273 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0294cac79082732b107d774571b9730b.jpg 0b5acdd6553d8b2638f90ab69c7e8ace https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ac5c97ee2ec7d155b4f463e0aaa30cc4.jpg 8439b68d7e997e18aae41f3981c56c7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0012 Title A name given to the resource Die Sage von Sankt Julianus dem Gastfreien Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Sage von Sankt Julianus dem Gastfreien, by Gustave Flaubert, published by Insel-Verlag, 1904. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.12 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/82b072ab00c006dbe5d6b7a7113be57f.jpg d7fd8f9c6b6f449ffc396d91688eab71 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/df752ef8e316be87f418fb235de56ce0.jpg ad222a6b9604a9589c9721ef43c78004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0334 Title A name given to the resource Die Schicksale Doktor Bürgers Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Schicksale Doktor Bürgers, by Hans Carossa, published by Insel-Verlag. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 334 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.334 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b623bf886f4cd24d030052fceb31c031.jpg a0dd0e859a11727f6c868538cf4234ff https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d38977496ff36267249f0bb5d3ce9b64.jpg 1a99fae00c178a0caed782a264617137 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0559 Title A name given to the resource Die schönsten Griechenmünzen Siziliens Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1940 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die schönsten Griechenmünzen Siziliens, by Max Hirmer, published by Insel-Verlag, 1940. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 559 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.559 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/74fb2a7396af413ebd89c6a649d75d6b.jpg e6eda78c92ce3ed2d474ccb12b63c118 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/15dcc43be38d9ebbbbca4500f60569ab.jpg e4375cfaf36441434546283e19edb90c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB1078 Title A name given to the resource Die schwarzen Schafe Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die schwarzen Schafe, by Heinrich Böll, published by Insel-Verlag. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 1078 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.1078 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9874d6a2735e4cc58771b4056910403b.jpg 98f3daf930daf436201070c8a9eed0be https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f3a15096401d1bd80555c8c0a903013c.jpg 9bc7ed6cde49335b82dbdfd77212cc0c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0407 Title A name given to the resource Die Sinnsprüche Omars des Zeltmachers: Rubaijat-i-Omar-i-Khajjam Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1929 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Sinnsprüche Omars des Zeltmachers: Rubaijat-i-Omar-i-Khajjam, by Omar Khayyam, published by Insel-Verlag, 1929. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 407 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.407 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/db02f75edf8af24e292910f6fd6e5a67.jpg 0defad51e1ee4c019fb495b5d6025665 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6bfb810e41de7d478aaacc8e0dd5c88a.jpg 36a0f8e5f35ceca675a56935d3cc8699 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0803 Title A name given to the resource Die späten Gedichte Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1963 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die späten Gedichte, by Hermann Hesse, published by Insel-Verlag, 1963. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 803 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.803 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d48495e66b46f34ed3195f69460f820c.jpg c459dad4ff3fb1044e7b9c63825931b4 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/572d58b2c12186fd4e33e81ca8857812.jpg 3ecc1015407273842214883b52f3bca9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0688 Title A name given to the resource Die Sprache Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1959 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Sprache, by Karl Kraus, published by Insel-Verlag, 1959. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 688 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.688 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4ecb8040014698e1ac6a88af879c98f1.jpg e1776db2c0d508835908b436f916adb3 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e4c30c8f241e5a10c53fa80035226fe8.jpg 636e96f96862c1ba5019dbb1d2c9edc6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0009 Title A name given to the resource Die Verteidigung des Sokrates: Kriton Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1933 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Verteidigung des Sokrates: Kriton, by Plato, published by Insel-Verlag, 1933. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 9 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.9 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b6da6a730d4af3618d7813f44c168686.pdf bb1faeb88ac189c2bc64b87d97a1cfcd PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Incunabula Description An account of the resource The term incunabula refers to books printed between 1450 and 1500, approximately the first fifty years following the invention, by Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, of printing from moveable type. Our collection includes over 200 volumes and numerous unbound leaves from books printed during this period. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1450/1500 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Incunabula Collection (DC-03) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United </a> Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource text Language A language of the resource eng it la nl de Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Die vierundzwanzig Alten, oder Der goldne Thron [folium 177] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-03_177Otto1480 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Otto von Passau Description An account of the resource One leaf from Die vierundzwanzig Alten, oder Der goldne Thron, by Otto von Passau. Printed in Augsburg by Anton Sorg on March 10, 1480. [GW M28503; ISTC io00119000] Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Augsburg: Anton Sorg Subject The topic of the resource Incunabula Printing 1450-1500 Language A language of the resource de Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1480 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/29874adc7dd37f4bf64d51594181e1ae.jpg 0dad3ea37d320225895b7b4363c220f8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/08c0ca875e4dd529125affd9edfefefc.jpg 3cca0837b85aa5c014b0c8f123bc19d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0222 Title A name given to the resource Die Vierundzwanzig Sonette der Louïze Labé Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1954 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Vierundzwanzig Sonette der Louïze Labé, by Louïze Labé, published by Insel-Verlag, 1954. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 222 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.222 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/80ea4aa158ad92e717158958a87f3865.jpg a60d39dcba693e168dacfb568849a15d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bca62a21e0d39abf6219a0cae9396b62.jpg 66ad079a72bf6434803d166226943884 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0001a Title A name given to the resource Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1949 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke, by Rainer Maria Rilke, published by Insel-Verlag, 1949. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.1 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/40a198e228ed5c75538b01a870029ab5.jpg 1a49d8b855f287f4afc03a7f94dd311a https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9431dff8498e5e47ecdd7d9e919f22fd.jpg f2d8365aa7511dfafb4af05e33cef475 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Insel-Bücherei Series Description An account of the resource The German publishing company Insel Verlag was founded in 1899 by Anton Kippenberg in Leipzig. In its early years the firm only printed expensive, beautifully-produced volumes, until demand led to the publication of the more modest Insel-Bücherei series in 1912. Relatively inexpensive but with the same careful sense of design and typography, these smaller-format books reprinted shorter works from a variety of German, European, and world authors. The series numbers considerably more than a thousand titles and is still being issued. The Digital Collection contains the scanned covers of 140 titles held by Grand Valley State University Libraries. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1904-1987 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource ger Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-05_IB0001b Title A name given to the resource Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</A> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1926 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-09-29 Description An account of the resource Cover of Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke, by Rainer Maria Rilke, published by Insel-Verlag, 1926. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books. Insel-Bücherei. Z315.I5 B83 no.1 Language A language of the resource de Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d96f2d1bba8b976be34351eeda25e25b.mp4 f328c66816264b260101d960158f5e40 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b4d1f5f75f2ed07946def03e4f58a743.pdf dc635f2f4dee4cb911da94336abeff41 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: World War II Interviewee: Henry Diedering Length of Interview: 00:32:48 Background           He was born in Drenthe, one of the 11 provinces of the Netherlands on July 6, 1926. After a few years his family would move to Limburg, the most southern province of the Netherlands, so his father could work in the coal mines. He would grow up in Heerlen. His father would not work as a coal miner, underground, but he would work in the machine shop. He would have 7 grades of education at a Christian school. That was the end of school and then he would start working. He would work on the vegetable market, selling vegetables, but was fired because he spilled some gas on the floor of the garage while trying to fill up the truck that was used to transport the veggies in. After that he began to work at a drug store. He would deliver medications to the village people on a bicycle. Before the invasion, he had no idea of what was going on in Europe. After France and England had declared war on Germany, it was assumed that the Nether lands would remain neutral. His home town would be close to the German border. When the Germans invaded, he remembers being in the 2nd story of his house and seeing the Germans come to invade through a field nearby and even saw them come out of the parachutes. There were not Dutch troops in the town that he saw, so the Germans just walked right in. German Occupation (3:50)       When the Germans occupied his home town, things would be very different. There was a shortage of food, and there were restrictions placed on the Jews in the town. He would graduate then and work at the jobs he described before. He remembers standing in the food line, waiting to get soup. At the time, he did not know of any resistance that the Dutch were trying to do against the Germans. Later on, he would find out of a group of people that he knew who were forming a resistance group, who were found out by the Germans. They would be sent to Germany and killed. His family would not have any trouble with the Germans. His father would keep a radio under the floorboards of the living room and listen to transmissions that were sent from England, in Dutch. �       When the Germans would come to check on the families, his father would go and hide in the field when they came. You had to be careful and could not even trust your neighbor. He remembers three doors down from his house was a collaborator, who would have told the Germans, if he had found out about the radio. About a year later, in 1941 or’42, the Germans would start taking things like radios, bicycles, food, and anything brass. They wanted the metal for the war. After the Allies had begun to attack Germany, he would see aircraft go by frequently. He would see big drones being sent over by the Allies to attack Germany. He would also hear a lot of V-1 and V-2 rockets that the Germans had launched to attack England. He knew that if they had gone quiet that they were coming down. There were no direct hits by any of the German missiles in his area. His life, more or less, changed drastically when he became 18, in 1944. When the men turned 18, they had to report to Germany where they would be placed in work camps, or they would help to serve the German Army by digging hole for them and such. He wanted no part of that, so all on his own he took a train to Rotterdam to look for a job. He would get one on a ship on the Rhine River. He would go up to Switzerland and back down to Rotterdam working his job. When the Allied Forces attacked Normandy and began bombing, his ship would get bombed in the process, leaving him without a job. This was in October of 1944. Refugee (8:52)         He stayed in the air raid shelter for a while, but was chased out because the shelter was only for the women and children. So then he became a refugee in Germany and tried to get back into the Netherlands. While he was there he had only the clothes on his back. He would survive by going into abandoned or blown up homes, eating any food that he could find, or sometimes going without. He would eventually find himself in a small German village, where he was more or less adopted. There was only one man in the village, a carpenter who had broken his arm. The rest of the men were working the anti-aircraft fire in the bigger cities. He would work in the village helping get the women and children to the shelter in exchange for food and he would bring cookies that the women made to the men in the cities. The men, in turn would give him cigarettes, which was more important than food for some. One day, a group of Canadian soldier would come to the town and one of them would speak Dutch. He would tell the man that he was a Hollander and that he wanted to go back home. They would help him get back to Holland in early 1945. As a refugee, he did speak the German language. He would learn most of it when he worked on the ship. He was supposed to serve in the German Camps, but since he went to work in Rotterdam, where there was not much control on checking the people, he was able to escape the Germans. After the ship he worked on was bombed, he and some of the others who worked on the ship would go to a nearby market, where a group of German soldiers would take everything from them, including their identification. �   The Allies would see them in a group and begin shooting at them. The Germans would run away and he and the others would scatter. He would not see any of them again. His family had no knowledge of him leaving at all. For a year, his family never heard from him and he from them. He would get back home in early ’45. He was there for 5 weeks when he saw a poster that advertised to fight the Japanese by joining the Marines and training in the United States. He would sign up for it, as he had no desire to stay home. To the United States; Training (15:00)             Via Belgium, he would go to England and then be shipped to the United States in an LST. He would ride to the US with a group of American soldiers who had served in Normandy. The ride over there was terrible. Some guys got in their hammocks and never left. Many got sea sick and the food was terrible. He did not get sea sick himself. He would arrive in Norfolk, Virginia and would be sent to boot camp for training. He would train with other Dutch Marines, in the Dutch Army. His expectation is that he would help with the invasion of Japan, but by the time his training was done, Japan had quit the war. He was trained to be a cook. He had cooked when he worked on the Rhine. He was not given a choice of his training. He would work as a Sergeant, 1st Class and would work as a cook, serving 250 Marines. He would get physical and weapons training while he was there as well. It was hard at first. They were pretty rough. He was being trained by Americans and knew very little English. He would then be shipped to Indonesia, where there was Japanese occupation. Just before he was shipped out, he had a week where he could go anywhere. He and his buddy would go to visit his buddy’s uncle who lived in Chicago. On the trip there, he was bitten by a bug and ended up in the Great Lakes Naval Hospital for a week. He asked for an extension but was denied. He would go back to North Carolina to rejoin the unit. And they shipped out from there to go to Indonesia. Indonesia (18:40)  They would travel by boat through the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, through the Indian Ocean and stopped at Calcutta, India.  He did have a chance to get of the ship there and remembers people dying of starvation on the streets.  They would continue on up to Singapore, but were not allowed to land there immediately. So they spent some time in a rubber plantation before being able to land in East Java.  He would be stationed in the town of Surabaya for almost three years.  When he first got there, he first saw a native, primitive lifestyle compared to the Netherlands and most certainly the United States. But the people there were friendly. It was the extremists and those who were fighting for their independence who gave them the trouble. �                The company that he was with would do some fighting and he remembers that they did have to bury some of the men. He would not personally see much combat, as he worked in the kitchen. A typical day was an early start, making sure that everyone got fed. He would also organize the activities for the day. He had about half a dozen people working for him in the kitchen. All of them were Dutch soldiers. He would move through many different towns. As his company would progress, he would move with them. It was very hot, every day there. It did not have a huge effect on the Dutch soldiers, though did not wear as many clothes as they normally would. They had problems with bugs. He got bit by a scorpion one time. There was good medical care, a few may have caught malaria, but most of them would be ok when it came to diseases. He did not take anything to prevent malaria himself. He would serve more inland, in not so swampy areas. The Dutch would finally get control of Indonesia, but the Allied Troops would eventually let them have their liberty. As a soldier, he could not tell much of what was going on politically. There were no major changes that occurred while he was there for the three years. He would personally have a lot of contact with the civilian population there, because he would buy stuff, or borrow dishes from them. There were also some Dutch people in the area, which had grown up there or lived there. Eventually they would get the orders that their time was up. They were all ready to go back home. Home (25:35)          They would head home on a troop transport ship. They got back to the Netherlands, but were ignored by the local people. It was comparable to the US locals coming back from Vietnam. They were never recognized as soldiers. The average person did not care about the whole colonial thing that was going on in Indonesia. He would go back to his home town for just a few weeks and then he would go to another town and stayed with his aunt. There he would get a job as a tool and die maker. He would do this from 1948-1950, until he was allowed to immigrate to the United States. He decided to go to the US because he had been here and he loved it here. There were also more job opportunities available in the US. His family did not care much about it. His family was not so much a “normal family” like most. His mother died when he was 10 and his father would marry the housekeeper. They would have two daughters and the sons from his previous marriage would be neglected. That’s why he moved out. In 1950, he would go to the United States. �           He would move to Chicago at first and lived with his buddy’s uncle for about three months. He had already met his girlfriend at the time, and eventually got sick of writing letters and moved up to Grand Rapids. He would work as a tool and die maker. But he had learned everything in centimeters and millimeters, not inches and feet. It took too long for him to do his job, so the boss had him sweep floors instead. Then he got a job dairy farm and he would become a milk man. After that he would become his own boss and he would make bread. His business would become the Harvest Health food store. His brothers would come over in 1955 and 1966. They came because he encouraged them to and they were not happy in the Netherlands. (29:50) Looking back at the time when his father had the radio, he did not know much about the war. He was too young to care. There were some Germans in the area, but not many. He did not see the war in the Netherlands actually happen as he was out of the country at the time. While he was there, there was simply not a lot of food for people to eat, though people did grow their own food. It would be more toward the end of the war, when he was in Amsterdam, den Haag and Rotterdam that he would see people starving in the streets. His life in the Marines would give him a sense of independence, but he already had that as a refugee and back home. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diedering, Henry (Interview outline and video), 2010 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diedering, Henry Description An account of the resource Henry Diedering was a teenager in the Netherlands when the Germans took over in 1940. He describes life in his home town under occupation, and of his efforts to avoid being impressed as a forced laborer by the Germans when he turned 18. He made his way to Rotterdam and got a job on a cargo ship on the Rhine River, and worked on it until the ship was damaged by Allied air attack. After that, he tried to make his way home, staying in damaged and abandoned houses, until he found a German village that had no able-bodied men in it, and where he worked for the villagers until the spring of 1945, when the Canadians took over the area. Seeing few opportunities at home, he enlisted in the Dutch Marine Corps and was sent to Indonesia, where the Dutch were attempting to reassert control, and was sent home after the Dutch agreed to leave. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Byron Area Historic Museum (Byron Center, Mich.) BCTV Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Marine Corps Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-02-25 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DiederingH Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46fe1fe8e247e0e8cd1558b259bcf0dc.pdf ee530286b2b53c1653d0d76d76feec51 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Diego A. Figueroa, Jr. Interviewer: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 8/25/2012 Runtime: 03:23:36 Biography and Description Oral history of Diego A. Figueroa, Jr., interviewed by “Cha-Cha” Jimenez on August 25, 2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. "The Young Lords in Lincoln Park" collection grows out of decades of work to more fully document the history of Chicago's Puerto Rican community which gave birth to the Young Lords Organization and later, the Young Lords Party. Founded by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, the Young Lords became one of the premier struggles for international human rights. Where thriving church congregations, social and �political clubs, restaurants, groceries, and family residences once flourished, successive waves of urban renewal and gentrification forcibly displaced most of those Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, working-class and impoverished families, and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Today these same families and activists also risk losing their history. �Transcript JOSE JIMENEZ: Okay, Diego. If you could give me your name, date of birth, and where you were born. DIEGO FIGUEROA JR.: My name is Diego Antonio Figuero, Jr. And my date of birth is April 12, 1955, and I was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico. JJ: Ciales, Puerto Rico. And where is Ciales in Puerto Rico? Is it -- DF Jr.: Ciales is right in the center of the island, right in the center. JJ: Right in the center? DF Jr.: Right south of Manatí. JJ: And is it a big town or -- DF Jr.: No, you can go through it in two minutes. It’s a really small town. So, you go through the town pretty quick. JJ: And what’s your mother and father’s name? DF Jr.: Name? JJ: Yeah. DF Jr.: My mom’s name is [Ramonita Villalobos?] and my father’s name is Diego Figueroa. [00:01:00] JJ: Okay. And they’re both from there, from Ciales? DF Jr.: They’re both from Ciales. My mom is from town, and my dad is from the country -- up in the country. JJ: Okay. What about brothers and sisters? DF Jr.: I’ve got two sisters. 1 �JJ: And what’s their names? DF Jr.: The second oldest -- I’m the oldest -- the second oldest is [Yvette Figueroa?] and my little sister [Alba Figueroa?] -- she’s not with us anymore. But she’s the youngest. JJ: Did you mention your brothers or no? DF Jr.: No brothers. JJ: No brothers, just two sisters. And what type of work did they do? DF Jr.: My sister Yvette -- right now she is like an -- she works in the operating room [00:02:00] -- not room -- outpatient surgery type secretary. JJ: Okay. So, she works for a doctor. DF Jr.: She works at the hospital, yeah. JJ: At the hospital? And your other sister? DF Jr.: My little sister -- before she died she -JJ: Oh, okay. I’m sorry. DF Jr.: She worked in the cashier office at the hospital. JJ: And what kind of work do you do? DF Jr.: I’m a security sergeant right now. JJ: And your father came from the country. DF Jr.: My father -- actually, my dad -JJ: What was his name again? DF Jr.: [Diego Figueroa Reyes?]. My dad -- at first, as a young 16 year old, he joined the national guards. He lied. He lied to get on there because he wanted to join. His mom signed the papers for him to join. [00:03:00] And that was when Cuba - 2 �- I mean, the communists wanted to take over Puerto Rico. So, my dad saw a lot of that in Puerto Rico when he joined. But after that, he went to Korea, and he was the youngest sergeant to be promoted because he lied about his age in the first place. They thought he was older. You know? He was a pretty young sergeant. And of course in Korea, he got his rank in the war. So, somebody would die, they’d promote my dad. Next guy would die, they’d promote my dad. So, he got promoted pretty quick. If you listen to his stories, a lot of his friends died in Korea, some in his arms. [00:04:00] He had a friend that died in his arms. So, he went through a lot in Korea. Of course, when he came back home, they gave him a hard time here -- in Kentucky where he was stationed at the base there because he didn’t really -- they wanted him to take tests to keep his rank. So, they would look for anything to demote him. Like my dad was beating on the base, they took a stripe away from him because he was Hispanic and they didn’t like that. They didn’t like that he was Hispanic and higher than them, in a sense. JJ: But he actually was part of a special group, right? DF Jr.: Yeah. He was. He was a special group of Puerto Ricans in Korea that were called the Borinqueneers. And [00:05:00] he could tell you some good stories of the Borinqueneers. They all had mustaches, for one. At one point he told me a story where the top captains or general -- he wanted all the Puerto Ricans, all the Borinqueneers to shave their mustaches. He said, “Man, we were all crying.” They were all crying because ever since they were little kids, ever since they were teenagers, they always had mustaches. They never shaved them. All of us, when we grew up, we grew up with a mustache. It was always -- we were 3 �like born with a mustache. You know? He was telling me, “As they cut mine -yeah, they made us shave our mustaches.” Actually, there was a group of them called -- I forget what the name of the group was. But it was a certain -- they knew their name of the group by the mustaches. I forget what it was called. He could tell you. JJ: What was the distinction? I mean, they were just -- DF Jr.: That was in Korea. Yeah. That was in Korea. They fought a lot of different battles, different hills that they attacked. JJ: And then, you went to the service too? DF Jr.: No, no. As a child, I grew up -- of course, my dad was in the military. But you grew up seeing all the army movies, playing with all the little soldiers and stuff. No, I was planning to join after high school, but I never joined. JJ: So, did you go to school at all in Puerto Rico? DF Jr.: No, no, I’ve always been -- I came here when I was three years old, 1958 I came here. JJ: And where was the first place that you lived? DF Jr.: We lived -- actually we lived on Racine and Newport, [00:07:00] up here, up north. And we lived with another family from Puerto Rico. So, we lived in the same apartment together, as far as my dad told me. I don’t remember that, but that’s what he told me. JJ: In ’58. I see. And so, what was the neighborhood like at that time when you were here? I mean, it was up here, up north. 4 �DF Jr.: I don’t remember. I don’t remember the -- I mean, I’ve driven by there because we lived up here north. But I don’t remember as a child what it was back then up here. JJ: When did you first begin to remember? DF Jr.: As a child? JJ: Recollections (inaudible). DF Jr.: Well, back when we moved to Armitage, when we moved to Kenmore Street, I was already eight. JJ: You remember Kenmore and Armitage? DF Jr.: I remembered it. JJ: And what do you remember there growing up? What school were you going to then? [00:08:00] DF Jr.: I was going to Mulligan Elementary School right there on Sheffield and Wisconsin. And I think it was in third grade. JJ: So, third grade. And what year was it then? DF Jr.: That’d be ’58. JJ: Was it ’58? DF Jr.: No, no, because, ’60 -JJ: Well, you were born in ’55, so it had to be like ’60 -- DF Jr.: Sixty-three. JJ: Sixty-three? DF Jr.: Yeah, ’63. JJ: Oh, you were -- ’63 -- okay, I was in eighth grade then. 5 �DF Jr.: Yeah. So, ’63, I was in second grade -- or third grade. JJ: And you were going to Mulligan. DF Jr.: Mulligan. JJ: So, by that time, there were more Puerto Ricans though on Kenmore, no? DF Jr.: It was a lot of Blacks, a lot of Blacks on Mulligan. JJ: The school was on Mulligan, yeah, you’re right. DF Jr.: It was still a little -- as a child, it was hard growing up going to school on Mulligan because there was a lot of Blacks there. JJ: So, there were problems with the Blacks and everything? DF Jr.: Oh, yeah, sure. Big problems. They were always [00:09:00] -- you know, we were the minority back then. Being a white, you could say -- even though we were Hispanic. And of course, as kids, we were confused because we were white and -- I mean, we were Hispanic, but yet, to some people, we were white. JJ: And now, ’63 -- because around that time -- but you were in only in third grade. DF Jr.: Yeah. Around that time was when Kennedy died. That was a big -- that was pretty rough back then. JJ: Did you have any problems from any of the other races? DF Jr.: Well, yeah, yeah, we had our problems with the white kids because we were Puerto Ricans. So, we had our challenges with both nationalities, the Blacks, the white kids, being in between, it was rough. JJ: Do you recall [00:10:00] any groups or anything at that time, the name of them? I know you were still young then. Or later on, do you recall any groups? 6 �DF Jr.: Oh, yeah, yeah. When we got to high school, of course, in the ’60s there was always the Black groups, the Assassins, the Blackstone Rangers, which of course -- the Black Assassins that went to [Waller?] that I remember. Of course, we had the Panthers that we heard about, as for Black gangs. But in high school -JJ: What about the Puerto Ricans? Did they have any groups? DF Jr.: Puerto Ricans -- I remember early in my childhood, we grew up with the Majestic Lords, of course. Of course, back then -- then we changed the names to Latin Kings. [00:11:00] And then, of course, there were other groups, the Young Lords, Kenmore Gents, the Harrison Gents, the Latin Saints were around back then. Of course, we had our ups and downs with the Kings. So, we had our problems with them too growing up. JJ: But you weren’t in any group though were you? DF Jr.: We were in the Majestic Lords. We were the Majestic Lords, and then, we were Latin Kings. JJ: Oh, you were Majestic Lords and Latin Kings? DF Jr.: Yeah, we were Majestic Lords. JJ: (inaudible) DF Jr.: We were at -- where were we at? On Dayton and Wisconsin? I think we were -remember when the boys -- they had a little boys club there. JJ: Oh, over by Willow and Vernon. (inaudible) DF Jr.: No, no, no. That was the Latin Saints. [00:12:00] Over this way towards Fremont and Wisconsin, there was a little boys club there. That’s where we used 7 �to hang out. It had a little pool table inside there and stuff. It was right on the corner. We used to have our meetings there. JJ: Right. I remember that. So, [Mango?] and [Yanna?] was working there or something like that? DF Jr.: I don’t remember. I was a little kid (inaudible). JJ: They were doing some -- reaching out to youth at that time. DF Jr.: They were. They were helping us. They would take us swimming. They would try to get us to get off the streets and stuff. JJ: Yeah. You want to stop for a second? DF Jr.: Yeah, let’s stop. (break in video) JJ: Whenever you’re ready. DF Jr.: The youth center -- I remember hanging out there as a kid. They used to take us swimming. It was [00:13:00] a time when they wanted to help us stay off the streets, sort of. It was really good. It kept us off the streets. JJ: You mentioned the Paragons and some of these other groups. DF Jr.: I remember the Paragons. I remember the Trojans back then. JJ: Because they were actually by Wisconsin and Halsted. So, they were right in that area where you’re talking about. DF Jr.: Well, as I got older, we moved to Armitage and Bissell. We went from Kenmore and Armitage to Sheffield and Armitage to Kenmore -- I mean, to Bissell and Armitage. Most of our lives we spent there. JJ: On Bissell and Armitage? 8 �DF Jr.: Right. JJ: So, right around what year? It doesn’t matter. So, basically around ’61, ’62? DF Jr.: Yeah, from that time until [00:14:00] ’70 -- you know, ’74, when I got married because we lived on top of Shinnicks on the top floor of Shinnicks. JJ: The drug store Shinnicks. DF Jr.: Yeah. We were on one corner. Then, we crossed the street to the other corner. And we lived on both tops, you know, the third floors. So, I didn’t leave out of there until I got married in ’75. JJ: Okay. So, were there other Puerto Ricans there? DF Jr.: Oh, yeah, yeah. There were a lot of Puerto Ricans there. Yeah, sure, all over the place. On Armitage, on Bissell. Of course, the [Medinas?], you know, were all over Bissell. They owned Bissell. The mayor of Bissell Street was Medinas. But [Lulu?] -- was it [Lulu Medina?]? Well, you know, the Medina from -- got married to Shinnicks. [00:15:00] One of the -- her dad was -- he owned all the property down Bissell Street. JJ: He owned all the property down there? DF Jr.: They called him mayor, the mayor. JJ: Mayor of Bissell between -- south of Armitage. DF Jr.: Yeah, south of Armitage to Wisconsin and up north of Wisconsin to -JJ: You mentioned downtown store and upstairs, the [Bolero?] Club? DF Jr.: We had the Bolero Club downstairs. JJ: Who was there that (inaudible)? 9 �DF Jr.: Well, when that was there, the Trojans were there in that corner, some of the older Trojans, a lot of drug traffic in that corner. We used to see a lot of the guys in the back doing drugs, shooting up. So, it was a -JJ: What year was this? DF Jr.: It had to be in the late ’60s, ’68, ’69. JJ: That’s when the drugs [00:16:00] started coming. Right after -- ’70s. It was in the late ’60s, ’70s. That’s when the drugs came. DF Jr.: That was a tough time there on that corner. JJ: So, you came when that happened. DF Jr.: We were living upstairs already. Right. We were living upstairs. JJ: Oh, yeah, because it’s right on Bissell. And then, under the tracks is where they were getting drugs. DF Jr.: Exactly, right. Because that whole are changed. JJ: So, they started at [Halsted and Lincoln?] and Armitage. So, by the time they were under the tracks, they were almost in Abe Lincoln Park and they were already misplacing people in that park. DF Jr.: Right, right. And then, we had the hippies -- of course, that part of area, you know, or -- I used to walk down Armitage, and I would feel sorry for them sometimes because they would never make it past [00:17:00] down Armitage. It was a rough time for them. JJ: So, you just thought of them as losers. DF Jr.: They didn’t belong there. They sort of didn’t belong. They were always trying to walk down. But they just didn’t belong. 10 �JJ: You’re talking about the Puerto Ricans now? DF Jr.: No, the hippies. I’m talking about the hippies as they walked down Armitage. It was all Puerto Ricans then. JJ: Oh, okay. So, you saw them as they were moving in. DF Jr.: Right. Moving in, walking through. It wasn’t a good time for a white kid to walk down Armitage at that time, late ’60s, early ’70s. It was a big thing. JJ: So, it wasn’t a good time for white kids to walk down? Why is that? DF Jr.: Well, because we had our fights with them. We were fighting them. The kids down by Armitage and Mohawk -- you know, we had the Mohawk group, the Corporation they called them, the Corps. back then. Remember [00:18:00] the Corps that was part of the gas station over on Armitage and Mohawk. And they were a lot of them -- a lot of those white kids. JJ: Oh, that gas station that -- by Mohawk? DF Jr.: It was Mohawk, Sedgwick maybe. JJ: Was it Sedgwick? DF Jr.: And there was a big empty lot right in front of the gas station. They used to all hang out there, a lot of them. And they used to come down Armitage in their cars. They all had cars, nice cars. Six or seven of them would jump on, and we’d run it. But it was a rough time back then. JJ: And you’re going to school now. Went to Mulligan you said? DF Jr.: Went to Mulligan. From Mulligan -- that was up to the fifth grade. Then, we went to Arnold Upper Grade Center. JJ: How was Arnold? (inaudible) having problems with the (inaudible). 11 �DF Jr.: Arnold was less [00:19:00] that. So, it was more mixture of people. It was a point where things started to change and more the Hispanics started to run things. And to me, we started to run things a little smooth, being Hispanic. JJ: So, Armitage became like a center of Hispanics for a while. DF Jr.: Yeah, for me it did. JJ: While you were there. Because the ’60s -- so, you were there during that period when -- well, that was -- so, you were in Armitage was Puerto Rican. DF Jr.: It was all Puerto Rican. JJ: All Puerto Rican from [West Street?] to [West Street?]. DF Jr.: Oh, man. I would say from Racine down east all the way at least until Burling, maybe Orchard going east [00:20:00] down to Wisconsin, Willow maybe, north to Dickens, Webster. JJ: That area was all Puerto Rican? Well, not all, but a majority. DF Jr.: A lot of Puerto Ricans knew each other. JJ: And did people know each other? What type of community was it? DF Jr.: Yeah, everybody knew each other. Everybody protected their corners or their neighborhoods. It was a thing about protection, like we protected each other, protected the neighborhood, protected the older people. JJ: So, you protected the older people. So, the youth were protecting the older people? DF Jr.: Right, sure. JJ: So, it wasn’t a drug enterprise like the gangs of today. 12 �DF Jr.: No, it never was. It never was. It never started like that. [00:21:00] It was always a group of guys that would protect the neighborhood that they lived in. JJ: Why would they need protection? DF Jr.: Well, from other racial groups, I would think. JJ: So, it was like a segregated area where different races lived on different blocks. DF Jr.: Sure, sure. Well, you had your white kids on Kenmore and Dickens. You know, it was a great white group of kids there. And of course you had the white kids over by Armitage and Mohawk that we had to deal with. JJ: And so, on Kenmore, you said there was white kids? DF Jr.: There were kids there, white kids, yeah. JJ: And did they give -- you know, I know the Blacks there were a problem. But did the white kids -- was there a problem with having -- in terms of physical? DF Jr.: Oh, yeah, yeah. We had big fights with them. [00:22:00] JJ: When you say big fights, what does that mean? DF Jr.: We had a big fight with them one time where there was a big shoot out there on Kenmore and Dickens. So, it was pretty -- somebody got hurt coming out of neighborhood there. JJ: So, it was Puerto Rican against the white groups? DF Jr.: Right. JJ: And that happened a lot or no? DF Jr.: It happened -JJ: Or just in the beginning, in the beginning or -- 13 �DF Jr.: Well, we had our problems with both. We had our problems with the white kids, and the Blacks, of course -- but the Blacks -- no matter how many of them were, they sort of respected us even though there was few of us [00:23:00] because they knew that we weren’t going to stand down to them. But we had our problems with them in school because we -- you know, when we were going to Waller, it was probably 92 percent Black at the time when I was there even through 1973 when I graduated. It was all Black. So, there was only maybe five percent Hispanic. JJ: You mentioned before that there was a lot of Hispanic because now they were bussing or something from community (inaudible) and that’s where (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: Right, sure. There was kids coming from everywhere. JJ: And a lot of Latinos dropping out. DF Jr.: Right, right. We didn’t have too many Latinos in that school. And then, the white kids -- they were two percent white kids. JJ: So, they had more (inaudible). DF Jr.: Exactly. JJ: In the early ’50s. DF Jr.: Right. Sure, sure. JJ: Because you’re coming in the ’60s. But ’62, ’63, there was -- Armitage, especially your area, was Puerto Rican from what you’re describing. DF Jr.: Yeah. It was all Hispanic there in the late ’60s and early ’70s with all the big bands, the salsa bands would come around, Willie Colon, The Fania All-Stars, 14 �Celia Cruz. It was all about Willie Colon. We all wanted to look like Willie Colon, the sideburns, the hair. It was that kind of style. JJ: And [Malo?]. DF Jr.: And Malo, yeah. It was that kind of a time. JJ: So, people were dressing like Willie Colon. DF Jr.: Yeah, big time Fania, everybody. JJ: With the coats and -- DF Jr.: Yeah, we went to a lot of the [Huracan?] dances, international ballroom, Northwest Hall, [Bank?] Hall, everywhere where the bands would play. JJ: Viking Hall. [00:25:00] DF Jr.: Viking Hall. JJ: So, it was a hall era. People were dancing all the time. DF Jr.: All the time. Every weekend there was a dance. Ray Barretto would come. JJ: So, they were (inaudible) and now they’re coming to Chicago (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: The top of salsa was back then. JJ: This was the ’70s. That’s when the (inaudible). DF Jr.: Yeah, exactly. Early ’70s. JJ: What about local bands? Were there any local bands? DF Jr.: Yeah. Local bands -- my wife’s brother was the leader of La Union, the Union. And that was [La Justicia?] back then. They always competed with each other, La Justicia, La Union. Actually, they came out with their own 45s. They [00:26:00] came out with their own records. 15 �JJ: The Solucion was another one. DF Jr.: La Solucion, La Justicia. JJ: So, this was when (inaudible) was. DF Jr.: Yeah, [Mr. Caribe?] was in charge of those groups. So, they were like the intro to a lot of the big bands. Like Ray Barretto would come. La Union would come in and play a few songs, and then Ray Buretta would come out or Fania would come out or Celia Cruz would come out. So, they were like the introduction type bands. JJ: So -- but they were also English speaking bands. Did you know any of those? Puerto Ricans but English speaking? DF Jr.: The only English -- I remember the only group -- I remember we threw a couple dances at St. Teresa Hall. [00:27:00] And we hired a group called the Hypnotics. I don’t know if you remember them. It was a group that we hired to play at our dance. JJ: What kind of music did they play? DF Jr.: It was all soul music. And we were into soul a lot until salsa came out. We were into soul. But the Hypnotics -- I’ll never forget that group because I hired them. I hired them twice to play. JJ: What were you hiring them for? What group were you representing? DF Jr.: Well, we had a -JJ: Were you part of St. Teresa’s (inaudible)? DF Jr.: No, we had a couple little social dances at St. Teresa’s. JJ: Who’s “we”? I’m trying to find out what group, what organization. 16 �DF Jr.: Well, we were part of the Latin Kings back then. JJ: Okay. The Latin Kings? DF Jr.: The younger kings because there were older guys, but we were the younger group. [00:28:00] JJ: Okay. So, you were the newer Latin Kings. So, you were throwing dances at St. Teresa’s. DF Jr.: We used to throw dances at St. Teresa’s. And then, of course, we had problems with the older kings, because they wanted to get in for free -- everybody wanted to get in for free. We used to say, “We can’t get in for free. You guys gotta pay.” So, we, as a younger group -- we had to pay to get in. So, we had our little problems with them. That’s when we had the -- that’s when our problems started with the older kings. JJ: But now, when you’re -- there was a hall there that used to have a lot of rooms. Did the hall get filled up? DF Jr.: Yeah. We had -- well, we used to go all over throwing flyers. We had people from all over the city to come. Our hall was packed. That little hall was packed. [00:29:00] JJ: And what about the women at that time? Who were (inaudible)? DF Jr.: There was all kind of women. Just -- it wasn’t -- we just had girls come from all over. JJ: So, you put flyers out? 17 �DF Jr.: Yeah, we used to throw flyers. We used to go to the south side, north side, west side. We used to throw up flyers for the dance. And we used to come -- you know, people used to come from all over the place. JJ: Now, before they (inaudible) that was at St. Teresa’s. Did you know them at all? DF Jr.: No, that must have been later. I don’t remember the -JJ: What about (inaudible)? But they’re still there. They’re actually still there, a small group of them. But these were the adults. So, they [00:30:00] threw dances there. In fact, they had mass there in Spanish. Were you Catholic? DF Jr.: Yeah, we used to go to St. Teresa’s. JJ: You used to go to St. Teresa’s? Now, did you ever attend St. Teresa’s? DF Jr.: Only to make my communion, confirmation. You know, we went to classes there for that. JJ: So, there were classes? DF Jr.: Yeah. Sundays or Saturdays we used to go to classes for communion, confirmation classes, you know. JJ: So, were Puerto Ricans running these classes? DF Jr.: No, I don’t think they were -- I think they were part of the school, part of the nuns and stuff that ran the program. I remember [Father Hoffman?] or something like that. JJ: Now, you went to Waller High School. You said you graduated from there? [00:31:00] DF Jr.: Went from Waller from ’69 to ’73. And I graduated from Waller. JJ: And you said it was mostly Black at that time? 18 �DF Jr.: Mostly Black. It was about 92 percent Black even then. JJ: When I went there -- I mean, I went there for only a couple months but it was a good 50, 60 percent Hispanic, maybe not that long. DF Jr.: Hispanic? JJ: Hispanic. DF Jr.: Wow. No, it wasn’t that much, not when -JJ: And the rest of them were mainly white at that time. DF Jr.: Wow. JJ: But then, I remember also when they started bussing (inaudible) and then the whites were (inaudible) communities. DF Jr.: Well, in ’68 when the riots came, [00:32:00] I was at Arnold’s school and I was in sixth grade when a brick came through our window when the riots started. JJ: They were rioting. They were rioting at that time. That’s right. You were (inaudible). DF Jr.: Yeah, that was ’67. JJ: Because they were looking for anybody that was white at that time. DF Jr.: Exactly. JJ: And I got lucky because they knew I was with some other Puerto Ricans. Otherwise, I would -- because I’m light skinned. But they ran right up to where we were (inaudible). DF Jr.: Right. They ran all down Armitage, down Halsted. JJ: They were looking for the whites. 19 �DF Jr.: Right, right. That’s when the mayor -- I remember the newspaper then. Kill to shoot. It was shoot to kill. Whatever that big comment was that he made. But I’ll never forget that. Actually, my parents had to pick me up from school because they wouldn’t let us out of school until our parents picked us up that day. JJ: Right. And (inaudible). Yeah. [00:33:00] DF Jr.: So, I was in sixth grade. I was in [Mr. Meyer’s?] class. Actually, I was standing next to the window when that brick went through the window. So, we all ran towards the door. I remember that day. I think that was the day that Martin Luther King was killed. Wasn’t it in that time, I think, ’68 or so? The riots happened. JJ: Right during that time there was a few riots. It wasn’t just one. They had a few. They would just chase people right after school. So now, you said (inaudible). [00:34:00] Did you go into the Bolero yourself? DF Jr.: No, I remember as a kid -- you know, the police used to harass us a lot. JJ: Did you guys hang around (inaudible)? DF Jr.: The older guys hung out on Dayton and Armitage, right on the church there. JJ: And you hung out there too? DF Jr.: Right. JJ: So, right by the (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: Actually, we were there one night. I remember we were hanging out. There was -- must have been about 30 or 40 of us. And somebody -- either a car went by or -- man, we all hit the floor. (laughs) Backfiring of a car or something. I remember 20 �all of us hit the floor that day. It was pretty funny. It was funny, but it wasn’t funny. Somebody would have been hurt. JJ: Do you remember some of the (inaudible). DF Jr.: Names -- [00:35:00] JJ: First names. DF Jr.: I don’t remember really names. You know, some of the older guys, [Hanky?], Gaylord, I remember [Gaylord Bapo?], [Richie?], [Pedro Rosa?]. I don’t know if I should have said that. Pedro. JJ: That’s alright. It has nothing to do with their -- I just want to include them in that. DF Jr.: Mailman, a guy named Mailman. I forget his real -- you remember sort of nicknames. Sometimes I don’t remember the real names. JJ: And what did you guys -- did you guys just hang around there all night? I mean, what was the whole thing about hanging out? What was good about it when you were young? [00:36:00] DF Jr.: Really, there was nothing to do, and it was just a place to hang out. You’re sort of pretty close. It was a closeness between the guys that we just hung out with. Didn’t do much. Just hanged out and talked. There was really not much to do. JJ: Is there anything (inaudible) a gang or something, a rough gang or something? And I know that the people (inaudible). I mean, they’re not timid. It wasn’t the Boy Scouts. But were they actually looking for trouble all the time? DF Jr.: Never. I don’t remember the guys ever looking for trouble. It wasn’t that type of a group. Actually, the trouble always came to us for some reason. But [00:37:00] it was more protecting the neighborhood, protecting the old people. It was never 21 �about us going somewhere looking for trouble. I mean, maybe later on things changed as time changed and the year. But it wasn’t like that back then. JJ: Now, when you were (inaudible) church? DF Jr.: Yes, I was (inaudible) church. Yes. I was there when the Young Lords built the park. I remember the park they built over there on Halsted and Armitage. JJ: What was that like? What do you remember of that? DF Jr.: Well, you know, as the years went by we had our dances. [00:38:00] Things started to change between some of the guys. Because we were the younger group. There were older guys than us. So, it came to a point where -JJ: They were the young guys, [Hank?] and them. But you were younger than Hank and them? DF Jr.: Yeah, I was younger than Hank and them. They were a lot older than us. But it came to a point where we -- I and -- we just started to leave them. There was a group of us that left them, and we made our own group. And it kept -JJ: Your own group of kings? DF Jr.: No, we changed our name. Continentals. I don’t know if you remember the Continentals. So, we took that name from the older Continentals because there was an older group of Continentals back in the -- probably middle ’60s or something. The [Lebergons?] were around. So, we took their colors. [00:39:00] Of course, the Young Lords were purple and black, and then, the Continentals were black and purple, same colors except opposite. So, of course, when we took those colors, older guys didn’t like it because they didn’t like those colors. They never liked those Gent colors. You know, the Harrison Gents used to wear 22 �those colors. So, we started fighting our own friends, our own brothers. The minute we got our sweaters, we got into it. JJ: That’s pretty interesting because you always had those colors (inaudible) and we kept purple later. So, you guys took those colors too. I mean, Harrison Gents had those colors. I mean, we weren’t connected to them. DF Jr.: Exactly, exactly. JJ: But you were there and you took their colors. [00:40:00] DF Jr.: We took those colors except that ours was all purple with the black (inaudible) Young Lords and the Gents had the black and purple. But we had our problems back then. JJ: But (inaudible). DF Jr.: Right, right. Exactly. Right. JJ: So, was there a reason that you took those colors? DF Jr.: I just loved those colors. Maybe it was because of the Young Lords because we used to wear the Young Lords pants. We used to -- everybody had their pants. We all wore their pants. JJ: Everybody wore the pants? DF Jr.: Yeah, yeah, sure, we all had the Young Lords pants on. And I think the Young Lords back then gave -- it was like a type of respect, a boost that they used to give us [00:41:00] because of the things that they did that we weren’t part of that group sort of, you know, politically wise. But we respected that part because without that push, we wouldn’t be what we were at today. JJ: As a community you mean? 23 �DF Jr.: As a group, as a Hispanic group, as a community. I think the Young Lords did a lot for us back then, even though we -- I remember one of the guys always getting arrested. I forget his name. But he used to come by the school giving out flyers. The police would always arrest him. That was a time when the police just arrest all of us. My dad would send me to the store to go get cigarettes. I couldn’t go to the corner store without getting thrown up against a car or thrown up against a [00:42:00] wall to get searched. My mom would send me to get some milk. I’d be -- it’d take a while because the police would have me up against a car. Like I said, our corner was a hot corner. Armitage and Bissell was hot. Maybe the cops were thinking that maybe we were into the same thing that the people were there dealing stuff because we lived upstairs. But we weren’t. It just happened that we lived in that building. Nobody else did -- I mean, none of the people that used to do drugs lived in that building. It was just that we were in that corner. It was a hot corner. JJ: And then, you got pretty organized as you got -- you (inaudible). DF Jr.: As a younger group, we were pretty organized. That’s what the older guys didn’t like about us. We were organized. We had money. And we had all the weapons too. We had the weapons. When it came to trouble, who did they come to? They came to us, the younger guys, because we had all the weapons. [00:43:00] But they didn’t like it when we left the part of their group. JJ: So now, you’re graduating from Waller. You went to Waller. Anything from Waller that stands out in your mind? 24 �DF Jr.: We had our problems at school, like I said. But I graduated from Waller, and then, I went to Truman College downtown. Actually, I was going to join the army. I wanted to join the army back when I finished high school. That was my thing was to join the army. But I didn’t. I mean, that was of course turned -- the Vietnam War had just ended, 1973 the war had just ended. And I remember some of the guys going to Vietnam, getting drafted, you know, dropping out of school, [00:44:00] getting drafted, coming back. They’d be even worse. They went in there bad, that came back out worse with the drugs and stuff because they -- Vietnam was rough for some of the guys. I went to Truman College. I had trouble in high school. I didn’t do too good in high school. Never liked school that much. How did I make it through school? I don’t know. But went to Truman. JJ: Did you graduate? DF Jr.: I graduated by luck. I don’t know how I graduated. JJ: And you (inaudible)? DF Jr.: Not really. It was rough. High school was rough for all of us. I didn’t have to really do too much [00:45:00] to pass. The teachers were nice. I was nice to the teachers. I did what they told me to do. If I said, “I’m not going to be here. Tomorrow we’re going to the lake. We’re going to” -- it was no big thing for the teachers if I didn’t show up to school. We passed. They just passed you. Teachers didn’t really care. There were some good teachers, like [Mr. Metropolis?] who was a very good teacher. He was an algebra teacher. He had this little bottle on the side. He had a little bottle on the table that he used to drink. (laughs) I don’t know if you remember. Metropolis had a beard. But he 25 �was a good algebra teacher, a very good algebra teacher. But every once in a while, you could see him going to that desk and he’d take a little shot. [00:46:00] But he was a good teacher. I’ll never forget him. He was a good math teacher. JJ: And that was actually a plus. Like this guy’s one of us or something. He takes a shot. DF Jr.: He used to take a shot right in class right in front of us. I remember. We used to see him. JJ: I mean, could you relate to him pretty well? DF Jr.: Yeah. Well, he was a good teacher. JJ: What does that mean, he was a good teacher? DF Jr.: I mean, that was a prealgebra. So, that was a prealgebra class, I remember. After we finishing this class, we took the next algebra class with [Ms. Wilkins?]. Ms. Wilkins was the next teacher in algebra. And she was a very good teacher. Actually, she still writes to me on -- not Facebook -- but on that other one with the schools where everybody’s in the school thing. I don’t -- Ms. Wilkins -JJ: There’s something in the school? DF Jr.: Yeah, yeah. JJ: Like Waller Facebook thing? [00:47:00] DF Jr.: Yeah. JJ: I saw something -- DF Jr.: Classmates, that thing called Classmates. Ms. Wilkins is in there. She said something to me. But she was my algebra teacher. I had [Mr. Carr?] and [Ms. India?] was in charge of the work program because I was in the work program. 26 �JJ: How did that go? DF Jr.: The last two years of high school, I would get out of school at eleven, and then I would go to work. The morning classes were all classes and then, I would go to my job, wherever it was. JJ: And it was -- DF Jr.: It was set up through the school. So, where other kids were studying more into their classes, I was working. JJ: And what kind of work were you doing then? [00:48:00] DF Jr.: I was working at a drug store on Clark and Dickens. It was called Youngs Pharmacy. So, I was worked there for maybe two or three years. JJ: Just at the counter or -- DF Jr.: Stock. I used to fill out the stock. And the pharmacist was a really, really nice guy. Actually, he wanted me to be a pharmacist. He was always pushing me to go to school and to be a pharmacist. But that wasn’t for me. Actually, I still see him. JJ: So, you went from there -- you went to Truman College. DF Jr.: Truman College. Then I got married. JJ: What happened? How was Truman College? What were you studying there? What was your major? DF Jr.: My major there was in [00:49:00] business administration. I wanted to go into business. Didn’t like the -- I didn’t like the math. I mean, I didn’t get into the business part of. So, I sort of -- I started it, didn’t like it. It was rough. JJ: Originally, what were your plans? To set up a business? 27 �DF Jr.: No, originally, I wanted to work at a bank. I wanted to work at a bank. I took those classes like business administration. And my uncle was president of a bank. JJ: Oh, he was president of a bank? So, you figured -- DF Jr.: My mom’s brother was president of a bank. JJ: Your mom? DF Jr.: So, I was looking into -JJ: Your mom was president of the bank? DF Jr.: No, her brother. Her brother. So, I was looking into something like that to get into. But it wasn’t for me. [00:50:00] And of course, in ’75, I got married. JJ: What’s your wife’s name? DF Jr.: [Mirta Velez?]. JJ: Is she from the neighborhood? DF Jr.: No, she’s from Lake View. And she’s [Leo’s?] sister. Leo was the leader of La Union back then, the band La Union. So, got married and 10 years later, I got laid off from my job. I was working at Children’s Memorial. JJ: Did you have children then? DF Jr.: I had one little -- my oldest. Yeah, I had one. JJ: What’s her name? DF Jr.: [Alicia?]. Yeah, she was a child when I got laid off, 1980, Reaganomics. I’ll never forget Reaganomics. but we lost our jobs at the hospital. I was working security at Children’s Memorial [00:51:00] for three years, and then, I got laid off. And that’s when I went back to school. Went to Truman College, and that’s 28 �where I picked up my associate’s degree in law enforcement. I graduated there with honors and I minored in psych sort of. I took five classes in psych. JJ: Why did you get into law enforcement and corrections? Did you study corrections or no? You were studying business administration. DF Jr.: At first, I was studying business. The reason I got into law enforcement was I wanted to make a difference. I wanted to be a policeman actually. So, I wanted to sort of make a difference. I knew there were kids out there that needed someone to go to type of thing. JJ: And you understood the streets pretty well. [00:52:00] DF Jr.: Yeah. So, I knew that there were kids that needed help to get them off the gangs and stuff like that. So, that was my goal. But I never -- being -- I took the police test two or three times. It was really rough, especially the oral exams of the police department, being Hispanic and stuff. It’s sort of tough. JJ: Why was it tough? You went to college. You completed high school. Because I thought before if you had a high school diploma, it was easy to get in. DF Jr.: Even with a college degree, it was still hard to get in, especially when you don’t know the little tricks that they look for when they’re giving you the exam, the little questions they ask you and what they expect from you [00:53:00] in the oral exam. They put you in these little groups, and they want you to solve a problem. And sometimes -- one group -- I remember one time they put us in this group. One of the guys was sort of drunk. He was drunk, and he couldn’t stop talking. And he was probably the one guy that passed the exam because if you don’t talk in this group setting, you’re not going to pass. So, this guy that was sort of 29 �drunk, he probably was the only one that passed. He’s probably still a policeman now. (laughs) JJ: So, why were you so shy that you didn’t want to talk? DF Jr.: Well, he didn’t let nobody talk. I mean -JJ: Oh, this guy wouldn’t? DF Jr.: That part of the exam, he did not let nobody talk. But when I took it again, I already knew it was coming. So, the minute that part came, I told everybody in that class, [00:54:00] “This is what we’ve got to do. You pass it to this guy. You ask this guy this question. We all get a little a chance to talk in this class because that’s what they’re looking for.” How do we communicate? How are we going to solve this problem? And that’s what we did. So, eventually I passed. The next thing was the psychological test. So, you go see a shrink downtown. Well, another thing that I learned -- when you tell them the truth, it’s not good. So, when you tell -- one thing I learned about that is even though you’re telling the truth -- like for instance, I told him the truth about school, how we used to come to school and we used to bring our guns to school for protection, how we used to -JJ: So, you told him? DF Jr.: Yeah. We used to smoke going to school. [00:55:00] And of course, the psychiatrist goes, “Oh, yeah.” JJ: You told him you used to smoke cigarettes or the other kind? DF Jr.: The other kind. And then, the doctor would say, “I understand.” He would sort of agree with me. But then, at the end, he failed me. He failed my by telling the 30 �truth. So, that’s one thing that I always tell people. “When you see the shrink, don’t say nothing they don’t know. If they don’t know about it, don’t say it. Don’t tell them.” I remember telling all my friends that, “When you get to this section, don’t tell them nothing they don’t know. If you’ve never been arrested or if they don’t know nothing, don’t tell them about it.” It cost me telling them the truth. JJ: So, I’m not going to ask in this interview if you were arrested. DF Jr.: No, I’ve never been arrested. JJ: Okay, good. [00:56:00] So, you’d taken this test (inaudible) and you’re qualified for it but you didn’t make it. How did you feel? DF Jr.: I’m too old now. I mean, you get to a point where you’re too old. Once you pass 30, in your 30s you can’t take the test anymore. JJ: Well, I mean, at that time, how did you feel? DF Jr.: I felt pretty bad. I mean, even the director of security at the hospital felt bad that I didn’t pass the test because he knew that I was a nice -JJ: Because you already had a track record there. DF Jr.: Right and I got my degree and everything. So, I had more than some people did. Like you said, all you needed was a high school diploma. JJ: Right. And you had a degree. DF Jr.: I got my associate’s degree, yeah. [00:57:00] I always wanted to finish school. I mean, it wasn’t too far backwards where I was trying to get my bachelor’s in criminal justice. I got into a problem at work. I was in a program, special -- an advanced program. And since I had to get on the Internet a lot at work for my studies and stuff, I got into trouble, and they put me on corrective action. So, I 31 �had to drop out of school. So, I never got my bachelor’s because it was too expensive. The company was paying me to go to school. But I think I have maybe a year -- I would have like maybe a year left to finish. [00:58:00] JJ: So, you were working at the Children’s Memorial? DF Jr.: No, I’m at [S&C Electric?]. I’ve been there for 20 years. After Children’s, I got a job at S&C Electric in security. And now, I’m there. I’m a sergeant there, and I’ve been there 20 years. JJ: Is that a big company? Is there a lot of security there? DF Jr.: Yeah. We have like 50 something acres. We have maybe 12 buildings. We have a company here in Chicago, a company in Canada. JJ: So, you supervise how many? DF Jr.: I only supervise my shift, which is four guys. But I was in the police reserves. I was in the Illinois police reserves for a while which I ended with lieutenant. I was a lieutenant there. And I was more of an administration person. I was in charge of the website. I created the website for them. [00:59:00] I created these folders for all the sergeants and lieutenants and stuff like that. JJ: How do you get into the police reserves? Is that like recruitment of the national guard or something like that? You said you didn’t make the police reserves, but you were in the police reserves. DF Jr.: Yeah. There’s a group called the -- (crashing sound). JJ: What did I break? I broke something. DF Jr.: The police reserve is a group. We go -- you get into this group. You go into the training. There’s all kind of training, a couple hundred hours of training that you 32 �do on your own. You don’t get paid. [01:00:00] You pay for everything. It’s all volunteer. And your uniforms -- you’ve got to pay. JJ: This is a volunteer position. DF Jr.: Volunteer group. And we used to -- after September 11th, who were they looking for? Police reserves. All these little towns, these little suburbs and stuff that needed help because they didn’t have enough policemen, they would hire us. So, we would help them out. We were at Orlin Park at a mosque, protecting this mosque. Here we’re protecting the people that -JJ: You feel that (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: Exactly. So, here we’re protecting -- of course, there’s people protesting in front of this mosque. And here we’re protecting them because that’s our job to protect them. So, we’re getting it from both sides, from our own [01:01:00] people and from them because they didn’t want us there. They people from the mosque didn’t want us there. JJ: They wanted you? DF Jr.: No, they didn’t want us there. JJ: But you were protecting them. DF Jr.: We were there and the FBI was there too because they were there too. But just a little scenario there from September 11th, something that I’ll never forget is how we had to deal with our people in this country and then protecting those people who didn’t want us there and here we were risking our lives for them. It was sort of -JJ: So, how did you feel? You were risking your life. 33 �DF Jr.: Well, it felt sort of -- it felt pretty shitty in a sense. But we were there. It was our job. JJ: Were you going to protect them? DF Jr.: Oh, yeah. It was our job to protect them. Yeah. But like I said, the FBI was there. [01:02:00] JJ: You said you had gone to the (inaudible). DF Jr.: The city would hire us as policemen. We had a letter from the mayor saying within these hours or this time period we’re policemen in their town. JJ: So, you actually (inaudible). DF Jr.: We got a letter from them. We had a uniform, weapons, and everything, just like the police there. And they still do that today. They’re still doing it today. We have a chief just like -- we have a deputy chief just like a police department. And we worked all these different parks, Old Park, Orlin Park, Oak Lawn, Shiler Park, River Grove. We worked all these little towns. Any time they had a big carnival where they needed help, where they didn’t have enough policemen to handle crowd control, they would hire us. Now, we didn’t get paid by the hour. We got a flat fee. [01:03:00] They paid the police who had served so much money, and then, we would get a flat fee like 45 bucks for the whole night or something. It was all like -- I forget the word they use -- not commission but -JJ: Some (inaudible). DF Jr.: Yeah. But it was always fun. We never -JJ: The whole thing (inaudible) law enforcement (inaudible). DF Jr.: Just -- well, my dad was always in security. 34 �JJ: It wasn’t the money alone. DF Jr.: No, no, no. It was never money. But I guess -- you know, my dad was in security. I remember as a kid when he talked about the military police. And then, he was in the Cook County Sheriff’s Department. Then he was sergeant at [01:04:00] the Masonic Hospital. He was security there, sergeant. So, I grew up in that kind of -JJ: In that kind of environment? DF Jr.: Yeah. So, it sort of like -JJ: It was natural. DF Jr.: Yeah. And then, like I said, I always wanted to -- I never liked the way the police used to treat us when we were growing up as kids. I always wanted to get into -and I used to see the shows, the -- Baretta. Baretta was a cool dude, cool Jack. And Baretta was always helping people out. He was a cool cop that could deal with people. He knew the streets and he was -- that’s the kind of cop I wanted to be, sort of like Baretta. JJ: My time was (inaudible). (laughs) DF Jr.: Right, right. JJ: So, [01:05:00] you moved out of Lincoln Park at what age? DF Jr.: I moved out in ’75. JJ: Were you moving out of your family’s house? DF Jr.: Yeah, we moved out of the family, and that’s when I got married. And I moved up north to -- our first apartment was up by the Truman College around Montrose and Dover or something. So, we were up there towards the Lake View area. 35 �JJ: So, what year was that when you moved? DF Jr.: That was ’75. JJ: Because ’75 we had that (inaudible) campaign. Were you aware of that? Were you thinking about that at all (inaudible)? DF Jr.: No, I don’t remember that. I moved out in ’75, and I didn’t really come back to the neighborhood much after that. [01:06:00] JJ: So, you must have been -- the (inaudible) was February. So, it had to be after February. DF Jr.: I moved out in April. JJ: Oh, ok. DF Jr.: Of ’75. JJ: So, it was after the campaign. DF Jr.: I moved out in April of ’75. I think it had to be --- no, it had to be -- maybe February of ’75. JJ: So, right after (inaudible). What -- well, you already mentioned -- you didn’t see any programs at the church or anything like that? DF Jr.: No, they -- I remember going to the church for meetings. The guys used to have their meeting there for a while. JJ: What did you think of the whole thing, the (inaudible)? Did you understand it or no? DF Jr.: I remember the guys were always getting in trouble. [01:07:00] The cops were always harassing the Young Lords because of their protesting. I remember one time the guys -- I never went because I wasn’t allowed to go out late or whatever. 36 �But I remember one time when the Young Lords went up to [Edison?] and Halsted. You guys were protesting in front of the police station up there. JJ: Actually, that was when I turned myself in. (laughs) I was under (inaudible) and I had (inaudible). So, it was (inaudible) I came out. I went in to organize again in the community (inaudible) do my time, parole. So, when I turned myself in, that was (inaudible). [01:08:00] Do you remember that? DF Jr.: I remember them going up there. I remember people talking about it. They were going to do that. But they were going up there to protest at the police station. I don’t know if I heard it at school. I don’t remember what year it was. JJ: It was like ’72. DF Jr.: Okay, so I was a junior at school. So, we -- I think in ’72, we -- I remember walking out of school. We had a big protest and the whole school walked out. We went to [Clemente?]. I don’t remember what the protest was about. But we all protested. I don’t know what it was. But it was a big thing down on Division Street. We walked down Division towards Clemente. But I don’t remember what the protest was about. JJ: But you were there supporting the protest then? DF Jr.: Yeah, we always supported the protest even though sometimes we didn’t know what it was about. JJ: So, why would you have [01:09:00] supported it? DF Jr.: Just being Hispanic. Because we might not have been fighting for the cause. But we supported the cause, whatever the cause was. If the Young Lords were doing a certain -- we still supported them even though we might not have known 37 �why. Because sometimes we didn’t really know, being younger or -- if somebody said, “We’re going to cut school for this protest,” we all did it. JJ: And the people from (inaudible). DF Jr.: Right, right. Sure, exactly. And then, we were part of the programs, the clubs in school, like ASPIRA. We were part of ASPIRA Club or the Spanish Club. We had little groups in school. JJ: So, you were part of ASPIRA? DF Jr.: ASPIRA. JJ: The Hispanic Club? [01:10:00] Was that connected to ASPIRA? What did that mean being part of ASPIRA? DF Jr.: Every school had an ASPIRA Club. Like I said, I remember the time they said we were going to protest, we were going to march, we were going to walk out and everybody from ASPIRA. That was the time that we were walking down (inaudible). But as to the reason why -- I don’t remember why. JJ: But you were a member of ASPIRA. My daughter (inaudible) school. DF Jr.: Yeah, I think ASPIRA had an office on North Avenue, didn’t they? JJ: I’m not sure where it was. DF Jr.: North Avenue, just west of Milwaukee somewhere. They had a thing there. [01:11:00] JJ: So, you were involved with the ASPIRA club. Any other clubs or organizations that you were involved in? DF Jr.: No, I can’t think of anything. We used to hang out at Oscar Mayer. We used to play the Mayer boys in there and the (inaudible). We used to play basketball 38 �against them. Back then, when these little groups used to hang out together in the streets and the blocks, it was all about protecting the neighborhood. It was never thinking of who you were going to fight or anything like that. We never -they never went to other areas to fight or to look for trouble because they were this color or that color. [01:12:00] It was never like that. At least what I can remember growing up in the beginning. JJ: Now, one of the things we had (inaudible). One of the things that -- one of the main issues we were fighting against was -- well, it wasn’t clear then. It wasn’t clear then. We made it clear later. One of the main issues we were fighting -- we were trying to save -- stop Puerto Ricans from being kicked out of Lincoln Park. Do you remember that at all? Our demonstrations and things like that to try to stop it? My question is not only do you remember it but how do you feel that there’s no more Puerto Ricans in Lincoln Park? And what do you think is the reasons [01:13:00] that they left? DF Jr.: Well, I just think that eventually it’s -- people with money moved in. They moved us out. I mean, that’s what happened there. I mean, a lot of us didn’t have money that lived there in that time. JJ: What do you think -- did they move us out or do you think people just kind of grew old and said, “I’m going to move out there?” What do you think is your -there’s no right or wrong answer. I’m just trying to get your opinion. DF Jr.: I think in my opinion, I think eventually they moved us out. As people with money moved in, as they started taking over the neighborhood, buying the properties [01:14:00] fixing the properties, bringing them up to the point where you couldn’t 39 �afford to live there, people had to move out. I mean, you can’t buy a home there for less than probably half a million dollars or something. All of that area there where we used to live is pretty expensive. JJ: And what do you (inaudible)? DF Jr.: Well, I don’t think there were too many people that owned, Hispanics that owned buildings there. Yeah, the Medinas owned a lot of the property on Bissell. But I think the majority of people that lived there rented. They really didn’t own property. I mean, as a kid, I don’t remember people owning property. JJ: So, that was one of the (inaudible). You didn’t know people that (inaudible). DF Jr.: No, the only person that I knew that owned any property were the Medinas. And that was our block. Bissell was our block [01:15:00] from Wisconsin to Armitage. That was our little group that we -- after we left the Kings is where we hanged out. JJ: Ask Mirta if she wants to say something? Because I told her I would put her in (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: Okay. Yeah. About her brother? JJ: Yeah. And if I (inaudible). (background dialogue) JJ: I’m just trying to -- if you can give me [01:16:00] your name. MIRTA FIGUEROA: Sure, my name is Mirta Figueroa, and I’m Diego’s wife. JJ: And did you live in Lincoln Park at all? MF: No, I didn’t. I lived in the Lake View area. JJ: The Lake View (inaudible). Did you -- when did you first come to Chicago? 40 �MF: I was born and raised in Chicago. My parents are from Puerto Rico. JJ: (inaudible) and what’s their names? MF: Pedro and [Angela Velez?]. JJ: And so, you came from Arecibo to Lake View? MF: My -- no, I was born and raised in Chicago. I was born and raised in Chicago. JJ: And your parents came from (inaudible). MF: My parents came from Puerto Rico in -- I’m sorry. [01:17:00] I don’t remember JJ: Was it the ’60s, ’80s? MF: I want to say it was like 1950s about. Yes. JJ: Okay, 1950s. And are they back in Puerto Rico? MF: No, since the 1950s they been here. So, they’ve been here for over 60 years. That’s correct, yes. JJ: Okay. And have they bought homes? MF: No, they have not bought homes. They lived in the -- near north side Chicago most of their lives. JJ: Do they still live there? MF: They presently live in a senior citizens’ high rise where my in laws also live in the north side of Chicago. They’ve been there now five years. JJ: And [01:18:00] we were talking about La Union (inaudible) group? MF: Well, yes, my brother Leo. He was in La Union, the leader. Yes, the leader. JJ: So, did you go to any of their dances? MF: Absolutely, yes. JJ: And so, what did they play? 41 �MF: Salsa. JJ: Salsa (inaudible). My cousin is the leader of (inaudible). DF Jr.: I didn’t (inaudible). JJ: Yeah. He was partner (inaudible). MF: So, you probably -- excuse me. You probably met my brother [Eligio?]. JJ: I didn’t meet him in person. I met him (inaudible). MF: You probably met him, yes. DF Jr.: Actually, (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) you had a thing at [People’s Park?] one day and Leo played at the park. You hired Leo -- I don’t know if you hired him, the Young Lords. But they played at the park one day. JJ: Was (inaudible). DF Jr.: Yeah, but this was at People’s Park. And Leo was there. And you (inaudible). (laughter) JJ: So, what do you remember of La Union (inaudible)? MF: Well, my husband Diego and I would go to their dances. We had lots of fun. They were very well known for their music, [01:20:00] the excitement, the way they played, the instruments, the singing. So, that’s what you’d describe it. The music was clean. No foul language. And most importantly, their emphasis was to unite the different nationalities. JJ: (inaudible). MF: Yes. JJ: So, that was the mission of La Union. 42 �MF: Correct. And it was the excitement. It kind of reminded me of [Hector Navo?], you know, his music is well known, and for them, vocally, it was to unite all different types of people regardless of what nationality, the plan was unite, correct, unite them. And it was joyful. And it was to have a good time the clean way, which is really dancing, enjoying the music, socializing with one another. [01:21:00] It’s true. That’s why it was called the Union. And everybody enjoyed it. We’d go home, and we’d be happy, you know, joyful that we spent some time together talking to one another, listening to the music, the lyrics. It was all about really uniting together. JJ: I just wanted to (inaudible) I will ask you same question. How did you feel about -- when you were (inaudible) was there any (inaudible)? MF: At Lincoln High School? Yes. I went to Lincoln High School, and there were many different types of nationalities there. And it was pretty -- well, at that time, at least the people that I was around with who -- there were some, of course, who were gang related. JJ: What year at Lincoln was that? MF: I was in ’71 to ’74. And there were those, of course, who were with the wrong [01:22:00] crowd and those who weren’t. And we were one of those that weren’t obviously. We were brought up very conscientious and being aware of your surroundings and not to be with the crowd that influenced you in wrongdoing. So, I think -- as far as my high school days, (laughs) they were good. JJ: Does that mean the neighborhood was changing, right? 43 �MF: Absolutely. The neighborhood was changing. Even though there were some gang related issues of individuals, different types of gangs. But I would say I think it was progressing. It was just starting to progress. It wasn’t as bad as I heard the early ’60s. I understand that was the worst. By our time, it was slowly getting better, I think, compared to now. I think it’s worse now than ever. [01:23:00] JJ: You’re talking about (inaudible). MF: Yeah. What I hear -- I don’t know -- but overhearing, things have gotten worse instead of better, unfortunately. JJ: (inaudible) programs (inaudible). MF: It would be wise for them to have. Absolutely. It would be wise to have these programs because it would really help these young ones presently to avoid wrong associations. JJ: What do you think about some poor people and Latinos that left the neighborhood? What do you think about that? MF: That’s very sad that they were left with not being directed. Is that the question you’re asking? How do I feel about the people before? JJ: Well, I’m not talking youth. I’m just talking about the community. MF: It’s sad to hear if there is. I don’t know -- [01:24:00] JJ: That Spanish people were moved out of there. MF: Sorry. (laughs) I’m sorry. I don’t remember. JJ: Oh, you don’t remember, okay (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). Hopefully (inaudible). 44 �MF: Well, that’s the purpose of it, isn’t it, to help them? That’s what we do. We want them to be helped. We do -- it’s nice to hear that you’re doing this. JJ: There’s a lot of (inaudible) [01:25:00] DF Jr.: I mean, (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). MF: You want to sit here, honey? JJ: (inaudible) DF Jr.: No, no, actually -JJ: Thank you, Mirta. DF Jr.: Like they do up north mostly -- they had their Hispanics up there. But a little different than our area. Our neighborhoods are a little tougher than -- and of course, they had -- like Mirta said, they had their different kinds up there. They had the Latin Eagles up there and that some (inaudible) police station. They were right there by the police station. But like in everywhere else, you’ve got your gangs and (inaudible) aristocrats. Aristocrats are just west of Sheffield there (inaudible). [01:26:00] Then you had your white kids. Simon City Royals. JJ: (inaudible) stable but then it gets unstable until it gets resettled. And in that process, that’s probably where (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: We went from being -JJ: And some (inaudible) some of the reasons for gangs to get worse, for them getting worse? DF Jr.: If the gangs got worse? JJ: Yeah, what do you think they got worse. I mean, there’s always groups (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). [01:27:00] 45 �DF Jr.: I mean, the Bloods came in. All the guys that came from Vietnam, they came back worse. Some of the guys that went to prison came back worse. So, I mean, (inaudible) things getting worse. JJ: So, when they came back from Vietnam, they were worse. They didn’t have anything to -- anyone helping them to readjust. DF Jr.: Right, it just got worse. JJ: They got worse. They needed some kind of -- DF Jr.: Well, when they were in Vietnam, they got into war drugs too. So, how can you get into -- how can you fight that war without drugs there? It was a tough war in Vietnam. So, a lot of guys got into drugs there. When they got back, they would just -- it just got worse. Of course, we had the worst drugs. JJ: And that’s where the shootings would start [01:28:00] (inaudible). DF Jr.: Yeah, we didn’t have no shootings growing up. Shootings didn’t start -- I don’t think shootings started like until ’72 maybe when things started to change. Back when we grew up, it was a face to face thing, man to man thing. It was a one to one thing. It wasn’t the way it is -- the way it changed. I mean, people used to respect each other. There’s no respect now in gangs. There’s no respect. I mean, the area’s changed a lot from what it was obviously. You can’t afford to live there on Armitage anymore. JJ: (inaudible) DF Jr.: No, no. [01:29:00] A lot of the guys came out of there feeling good. Some of the guys didn’t. A lot of the guys died. I know a lot of guys died. And the guys and the fights and the drugs and the overdoses -- there was a lot of stuff that when 46 �you go back there and you think about some of the friends that are no longer here. A lot of the guys made it. A lot of the guys came out of it. A lot of the guys did become policemen. I don’t know if you remember [Bobo?]. He’s probably like (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). Bobo’s more like your age. JJ: And [Raymond?] and (inaudible) know him? DF Jr.: Yeah, yeah. JJ: They grew up (inaudible). DF Jr.: Bobo retired. JJ: [Smiley?] and Bobo and Raymond. DF Jr.: Yeah, Bobo retired. And I see Bobo every year. We have a turkey bowl every year. [01:30:00] JJ: (inaudible) DF Jr.: Yeah. Well, a turkey bowl is -- it’s Thanksgiving day where the guys meet to play football. Every year they play football. But the older guys don’t play football no more. All we do is drink. But the young kids, the sons and stuff, they still play football. But you always see Bobo there. You see his brother there. JJ: Where is this? DF Jr.: Usually, Mozart Park over there on Armitage. Last year we had Humboldt Park because something happened on Rosa Park. One of the guys works at Mozart Park so we said there. JJ: Oh, that’s nice. DF Jr.: Last year we had it at Humboldt Park. I’m not sure this year where it’s going to be. But I don’t remember if you remember [Moldo?]? 47 �JJ: I don’t know. DF Jr.: Pedro’s brother. He didn’t speak. [01:31:00] He was (inaudible) everybody -you see a lot of guys from (inaudible). JJ: (inaudible) DF Jr.: No, I can’t think of anyone -- can’t think of anything now, anybody else. JJ: Okay. I’m going to have you sit -- (break in video) JJ: Testing one, two, three. Testing one, two, three. Go ahead and say testing or something. DF Jr.: Testing, testing, one, two, three, testing. JJ: Okay. This is (inaudible) (Spanish) DIEGO FIGUEROA SR.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Well, this is the most important. I’ll tell you which one it is. I think it’s the -- I forget the medal. But this is the most important. This is the infantry badge, combat badge. And this one is the most -- the highest medal [01:33:00] between these. This is his Korean medal with his three tours. These stars means tours like summer, fall, winter, the three tours in the ’50s that he was there. Of course, these stripes mean tours. JJ: And his name is Diego too, right? DF Jr.: Yes. JJ: Diego Figueroa, Sr. DF Jr.: Yes. And these were given to him by the country of Korea. So, these three here were given to him by the country of Korea years later, not during, you know -- so, 48 �this one and this one -- these three here are from his -- are the same things that he’s got here. You can see this one here, this one here, this one here. These are the stripes that match their -JJ: That match their -- that -- DF Jr.: Of course, this one is this one. [01:34:00] This one is this one. This one is this one. But these were given to him by the country of Korea. JJ: Now, what is that little plaque on the bottom? What does it say there? DF Jr.: Right here? JJ: Yeah. DF Jr.: It just says -JJ: And if you want to lift it up just a little bit -- DF Jr.: It just says -- I can’t read it. JJ: It says something about -- is it -- DF Jr.: That is -- it says his rank, of course his unit. JJ: What is his unit? DF Jr.: It says the Third Division. It says Borinqueneers Company K. JJ: That was (inaudible). DF Jr.: Company K, 65th Infantry. And it’s got the year and the month that he was in Korea. [01:35:00] JJ: So, the Borinqueneers were what? What were they? DF Jr.: It was a group of segregated Puerto Ricans, the only segregated military group ever, all Puerto Ricans that fought in a war. Of course, this flag says the “Forgotten War” because the Korean War was sort of forgotten by many people. 49 �But it’s -- the Borinqueneers was all Puerto Ricans. It was the only -- if you look up the history of the Borinqueneers, it was the only segregated military group. JJ: Were these just Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico or from here? DF Jr.: All Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico. JJ: Okay, they were there, and they fought in the Korean War. Okay. Okay. [01:36:09 - 1:49:57] (Spanish) DF Jr.: His sister. JJ: Is in Ciales? DF Jr.: No, that she lived here. [01:50:00] She died. DF Sr.: JJ: (Spanish) But all the other ones were in Puerto Rico? DF Jr.: One of his brother lived in New York. The rest of the family lived in Puerto Rico, in Ciales. One of his sisters moved here, actually (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). The son Jose grew up with me. We were the same age. So, they go -- they lived on Bissell. JJ: Oh, okay. DF Jr.: So, his sister (inaudible). So, we grew up together. They came here later. They were already in their teens when they got here, when they moved here to Chicago. She graduated from eighth grade with me but then they moved to Puerto Rico. So, he didn’t go to [01:51:00] high school here. [01:51:04 - 1:53:30] (Spanish) DF Jr.: See, remember. There were other Puerto Ricans there on the front line fighting. They were there to relieve them, the other Puerto Ricans they were fighting. But 50 �they were there to relieve them. They were already fighting. And there was issues too because if you read about the Puerto Ricans in Korea, there were some issues in Korea when it comes to those that didn’t want to fight that were being court-martialed. There were some that would be court martialed. They were coming in right after that. [01:54:00] JJ: Oh, so there were Puerto Ricans protesting? DF Jr.: Protesting because they were tired of -JJ: Because they had been there too long? DF Jr.: Well, they were just getting killed. They were just being told to attack, to attack, to attack. And nobody -- they’re just -- too many of them dying. And they just said, “We had enough.” So, they were protesting. JJ: Well, I call it protesting. But I mean, they were refusing to -- DF Jr.: Yeah, I forget what you call it. I don’t know what military language -- what the word is. JJ: But they were refusing to fight. DF Jr.: Exactly. And they were being arrested. JJ: Court martialed. DF Jr.: Yeah, court martialed. Yeah, exactly. When you read about the part -- there is a history part where there was a group of Puerto Ricans that didn’t want -- that refused to fight anymore. DF Sr.: Yeah, refused to fight. They didn’t want to fight. DF Jr.: They came in right after that. They were sent there right after that part. JJ: And they went (Spanish) front lines. 51 �DF Jr.: Right to the front line. JJ: The front line, moved to the front line. DF Sr.: (Spanish) -- when I went to Korea, the only one I have is just, I don’t have this stripe. Just plain. JJ: And that’s a sergeant stripe. DF Sr.: JJ: Yeah, that’s the first stripe. So you became [first stripe?]. DF Sr.: This one here -- no the, second one. (inaudible) The other three, that’s a combat stripe. The three and three, a combat stripe. JJ: (Spanish) Okay, right there yeah. So, again, tell me what -- again, the stripes. DF Sr.: This is one, two, three. And one, two, three is a combat. And this one is the administration. You’ve got to go to school, okay? So, when I went to Puerto Rico. JJ: You went to school? DF Sr.: From Korea -- when I came back from Korea to Puerto Rico [01:56:00] they want to take my stripe off, everybody. JJ: Why? DF Sr.: Because you’ve got to go take a test to hold that stripe. You have to take a test. DF Jr.: These were combat stripes. DF Sr.: These are combat stripes (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) temporary stripe. JJ: Yeah, because they want to put it down. 52 �DF Jr.: It would not make any sense though. It would not make any sense that they would take your stripes away especially when you’re fighting in combat. You deserve those stripes. And the ones that went to him was -- they wanted to demote him because he didn’t take the test to deserve those stripes even though he got them in combat. So, they made him take a test. DF Sr.: A lot of Puerto Ricans -- when they went back to Puerto Rico -- DF Jr.: They lost their stripes. DF Sr.: They had take a test. If they don’t take the test, it’s (inaudible). [01:57:00] No matter you are three and three or your got a (inaudible) or whatever you had. JJ: So, how did you feel? DF Sr.: You’ve got to take a test. [01:57:00 - 02:00:30] (Spanish) DF Sr.: I don’t believe it. “You’re sure? You have the test already?” He said, “Right now, I’ll give it to you.” (Spanish). “Go to there. Go through that door.” Okay. So, I went. “Take your shirt off.” (Spanish) [02:01:00] [02:01:01 - 02:02:54] DF Jr.: But they were the 65th Infantry. DF Sr.: (Spanish). DF Jr.: They relieved the 295th. The 295th was already there. They’re the [02:03:00] 65th Infantry. JJ: Okay. They’re the 65ths. So, the Borinqueneers were the 65th. DF Jr.: Right. [02:03:07 - 02:04:44] 53 �DF Jr.: They were trying to take the hill. There’s different hills. Like (Spanish). DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Kelly Hill was a famous battle. If you look up Kelly Hill, [02:05:00] it was a big battle. [02:05:05 - 02:07:23] (Spanish) DF Jr.: When you were on the ground, what did you feel on the ground? DF Sr.: What happened -- in the wintertime, we had to be in white clothes. [02:07:45 - 02:08:05] (Spanish) DF Jr.: But no, tell them when you were like in the ground, what you felt and what -- you didn’t know what was on the ground. Remember you told me there were already dead people on the ground when you were like -DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Because it was dark. You know, it was real dark. You couldn’t see. [02:08:29 - 2:12:48] (Spanish) DF Jr.: But that’s what doesn’t make no sense because they sent them home. And that’s why I was fighting with the military and this court thing because [02:13:00] if he got wounded, you’re supposed to get a Purple Heart. Anybody that gets wounded in war -- you get a Purple Heart. They sent him home. I assumed that by them sending him home and not sending him back to the front line that he got wounded. But yet, they -- because, like I said, the records got burned in the fire in Virginia, whatever, that I didn’t have enough proof so he didn’t get the -because I was fighting for that Purple Heart. DF Sr.: Yeah, they’re supposed to give it to me, Purple Heart. 54 �JJ: There was no other way to prove that? DF Jr.: They sent me a letter recently. I’ve got the letter somewhere upstairs. But they said that if I didn’t have proof -- if I had somebody that was there that witnessed it -- there any proof that he was in the hospital, that he was at home after that. But all the paperwork got, I guess -DF Sr.: JJ: Yeah. They can’t find it in the record. The record, they can’t find. So, [02:14:00] I mean, how did they (inaudible)? DF Jr.: Since all the military records got in the fire. JJ: In the (inaudible)? DF Jr.: There was a fire. DF Sr.: He tried to get it. DF Jr.: A lot of the records for the Puerto Ricans -- they (inaudible) asked for -- these medals I got from the military. They sent them to me. They sent me these medals because they wanted them to reissue him his medals. These are all reissued from the military. JJ: So, the originals you didn’t have? DF Jr.: The originals he had when he was at home. But his mom probably got rid of them (inaudible). JJ: But they had a copy of that. So, they (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: Well, they reissued these medals. JJ: So, they knew that he (inaudible). DF Jr.: Right. JJ: So, that record (inaudible). 55 �DF Jr.: They had the record. JJ: Was he the only Puerto Rican that they lost the records of? DF Jr.: No, a whole bunch of them, a whole bunch of people. JJ: Or was it is [02:15:00] his battalion? DF Jr.: A whole bunch of people. JJ: Is that what it was called? Battalion? DF Jr.: Infantry. Battalion infantry. JJ: Okay. So, his whole infantry was lost. DF Jr.: Right. JJ: The Borinqueneers’ information was lost. (Spanish) DF Jr.: I don’t know. We really don’t know about the Borinqueneers. But he was part of that group. So, I would assume that a lot of the records of the people that were in his group were lost. JJ: Because where was the fire at? Was it there? DF Jr.: It was in Virginia. It was at the military base. They had a big fire. JJ: So, it wasn’t just the 65th Infantry that got lost. DF Jr.: No. JJ: Other companies. Okay. So, it wasn’t about anything discriminatory. DF Jr.: No, no. Just all the records, all the military records that they had. And he was in that group that got burned. DF Sr.: All the papers, my records [02:16:00] -- the people’s records disappeared. They burned down. Right? DF Jr.: That’s what they told me. 56 �DF Sr.: JJ: (Spanish) Maybe there’s other way. [02:16:11 - 02:22:08] (Spanish) DF Jr.: It’s a city in Korea called Onchon. [02:22:11 - 02:23:31] (Spanish) DF Jr.: Funny when it comes to the Borinqueneers. It’s a little funny story. It was all [sad?], and this is a little funny part of this history. [02:23:44 - 02:28:48] (Spanish) DF Jr.: So, they took his mustache first. He’s the commanding officer, he says [gotta go, gotta go?]. (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) [02:28:57 - 02:34:07] (Spanish) DF Jr.: It was so dark that they had to hold on to each other’s clothes because if not, they would not see -- if they were to let go, they’d be lost because they wouldn’t know where to go. So, they had to hold one to -- everybody would hold on to the front guy. DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: And they always attacked the guy at the end, he was saying. So, sometimes in order to know that there’s a problem behind you -- when that guy loses his grip on the guy behind them, they know that the Koreans were behind them because they would attack from behind and they would get the last guy. [02:35:00] They would get the guy at the end one at a time. Boom, boom, boom. That’s how they would attack you one at a time. But the last guy -- boom, you know? DF Sr.: [02:35:18] 57 �DF Jr.: [02:41:46] Kind of like today. You’ve got South Korea, North Korea. South Korea is a democratic country. And I’m sure that when he went to -- when he was at war, there were certain Koreans that were against the communist Koreans. So, they were [02:42:00] willing to help out in whatever way they could. JJ: But he’s saying that there was no trust towards any Korean. DF Jr.: Well, yeah, obviously I wouldn’t trust them either. Koreans -- you know, yeah. You had the trust even though they -- even though you were there in their country. JJ: Even though you’re defending them, you’re still -- because you don’t know. You don’t know who they are. [02:42:27 - 02:47:04] (Spanish) DF Jr.: Tell them when they caught you speeding, that they caught you speeding on the base, that you had to go to court, that they wanted to take your stripe away. DF Sr.: Oh, the (Spanish). DF Jr.: No, for speeding on the base. They wanted to take your stripe away. JJ: Speeding in a car? DF Jr.: Yeah, he was speeding in a car. DF Sr.: Yeah, in a car. [02:47:29 - 02:47:51] (Spanish) DF Jr.: But didn’t they -- didn’t you have to go to court? They wanted to take one of the - they took one of the stripes away from you because -- you either gave them the stripe or you had to go to court [02:48:00] or you said, “Okay, well, forget it. I won’t go to court. Just take the stripe from me.” Remember? 58 �DF Sr.: Yeah (Spanish). DF Jr.: If you go to court, you can lose everything, you can lose all your stripes. Right? DF Sr.: JJ: (Spanish) So, you’re saying if they go to court, you can lose the stripes? DF Jr.: You lose them all. DF Sr.: JJ: You lose them all. And for anything? For traffic? DF Jr.: Yeah. I mean, because -JJ: Because they have a kangaroo court. They (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: And they just came from Korea. They were all war stripes. They weren’t really -he didn’t earn them as a -- taking tests, like you said, because that was afterwards, taking the tests in Puerto Rico. So, when they caught him for speeding, they -DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: It was more like a harassment [02:49:00] type of thing for me. They were Puerto Rican. They had more stripes than we did. You know? DF Sr.: (Spanish) (break in video) JJ: Testing one, two, three. Testing one, two, three. [02:49:36 - 03:01:34] (Spanish) DF Jr.: It could be that they were doing their business (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). Then they get mad, they get mad and they say, (Spanish), what the heck, [buddy?]? Everybody drinking at this bar is making more money, then we’re 59 �making more money. It’s because the guy -- the German guy keeps Spanish and he brings all [03:02:00] the -[03:01:57 - 03:13:40] (Spanish) DF Jr.: So, ’63 up to ’75, we lived in that area. JJ: Sixty-three to ’75? DF Jr.: Sixty-three to ’75. I lived there. [03:13:51 - 03:19:03] (Spanish) DF Jr.: The cleaners, the [Rosarios?] were right there. JJ: (Spanish) DF Jr.: No, no, no, cleaners. Right next to the five and ten. That’s where we would take my clothes all the time. I used to take them to clean them. DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Are you talking about [Martinez?], Martinez barbershop. JJ: Yeah, I remember. But what was on that corner? DF Sr.: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Just west of Fremont, west of Fremont, on the south end, between Dayton and Fremont. JJ: On the south end? DF Jr.: Well, you know the church was on Dayton and they had a grocery store right across the street and they had the laundromat on the other corner on Dayton. They had a little grocery store. [03:20:00] JJ: Everybody didn’t like our church (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Sr.: (Spanish) 60 �JJ: This is good because I forgot about Martinez and the story, the [Rubios?] and the (overlapping dialogue; inaudible). DF Jr.: They had the little grocery store that became a liquor store. JJ: (Spanish) DF Jr.: It was a restaurant right next to us. JJ: (Spanish) DF Jr.: Next to us. JJ: Is it next to you? DF Jr.: On Bissell. JJ: Oh, you’re on Bissell, yeah. DF Jr.: There was a park. And then, right next to it was a little restaurant. [03:22:00] JJ: Oh, there was a restaurant there too? (overlapping dialogue; inaudible) DF Jr.: (Spanish) [Felix Quinones?]. It was right there on the -- right next to the bar there was a little restaurant called Quinones. But (inaudible). DF Sr.: (Spanish) END OF VIDEO FILE 61 � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b9d4e3ab18737db3649cc5dab08fc21e.mp4 b2d7e82429446173569030da56773604 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Diego Figuearoa, Jr. vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Diego Figuearoa, Jr., entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 8/25/2012 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexicano-Americanos--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Mexico-Americanos--Illinois--Chicago--Condiciones sociales Relaciones raciales Conflicto social Identitad cultural Partido Pantera Negra. Illinois Capí­tulo Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Figueroa_Jr_Diego Title A name given to the resource Diego Figuearoa, Jr. video interview and transcript Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Figueroa, Jr, Diego Description An account of the resource Oral history of Diego Figuearoa, Jr., interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 8/25/2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jimenez, Jose, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexican Americans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Mexican Americans--Illinois--Chicago--Social conditions Race relations Social conflict Cultural identity Black Panther Party. Illinois Chapter Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-08-25 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1abecdfb3c2ebd2b17bedf9029158412.pdf d76f00d0cb703ce18ba3ad0df2e62b90 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Diego A. Figueroa, Sr. Interviewer: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 8/25/2012 Runtime: 01:26:18 Biography and Description Oral history of Diego A. Figueroa, Sr., interviewed by “Cha-Cha” Jimenez on August 25, 2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. "The Young Lords in Lincoln Park" collection grows out of decades of work to more fully document the history of Chicago's Puerto Rican community which gave birth to the Young Lords Organization and later, the Young Lords Party. Founded by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, the Young Lords became one of the premier struggles for international human rights. Where thriving church congregations, social and �political clubs, restaurants, groceries, and family residences once flourished, successive waves of urban renewal and gentrification forcibly displaced most of those Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, working-class and impoverished families, and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Today these same families and activists also risk losing their history. � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/25ddd2072bd576c027caf6d69d62a45e.mp4 b64517e76ebf0967788e5e05932a418e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Diego Figuearoa, Sr. vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Diego Figuearoa, Sr., entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 8/25/2012 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexicano-Americanos--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Mexico-Americanos--Illinois--Chicago--Condiciones sociales Relaciones raciales Conflicto social Identitad cultural Partido Pantera Negra. Illinois Capí­tulo Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Figueroa_Sr_Diego Title A name given to the resource Diego Figuearoa, Sr. video interview and biography Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Figueroa, Sr, Diego Description An account of the resource Oral history of Diego Figuearoa, Sr., interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 8/25/2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jimenez, Jose, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexican Americans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Mexican Americans--Illinois--Chicago--Social conditions Race relations Social conflict Cultural identity Black Panther Party. Illinois Chapter Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-08-25 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/b02f2f8d4f13289fc5d8240628f44058.pdf 16aa50e7d8ed574c0c5293e33310f161 PDF Text Text Young Lords In Lincoln Park Interviewee: Diego Mercado Interviewer: Jose Jimenez Location: Grand Valley State University Special Collections Date: 11/21/2012 Runtime: 02:03:03 Biography and Description Oral history of Diego Mercado, interviewed by Jose “Cha-Cha” Jimenez on November 21, 2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. "The Young Lords in Lincoln Park" collection grows out of decades of work to more fully document the history of Chicago's Puerto Rican community which gave birth to the Young Lords Organization and later, the Young Lords Party. Founded by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, the Young Lords became one of the premier struggles for international human rights. Where thriving church congregations, social and �political clubs, restaurants, groceries, and family residences once flourished, successive waves of urban renewal and gentrification forcibly displaced most of those Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, working-class and impoverished families, and their children in the 1950s and 1960s. Today these same families and activists also risk losing their history. � https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8259f5aeaaa682e76c4de598aeaab12e.mp4 d3f5816eada65ae6804dd5aa24c3afe9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Título Spanish language Title entry Diego Mercado vídeo entrevista y biografía Descripción Spanish language Description entry La historia oral de Diego Mercado, entrevistado por Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez el 11/21/2012 acerca de los Young Lords en Lincoln Park. Sujetos Spanish language Subject terms Young Lords (Organización) Puertorriqueños--Estados Unidos Derechos civiles--Estados Unidos--Historia Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexicano-Americanos--Relatos personales Justicia social Activistas comunitarios--Illinois--Chicago Mexico-Americanos--Illinois--Chicago--Condiciones sociales Relaciones raciales Conflicto social Identitad cultural Partido Pantera Negra. Illinois Capí­tulo Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park (RHC-65)</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_Mercado_Diego Title A name given to the resource Diego Mercado video interview and biography Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mercado, Diego Description An account of the resource Oral history of Diego Mercado, interviewed by Jose 'Cha-Cha' Jimenez, on 11/21/2012 about the Young Lords in Lincoln Park. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jimenez, Jose, 1948- Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Mexican Americans--Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Mexican Americans--Illinois--Chicago--Social conditions Race relations Social conflict Cultural identity Black Panther Party. Illinois Chapter Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-11-21 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/33c00ceeb355a6bd54b36eac4c7e86b0.m4v d594d5b4b00b4fe9a60da1785a96d280 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/9eb73c3cc8ac6489ca010fe5e7b4d988.pdf ca667f645ca91d604d9789eca6959b13 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Donald Diekevers Cold War Era 30 minutes 15 seconds (00:10) -Born March 27th, 1937. -Served in the army with highest rank of Private First Class. -Born in McBain Michigan. -Lived on a farm. -Hardwork doing farm work, raising pickles and beans, milking cows. -Two brothers and two sisters. -He is the youngest. -Life on the farm was hard but considered it a good life. -Father and mother were both farmers. -Worked for a short time at a hardware store in town. -Didn‟t enjoy going to school. -Attended high school for 6 months until 9th grade. -Left school when he was 16. -Today in hindsight he wishes he had stayed in school. -Grandfather served in German army long ago. -No other family members involved in military. -Rural living in winters: heavy snow requiring horses to get through certain roads. (05:00) -17 when deciding to enlist in the Army. -His brother Hank was enlisting in the military, and so he decided he would as well. -Brother wasn‟t accepted and he was. -Changing to military life was drastically different. -Basic training wasn‟t difficult for him, farm work kept him in great shape. -“Rough” but quite doable. -Took basic training in Fort Knox, Kentucky. -Later trained at Fort Carson, Colorado. -Later still, trained at Fort Bliss, Texas. -Finally sent to Washington D.C. -Appreciates the training he received, taught him discipline. -No particular reason for choosing the Army. (10:00) -Fort Bliss training involved using the 90mm guns. -Went to Virginia Beach about once a year to train to fire guns. -Guns were rather inaccurate and difficult. -Considers his own marksmanship average, “okay”. -Parents had mixed feelings about his leaving to the Army. -Economy was bad, and they had just moved to Grand Rapids. -His favorite part of military service – being done with military service (humorously stated). �-Least favorite part was the first six weeks of basic training. -Because it was lonesome. (15:00) -Made some good, long term friends in the military. -Life in the barracks – footlocker inspections, small bunks. -Preferred the bottom bunk. -Food was not too bad, KP service could offer advantages. -Long marches were the most difficult physical task. 70 mile marches. -Other aspects not too difficult for him. -Mentally being homesick was difficult. -Didn‟t get in any severe trouble during his service. -One incident, a mild car accident where he t-boned a vehicle. (20:00) -Upon discharge, two of his brothers picked him up. -They drove all the way from Michigan. -After returning home from the Army, went back to work. -Worked at various employers for a number of years. -Met his wife in 1955 (or perhaps ‟54), before entering the service. -Communicated by mail during his service. -Discharged from the military in March, married in October of „58. -Five years later 1964 their first child was born. -Another four years later second child, soon after their third. -Did not do anything to either encourage/discourage his children from entering the military. -During one week off, hitchhiked from Washington D.C. all the way home to Michigan. -Above all the most valuable thing he gained from the military was discipline. (25:00) -During his time he would attend service at the Chaplain on base. -Most the time his time was spent working on the 90mm gun artillery. -Military helped him to be self-sufficient, able to take orders and cooperate. -No lingering trauma or sense of PTSD to speak of. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27_DiekeversD1830V Title A name given to the resource Diekevers, Donald (Interview outline and video), 2015 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-05-20 Description An account of the resource Donald Diekevers was born in 1937 in McBain, Michigan. He decided to enlist into the Army at 17. At Fort Knox, Kentucky he received basic training, while further training took place at Fort Carson, Colorado, and later at Fort Bliss, Texas. Their training involved the use of 90mm artillery and lengthy 70 mile marches. Eventually he would be stationed in Washington D.C. for the last part of his service. In 1954/55 he met his wife and they finally married after being discharged from the military in 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diekvers, Donald Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Diekevers, Joseph (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Other veterans & civilians--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-m4v application/pdf https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/f94949b2c63810303f652fea19953a7e.mp4 48e47e374a6c61a53a318a135e472f5d https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e74be1fe71aad2fc953ab4341bd6eb6f.pdf 39fda051ba9071dabd8db7764cbd60d7 PDF Text Text Diephouse, Gary Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Vietnam War Interviewee’s Name: Gary Diephouse Length of Interview: (56:53) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Maluhia Buhlman Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Gary Diephouse of Grand Rapids, Michigan and the interviewer is James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay, Gary start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born?” I was born February 8th, 1943, and I was born here in Grand Rapids and southeast side, and so basically this is still kind of home for me. Interviewer: “Okay so you grew up in Grand Rapids, what did your family do for a living when you were growing up?” My father owned a hardware store close by and mom taught school, and so we- And actually taught school at the same school I went to when I was, you know, kindergarten and up. Interviewer: “Okay so what school was that?” (00:58) That was Seymour Christian School over on Eastern Avenue in Alger Heights, and we went to church there also our church was close by, so this is all very close. Interviewer: “Very much in the community, okay. How many kids were in the family?” Just my brother, he was about a year and a half younger than I was, and so just the two of us. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Alright, and then when did you finish high school?” I finished high school in 1961. Interviewer: “Okay, and what did you do after you graduated?” I went from there to Calvin College and attended there for about three years, and at the end of 1964 I decided that college probably wasn’t something that really suited me, and maybe I didn’t suit the college I don’t know. I quit and took up- A friend gave me some information about the United States Air Force, and I enlisted and three weeks later I was gone. Interviewer: “Okay, so when did you enlist?” I enlisted in the latter part of September of 1964, September 20. Interviewer: “Now at this point was there a substantial draft going on or was that still fairly minor?” (2:30) We were just beginning the draft and they kept- And the students who were in college realized that, you know, to stay away from the draft they had to stay in school. I hence also recognized that if I wanted to quit school, there was a real risk that me- That I was gonna get in the draft and probably be drafted into the Army, so I decided to look into the Air Force. Well a friend of mine gave me the information as I said before, and he- The thing with the Air Force was they let me know they would train me in any- Well not any but certainly in anything that I felt I wanted to get into, so it was- We were being trained to serve, and not have to wait for the draft to be done. Interviewer: “Okay, and was the- How long was the enlistment for?” The enlistment was for four years, was a standard four years for everybody, and so I knew right from the get go that that’s what was gonna be the deal. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Alright, now where did you go initially for training?” Went initially for training to a base down in San Antonio, Texas called Lackland Air Force Base, that’s pretty much where everybody went, that was the beginning for all Air Force enlisted people. Interviewer: “Right, what did the training there consist of?” I think it was mostly marching, that was primarily it but as I look back on it, it was a training in order to get you to understand and accept the fact that there was a method of how you acted in the Air Force, and so you had to understand that you were not in control, others were in control, mainly officers. Interviewer: “Okay, now how did they instill that in you?” (5:02) I think, you know most people would probably say that they broke you down to build you back up, and I won’t say that I broke mentally, physically, or anything but I, you know, I certainly came to understand that, look I’m not in control anymore my superior officer or my superior C.O was in control. Which was fine with me, you know that way I understood, you understood pretty much, you know, how things were written in the sand. Interviewer: “So was this things like you know, what your- How you wore your uniform or how you kept your things in your own area or made your bed?” Everything to perfection. Everything to perfection absolutely. Interviewer: “Alright, and how long were you there?” I was there for eight weeks, all the time continued training, well towards the end of the eight weeks it wasn’t as dedicated as it was in the beginning. They taught you how to wear your �Diephouse, Gary clothes, how to shine your shoes, and how to act in front of officers, etc, etc, but eight weeks was it and then I was sent to another place, another base. Interviewer: “Okay, and where’d you go next?” I went to- Let me backtrack a little bit because during my basic training they put you through a battery of tests, they tested you mainly in writing. They wanted to know about you and what your strengths were and what your abilities were, and what you wanted to do. They gave you some choice, and I could’ve been a cook but I ended up being an air traffic controller or at least training for that. So the training base for that was in Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi and so at the end of the eight weeks I went to Keesler, they flew us over there, and I went through air traffic control school for, let’s see, until March, March 23. So I went from, well let’s see that would’ve been November to March, so that’s about four months. Interviewer: “Okay, now what did the air traffic control training consist of? What were you learning?” (7:55) Mainly that was a series of courses dealing with things that you had to learn in order to control and take care of your job. We started off with learning how to recognize weather and how to state the weather to maybe an aircraft, and we got all the way down into how you could- What a control tower would look like, and also how a radar would look like, and so- Because radar was also a part of it we could recognize the scope and recognize aircraft on a scope and train for that so, but it was all training and phraseology. You learned how to state things so they were understood by an airplane, a pilot. So it was interesting, I really felt- I really loved it. Interviewer: “Alright, now at this point were they not using computers yet for this, this was all still by hand or otherwise?” You know what I went in thinking I was gonna- I wanted to be in computers, I didn’t see a computer the whole time. No, computers were cathode ray tubes and vacuum tubes, they just weren’t- Not what we think of in today’s day and age. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Okay, now what was life like at Keesler, how was that different from being in basic training?” Keesler we were a little bit more on our own, we weren’t under the thumb of an N.C.O so to speak, that’s a non commissioned officer. We weren’t- We had a little more freedom, you know, we went to school in the day and at night we were pretty much on our own. We could do what we wanted and you started turning things around from being under the thumb to semi freedom, you certainly- You learned how to act so therefore now you got to use it. Interviewer: “Okay, now would you go into town and go to bars or movies or things like that?” (10:25) Yeah there was- Biloxi at that time was a different place than it is today, Biloxi was very, quite racist then. A lot of the things that were true in the early 60’s, 50’s, 40’s were still true, bathrooms for coloreds etc, etc, you know. So I had to learn a little bit about that, I mean that was revelation, we didn’t have that in Grand Rapids when I was growing up. Interviewer: “Now were there black airmen on the base with you?” Yes. Interviewer: “Okay, and did they just not go to town or were they just careful?” I think they were careful, I think they were careful but I didn’t see much of that on the base, much of that type of thing. We were co-equals on base, you know you may have been your rack mate so to speak, or your bunk mate may have been a black airman, but it didn't make any difference to me. Interviewer: “So those are two different worlds on the base and off the base as far as that went, okay. Now once you’ve completed this air traffic control training what’s your next �Diephouse, Gary stop?” As part of the course they let us choose where we might want to go next, what area of the country, because the next assignment is going to be on-the-job training, and so I put in for a number of things but I was pretty much Grand Rapids raised, hadn’t been outside of town very much other than maybe somewhere in Michigan or Chicago or whatever but above that I had not been around so to speak. Anyway, one of the places that I put in for was the southwest of the country. They gave you some general localities, northeast, southwest-east, etc, etc and I did the southwest. I had never been to the southwest and it always had fascinated me, Arizona, etc, etc, California, and so I simply put in for the southwest and not knowing what was available or what I was gonna get, and just prior to the end of my training they gave me orders to go to New Mexico, the state of New Mexico, and the southern part of New Mexico all encompassed the places like White Sands Missile Range, a lot of desert down there, and the city close by the base was referred to as Alamogordo, New Mexico. Yeah, so that was my next place to go. Interviewer: “So what was the name of the base you were actually on?” (13:52) Should’ve said that, the next base’s name was Holloman Air Force Base. It was right next to the white sands- Excuse me, not the White Sands Missile Range but the White Sands National Monument, which was a national park. Interviewer: “Alright, so what was there at Holloman? What kinds of air units were there, what was going on?” There was several interesting forces of that, the biggest group that was on the base along with the rest of us was a unit of Air Force planes and pilots that were training to go over to Vietnam, and so they trained for quite a while. I was there for two years, they trained for about a year, and maybe a year and a half, and suddenly the whole aircraft squadron and I mean and the people, and every piece of whatever went to Vietnam, you didn’t see them again. Also there was a portion of the base that dealt with missiles. The range next door to the base, which was quite a ways away from the base, but the range it all dealt with firing missiles, maybe as part of the war �Diephouse, Gary effort, but also it was part of research and technology where it came to firing missiles into space. So there was a whole command of that type of thing there, also it was very interesting. North of the base was- There was a spot where they tested and shot off the first atomic bomb, called the Trinity site, it was up in the desert and the Trinity site is still there, you can still visit, you can visit once a year, they open it up and you can go there once a year and see it. So a lot of interesting things to see, different types of aircraft, all kinds of interesting- As best I can say is interesting aircraft, a lot of them I still see in various museums, which I go to. Interviewer: “What kinds of aircraft were there?” (16:40) One of the most fascinating ones that I had the ability- The privilege excuse me, to control was an aircraft called the SR-71. The SR-71 was- Turned out to be, and this was just in the developmental stage of that aircraft, but it ended up being the fastest aircraft in the world, and it was basically a spy plane. That’s all it really was, it flew out over Russia, came back, and took pictures, and so- But we had one coming into our base one day, it was in trouble because he had a in flight- What they called an in-flight emergency, and he just flew into our base, and we got to see it, and it was probably the only time I’ve seen one other than in museums. Now you can go there in fact I think they have one down here in Kalamazoo at the museum. Interviewer: “Okay, now the squadrons that were training there what were they- What kinds of planes were they training in?” They were training in what they called the F-4, the F-4C, or you know the C model of the F-4. It was a fairly new aircraft and it did the yeoman’s job in Vietnam. There were a lot of other ones but primarily it was the F-4C. Interviewer: “Alright, now how did- Now you’re going there you said that it’s essentially on-the-job training so how did they orient you into that or when you get there what kinds of things do you start doing?” Well you start at the, you know start with the menial stuff, making coffee and all that, and then �Diephouse, Gary they sit you down and- I mostly was in a control tower, they sit you down in a position that doesn’t include the primary stuff right away, not until you can train into it so, and then from there you go on you learn how but all with the idea- Excuse me not the idea, all with the idea that you had somebody standing over your shoulder, watching what you were doing and what you were saying, and that was just on the job training you learned how to control with aircraft that were okay. “Saw him.” and “Saw him.” okay, and you know from there you just, you learned, you learned how to put them in, you learned how to keep yourself out of trouble by not running two aircraft into each other, that you didn’t want to do. Interviewer: “Okay, now how did they treat you? Did they handle you well or effectively?” (19:46) Yes, you became a community, that’s a good way of putting it. There were other people on my level, there were other people above me and certainly the officers and NCOs who have been there longer, and it certainly wasn’t like basic training. It was- You were there to do a job, and that’s precisely what it was, you learned the job and you did it correctly and- If you did it correctly, if not they’d let you know. Interviewer: “So what would a typical day be like at that job?” Primarily, because air traffic control, there has to be somebody on duty all the time. We went into a- We were always on duty, but it was based on shift work, so there were four shifts a day. What they called a mid shift which was overnight, a swing shift which was the evening, morning which was primarily six o’clock to noon, in the afternoon it was a six hour time period all the way through, and so you didn’t work all afternoons or you didn’t work all mornings, you rotated these on a daily basis. So one day I started off as a swing shift, the very next day I worked in the afternoon, very next day I worked in the morning and from there you went right over into the mid shift and then it was just a constant rotation. Interviewer: “So how does that affect your sleep pattern?” �Diephouse, Gary Terrible but, you know, after we were done working the mid shift we had a whole ‘nother day before we started the swing shift again, so we had plenty of time to catch up on sleep if we needed it. Obviously you didn’t sleep on duty but it was okay, it was a job and it was a- It was something that you were there for to do and I enjoyed it. Interviewer: “Alright, and what do you do when you’re not on the shift?” Well there too, you’re on your own. We used to do a lot of traveling around the area, there was a lot of things to see, I used to go down to Mexico once and a while cause we were about 80 miles north of El Paso and- But for the first year that I was there I didn’t have a car I had a bike, and so I would bike from my barracks to the control tower and back and forth, and that was pretty much the extent for the first year. After that I went home and got the car that I had left there and drove it back down there and had a car for the final year. So we drove around and saw various things and by that time I had established some friendships with other men my age, my group and we would do things together, there were sports, unfortunately I think we saw a lot of drinking too you know, the Airmen’s club, the NCO club, etc, etc. Interviewer: “There wasn’t very much of a town to go into or anything was there?” (23:40) Yeah there was but it was 12, 15 miles away. I also got- I was also in- I enjoyed, how should I say this, I started worshiping in the church chapel, base chapel, and from there- Whoops I’ll let that go by. I worshiped in the base chapel but I also joined their choir, the base choir, chapel choir, me and a number of other people and we had a good group. So we sang at all the Sunday services and I got- Did that for the whole two years pretty much. Interviewer: “Alright, now at this point do you have a girlfriend or anything like that or were you on your own?” No, was on my own there but I was writing letters to a special gal that I’d left back in Grand Rapids and spent a lot of time writing throughout the whole time, in fact kept a lot of those letters too. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Now, you’ve gone and you’ve signed up for a four year hitch and it’s probably an expectation that you may wind up overseas, were you thinking you were gonna get sent to Vietnam or did you have enough control over assignments that you didn’t think that?” Good insight, there wasn’t much control over it, there was always the specter that yes, Vietnam was there, a number of the people who got reassigned while I was there certainly went to Vietnam but they also would go a lot of other places. It was a matter of timing, Vietnam and some of the other bases were considered remote assignments. Remote assignments were never more than a year at a time, if you didn’t do and get a remote assignment generally you went to like Germany or Europe or some other spots, those were always considered two year assignments and maybe even a three year assignment. Well here I was already two years into my four years and so those assignments were there but you never- Well I supposed I could’ve requested to go to Vietnam, and I chose not to do that. Anyway we- I’ll just carry that forward, I suddenly got an assignment and was not Vietnam but it was a remote site, it was considered remote. (26:50) It was in the island- Excuse me, on the island of Taiwan, which is off the coast of China at the time. Excuse me, it’s still called Taiwan but it was- At the time it was called Formosa, and so I got assigned to that and finally had to leave some good friends in New Mexico and they flew us out to Taiwan. Interviewer: “Did you get a leave home first or had you had leave earlier?” Yeah, there’s some leaves all in this. That’s good you got 30 days a year leave however you wanted to take them if you, you know, if you qualified for them. So yeah I took a 30 day leave back home in Michigan and then from there I made my way to the west coast up to Seattle and then flew over to Taiwan. Interviewer: “Okay, and so do you remember the route you took to get from Seattle to Taiwan?” �Diephouse, Gary Yeah, yeah I do, the Air Force started- Excuse me, I mean the military, let’s put it that way, started flying people over rather than- Because they needed people as much as possible, rather than putting them on ships and going that way. So they flew us from Seattle to- Stopped in Japan briefly, very briefly, didn’t even let us off the aircraft, fueled up and then they went down to Taipei which is the capital of Taiwan. Got off there, had to find a bus to go down to my base, which is about half way down the island in a small town called Taichung, and then outside of Taichung was the base, and we shortened the term to C.C.K, it was called Ching Chuan Kang Air Force Base, and it turned out to be a- We were coding systems on that base with the Chinese, excuse me the Taiwaineese, the Chinese. Interviewer: “Yeah Nationalist Chinese.” (29:20) Right, so but there was a huge American build up there on the base, primarily to support the war effort in Vietnam. So all of the aircraft that we controlled in C.C.K there, were transport aircraft, all with the idea of material movement and troop movement and everything into Vietnam and Thailand, so we went all different directions there, but never saw any combat or anything like that I just- Taiwan was it, closest I got to Vietnam, and met a number of people who did go there, and those stories are hard to get out of some of the people who went there, they still don’t talk about it very much. Interviewer: “Okay, now for you I guess they- So you said you were sharing a base with the Chinese, how much did you see of the Chinese Air Force or their personnel?” Good question. Yeah we controlled about, well I’d say about 20 or 30% of all the ins and outs of traffic into the base was Chinese, mostly fighter aircraft of theirs. They were continually trying to harass mainland China, so what they’d do is they’d fly out of our base and go over towards mainland China and drop pamphlets. Yeah, and the pamphlets were, you know, to get them- To egg them on I guess a little bit, you know to harass them but there was never anything that ever came of it, but they were- The aircraft, the fighter aircraft were there to protect their island from invasion by the Chinese. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Did you ever have a sense that they thought that was likely or did people assume it wasn’t going to happen?” No they- Looking back on that I can’t say is that they were setting themselves up to fend off invasion. I think that the fighter aircraft were there for that, there may have been some sites out along the water, along the coast, anti aircraft sites whatever, but didn’t see much of that. So we were just kind of living, they were just kind of living in equality, you know, you stay over there we’ll stay over here. Interviewer: “Okay, what kind of facilities did you have in that base, what were your own conditions like?” (32:48) Our own conditions were pretty much like any other aircraft- Excuse me, any other base that I had been on up to this point, it was barracks. Barracks with rooms in it, you had roommates and it was okay, but that was all the American side of the base. The Chinese airmen and Chinese workers lived in their own, if not in town because we were close to the Taichung city so, and we had all the comforts of home. We had a movie theater, and we had BX, PX, BX, we had a lot of the things that made life- They were still building it as I left they were still building a base pool, swimming pool, and a couple of other things that made life a little more bearable, rather than having to live in a tent or in a fox hole or something like that. We had life pretty good. Interviewer: “Yeah, okay did you go off the base much into town or around in Taiwan?” I did, I did. When I wasn’t on duty we could always catch a bus, Air Force bus or a, you know, let’s put it that was a Taiwanese bus or whatever, into town. A lot of things to see, nobody ever bothered you, Taichung was a city like any other big city, it had all its traffic problems and- But all the same stuff that everybody else had, you know all the schools and the railroad station. Oh boy, the list goes on forever you know, I would think that- We discussed this the other day, my wife and I, the only thing I never got used to was the open sewage, what we called benjo ditches, and the smell was always there it was always present and open sewage is exactly what it is, was. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “And the climate is kind of warm and humid isn’t it?” Not too bad, not too bad, the city itself was relatively close to the coast line, and we had a hurricane come through one day and that was interesting but we had- Excuse me, not a hurricane. Interviewer: “A typhoon?” A typhoon, I misspoke there. That was a huge amount of rain, just huge, and wind and everything but we were confined to the base and confined to our rooms, we didn’t have any other cellars to go to or anything like that it was too many people for that, but we managed it. Interviewer: “So barracks didn’t blow apart in the wind or anything?” (36:24) No, no there was some damage though certainly, but now pin me down, that was 50 years ago. Interviewer: “Yeah, alright, how did the Chinese people seem to view you guys?” No different than anybody else I will say that, and we had a lot of friends but there was always the language, the language barrier. Although I think that a lot of them who wanted to deal with the Americans, who wanted to sell to the Americans, you know the tailors and the people like that who were trying to get your American business, they had a vested interest in learning some of the language so that they could speak, so that we could communicate. Interviewer: “So if you went into town, you went into a restaurant or something else like that, you could function?” Yes, although there were some things down there that I’m not sure I could look in the eye and eat. That was- Some of that was whatever but they had some places that catered to the Americans, so it was interesting. Interviewer: “Okay, this is also now- What year or what years were you actually in �Diephouse, Gary Taiwan?” That was 1967 for the most part, for the most part. Interviewer: “[overlapping chatter] Alright, and so that’s a time when a lot of young American men are interested a lot of things, including things like sex and drugs and rock and roll and so forth. Does that carry over when they’re in Taiwan?” Yes it did, a number of all the people who I served with all had their girlfriends, quote unquote, downtown. They lived downtown, they rented apartments down there even though they had a place in the barracks, so there was that. Most of them were married but they had that, you know, on the side. I had one gentleman one day who passed away, died, overdosed and so there was that but it wasn’t prevalent. I mean nobody tried to get me to take drugs, smoke weed, or you know whatever the case may be, maybe more of that went on in Taiwan- Or excuse me Vietnam, I don’t know. Interviewer: “A lot of it depended on where you were and when you were and what group you were with and so forth.” (39:30) It really did. Interviewer: “That’s why I asked, not because I have anything in particular I’m expecting to get but rather to find out, okay was that there or not, or did you notice that, and then I guess the same thing also goes with the question of racial tensions. Did you notice much of that where you were?” No, no I think that probably the most prevalent problem was alcohol, huge amount of it even in my own dorm room. Now that was with three other guys because we had four guys to a dorm room, and the bar was always open every day in our room for some reason, I don’t know why but it was in our room and there was a countertop there and you name it they had all of the various, the coercion you know. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “Where would they get them from? Did you buy them on base or just go into town?” Oh you could buy that on base, yeah in the BX or you could go in downtown too, but there was, you know, you could buy beer, you could buy liquor, sure. It was all available, but drinking to excess was a problem, at least I wasn’t used to it certainly didn’t enjoy it terribly much but you know if I wanted to be part of the group you had to join in a little bit, you had to have a few beers here and there, nothing to excess. Interviewer: “Well I mean was that- Did that become a problem for any of the air traffic controllers? I mean, were there ones who couldn’t perform the job properly?” (41:34) Not that I know of, but yes you minded that a lot of guys “Okay I can’t drink today I’ve gotta go on duty” in three, four, six hours whatever the case may be. Interviewer: “Now did you mostly associate with the other controllers or was there a broader range of people that you were with?” Broader range, that’s good because I was part of the Air Force communication service that included a lot of things, not just air traffic control it also included- And in this case we were at a remote site so the Air Force was responsible for the telephones of all things. The telephone system, and they built this whole telephone system where, in those days why you didn’t have a punch button telephone you had a rotary dial, and so you go to this building and you could see all this equipment work as part of a rotary dial. I don’t want to get into that, but there was other things, there was radar we were responsible for, there was a number of- Oh boy it’s not coming to me right at the moment but yeah, communication services included a broad range of communications. Interviewer: “Now did you have officers you reported to or senior NCOs?” �Diephouse, Gary Certainly. Interviewer: “Okay, who would you mostly deal with or give you your assignments?” Mostly, I mostly dealt with- We coexisted in the control tower with the Chinese, actually the Chinese did all of the controlling, we were just advisory. Okay so this was, perhaps I should have said this earlier, but we were just advisory there I was the only American up there at the time in my shift and the Chinese were responsible they wouldn’t let the Americans control their own aircraft, their own jets, because we couldn’t talk to them anyway but they had a command, a small command, of English that they would control the American aircraft but you were there to help them if they got in trouble. If the English pilots or the American pilots say “I don’t understand.” then you got on and did your job. Interviewer: “Okay, was that a common occurrence?” (44:16) No, no it really went quite well, it really went quite well. As far as who we dealt with, why there was always the chain of command. Yeah you were a ship worker but, you know, you were responsible up the line to an NCO who was also responsible to a squadron commander, who was an officer. Interviewer: “And when you were on a shift and you’re the only American there with the Chinese, was there like one Chinese person you’d talk to and then he’d talk to other people or did you talk directly to the officer?” They pretty much all would communicate with us as Americans, in English, broken English. The strangest part of dealing with the Chinese is that they brought their own lunch but they cook their lunch in the tower, so I learned how to eat rice, like this, but I didn’t- I would eat in the mess hall before or after the shift or whatever. So a lot of interesting things to see, and one of the things we did, the squadron commander one day invited me into his office and asked me if I would set up something with our squadron with a local needy, well how should I put that, we adopted an orphanage, and it was all kids who had nowhere else to go. They were kept in the orphanage �Diephouse, Gary downtown and so we established a coordination between them, and I was given the job- Myself and another fella were given the job of heading that up and we would collect funds every once and a while and seek from them a need. Okay, what do you need? “Oh we could use this.” Okay, so we would buy it at the base, basic exchange, and give it to them and we’d have a little party, and the commander would come out and invite all of the squadron, as many who weren’t serving or weren’t on duty, to come out. Well that’s one of the little things underneath that I did, but I never got a ribbon for it or anything, which is okay I wasn’t doing it for that purpose. Interviewer: “And are there other aspects of that stay in Taiwan that kind of stand out in your memory?” (47:30) Not really, I think that we learned- Yeah, well it took a couple of leaves- No, excuse me, one leave. We flew to Japan and I got to spend a week up there on leave seeing what that was like. Tokyo was really fascinating with all the lights, pretty much still the same I guess. That’s pretty much it. Interviewer: “Alright, and now when you finish up at Taiwan, so you’re there for a year basically, you rotate back.” 13 months. Interviewer: “Okay, yeah well that’s how the Marine Corps did things, 13 months. Okay, you have that assignment and now you’ve still got about a year left on your enlistment then or how much time?” I had about six months left. Interviewer: “Alright, and so what do they do with you for that last part of your enlistment?” They reassign me to a base back in the United States, should- Stop that for just a second and just �Diephouse, Gary kind of relay a little bit, my girlfriend at the time and I were trying to decide whether we were gonna get married before I went over to Taiwan, or wait until after and the upshot of the whole thing was that we thought we would be better off if we waited, and so I had six months to do and so I came home and I walked into her kitchen, surprised her, and very soon thereafter we got married in Denver, Colorado and from there we took a little bit of leave time but then we drove all our possessions, lock, stock, and barrel we drove them down to Phoenix, Arizona, outside of Phoenix Arizona is Luke Air Force Base, is where I was assigned. Interviewer: “Okay, and what was going on down there?” (50:17) There too it was all aircraft training for the United States, fighter aircraft training, at Luke and I was in a squadron of radar assistance. It’s tough to explain but it was a unit set aside to train ourselves in how to control aircraft in a remote location, such as Vietnam, so it was training almost for Vietnam. Well I had just come back from a remote site, so they weren’t gonna send me back to Vietnam very quickly, in fact that was a promise they said “You’re next- You’ve done a remote assignment now we’re going to-” You know, your next assignment wherever that is whenever that is will probably be something longer, two year assignment or you know. Interviewer: “Assuming that you’re re-enlisted.” Assuming that I re-enlisted because I only had six months to do, and when it was kind of getting closer we looked at each other and said “Okay what do you wanna do because here’s where we're gonna go next.” The two of us we anticipated looking at that even though we’ve been home for six months- I’d been home for six months and we decided to get out, quit. So they called me in and said “So what are you gonna do?” and they dangled in front of me my next rank, an E4 rank- Excuse me an E5 rank, and they said “Ten days after you reenlist you’ll get this rank.” and- But that wasn’t enough to get, you know, we decided to get on with the rest of our lives, and subsequently we stayed in that area for another eight years, seven and a half years, lived there. Interviewer: “So what did you do there after you got out?” �Diephouse, Gary Well being in air traffic control I could’ve stayed in that type of job and gone to work for the F.A.A, Federal Aviation Administration, and got a job controlling aircraft or radar, etc, etc. I looked at that but nothing was available right at the moment and so I took a job with an insurance company and I thought it was pretty good $2.25 an hour, and then I got raised to $2.50 but yeah I went to work for them and worked for them for another eight years before we left. Interviewer: “And then did you come back to Michigan after that or?” (53:34) Yes, yes we did. We were trying to make a decision, by that time we had two kids, and we wanted the grandparent influence. So we had a choice to go to Denver, or go back to Michigan, and my father was smart enough, he says “Hey I know somebody who will give you a job.” So that was it, we went for the job and we moved back to Grand Rapids. Interviewer: “Did you stay in the insurance business or move onto something else?” No I didn’t, I didn’t, I went into sales and worked for a steel company, steel, yes raw steel, and then from there I went into tool and eye sales later on before I retired. Interviewer: “Alright now if you look back at the time that you spent in the Air Force, what do you think you learned from that or took out of it?” I think they, the Air Force, again wanted you to accept responsibility, accept, that’s the best word I can come up with for it there are other words but you know, that’s primarily- You acted and you accepted responsibility for what you did, but you knew that and so therefore you watched what you did, and did your job the best you could this way. Interviewer: “Does that then carry over into life after the Air Force?” Yeah, I’m too much of a perfectionist, I’m a perfectionist at everything, you know. That clock back of us here goes off at exactly the right minute, and a few other things. �Diephouse, Gary Interviewer: “I don’t think that’s a bad quality for an air traffic controller to have.” I don’t think so either, you bet, but I still admire the Air Force, I admire airplanes, all these things over here I admire. They don’t mean much, they're just ribbons denoting various types of service, this right here is the communications service badge, and a couple of other things which I didn’t know about until just a year or so ago. Interviewer: “You went and found out what medals you were owed.” Yeah, right, so and this is the various pieces of rank that I own. Interviewer: “Alright well it makes for a good story and a rather different one from normal so thank you very much for taking the time to share it today.” (56:48) You’re welcome. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DiephouseG2113V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diephouse, Gary Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03 Title A name given to the resource Diephouse, Gary (Interview transcript and video), 2017 Description An account of the resource Gary Diephouse was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on February 8, 1943. He enlisted in the Air Force on September 20, 1964. He received his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, then went to Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi, for Air Traffic Controller School. He reported to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, in spring 1965 and was stationed there for two years. In 1967, he was sent to Taiwan and served in an advisory role to the Chinese Nationalists at Ching Chuan Kang Air Base near Taichung. After a year, there he returned to the United States and served at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, for the last six months of his enlistment. He was discharged in 1968. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/4a17bfd1a39abacbaf0c399483307ba1.mp4 cca7f99aeec54a6596e2f145c553db49 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/98f6ab43eaccc349179768337836976e.pdf ab899af09cf0fcf6e1af60182ba19b26 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Claude Dies Vietnam War Total Time: 31:48 (split into two parts) Pre-War (00:38) • • • Born in 1945. (15:05) Was in a family of 12. Was drafted at 20, and joined the Marines. Training (02:40) • • Attended boot camp at MCRD in San Diego, CA. (18:30) After boot camp, he was sent to the Air Radio Electronics School, where they were trained in ground to air radios. Active Duty (08:59) • • He worked at the New River Air Base, in Jacksonville, NC where he had to rewire almost the entire base. He was there for 2 years. The base was built in the World War II era and was not upgraded until they worked on it. He left the service in December 1968. Post-Service (13:00) • Worked in Avionics after the war. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dies, Claude (Interview outline and video), 2008 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dies, Claude Description An account of the resource Claude Dies was born in 1945 and served in the Vietnam War with the Marine Corps. He was trained in the area of Air Radio Electronics after basic training, and was sent to New River Air Base in Jacksonville, North Carolina where he spent most of his tour of duty working as an electrician on rewiring the base. After his time in the service, he worked in Avionics. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Partridge, Ellen (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Marine Corps Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-05-29 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DiesC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6558e8bff0513a24ad4c9b15a444ee54.pdf b45390f59ca945633e0159f93b454a02 PDF Text Text At the start of this COVID-19 lockdown, I was forced to move back home across state. On top of the large loads of online homework and exams, I found myself working 50 or more hours on my family’s farm in Capac, MI due to the inability to receive migrational wrokers from Mexico. This only increased my stress during the pandemic and forced school to become a second or even third thought when it should come first. My daily life at home consists of waking up at 5:00 am to have a cup of coffee or four and start my trek to the farm that is 40 minutes away. Life on the farm is a nonstop race against time and a battle against mother nature that is found in a symbiotic relation. From picking and packing rhubarb that we ship all throughout the mid-west, to spreading hundreds of acres with fertilizer for pumpkins, gourds and many other fall products, to working ground for organic kale and collards. What I feel we lose sight of in a national state of emergency is that some peoples world may feel that they stop, others seem to spin twice as fast. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource COVID-19 Journals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Libraries Description An account of the resource This collection of journals and personal narratives was solicited from the GVSU community by archivists of the University Libraries during the events of the 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis the university closed suddenly, following federal and state guidelines of social distancing to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. The university closed its campuses on March 12, 2020, and quickly moved students out of campus housing. Faculty swiftly transitioned to fully-online teaching for the remainder of the Winter 2020 semester, and all campus events, including commencement, were cancelled. The purpose of the COVID-19 Journaling Project was to document the individual and personal experiences of GVSU’s students, staff, faculty, and the wider community during this time of international crisis. Some project participants were university student employees who were compensated for their journaling. Other participants were granted stipends or extra credit for submitting entries to the archives. Still others participated without any compensation or credit. The University Archives remains grateful to all who submitted journals, for helping us to understand the impact of this crisis on our community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Subject The topic of the resource Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context COVID-19_2020-04-23_DeBlouwDaniel Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DeBlouw, Daniel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020-04-23 Title A name given to the resource Different Worlds Description An account of the resource Journal of GVSU student Daniel DeBlou's experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, where he notes that some people are stuck at home and bored, others are busier than ever. Subject The topic of the resource COVID-19 pandemic, 2019-2020 Epidemics Grand Valley State University College students Personal narratives Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Archives. COVID-19 Journaling Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Attribution (CC-BY 4.0)</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8dc42f96354e8c1856bf154ba78c4068.jpg b062ce37126fa124d2920808be03cde0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Temple B'nai Israel Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Temple B'nai Israel (Muskegon, Mich.) Description An account of the resource Collection of photographs, scrapbooks, programs, minutes, and other records of the Temple B'nai Israel in Muskegon, Michigan. The collection was created as part of the L'dor V'dor project directed by Dr. Marilyn Preston, and was supported by grants from the Kutsche Office of Local History and Michigan Humanities Council. Original materials were digitized by the University Libraries and returned to the synagogue. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital objects were contributed by Temple B'nai Israel as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Scrapbooks Synagogues Women--Societies and clubs Minutes (Records) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Preston, Marilyn Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Text Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1920s-2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-08_Leo-Rosen_Sam-Klayf_Unidentified_Man_Digging_1946 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B'nai Israel Temple Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Title A name given to the resource Digging man Description An account of the resource A picture of three men, Leeo Rosen, Sam Klayf, and an unidentified man. One man is digging. Subject The topic of the resource Jews--United States Muskegon (Mich.) Portraits, Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by the B'nai Israel Temple as part of the L'dor V'dor project. Relation A related resource L'dor V'dor (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d0ea083c5353b9112883f2736f4182b5.jpg ebd39064348ac1080c52d72130956d9a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00157 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1921 Title A name given to the resource Dike of Yellow River at high water Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a masonry dike along the Yellow River in China at high water. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides China Yellow River (China) Dikes (Engineering) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ea1025f42a37ae61b4a1bd04ac9c0336.jpg d1f86d615cbe1d94e927c674781116bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00156 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1921 Title A name given to the resource Dike of Yellow River at low water Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a rocky riverbank and masonry dike along the Yellow River in China. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides China Yellow River (China) Dikes (Engineering) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/56718d0e1d890cb59ab7d78fc6749517.jpg 64b293e087bd834cbd15fe0c9e75342a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00160 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1918-1921 Title A name given to the resource Dike of Yellow River beach being closed Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a dike on the Yellow River being closed. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides China Yellow River (China) Dikes (Engineering) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives