went out to the advanced post. FRANK BORING: Was this officer at this time…? �RED PETACH: When General Bissell came up and talked to the group, I heard the conversation and if anybody would stay after his conversation, I would have been amazed. He did a terrible job, he was antagonistic, egotistical. I was ready to walk out. I was seriously thinking about maybe I might join up, but later I was pregnant, but I know that Pete was not - nobody was impressed with Bissell. That's why they all left, very few of them stayed on, and they only stayed on those two weeks to help General Chennault because the army didn't come in and do what they should have done. There was a good story in a magazine talking about what the fellows did in those two weeks, and one of the things that wasn't mentioned is that two of them were killed, and that I think should have been. They stayed on just to help the General. They might have been here today if they had not done that. FRANK BORING: Let’s…… that story to us please. RED PETACH: When we were moved from Kunming to Chungking, again I was flown, I wanted to ride, and Mun Chen was the pilot and at that airfield in Kunming - in Chunking – he had to turn the ship, he couldn't go in straight, he had to turn his wings, so he could get into this narrow pass and land. It was a real tricky maneuver to do it on account of the plane, and Pete - that was after we were married - and Pete was on the ground in Kunming - in Chungking, waiting for me. He was chewing his nails and biting his teeth and everything and when I landed he said, "I'm so glad you're down here and landed safely." I said, "That's what I go through every day with you," and he had nothing to say. FRANK BORING: Could you tell us about the…? RED PETACH: Actually Pete was going to go home, because most of them were going home, and I said, "I'll do whatever you want because we had already - we weren't going home, we were going to go to India, and he was going to fly for CNAC out of India, and of course, I'm going to help him, I was pregnant at the time and I knew I wouldn't �have any trouble, so I said, "I'll do what you want to do. We'll go to India - I'll go to India with you if you want, but I don’t think you fellows are going to walk and leave Chennault with the bag holding the bag.” And of course, they didn't. But I must say, it didn't occur to me - I thought they were to defend the base and not go on - he led the flight with this army fellow that was so unpopular, and he and Red Shambling were shot down, and never came back, and the fella, Ajax Baumler - that was one of the hardest moments of my life, when that man landed on that airfield in Chungking and he came back and Pete didn't. That one was very hard to take. FRANK BORING: I realize this is very difficult…that day? RED PETACH: As far as I personally was concerned, when the planes came back that day, the fellows were just great. Fox, Pete's mechanic was just - they couldn't have been better, they couldn't have been nicer. Anything I wanted, they would tote me anywhere. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v06 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 6 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks discusses getting married to John "Pete" Petach while in the AVG and how he stayed on to work the additional two weeks for General Chennault. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/329f35f5fcddaed2a1b3d3ca95fc1b8d.mp4 3560a1c8731205461eb7f010480bf58b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/3dbaf250dae640daa93c9f2270ff9cda.pdf a6bbe86072e442152cda33e3e2ec0544 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 7] FRANK BORING: If we could - if you could describe where you were and what you were doing the day when the planes didn't come back, the two planes didn't come back. RED PETACH: I was up in Chungking at the time - we had agreed to stay over those two weeks and in ten days, I got word that Pete had been shot down. At that time, they weren't sure whether they could find him or not, and oddly enough, after I came back to the States, I was reading the Wall Street Journal of a missing in action and I found myself hunting for him, for his name in that missing in action. I never realized that in all those years I was thinking maybe he - maybe they found him. Then when the squadron came back to the air base and Pete and Red Shambling didn't come back and this very unpopular guy, Ajax Baumler arrived on that airfield - that was one of the toughest things I've ever had to face. But the fellows were just - they were great. They just carried me around on a cushion, and Fox who was Pete's mechanic just took care of me and anything I wanted to do, any place I wanted to go, they were right here, and when I decided I was - since Pete wasn't there, I was going to go home, so I went home with Charlie Bond and Bob Neale. FRANK BORING: What was the - give us what it was like to leave. Was there a farewell party for you or anything like that? �RED PETACH: No, I just left. FRANK BORING: Give us an idea of the last days, if you will, and how you actually got back to the States. RED PETACH: When we were disbanded on the 4th of July, groups started leaving, bits at a time. Josie went first, and that was hard, not to see her go, because I was very fond of her, and we had a good relationship. But to see the fellows going back home - I kind of envied them, but I understood why they were going. Just bits by bits they would just disappear. There were no farewells, no parties, no nothing. They just went off and of course, they thought we we're going to be in India, and when Pete wasn't there, then I thought I should just go home. We were able to fly into India to New Delhi, Bob Neale and Charlie Bond escorted me and when we got to New Delhi, I don't know whether it was in New Delhi or Karachi, but then we flew on to Karachi to try to find a way home rather than go by boat because I was pregnant. It must have been in New Delhi then - but anyway, Hep Arnold, very kindly gave me aone priority so I got through and went on an army transport plane with these two fellows. I was the only woman in the crowd, but it amused me, one of the incidents on the way home, we stopped at a place in Africa, one of the army posts in Africa, and they came out with this gorgeous looking chocolate cake and we were used to the food in China. They made beautiful looking things but it didn't taste right and we looked at each other and said, "Could this be really a good chocolate cake?" And it was, and we took hours, just eating that one little piece. It never tasted so good! Then we went from there to the Gold Coast, and we flew into Ascension Island and I was the first woman who ever flew into the Ascension Island with - and I couldn't understand what was going on, because when I went into the barracks to get food and get freshened up, all eyes were on me and I couldn't understand it, until finally somebody told me that I was the first woman to arrive in Ascension Island. That was a feat to go through, that Ascension Island too. We went �to South America and flew up from South America to Miami, and when we got into Miami, we went through customs office, they treated the two fellows like heroes, they were just great. When they came to me, I was like a camp follower, or shall I say, prostitute, and of course my ego. FRANK BORING: Speak. RED PETACH: When we had flown up to Chungking, then I knew I was pregnant, and that was part of the discussion as to whether we should stay or go home, and I know I'm healthy and, if you'll pardon the expression, built like a barn door so I wouldn't have any trouble with the delivery. I had known from my nursing experience I wouldn't, and as a nurse, I knew I wouldn't have any problems finding work, and Pete was going to fly for CNAC, so we were going to live in India. That's why when this came through and Chennault asked the fellows to stay over these two weeks, he just was going to go to India, and I said I would do whatever he wanted to do, it was up to him. But I didn't think that the fellows would leave Chennault holding the bag. He needed the fellows there, but it's up to you, whatever you decide, but it never occurred to me that they would gone on a bombing strafing mission. I thought he would be there just to protect the base. I knew he was a good flyer and I knew I didn't have any problems with that, but when they took those airplanes on a bombing and strafing mission for which they were not designed, we were just riding into trouble, but it never occurred to me that they would do that, and he decided to stay over those two weeks, and the next day they sent him out. He went out with the gang to the advance base and they were training these few army fellows that came in, and of course, I think the army held back deliberately not to give Chennault anything more possible. They wanted to disgrace him as much as possible. They wanted to blacken his name as much as they could. Anyway, he was on a mission with the army—this army fella, Pete and Red Shambling, the AVG was shot down and didn't come back and this very unpopular army fellow came back, Ajax Baumler. That was �one of the worst experiences I've had… that was when they landed on the field. I had heard - they had told me that Pete had been shot down, but in the back of my mind I had thought that he might be rescued because they didn't know what really had happened to the planes, to either one of them, and I don't think they know to this day what happened them. Well, then I was pregnant and there was no point in me staying over there and that was the time for me to go home. Fortunately, Charlie Bond and Bob Neale escorted me home and we flew into Asabdali [?] and then New Delhi, and Hap Arnold gave me, and I assume they gave the fellows there, priority to go back, and thank goodness, they did, because I didn't have to go by boat, being pregnant I thought it would be a little bit of a problem. When we flew into Karachi that day, I was sick. I have never been so sick. I couldn't get off that bed, I couldn't raise my head up. I was there for about two days and I don't know what those fellows ever did, they would come in and visit me but there was nothing they could do. They must have felt very helpless. After a while I came out of it all right. We flew on to Africa and had a wonderful experience in the – we went to this army base in Africa, we stopped to have lunch and they came out with this beautiful chocolate cake. We had been used to the pastries that we got when we were in China. They were beautiful looking things but they didn't taste right, and we all looked at each other and said, "That really tastes the way it looks," and it did. And we took hours to eat that little piece of cake. It was so good! And we flew from there onto the Gold Coast and then to Assam Valley, and flying into that Assam Valley was really exciting. When we got off the plane and went into the base, everybody was looking at us, and I didn't understand why. I didn't understand what was going on, and finally one of the fellows told me that I was the first woman to be there on that base. So we went from there to South America and then to Miami, and they treated Bob Neale and Charlie Bond as heroes, and I found out that how great the Americans thought they were. I was glad they finally found out. I knew they were good, they were just confirming what I already believed. I was glad that the American public realized what these fellows had done. Because �later on I heard what they were called and I had known that the army had talked to some of the pilots and tried to get the pilots to give them some bad news about Chennault, and they couldn't find it, they couldn't get it. But one of the things that did bother me as a person, when we landed in the Customs Office, they treated the pilots like heroes, they went through with a breeze. This Customs Officer treated me like I was a camp follower or a prostitute, and that really hurt. He took out everything from my bag, took it all out. We were limited, only allowed to have 35lbs. and I had saved six records that Pete and I particularly liked, and they took those records away because I might have subversive information in those records. I got them back months later, broken all of them, and I couldn't replace those records. And then, when they got to the bottom of my suitcase, or duffle bag is what it was, there were pieces of medal and he started asking me about the medals, then the dam broke. I had been under control up to that point. I was so hurt that anybody would think I was that kind of a woman, that's what bothered me. I just couldn't understand how anybody could think I could be that kind of a woman. It just broke the dam, I think I cried for several days and I don't know what those poor fellows did. They tried to cheer me up and I tried to control myself but it was difficult. FRANK BORING: Try to give us an idea of the treatment of the army towards you and the AVG. RED PETACH: The treatment of the army to the AVG I thought was just ridiculous. Stillwell really started it and then with Bissell, it was obvious that the army didn't like the General. I think from that experience that I had with the army in the Orient, I think we won the war in spite of the generals, unless you had somebody like General Chennault, a maverick like General Chennault. The fact that they tried to find all kinds of fault with Chennault, I thought was despicable. I just couldn't understand such egotistical treatment. They were jealous. �FRANK BORING: Could you say more about army and the AVG General. RED PETACH: I think that the army resented the General because he was a maverick. He didn't follow the book; he was like Mitchell. I think the ordinary brass, they don't like to have their ideas threatened and their positions threatened. I think they were jealous basically, that's my personal opinion. I don't understand why they would reflect the same thing on the AVG, other than the fact that it would indirectly give credit to Chennault, and they disliked Chennault so badly that they wouldn't even consider the AVG, and later on when they had pictures of the fellows who were killed over there, very good pictures of it, the United States didn't want it, didn't want those pictures, and they were given to the Chinese, the Chinese wanted them, the Chinese cared for them. That I could never understand. FRANK BORING: How about the treatment towards you specifically? Of course, you had it too, how do you feel about the treatment towards you? RED PETACH: The Army? As far as the army's treatment of me is concerned, I just - like a nonexistent, I didn't matter, I wasn't worth bothering with. It's all right, I didn't feel one way or the other. I certainly wasn't congratulated for doing anything. When I came back home, it was a very tough situation. I looked up a friend of mine and stayed with her for a while, but it was a long time before I got over that, that my own country would treat me so shabbily. It's something that's very hard to reconcile. I went home and I stayed with my brother to have my delivery of my child - the child I had was to be a girl - and since the General was so much involved in the story, she is named Joan Claire Petatch, the Claire after Claire Chennault, and from the day on when we had reunions, I had to take Joan, my daughter with me. If I didn't have her, the General would say, "Where is she?" So she went with me. The Tigers have been good, as always. FRANK BORING: That was going to be my next question. Talk. �RED PETACH: As soon as she was able, I went back to New Haven and taught Nursing Arts at school and raised my child, raised her myself. And then, when she was a little older, I realized that she should be with her family because she needed - if something happened to me, she would have nothing. So I went back to Harrisburg and worked in Harrisburg and lived with my brother until I found my own place and worked in Harrisburg and raised my daughter there. It was interesting that I when I went - I wanted to back into public health and go back into the slums and my father didn't approve. I wanted to work for the state and at that time the war was still going on and the state wouldn't take me because I had too much education, they were suspicious of a woman with a master's degree. I wanted to go with the Visiting Nurses Association but their salaries - I couldn't raise a child with that kind of a salary, so I went with the Tuberculosis Society and made a career of that. I ended up as an executive secretary of the Tuberculosis Society in those two counties. Then I went from there to - I was Executive Director of Pennsylvania Health Counsel, that's where I was when I met Fletcher. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v07 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 7 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks describes her experience when Pete Petach didn't return from his last flight and her last days with the AVG. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8a1302570a9b185e328506425d040715.mp4 8a917f73a8090b20a594477ab5bddccf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/033b315db7c5a31a5771c1d129691c48.pdf 6816900ce317269241da3b554c940880 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Special Collections & University Archives RHC-88 Fei Hu Films Flying Tigers Interview Interviewer: Frank Boring Interviewee: Emma Jane “Red” Petach Date of interview: May 17, 1991 Transcriber: Frank Boring [TAPE 8] – audio only FRANK BORING: Including Doc Richards, including the flight crew, these people that you got to know over that period of time, where do you think they fit in the scheme of history - of American history, of what they meant to the Americans, what they meant to the Chinese? RED PETACH: I think the AVG as a whole meant more to the Chinese, because it saved the Chinese and the Chinese, because of the Americans, I think because of what the AVG did for them, were very welcome over there. Even the communists, if you're an American, you're welcome, and although the communists won't recognize the fact that we existed, they Chinese still - you say an American, you've got an entrance right there. And I think the AVG looking back on it, at that time during the war, did the same thing for American ego that the people in Desert Storm did for the American ego just now. I think the valuable thing that came out of that Desert Storm is the fact that the Americans could once again have technical skill, and they came to realize, we can still do it if we want to. If we work at it, we can still do it. As far as the AVG's place in history, I think it will mean more to the Chinese than to the Americans because we helped stop some of the butchering that was going on, the bombing and the butchering that was going on by the Japanese. When you're over there, just say you're American and you're welcome and that was, I think, primarily because of the AVG, the Flying Tigers. �They ask us many times, "Do you mean you speak to the Japanese, they should still be our enemies." And I think as far as American is concerned, I think the prime time during the war, with the effects of the bombing of Pearl Harbor and this, that it gave us a victory, it gave us a morale boost, it gave the Americans a morale boost, it gave the Americans a morale boost that they needed and that they could brag about. FRANK BORING: (Inaudible) RED PETACH: The one year period that I spent with the Flying Tigers changed my life greatly, as when I was an exchange student, it changed my life. I've never been away from home so I grew up. The experience I had with the Flying Tigers - I was much more cynical, but I matured, and I think I look back on it as, "that's life", it has its good and its bad. I wouldn't change it, I wouldn't change that year for anything, for the companionship and the experience that I had and I will say, the way the fellows treated me over there, I was spoiled, I was spoiled rotten, and nobody for years could compare with the Flying Tigers, no man was worth anything but the Flying Tigers. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flying Tigers Interviews and Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Chinese World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Description An account of the resource Collection contains original 1940s films and interviews conducted in the 1990s, documenting the history of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) "Flying Tigers." The Flying Tigers were organized by the United States to aid China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Original filmstrips were recorded by AVG crewmen Joe Gasdick and Chuck Misenheimer, as well as Chinese Air Force Interpreter P.Y. Shu, who was assigned to assist Col. Claire Chennault as he trained Chinese pilots and established the AVG. Interviews with members of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) “Flying Tigers” were conducted by Frank Boring for the documentary film Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers, which he co-produced with Frank Christopher under the production company Fei Hu Films. The AVG Flying Tigers were a group of American aviators, mechanics, medical and administrative military personnel, led by Col. Claire Chennault to assist the Chinese Air Force in their defense against Japanese air strikes from 1941-1942. The AVG Flying Tigers also flew in defense of the Burma Road, a major Chinese military supply route. The group disbanded and returned to regular U.S. military service after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Boring, Frank Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films Research and Production Files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938/1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fei Hu Films Christopher, Frank Gasdick, Joseph Misenheimer, Charles V. P.Y. Shu Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4; application/pdf Language A language of the resource English; Chinese Type The nature or genre of the resource video; text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1938-1945 World War II Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-88_Petach_Red_1991-05-17_v08 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanks, Emma Jane (Foster Petach Hanks) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-05-17 Title A name given to the resource Emma Jane "Red" Petach Hanks interview (video and transcript, 8 of 8), 1991 Description An account of the resource Interview of Emma Jane (Foster Petach) Hanks by filmmaker Frank Boring for the documentary, Fei Hu: The Story of the Flying Tigers. Emma Jane "Red" Foster first traveled to China as the first woman foreign exchange student at Lingham University in Canton in 1935-1936. After receiving her B.A. from Penn State (1937) and Masters in Nursing from Yale University (1940), she joined the American Volunteer Group (AVG) medical team in 1941. On her trip to China aboard the Jaegersfontein, she met John "Pete" Petach, 2nd Squadron Flight Leader. She was the only RN who served with the AVG and helped the three physicians take care of men who contracted dengue fever and malaria as well as those injured in accidents or combat. In February 1942, she and Pete Petach were married by AVG chaplain Paul Frillman in Kunming, China. Red and Pete decided to stay several days to help Col. Chennault after the AVG disbanded. During that time, Pete Petach was killed while on a bombing and strafing mission at Nanchang. After the war, she continued her nursing career in various capacities and in 1964 married Christian Hanks, a former Hump pilot for the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC). In this tape, Hanks describes what the AVG meant to the Chinese people and their place in history, in addition to how her time with the Flying Tigers changed her life. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Boring, Frank (interviewer) Christopher, Frank (director) Fei Hu Films Subject The topic of the resource Oral history United States--History, Military China--History, Military Veterans China. Kong jun. American Volunteer Group World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/540">Fei Hu Films research and production files (RHC-88)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4cbaa1aa74bb0e10e45f309d4d993b60.mp3 8157d684f729cc063b4a7fa133a7ab2d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0cbbe6a3d86b44e18868513cedbeb6c8.pdf 0094c72fee3e0a90dc260c1c9870cdcc PDF Text Text Emmaus: Now You See Him; Now You Don’t Eastertide Luke 24:13-35 Text: Luke 24:31 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan April 30, 2000 Transcription of the spoken sermon My name is Cleopas, not that it matters a great deal, because I didn't have anything particularly outstanding about me or any reason to be noticed in the Gospel narrative of the appearance story that was read a moment ago, but I was chosen as the example, I suppose, of that which was the experience of so many. I went to the Passover celebration; I was a part of that larger movement that was following Jesus and hoped that something would happen in Jerusalem, hoping that, somehow or other, we didn't know how, but somehow or other, God would move upon that city, would move through that man in whom we had come to trust, believe, and in whom our hopes were placed. I was there when he entered the city with acclamation. I was there when he made his bold statement in the Temple. I was proud of him, the courage, the unflinching courage with which he made his claim and pointed us to the eternal God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. I was there when they crucified my Lord. The next day, Saturday, was the Jewish Sabbath, of course, but the day after any kind of a trauma becomes a rather formal affair. One just sort of goes through the motions. Thank God there was that ordinary Sabbath day to be observed, something one could just simply plod through without thinking, without feeling, just to get through. But, Sunday dawned like your Monday, and I was beside myself. It's as though the whole world came crashing in around my ears. Oh, there were some rumors. Some women said they'd been to the tomb and that it was empty and they had seen the vision of angels, but no one gave it much credence. Around noon, I said to a friend of mine, "You know, I have to get out of here. I'm going to burst open if I don't get away from Jerusalem and all of the memories and all of the crushed hopes and dreams. I can't stand it; I have to get out of here. Let's go to Emmaus." He said, "Fine. I'll join you." Well, you know how it is; you think you can escape; you think you can get away, leave it all behind you, but you can't, and so we found ourselves on the road, © Grand Valley State University   �Emmaus: Now You See Him; Now You Don’t Richard A. Rhem Page 2   taking apart every aspect of the week, trying to figure out what went wrong, wondering where was God and questioning our own understanding. How could we have gotten so mixed up about who this was and what might have happened through him? It was strange as we – obviously, as deeply in depression as we were as we left the city limits – sensed a presence with us, and sure enough, a stranger came up alongside us and said, "What is this conversation you're having?" Well, I couldn't believe anybody didn't know what had just happened in Jerusalem. But, he said, "No, what things?" And so, I told him, "Jesus of Nazareth, a man mighty with God, a prophet whom we hoped would set Israel free, they killed him. He's dead. And it's over. And frankly, we're just running away." And then, you know, the strangest thing happened. The stranger began to give us a Bible lesson like I've never had in my life. Oh, all the things he mentioned were familiar; I knew them from a child, all those scripture passages to which he referred. But, the case he was making is that we had totally mis-read our own scriptures, that what had just happened, after all, was something that we might have known would happen inevitably if we had understood our own scriptures. He took us into the Torah of Moses and through the Psalms and the prophets, all very familiar to me, but I was hearing it again as for the first time. It was all very familiar to me, but I never understood it before; I never put it together before; I never had a clue before. I knew the Psalmist's cry, “My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?” I knew the suffering servant's story of Isaiah 53, the Lamb led to the slaughter. I knew the one who without violence does not lift up his voice in the street, but who with gentleness will never break a bruised reed or snuff out a smoldering wick. I knew all of that, but I never put it together. I guess, as a matter of fact, I was more turned on by, for example, the fiery prophet Elijah. My own expectation, I suppose, was shaped by Malachi who was looking for one to come to judge, to bring fire from heaven. And all of that other stuff in there, it's all there, but somehow or other I never identified it with Jesus. I guess I'd have to say I never recognized who he was at all. It was probably my own agenda I was projecting on to him, thinking about sitting on thrones and judging Israel and being in the top spot for the new regime. It was a Bible lesson like I'll never forget. In retrospect, my friend and I talking about it later realized that while it was going on, our hearts were burning, our hearts were palpitating. There was a blood rushing through our system; something amazing was happening to us. We approached the village and the stranger was going to go on, but we encouraged him to stay with us and we came to the evening meal, and again, a rather strange thing happened - he who was our guest became our host. He took bread, blessed it and broke it and gave it to us, and we knew it was he. Our eyes were opened; we recognized him. It was Jesus. He was with us. He was alive! Just the moment we began to feel the excitement rise and the joy break over, he was gone. Vanished from our sight. Disappeared. No trace of him. © Grand Valley State University �Emmaus: Now You See Him; Now You Don’t Richard A. Rhem Page 3   Well, you can imagine we couldn't put all that together, but one thing was certain - even though the day was far spent, we headed right back to Jerusalem and you know what we found there? Well, he'd also appeared to Simon and so there was already a party underway and they were celebrating and we said to one another, "The Lord is risen. The Lord is risen, indeed." And then, there he was again! Strange. Well, that's my story. But, you understand, the version of it that you have in the evangelist's Luke's Gospel is a version of my story some fifty years later, wellhoned. If you read Luke or, for that matter, Matthew or Mark, you'd think it was all settled on Easter Sunday afternoon. Of course, that wasn't the way it was. It was my experience, but it was my experience condensed. It was my experience as example of the experience of that numberless crowd that had put their hopes on Jesus and found their dreams smashed and who eventually came, as I came, to experience him once again alive. Because what the evangelist wanted to do was, in concise a manner as possible, tell the good news, and so, it's all in there, but it's sort of squashed together, that disappointment, that disillusionment, that sadness of heart. Oh, my God, it was awful and it didn't evaporate in a day or a week or a month or, frankly, for a year. We pretty much scattered after that traumatic crucifixion, back to Galilee, into the Judean countryside, sad of heart, with crushed hopes and broken dreams, wondering if there was any meaning to anything, wondering if one could believe anything anymore, wondering if one ever could put one's trust in someone or something, wondering if the noblest ideas and ideals of the human family would amount to anything, ideals of freedom and love and justice, whether grace and mercy, whether any of that would make any difference in the long run. Of course, you don't have an experience as we had with Jesus, even through the trauma of the crucifixion, without continuing to reflect on it, to think about it, and that Bible lesson that he gave us, of course, points to the fact that that is exactly what we did. We went back to our scriptures and we scoured them for some clue as to what in the world we had just experienced, and we did find the Psalm, "My God, my God, why has Thou forsaken me?" we did find the Lamb led to the slaughter, we did find all of those pointers that represent the graciousness of God in humility. As we did, we began to share with one another, and as we came together, we told Jesus stories and as we told Jesus stories and as we remembered, now and again, here and there, it was like he was really there. And, of course, for him in the days of his flesh, when he was with us, the meal was always the high point and everybody was welcome and he would take the bread and bless it and break it and give it to us. I remember the first time I gathered with a few friends as we had been talking about our hopes, our dreams, our disillusionments, and our sadness, and someone took the bread, it was like Jesus was there. It was as though his presence was as tangible as the presence of the © Grand Valley State University �Emmaus: Now You See Him; Now You Don’t Richard A. Rhem Page 4   one next to me, and we knew, in that community, breaking bread together, that he was alive. And so, as we began to understand with new eyes, as we looked at old, familiar scriptures and suddenly saw something we'd never seen before, hope began to rise in us and we began more and more to experience the wonder of that presence that was full of grace. And then, we came to the most amazing discovery of all and it was simply this - that Jesus wasn't about Jesus at all. Jesus was about God. That's why he never pointed to himself. That's why he never put himself forward. That's why he was marked by such humility, such gracefulness. That's why he was like one who refused to be the broker of the grace of God but, rather, said God is accessible to you all and grace is for you all. That's why he never set up shop and hung up his shingle because he wasn't about himself. He was about God. He was a God-presence. God was embodied somehow or other in that one, and when we were with him, we sensed the presence of God, and now the amazing thing was that he was dead and we experienced him alive, really just as before. We couldn't reach out and touch him as once we did, but he was there. Was it his spirit? Was it God's Spirit? I don't know. But, this I know - this we came to discover, that Jesus wasn't about Jesus. Jesus was about God and the fact that Jesus was no longer in the flesh was not at all any handicap for our experience of God as we experienced it when he was in the flesh. Can you sense what I am trying to say? I don't know how to say it any differently than that. If s like he wasn't there, but he was there. But, not being there, whatever we experienced when he was there, was the same, just as real. When we looked one another in the eye, when we held the one we loved, when we gathered in community, breaking bread, our eyes would be opened and we would know the presence of God. So, you see, I guess what I want to say to you is, maybe if you could, you would have liked to have been there. But, to have been there then in the days of his flesh would be no advantage to where you are now, because, as a matter of fact, he was the mediator of that mystery of life, that ultimate ground of all being, that creative spirit, that source of all, that guide of all, that goal of all. He simply was the presence of that One living God, whom death can never destroy, and he embodied forgiveness and love and justice and peace which all of the cruelty and violence and ignorance in the world can never put to death. So, you see, that's what the evangelists were trying to tell you when they honed the experience of the whole community over decades. They called it my story, Cleopas, and it was my story, but it wasn't really my story as though it happened just like that. Oh, there was real history there. That's why 2000 years later you're still struggling with it, but I have to admit that I am amazed and somewhat amused at how much you struggle to figure out what really happened. I want to tell you - we couldn't figure out what really happened. But, it was the presence. It was the God-presence. It was the embodiment of grace and community. It was © Grand Valley State University �Emmaus: Now You See Him; Now You Don’t Richard A. Rhem Page 5   the deep assurance that when the powers of darkness had done their worst, light burst forth and the last word was not sadness, but joy, not a broken heart, but a burning heart, not death, but life. © Grand Valley State University � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Eastertide II Scripture Text Luke 24:31 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-20000430 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000-04-30 Title A name given to the resource Emmaus: Now You See Him, Now You Don't Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on April 30, 2000 entitled "Emmaus: Now You See Him, Now You Don't", on the occasion of Eastertide II, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Luke 24:31. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives Epiphany Humility Jesus Presence of God https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/84f33cfaa9a1e3b62829133e4352004c.jpg bc73ee3cf0e474b454a389e79dfb3b83 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_I145-0003 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-08-06 Title A name given to the resource Emmi Bonhoeffer in Frankfurt, Germany Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of German author, Emmi Bonhoeffer, harvesting flowers from a garden in Frankfurt, Germany. Emilie Amalie Charlotte "Emmi" Bonhoeffer was the wife of anti-Hitler activist Klaus Bonhoeffer and sister-in-law of German theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who were all members of the anti-Nazi resistance. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Bonhoeffer, Emmi, 1905-1991 Frankfurt (Germany) Anti-Nazi movement--Germany Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/075bb06bf730a37616853a9428e07e09.jpg b30059c754b19834df0cde22ffa9936a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_I145-0042 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-08-06 Title A name given to the resource Emmi Bonhoeffer in Frankfurt, Germany Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of German author, Emmi Bonhoeffer, at home in Frankfurt, Germany. Emilie Amalie Charlotte "Emmi" Bonhoeffer was the wife of anti-Hitler activist Klaus Bonhoeffer and sister-in-law of German theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who were all members of the anti-Nazi resistance. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Bonhoeffer, Emmi, 1905-1991 Frankfurt (Germany) Anti-Nazi movement--Germany Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e34a8e196e9f5a20a523b9ce3d8b430a.jpg eacccfa8e4bab95d008ebf93f7d932a0 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5aecb1c6c7dba83e04ebe4a2e99351e5.jpg a09c5bbb1c87ee2411d8b2da25670387 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0084 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-03-22 Title A name given to the resource Empty dock in black & white Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of an empty dock over the waters of Kalamazoo Lake in Saugatuck, Michigan. In the distance is a large building identified as "The Butler" restaurant. Despite the coloring of the photograph it is apparent that the sky is gray. The handwriting on the back of the photograph reads: "Wed. March 22, '67. Easter, Saugatuck 'The Butler' Jerry Kelly." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Lakes Docks Snow Easter Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b2f5fc5f9c17d4d4c8060032f4441da6.jpg 3d20457a8c902138d6b59c7e37a59713 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0086 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-04 Title A name given to the resource Empty dock overlooking the water Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of an empty dock overlooking the waters of Kalamazoo Lake in a snow-covered Saugatuck, Michigan. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Lakes Docks Snow Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/887fab265ad3f01144b9025bcb7ed5eb.jpg 53b27950cc38d85f26e0d5c70fed653d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_K170-0008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-07-18 Title A name given to the resource Empty Stage at WCFL Concert in Chicago Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of an empty stage being set up between gigs at the WCFL Big 10 Summer Music Festival in Chicago, Illinois on July 18, 1970, by Douglas R. Gilbert. In the midground, a lone audience member with dark clothing and pale hair sits with their head in their hands. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource WCFL (Radio station : Chicago, Ill.) Concerts Soldier Field (Chicago, Ill.) Black-and-white photography Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Chicago (inhabited place) 1970s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9d1eca099ec1f2df1bae01c621ea61a6.jpg b54104a8d38f6200a11fdbe48981ae94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000284 Title A name given to the resource EMT program exhibit Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lanver, T. Leo Description An account of the resource Grand Valley Emergengy Medical Training (EMT) program booth at the Grand Rapids Health Fair. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Emergency medical services Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1979 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/289defc5aa6619bc1298307bd1fdee57.pdf 64a59a5010e46a0db83f12c13cdca4ce PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Enarrationes in epistolas S. Pauli [folium 3] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_003Theophylactus1477 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Theophylactus, of Ochrida, Archbishop of Orchida 1050-ca. 1108 Description An account of the resource One leaf of Enarrationes in epistolas S. Pauli by Theophylactus and translated by Christophorus de Persona. Printed in Rome by Ulrich Han (Udalricus Gallus) on January 25, 1477. Illustrated with red rubricated initials. [GW M45925; ISTC it00156000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Rome: Ulrich Han (Udalricus Gallus) Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Theophylactus, of Ochrida, Archbisiop of Ochrida, 1050-ca. 1108 Language A language of the resource la Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Persona, Christophorus de (translator) Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/52c1de4321007f04403d92be7fce4768.jpg 5032f20c1cd4143a5527cd92fa6e33e1 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4333f3a61175dbb33d2ea0c97dbfe032.jpg 4977653f77671f2f1fabe6da37d9dd63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource End of secession Description An account of the resource Design shows hangman's rope in shape of a skull with "End of Secession." Design in blue on white envelope. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-49_PE014 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Postal service--United States--History Covers (Philatety)--United States--History Patriotic envelopes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War patriotic envelopes, (RHC-49)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/18757b624cfc9a7131b8a65883554e6d.pdf 88b55107ca8783bb58991d0eb22cf5cf PDF Text Text Endless Love From the series: Faces Around the Cross Text: Matthew 27:55-56; Matthew 27:61 Richard A. Rhem Christ Community Church Spring Lake, Michigan Palm Sunday, March 23, 1997 Transcription of the spoken sermon The year was 1970, and the song by Tim Rice, "I Don't Know How to Love Him," with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, was recorded. In 1971, Broadway was rocking with Jesus Christ Superstar, the rock opera whose centerpiece was perhaps that marvelous solo just sung so sensitively, "I Don't Know How to Love Him," ... "I want him so, I love him so, he scares me so." It was the year that I returned from Europe. In the year 1960, in this congregation, I was ordained. You remember the 60s? I don't remember the 60s because I was immune to them. I was inoculated against all that was happening in the social upheaval of the 60s, a period of time in which there were tremendous insights gained and great progress made in human transformation and the transformation of society, an era from which we have also reaped some bitter fruit. The 60s - that revolutionary time whose real impact will have to be sifted and sorted out for decades to come. But, I didn't live through the 60s; probably I was too old to be a flower child. But, had I even been the right age, I wouldn't have lived through it with any kind of depth or experience because I had been so traditioned in the piety of a Jesus who was a heavenly being and, at best, a divine intruder into this historical human scene. My Jesus, the Jesus of my nurture for which I will be eternally grateful, was, nonetheless, not a Jesus that I would have been able to recognize at all in the song of Mary Magdalene, for he was this heavenly being who dipped down into history, coming in order to die to bear the sin of the world, providing salvation only to return to the glory that was his with the Father before all time. That was my Jesus. And so, I would have been well insulated against the upheavals of the 60s and, as I returned here in 1971 and Broadway was rocking with "Jesus Christ Superstar," I was conscious of the criticism that was being fired at that rock opera, and yet in my own existential journey, having come from Europe where I was beginning to learn a Christology from below, I have to tell you, the words of that song got to me and I do believe that song was the catalyst for a long trek from that heavenly being who was a divine intruder to the flesh and blood Jesus who is my brother, one that I need © Grand Valley State University   �I Don’t Know How To Love Him Richard A. Rhem Page 2   not so much revere as one I could begin to love and honor, one before whom I could stand in awe. "I don't know how to love him," because, you see, there was that ethereal, eternal dimension, that transcendent reality, that presence of God that was in him so obviously, but he was my flesh and blood brother and I began to experience Lent and Holy Week and Good Friday as never before, as though I had never understood in the slightest what it was all about. Mary Magdalene knew. She is the face upon which we focus this morning, our final Face Around the Cross in this Lenten journey. Mary Magdalene, who really didn't know how to love him, who loved him so, wanted him so, and was so frightened at that which she was experiencing over against this one who was every bit human in her presence and yet, something more that she couldn't quite put together. Mary Magdalene is the most prominent woman in the New Testament. She is the most prominent person in the Gospel story of the life of Jesus. We read various references to her in the four Gospels. Luke tells us, in the eighth chapter, that she was a part of those women who joined the disciple band and was supportive of the disciples. Luke tells us that Jesus healed her, casting out seven demons, in the terminology of that day. We read that she was with the mother of Jesus at the cross. She was at a distance witnessing the burial, and she was the first one to the tomb on Easter Sunday. There was something about Mary Magdalene - the love and the devotion that comes to expression in the Gospel that causes me to think that she understood the reality of endless love, a deep, human, intimate love. It scared her so. She didn't know how to love him, but she loved him so. The story that we read in John's Gospel is the story of the anointing that happened in Bethany outside of Jerusalem in preparation, as it were, for Palm Sunday and the events of Holy Week that John would record in subsequent chapters. In the Gospels, if you read all four of them, there are basically two anointing stories. They may be reflections of one event, or there may be two events. The details of both events are mixed up in the four stories. That isn't important. We read in Luke 7 of another interesting anointing - a woman off the street, a prostitute who barges into the Pharisee's home during a dinner party, weeping over Jesus, her tears falling at his feet. She lets down the tresses of her hair and wipes his feet, drying her tears. Jesus speaks to her a word of forgiveness with those immortal words, "She has loved much, and the one who loves much is forgiven much." Luke doesn't say that was Mary Magdalene. In John's Gospel, the anointing before Holy Week, it's Mary, Martha and Lazarus' home, but it doesn't say Mary Magdalene. That Mary may be Mary Magdalene, she may not be - it doesn't really matter. This morning, I'm going to use Mary Magdalene because she was the preeminent feminine presence in the Gospel story, and in that act of anointing, she gave expression to the very central core of discipleship, according to the Gospel of John. That kind of loving devotion, that kind of action, that kind of extravagant expression of love gets the affirmation of John. He © Grand Valley State University �I Don’t Know How To Love Him Richard A. Rhem Page 3   doesn't use the words that Mark uses, talking about the same incident, when Mark says that Jesus said to the critics of Mary for this extravagance, "Leave her alone. And I tell you wherever this Gospel is preached, this story will be told in remembrance, in memorial of her." A strong affirmation of prodigal love, of an extravagant expression of love, of tangible, concrete love, of the love of one human being for another. Mary Magdalene - the most powerful feminine presence in the Gospels, gives us the supreme expression of discipleship in this act of extravagant love. As we reflect on it this morning, I want to suggest a couple of thoughts that come to me as I think about that scene, the anointing, that loving expression of Mary of Magdala. In the first place, I want to have us recognize how uneasy we are with that kind of wholesome expression of love. In the Church we do not handle well that deep and intimate expression of love, one human being for another, and when we find it even in the Gospel story, we hedge it in with all kinds of safeguards. The Church has done a great disservice to the world in our understanding of human love in its full expression. Jesus Christ Superstar was protested by the Church because, traditionally, we in the Church have been very, very tense about the possibility of bringing him down, making him flesh and blood like the rest of us. Even more recently, at the showing of the film based on the novel, The Last Temptation of Christ, by a Greek author, people picketed outside the theaters, saying it was blasphemous. In that scene in which the novelist, as an artist, tries to get into the head and the mind and the being of Jesus - Jesus who, if he was flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone, must have struggled with his vocation Jesus who, if he was really one of us, must have found his obedience only in the wrestling with his true humanity. In that film, Mary Magdalene again plays that role of a potential lover, maybe even wife or partner for life. In the Church we have not wanted to deal with Jesus, a real human being, and all of the implications of that human reality. The big word for love in the New Testament is agape. When I learned about agape in the seminary, it was a love that stems from the lover and flows out to the one loved, but the one loved has no loveliness at all. There is no reason in the one who is loved that he or she should be loved; it is simply the love that bubbles up within the lover. This is the love of God. This is the word used in the New Testament over and over again. I was so thankful this fall when Krister Stendahl was here, who is no mean New Testament scholar himself, who said we have misused and misunderstood agape. Agape love is love that esteems the other, that finds that which is valuable in the other and, therefore, it is not simply the outpouring of love from the lover falling upon one who has no reason at all to be loved, but it is the esteeming of the other. But, nonetheless, that is only one word in the Greek language for love. © Grand Valley State University �I Don’t Know How To Love Him Richard A. Rhem Page 4   Another word is the word Eros, and you won't find Eros dealt with in the Church. It is the Greek word from which we get the word erotic, and so you will understand that we can't talk about that in the pulpit. But, actually, the meaning of Eros is that yearning for the human person, it is that drive for union and that drive for union within the human heart and soul is no different in its longing after God than in its longing after the other. And there is no longing after God that does not find expression and concrete experience apart from the loving of the other. Ah, there are a few special souls down through the centuries, mystics, we call them, who got lost in some kind of ecstasy in contemplation of the divine in splendid isolation. But, it doesn't work for most of us. Most of us need another, another for whom the soul longs, whom the arms would embrace, the other body that is the embodiment of the other which, in the experience thereof, brings with it that dimension of the holy, the transcendent, so that in the horizontal realization of union there is the experience of that vertical dimension of the one who is in us and beyond us. We haven't done very well with that in the Church, even though the Gospel story makes Mary Magdalene the most flesh and blood woman in the Gospels, the preeminent feminine figure in the life of Jesus. If you read the writings that come from the early Church fathers (and they were fathers), you will be aghast, honestly. You will be aghast at the distortion of human sexuality. Marriage is a compromise to the weakness and the lust of the flesh. The brilliant Church Father, St. Augustine, even suggests that marriage is for procreation without passion. Incredible! But that strain of asceticism, that rejection of the body, that distortion of human sexuality has so permeated the life of the Church that, in all honesty, there is probably no group of human beings anywhere, in any other organization or society or institution who are more fouled up in the handling of human sexuality than the Christian Church. We are scared to death of it, and not without reason. It is so powerful. And in the 60s, when the flower children threw off the oppression and brought about the revolution, they also reaped the whirlwind and the tragedy that follows in the steps of the abuse of that marvelous gift. But we have to be honest. Mary Magdalene said, "I don't know how to love him. I want him so. I love him so. He scares me so." That is more honest than anything you will read in any Church Father for 2000 years, and probably more helpful in gaining an insight into Jesus Christ. That brings me to my second comment, and that is that, if Mary Magdalene in that intimate relationship, was moved off into the wings immediately in the Early Church we can understand why. Isn't it remarkable that the preeminent feminine presence is not heard of again? Instead, Mary, the mother of Jesus, is exalted to the place of preeminence. Mary, the mother of Jesus, is mentioned at the gathering on Pentecost. Mary, the mother of Jesus, becomes the feminine symbol for the Church, and, for those of you who have some feeling for the Virgin Mary, I don't mean to be disrespectful, but in all honesty, if it is a male-dominated clergy that is setting up the ideal of the feminine, is it at all surprising that Mary © Grand Valley State University �I Don’t Know How To Love Him Richard A. Rhem Page 5   Magdalene is removed out of the place she has in the Gospel and replaced by the Virgin Mary who is marked by submission, passivity and obedience? And in the Church still today the feminine is put down and there is injustice to a Mary Magdalene and there is the exultation of the Virgin Mary who, in the Gospels, gets an ambiguous press, who didn't really get it, who had to be distanced by her own son. The Virgin Mary, for all of the femininity she brings into the divine and into the godhead and all of that, all of the beauty of her intercession, her openness to sinners - all of that which has been used positively and is understandable - nonetheless, it is not the Mary of the Gospel. The Mary of the Gospel is Mary Magdalene. Mary Magdalene is the model of discipleship. She was the last at the cross; she was at the burial; she was there on Easter morning. It was Mary Magdalene who in her expression knew the secret of endless love, and it was because her life had been transformed and she loved him so, and she wanted him so, and he scared her so. And it was that love, that endless love, that has the affirmation of Jesus Christ. Maybe we are about to turn a corner where we'll see not the domination of the feminine, but the reciprocity and the mutuality of the masculine and the feminine and the honoring of both and the honoring of the Eros that is the yearning within us for union, in which union we experience something more - something more, indeed - the presence of the Endless Lover. © Grand Valley State University � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6745af0be2c4e814ad7ea8e20b431f61.mp3 2089b4e1a33ed36b99c00e168cf1c853 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard A. Rhem Collection Description An account of the resource Text and sound recordings of the sermons, prayers, services, and articles of Richard Rhem, pastor emeritus of Christ Community Church in Spring Lake, Michigan, where he served for 37 years. Starting in the mid 1980's, Rhem began to question some of the traditional Christian dogma that he had been espousing from the pulpit. That questioning was a first step in a long and interesting spiritual journey, one that he openly shared with his congregation. His journey is important, in part because it is reflective of the questioning, the yearnings, and the gradual revision of beliefs that many persons in this part of the century have experienced and continue to experience. It is important also because of the affirming and inclusive way his questioning was done and his thinking evolved. His sermons and other written and spoken materials together document the steps in his journey as it took a turn in 1985, yet continued to revolve around the framework and liturgies of the Christian calendar. Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Religion Interfaith worship Sermons Sound Recordings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rhem, Richard A. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/514">Richard A. Rhem papers (KII-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kaufman Interfaith Institute Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Sound Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1981-2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 text/pdf Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Event Palm Sunday Series Faces Around the Cross Scripture Text Matthew 27:55-56, Matthew 27:61 Location The location of the interview Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context KII-01_RA-0-19970323 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1997-03-23 Title A name given to the resource Endless Love Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Richard A. Rhem Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Clergy--Michigan Reformed Church in America Christ Community Church (Spring Lake, Mich.) Sermons Relation A related resource Richard A. Rhem - An Archive of Sermons, Prayers, Talks and Stories: http://richardrhem.org/ Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Sound Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource audio/mp3 application/pdf Description An account of the resource A sermon given by Richard A. Rhem (Dick) on March 23, 1997 entitled "Endless Love", as part of the series "Faces Around the Cross", on the occasion of Palm Sunday, at Christ Community Church, Spring Lake, MI. Scripture references: Matthew 27:55-56, Matthew 27:61. Palm Sunday Prodigal Love https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1e060c896987c5cf9c980d0fa622f03f.mp4 d5549e219fcf1c2c051cc1b5ccf2a655 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/912217ff0aa6f7c78d54a9c167df7914.pdf 3be4cab6c228e54ff738bd7265547f8d PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview World War II Duane Endres Length of interview (1:34:31) (00:00:08) Family Background               Duane Endres was born in Carlton Township, Michigan on February 19, 1924 (00:00:11) His father was a farmer of 40 acres, which was split 50/50 with the landowner (00:00:23) There were 8 people in the family. Any cash revenue came from the cream and cows they had, which allowed them $.70 a week to live on. In the summer, Mr. Endres father worked a thrash machine for a $1 a day. It was very lucrative for the family (00:02:04) Duane completed the 8th grade. His parents could not afford to send him to high school. He wanted to get more education and it upsets him today when kids do not take advantage of the opportunities offered them (00:03:11) During this time, the state required an individual to complete 8 grades. If one lived in a district with a high school they could attend for free; however, if one lived outside of the district they had to pay tuition, supplies, and transportation fees (00:03:15) The family had a car, but they could not afford the gas. Gas was $.10 a gallon at the time (00:03:48) His sister attended school because his parents wanted her to have an education to support herself. They figured that Duane and his brothers could use their hands for work (00:04:03) The performed numerous chores on the farm. Duane goes into detail about specific aspects of the farm (00:04:41) Duane stayed on the farm after he completed school until he received an offer to work at Michigan State University in an experimental sheep and cow barn (00:08:05) He worked at MSU for 2 years and then he joined the Navy (00:08:40) He was at a cousin's house near Lowell, Michigan, when he heard the news of Pearl Harbor on the radio (00:09:10) He received a draft notice 2 or 3 months prior, but was granted a deferment due to his work at MSU. There is a point here where Duane discusses in detail maple syrup and his revenues (00:12:10) His 3 brothers were in the Army and served overseas (00:12:50) Duane was in the Navy and never went overseas, but he did spent 18 hours on a ship at one point (00:13:01) (00:13:12) Basic Training  At Great Lake Training Center, Duane and 12-14 other men were lined up asked if anyone wanted to volunteer for Marines. No one volunteered and �      the last two men in line were chosen for the Marines. Duane told the command he always wanted to be in the Navy when asked (00:14:25) His training was not organized, because the officer in charge of his unit had to leave. They participated in training when someone was available to train them (00:15:42) Finally, eight companies of men were given a review of drill instructions for the final review. They did not have the necessary training and did not pass the final review; however, they did advance beyond basic training (00:17:25) Duane related that the Army concentrated on cleaning rifles; whereas, the Navy focused on uniforms (00:18:06) He learned how to row and they had some training with anti-aircraft guns (00:18:33) Duane enjoyed learning how to use the machine gun and wanted to use the double barrel anti-aircraft guns. The National Guard was chosen for this task and Duane was given guard duty. He was upset, but soon realized no one got to train on the guns (00:20:45) After basic training Duane spent 3-4 days at Great Lakes before he received orders to Oklahoma. He could not believe it and thought maybe there was some secret mission going on there (00:21:42) (00:22:00) Active Duty Norman, Oklahoma           Once in Oklahoma, Duane realized it was a large airfield and he was assigned to the mess hall (00:22:20) He learned to cooperate with others and did was he told (00:22:34) Within a few days, he got an easy job slicing bread. He has told everyone who went into military service to ‘act like you enjoy the job even you do not. It will pay off’ (00:22:55) His duties included slicing bread and taking care of the vegetable locker. He was then transferred to a new mess hall, where he became the Master of Arms. This job entailed supervising the cooks and maintaining order in the food line. He got the job because he had a good attitude (00:26:00) The Germans surrendered before he left Oklahoma. He jokingly says that the Germans and Japanese surrendered because they knew he joined the service (00:28:00) He left Oklahoma, where the majority of his service time was spent, in 1946 (00:28:04) He became a storekeeper and kept inventory (00:28:45) Tell a story about gate guards helping themselves to food (00:29:16) There was a North and South base in Oklahoma. The South base was where secret operations took place, which was primarily focused on radar technology. The North base was where pilots were trained (00:31:30) A storm hit the base and over 100 planes were lost. There were no weather forecasts on the radio, but an officer saw the storm coming, Duane was ordered to the airfield to help tie everything down (00:32:25) �       He talks about the different planes damaged during the storm. The war was over so the loss was not a big deal (00:34:02) The size of the base was being reduced and Duane was in one of the last men to leave. Everyone received a souvenir cigarette lighter, but Duane did not smoke (00:35:44) Duane and his friend were not heavy drinkers, so they visited places in Oklahoma and took a lot of pictures (00:37:00) He kept in touch with this friend until 2 years ago. Duane believes he either passed away or moved into a nursing home (00:37:57) Speaks about sailors who joined the service under assumed names. They were zoot suitors (00:38:40) Shared barracks in California with a man who was difficult to get along with (00:40:00) While in Oklahoma, there was a record set for the number of men who drowned in the Navy. He speaks about a lake where 5 men drowned to lack of attention by lifeguards (00:41:05) (00:43:00) Active Duty California             Duane was ordered to California after his time in Oklahoma. He traveled on a troop car. It was a rugged ride and they did not eat very often. The men complained a lot, but the food they were given was good. Also, they stayed at Harvey Houses along the way (00:43:05) Duane had a mild mannered friend in California, who was picked on by his barracks mates. This led to an altercation for Duane (00:48:37) He was at Livermore Airfield, which was an atomic base (00:51:09) Firemen on base responded to fires in the nearby town (00:51:56) Duane was assigned to refrigeration and worked in a locker plant (00:53:35) One person stayed on overnight duty to take care of any emergencies. He also kept water coolers serviced. This was his only job (00:54:15) There was not much use for the skills he learned in California after his service (00:55:07) He visited Oakland, California, often and was amazed by the hills and trolleys. He said he never saw so many pancake houses as he did in San Francisco. He tried to take in as many sites as he could (00:56:02) He took buses to Oakland and then hitchhiked to other places. Relates a story about hitchhiking in Oklahoma during a blizzard. Hitchhiking was relatively safe, but he suggests he was naïve about it, too (00:57:57) Cigarettes were a common item to be traded for a ride. Most people smoked and it was un-American to not smoke (01:01:00) At one point in California, the farmer’s fields caught on fire and spread into the hills. The sailors tried to help put it out. Duane tells a story about a captain’s van being stuck in the hills and helicopters were used to locate it (01:02:10) The smoke from the fire carried poison oak or ivy, which affected Duane badly. His face was raw and fluids had to be drained. He had to go to the sick bay regularly for cleanings (01:04:12) �(01:05:00) Post Service Experiences               He decided to hitchhike home from California, because his family was poor and it was an opportunity to make some cash (01:06:31) He stayed in motels, which were a $1 a night and he got discounts, too (01:07:25) He got a ride from a Japanese man, who had been in an internment camp. This was one of the few men he remembered on his trip home (01:08:13) Duane relates a time when he volunteered to clean the mess hall with DDT. He received 2 days of leave to visit his brother in Texas. They sprayed utensils, food containers, and numerous other things in the hall. It killed all the pests (01:08:49) It took Duane 5 days to get home to Michigan from California. Hitchhiking was much better than the troop train; however, he did get stuck in the desert near Cheyenne, Wyoming for a night (01:10:37) He returns to some stories about basic training (01:12:00) Damaged Disc/ Would not play Duane liked the service and says it was the only vacation he has ever had. He went from doing hard work to soft living (01:20:47) He decided not to stay in the service, because he thought the U.S. was going to war with Russia (01:21:20) He thought about volunteering with atomic testing for 3 months. He is glad he did not (01:22:51) Overall, Duane believes the service made him more independent. He was strongly affected by the changes immediately after the war (01:24:01) He speaks about the Army Air Corps and the glamour boys (01:26:38) He relates a story from his brother’s experience at the Battle of Bulge (01:29:16) Gives some opinions about generals in WWII (01:31:00) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Endres, Duane (Interview outline and video), 2011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Endres, Duane Description An account of the resource Duane Endres was born on a farm in Michigan in 1924. He was drafted into the Navy 1945. Prior to this he received a deferment due to his work at Michigan State University. He remained on the home front during his service and was stationed in Norman, Oklahoma, and Livermore, California. He was a seaman 2nd class, worked in the mess hall in Oklahoma, and was assigned to refrigeration in California. He was discharged from the Navy in 1946. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Navy World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-04-26 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EndresD1105V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b153b66b24f0fb83baabd5e578334d99.mp4 094a2bc13d3f81c5959a30af6f2bc294 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/37208b8ee03a19642d87553ef2adbc4b.pdf c4e8adaa18ca3d69b5f7b3688aeb0563 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Albert Engel (Part 1&2) (2:05:53) Background Information (00:20)   Born in Lake City, Michigan, in 1924. (00:29) He grew up in Michigan and in Washington D.C. the relocation was due to his father’s work as a congressman. (1:50) Summary of his Father (2:18)          His father worked as a farmer when he was a boy. (2:19) At the age of 14 his father ran away from home and began working in a lumber yard. (6:25) His father was 1 credit short of graduating from Northwestern University in Illinois. (8:29) His father also served in the Army. He lied about his age in order to go to officer training at Fort Sheridan. (9:30) His father ran a Christmas tree business. (10:45) Due to his German name, his father’s tree business struggled. (11:25) His father became a lawyer and latter Prosecuting Attorney. (13:56) He had to give up his position as a Prosecuting Attorney during World War I. (15:09) His father practiced law in Lake City at the time of Albert’s birth. (18:29) Background Information (cont.) (19:25)               Albert has 1 older sister. (19:30) Albert had one brother who died at birth. (25:37) In 1933, his father ran for congress. He was elected and served 8 terms until he retired. (26:06) He graduated from Western High School in Georgetown, D.C. (27:44) His father’s work is what brought Albert to Washington (29:11) Albert heard of Pearl Harbor while upstairs in his room doing homework. At the time he was studying at the University of Maryland. Albert attended the University of Maryland due to it being less expensive than his out of state favorite, the University of Michigan. (30:30) Because his father was in congress, Albert saw a copy of The Day of Infamy speech before Roosevelt gave it. (33:06) Albert had a seat in the house gallery when Roosevelt gave The Day of Infamy speech. (34:53) He did not have an immediate desire to enlist in the military after Pearl Harbor. (35:50) At the time of Albert’s enlistment he had 2 years of college and 3 years of military training while in high school through the ROTC. (38:20) His junior year of college, Albert transferred to the University of Michigan. He was at the institution for 1 year before going into service. (39:24) Albert was in the ROTC. (43:04) He did poorly at the University of Michigan. Part of the reason was due to apathy. So many men were being drafted he believed it hopeless to study because e too would be drafted. (45:06) Albert enlisted in the U.S. Army in Washington D.C. in 1943 at the age of 18. (46:40) �Basic Training (47:20)      Albert received orders to report in downtown Washington where he and others would be transported to Fort Lee, Virginia. (47:24) For infantry training Albert was sent to Camp Wheeler. (50:01) In training he was able to learn quickly. (50:49) His clothes and other military supplies were issued at Fort Lee. (51:18) After getting back to the house, his father told Albert that he already knew where he was going to serve. He was to be transferred. This angered Albert. He believed he was being transferred for political purposes. (54:57) Training at Fort Aberdeen                 Albert was transferred to Fort Aberdeen, Maryland. Here he began the same basic training he had at Camp Wheeler. (57:02) Albert did not tell the men he was training with that he was a congressman’s son. However the men alongside him knew regardless. (58:34) Albert applied for OCS (Officer Candidates School). (1:00:02) At one occasion when Albert met his commanding officer, he could tell the man was frightened by the power his father had. (1:30:00) Albert thought he was too young to do well in OCS. He also felt depressed due to the fact that he was being used due to the position of his father. (1:02:37) Albert was then transferred to Ordnance Company. (1:03:28) During this time in his training, Albert met many other men who were sons of politician. Many had the same bleak outlook of the political influence on their lives as Albert did. (1:06:31) Many of the drills that Albert did in basic training were ones that he was familiar with from ROTC in high School. (1:07:36) Albert did not do well in OCS. His officers who trained him however, were very good. (1:12:58) He scored as one of the lowest in his class in OCS. He was, however, given one of the highest scores of a single man. (1:14:27) After Albert graduated from OCS, he had the choice of where he wanted to go. Albert volunteered for bomb disposal. (1:16:09) Bomb disposal was a job Albert liked. In 1944 he was sent to bomb disposal school. (1:16:40) Albert trained both at Army and Navy bases for bomb disposal. (1:17:17) During training, Albert worked on defusing both American as well as German bombs. (1:18:18) Half way through his education, Albert was assigned commanding officer of the 80th Bomb Disposal Squad. (1:19:30) After training, his unit was sent to Fort Dix, New Jersey to be sent to Europe in April 1944. (1:19:30) Voyage to Europe (1:20:20)    He sailed in a convoy. (1:20:30) The ship carried 24 officers and 240 men. (1:22:09) Albert was the youngest person on the ship. He was made sanitation officer while on the voyage to Europe. (1:22:58) �      The commander of the convoy was on Albert’s ship. Because of this, the ship sailed in the center of the convoy. (1:24:48) The ship hit storms fairly quickly. Many men became sea sick. (1:25:04) The ship traveled on a northern course. While approaching the Arctic Circle, the convoy was attacked by a submarine. (1:26:37) One of the 3 destroyer escorts of the convoy was hit by the submarine and disabled. (1:27:20) In response to the submarine, the convoy than turned south toward the Canary Islands. (1:28:11) The ship than turned north and eventually landed in Wales. (1:29:19) Service in England (1:29:55)                Albert did not believe the men he commanded in his squad were very bright. (1:30:00) The Squad than moved to Headcorn, England. Once arriving, the men waited there for their supplies. (1:31:00) When first arriving in Europe, Albert was still very naive. (1:32:56) While waiting for his equipment in Headcorn, Albert received orders that he was transferred to the Headquarters of 19th Tactical Air Command. (1:34:35) This position meant that he would be following the 19th Air men into the continent. (1:35:36) Albert was furious to hear of his transfer. He had been excited to lead the men he had trained on bomb defusing. (1:36:40) While in England, Albert served as ammunition and Bomb Disposal officer. This, Albert says, is a title that meant nothing. Because of his lack of responsibility, he spent much of his time visiting sights. (1:38:19) On June 26th 1944 Albert was given the chance to travel across the English Channel. He was out ranked, however, and did not get a spot on the boat to go to France. (1:40:29) During the invasion on June 6th 1944, Albert served as a pencil pusher. He did not like this. (1:41:58) While in England Albert did visit London several times. (1:42:27) There was little to do at night. Albert liked to watch the English Bombers fly over head. (1:44:27) The first time he saw a buzz bomber, it was frightening and confusing. He had never seen anything like it before. (1:45:45) Albert boarded a ship in Southampton and then traveled to Utah Beach on August 1st 1944. Here he stayed for several days after arriving. The voyage took 3 day. (1:47:00) He crossed the channel on a coal ship. The ship was very dirty. (1:48:00) The ships landed on portable docks set up on the beachheads. (1:49:04) Service in Europe (1:50:35)     When arriving on Utah Beach there were tents set and the area was secured. (1:51:04) The men than headed south and west to a headquarters unit based at St. James, in the southwest corner of Normandy . At this time they received word that they would be giving air cover and support to Patton’s 3rd Army. (1:52:03) While in England, Albert was assigned to an experimental program on the Thames estuary that was to develop a new rocket. (1:53:40) The rockets would carried by aircraft and used to destroy buzz bombs. (1:57:14) �   While working on this special project, Albert lived in a farmhouse. He did very little and mostly was there just to observe. (1:59:19) Due to the bit of law education that Albert had while in college, he was appointed to be the defense counsel for a man who was to be court martialed while moving inland in France. (2:01:06) One man he was defending was court martialed for conduct of drunken buffoonery while in a town. (2:03:05) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Engel, Albert (Interview outline and video, 1 of 2), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Engel, Albert Description An account of the resource Albert Engel, son of U.S. congressman Albert J. Engel, served in the U.S. Army from February 1943 to April 1946 in the European Theater during World War II. During basic training, Albert applied for OCS school, but due to his young age did poorly, but did receive his commission. Before being sent to England, Albert was assigned as commander of the 80th Bomb Disposal Squad. However, shortly after arriving in France Albert was transferred to the HQ for the 19th tactical air command. Here he was assigned to represent defendants in court martial cases. Albert than applied to be the commander of the 86th Bomb Disposal Squad. He stayed commander of this squad until his discharge in 1946. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Air Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-02-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EngelA1345V1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e9b0dbcbb8be561e3723c7e8eb199cb9.mp4 d77ccdf46941f3b33243078245862eb4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b890f473e993d3ce4373ce76768d5436.pdf c504d380a655bc4e5b9f851d2e7617d8 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Albert Engel (Part 3&4) (2:00:53) *Note- time code restarts Service in Court Martial Cases (00:32)         One of the men he defended, Robert Wagner Jr. was also a politician’s son. (2:18) The officers in the Court Martial were equally as confused on the proceedings of the court as any other soldier. (3:10) His first case tried was for drunken buffoonery and swearing at an officer. (3:52) Albert served in 3 Court Martial cases. (6:09) The first man he represented got off with what Albert thought was too light a punishment. (6:50) At this time (summer of 1944) Albert worked in a traveling office. (7:32) The second man he represented was accused of driving a car unlawfully and crashing it. The client said, however, that he was not driving that it was actually a lieutenant that Albert worked in the office with. (8:20) He represented 2 AWOL cases. These cases were cut and dried, the defendant was almost always found guilty. (11:15) Service in France (12:00)        Albert stayed in a Countess’s castle in France while traveling across the country. The castle had been used by the German officers while under Nazi occupation. (13:04) The countess ran a convent for young unmarried mothers. She asked Albert for help defusing bombs and ammunition that had landed in the area of the convent. (14:55) The women who stayed at the convent were terrified of the ammunition that was on the premises. (16:48) The men were served bread and wine, and the men shared their K rations as a celebration for cleaning up the convent. (17:41) His commanding officer had already seen action in Africa before serving in France. (21:21) At this time (summer/fall of 1944) officers were in short supply due to misconduct of some in the field. (22:27) As a result of the officer shortage, Albert applied to be an officer of a bomb squad. He was assigned to the 80th Bomb Squad. (23:12) Service in the 80th Bomb Squad     The Bomb Squad was stationed at Laval, France The 80th Bomb Squad was much better than his first, the 86th Bomb Disposal Squad. (26:20) Albert stayed with the 80th Bomb Disposal Squad until the end of the war in June of 1945. (26:48) His bomb squad followed the Tactical Air Team were his task was to keep all air fields operational at all times. To do this the men required many tools including stethoscopes and a multitude of wrenches. (27:00) �      As the Squad traveled across the eastern side of France, there were a lot of bombs discovered. (28:15) The bombs and munitions that the men defused were U.S., French, and German. (29:24) While working at air fields in France and Belgium, the Squad dealt with munitions that did not deteriorate due to age. (30:30) U.S. bombs were the most likely to be found by the squad due to Allied carpet bombing. (32:48) Most bombs that were too close to homes or cities, had to be taken to a bomb site before they could be detonated. (34:14) When bombs were detonated they were buried in a 15 foot hole, filled with explosives. (35:15) Service in Belgium (36:55)                       On December 19th 1944, Albert left for Zwartburg Belgium where he spent the next 6 months. There was already 1 bomb disposal crew there. (37:15) At this time (winter of 1944) the men did mostly detonation work. There was so much ammunition that the men had to prioritize what to detonate. (38:52) This job was dangerous. There were casualties on occasion. (39:45) The Bomb Squad traveled north through France and Luxembourg toward Belgium on December 18th. The squadron did encounter Germans in the Ardennes Forest. (41:20) There was a British Air Base and an American Airstrip (Y-32) in Zwartburg Belgium. (43:53) The Belgium people treated the soldiers very well. (46:24) The soldiers and the Belgium people in the town the squadron was in decorated a Christmas tree in December of 1944 using tinsel bombers had dropped in order to confuse anti-aircraft radar. (49:00) The soldiers and the townspeople would commonly exchange goods. (49:45) Before the Battle of the Bulge, the amount of munitions the bomb squad had was so great that Albert was given clearance to drop the bombs into the North Sea. This was later halted by HQ. (51:41) In the winter of 1944 Luftwaffe attacked almost every night. (53:35) Early in the morning on December 31st 1944 the German air forces launched their final offensive. 36 of 50 German aircraft were shot down. (56:03) No jet fighters were used in the final aerial assault. (56:55) The Luftwaffe spent much of their time shooting up the runway. (57:12) There were not a lot of bombs dropped in this final offensive. (59:28) The morning following the offensive there were many German plane wrecks on the ground near the airfield. (1:00:45) Albert’s squad was also attacked on December 24th 1944 by German aircraft. (1:02:40) The Belgian civilians assisted in cleaning up some of the wreckage that resulted from battles. (1:03:30) On December 31st 1944, Albert received a call about a German aircraft that was shot down on the outskirts of town. When he arrived there, body parts from the pilots could be found scattered about the sight. (1:04:15) The Soldiers were treated very kindly by the Belgium civilians (1:05:25) In April of 1945 while in the Limburg province, Albert met a Belgium man (Mr. Groenen) who he became close with. He was welcomed into this man’s home and even ate with him. (1:07:00) The man had several younger sisters who were all able to speak English. (1:10:05)\ The man and his family had housed German officers while they occupied Belgium. (1:10:35) �    The family that Albert was close with was told that they were still under investigation due to their housing of German officers. (1:13:00) The family was very wealthy. The women’s husband had many hunting trophies and furniture carved from bone. (1:17:40) Several years after the war while Albert was in law school, he visited the family he had grown close to. (1:18:44) While visiting, Albert went with one of his friends, Bob. This man was not trusted by the family because they didn’t know him. (1:21:40) Service after German Surrender (1:22:55) (June 1945)                    Albert and his squad traveled to Nuremburg German in 1945 after the surrender. (1:22:45) While still in Belgium, Albert and his squad traveled to some of the battlefields to see what they looked like. (1:23:20) After the German surrender in 1945, bomb squads were combined. This meant Albert would command several squads simultaneously. (1:24:50) He was first sent to an old palace in Nuremburg Germany then to an airfield at Montdidier where he stayed from June-October 1945. (1:25:15) Albert in and his men had little to do in Germany in 1945. The bomb disposal squads were quickly sent back to France to carry out more munitions work. (1:25:52) On June 21st 1945 while in Nuremburg Germany, Albert was made a captain. He was much younger than other captains and because of this he was in Europe for almost a year after the surrender before being sent home. (1:27:56) While in Nuremburg Germany Albert saw an opera. The opera house was bombed out so bad it looked like it was going to fall over. (1:28:32) Albert’s father visited him while he was in France in mid to late 1945. His father was to meet with Eisenhower. (1:30:12) Albert was met at the Frankfort Airport by General Begley who helped Albert find his father. (1:32:19) For 8 days Albert traveled with General Begley before meeting his father at another airport. (1:33:12) For the next 19 days after his father’s landing, Albert traveled with his father and meet Eisenhower in Frankfort, Germany, in September of 1945. (1:34:51) Albert than landed in Tempelhof Airport, Berlin. Here he visited Hitler’s Bunker (1:35:27) His father was happy to see him. He talked often about the Christmas tree farm that Albert was intended to run after his military service. (1:37:40) Albert and his father than ventured to Paris. (1:38:56) His father came to Paris with other congressmen. There were other soldiers who were ordered to come and meet their fathers. (1:41:26) Albert and his father than ventured to London. (1:42:58) His father spent much of his time in London in meetings. (1:44:45) Three of the soldiers Albert was with on the trip were related to congress men and were treated with the same political favoritism as Albert. (1:45:18) A high ranking officer in the 9th Air Force came to see Albert. He was given the choice to stay in the military as a commander in a bomb squad and a position as a commander. He did not like this because he expected political influence. Albert turned the offer down. (1:47:06) �End of Service (1946)(1:48:00)       Albert was sent to a camp near Antwerp, Belgium before being sent home. (1:49:48) He was very anxious to go home. (1:51:07) Albert ventured home aboard a troop ship. He arrived in at New Jersey. (1:51:40) He traveled by train back to Washington D.C. (1:52:30) Albert was so anxious to get out of his uniform after return home, one of the first things he did was go down town and purchase a Zoot suit. (1:52:47) He was discharged in New York in 1946. (1:55:26) Thoughts on Service (1:57:30)  As much as he hated politics influencing his life he was eventually able to get out of it and commanded his own bomb squad which he liked. (1:58:29) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Engel, Albert (Interview outline and video, 2 of 2), 2012 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Engel, Albert Description An account of the resource Albert Engel, son of U.S. congressman Albert J. Engel, served in the U.S. Army from February 1943 to April 1946 in the European Theater during World War II. During basic training, Albert applied for OCS school, but due to his young age did poorly, but did receive his commission. Before being sent to England, Albert was assigned as commander of the 80th Bomb Disposal Squad. However, shortly after arriving in France Albert was transferred to the HQ for the 19th tactical air command. Here he was assigned to represent defendants in court martial cases. Albert than applied to be the commander of the 86th Bomb Disposal Squad. He stayed commander of this squad until his discharge in 1946. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Air Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-02-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context EngelA1345V2 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/52b789b26849db0f7e586f3d1daf84aa.jpg 195ce8546bf611619bd7159dbee4436c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1960s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001438 Title A name given to the resource Engineer testing rate gyroscope prototype Description An account of the resource Grand Valley engineer testing rate gyroscope prototype in the Gyroscope and Platform Laboratory at the Instrument Division Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State College Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities & colleges-Michigan--Allendale Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo