265 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d6d772d57a4c3ecee7210a42213f5c33.jpg 3ace0a1090bfaf232887fcc914ed2497 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000357 Title A name given to the resource Dedication of the Lubbers Stadium Description An account of the resource Dedication of the Lubbers Stadium, Sept., 1979 Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Students Events Sports Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/00a712af74b3a4f472cd60f183f97d34.jpg 44799393dbf508de94f9c4ec963f90d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_001004 Title A name given to the resource Dedication of the Pat Manning boat Description An account of the resource Dedication of the Pat Manning boat, November 2, 1974. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/eb7113f1e0d75dddf152201acfe0f755.jpg 3fb835086609f2d59182e108165c001f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Valley State University Photographs Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photographs Universities and colleges Michigan Grand Rapids (Mich.) Allendale (Mich.) Building Facilities Dormitories Students Events 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Description An account of the resource People, places, and events of Grand Valley State University from its founding in 1960 as a 4-year college in western Michigan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource News & Information Services. University Communications Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">News &amp; Information Services. University Photographs. (GV012-01)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-03 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s-2000s Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Local Subject Subject headings specific to a particular image collection 1970s Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/41">University photographs, GV012-01</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-01_UAPhotos_000339 Title A name given to the resource Dedication of Zumberge Library Description An account of the resource Zumberge Day dedication of Zumberge Library. Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University Michigan Allendale (Mich.) Universities and colleges Events Facilities Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives black and white photo https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5c5317cc5502ed69ff9befe86f52da24.pdf dbf5dda4c1d1683cbcde7102c006eb12 PDF Text Text DEDICATION 198 8 AVENUE OF THE RIGHTEOUS AT THE EVANSTON CIVIC CENTER 2100 RIDGE AVE. ON SEPTEMBER 18, 1988 4:00 P.M. �OPENING PRAYER REVEREND A P. WEATHERBY, CHRIST UNITED METHODIST CHURCH, DEERFIELD STATEMENT OF PURPOSE RABBI HAROLD L. KUDAN AM SHALOM CONGREGATION, GLENCOE STATUS REPORT ON THE AVENUE OF THE RIGHTEOUS ROBERr ARMBRUSTER, PRESIDENT AVENUE OF THE RIGHTEOUS EDUCATIONAL PROCESS SHARON MORrON, DIRECTOR OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AM SHALOM CONGREGATION, GLENCOE MAUREEN ROIN, DESCRIPTION OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARY, THE SELECTION AVENUE OF THE RIGHTEOUS PROCESS ''. .. THEY WERE, FOR THE MOST' PART, DEDICATION OF TREES SEEMINGLY ORDINARY MEN AND TO HONOR THE RIGHTEOUS WOMEN WHO COULD NOT ACCEPT THAT THERE WAS NOTHING THEY COULD DO" • ALBINA KUSEK (POLAND) HARWOOD HEIGHTS, IL OWEN THOMA5, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, EVANSTON HUMAN RELATIONS COMMISSION • THE PEOPLE OF LE CHAMBONTHE VERY REVEREND DOUGLA5 SPENCE SUR-LIGNON, FRANCE Acceptance by: JAMES TROCME, TRINITY EPISCOPAL CHURCH, HIGHLAND PARK NORrHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, GRANDSON OF REVEREND AND MAGDA TROCME, LEADERS OF THE FRENCH RESISTANCE "THE FOILING OF HAMAN'S PLAN" DR. ANDRE M. LA COCQUE, PROFESSOR CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY DIRECTOR OF JEWISH CHRISTIAN STUDIES NATIONAL CO-CHAIRPERSON, NATIONAL INTER-RELIGIOUS TA5K FORCE FOR SOVIET JEWRY CLOSING PRAYER SR. ANNA MARIE ERST, SHCJ, DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CATHOLIC-JEWISH EDUCATION In case of rain, the Dedication Ceremonies will be held at First United Methodist Church of Evanston, 1630 Hinman Avenue, Evanston �"TO THE RIGHTEOUS AMONG THE NATIONS WHO ENDANGERED THEIR LIVES TO SAVE JEWISH VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST (1933-1945.)" THE REVEREND ANDRE AND MAGDA TROCME LE CHAMBON-SUR-LIGNON, HAUTE-LOIRE, FRANCE "Le Chambon-sur-Lignon is situated on a high plateau surrounded by rugged mountains in south-central France. It is a place where the winters are very long and very cold. But there, in that little village, during World War II, the climate of the heart was warm, for it was in Le Chambon that people fleeing from the Nazis were welcome and found a place of refuge. Adults as well as children were cared for by people in the village and by peasants from the surrounding countryside. Jewish children taken from interment camps like Gurs and Rivesaltes, were hidden and helped by these good people. There, Jewish children went to school and had their lessons together with non-Jewish children from the area. They played tug-of-war and other games. They had a pig named Adolf. The people of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon not only resisted the Nazis, they resisted the policies of their own country, Vichy France." PIERRE SAUVAGE from "The Courage to Care'' Carol Rittner, R.S.M. and Sondra Myers, Editors. The leaders of this resistance were a Protestant minister and his wife, Andre and Magda Trocme. As Magda Trocme said, later, the issue was: "Do you think we are all brothers or not? Do you think it is unjust to turn in the Jews or not? Then let us try to help!" DENNIS PRZYBYSZEWSKA AND ALBINA PRZYBYSZWSKA KUSEK STYDYN, POLAND Albina and Dennis Przybyszewska lived in a small town in Fbland called Stydyn. They were trying to survive during the difficult times of the Nazi occupation. When the Nazis began to take Jews away to murder them, Albina and her husband took several young Jews into their home in the hope of saving them. In May of 1943 a young Jewish couple and her sister were hidden in their home. The sister, Ito, had gone to another village when the Ukranians under German command attacked the house. The young couple were killed and Dennis Przybyszewska was taken away and subsequently killed. Albina ran to another village. She returned later and saw what had happened and so did Ito. Ito went to another place temporarily but they met again in July of 1943 in Sarny where they were all being deported to labor camps in Germany. Ito was with another young Jewish girl Batia. When during the processing for departure to Germany the officials called out the name Przybyszewska the people who stepped forward were Albina, her mother, her two young daughters (Barbara and Jadwiga), Ito and Batia. From that point on, in Fbland and during their entire stay in Germany until the end of the war, with many terrifying incidents, they lived together as one family. The two surviving women, one now living in Canada and one in Israel are forever grateful for Albina's determination to save them. Albina has been a resident of the Chicago area for many years and we are proud to have the opportunity to honor her, and also her husband, Dennis, who died trying to save others. �SPONSORS Am Shalom Congregation, Glencoe Am Yisroel, Northfield Beth Emet Synagogue, Evanston Beth Hillel, Wilmette B'Nai Torah, Highland Fork Cathol ic Theological Union, Chicago Christ Church, Winnetka Christ United Methodist Church, Deerfield Church of Christ, Wilmette Church of Jesus Christ of lotter-Day Saints, Wilmette Common Ground, Deerfield Community Church of Wilmette Congregation B'Nai Tikvah, Deerfield Congregation Solel, Highland Fork Evanston, Ecumenical Action Council Evanston Human Relations Comm ission Evanston Min isters Alliance Faith, Hope and Charity Church, Winnetka First Baptist Church, Evanston First Congregational Church of Wilmette First Congregational Church, Evanston First Presbyterian Church, Deerfield First Presbyterian Church, Evanston First Presbyterian Church, Wilmette First United Methodist Church, Evanston Glencoe Baha'i Community Glencoe Public Schools Highland Fork Presbyterian Church Immanuel Lutheran Church, Evanston Jewish Reconstructionist Synagogue, Evanston Mikdosh El Hagro Hebrew Center, Evanston Mount Zion Baptist Church Evanston North Shore United Methodist Church, Glencoe North Suburban Synagogue Beth El, Highland Fork Sacred Heart Church. Winnetka St. Athanasius Roman Catholic Church, Evanston St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, Wilmette SI. Francis Xavier Church, Wilmette St. John's Lutheran Church, Wilmette St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Wilmette St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Evanston St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Evanston St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church, Evanston Skokie Valley Baptist Church, Wilmette Temple Jeremiah, Northfield Trinity Church of the North Shore, Wilmette Trinity Episcopal Church, Highland Fork Trinity United Church of Christ, Deerfield Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Chicago Unitarian Church of Evanston Unitarian-Universalist Church, Wilmette U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, Washington. DC. Wilmette Baha 'i Community Wilmette Lutheran Church Wi nnetka Congregational Church Winnetka Interfaith Counci l Winnetka Public Schools SPECIAL THANKS TO: The City of Evanston and Donald J. Wirth, Dir. of Forks, Recreation & Forestry for City of Evanston Frederick W. Gullen, Evanston Recreation Dept. A MESSAGE FROM ELIE WIESEL The Holocaust is at the mercy of human memory. Your project to remember the Holocaust and also to honor the Righteous Gentiles is important, very important. What is memory if not a response to and against indifference? And who are the Righteous Gentiles if not those who by their actions - sometimes large, more often small - proved that it was possible for a person to remain human in an inhuman time, that it was possible to help Jews during the Holocaust? The Avenue of the Righteous, at Yad Vashem in Israel, and now the Avenue of the Righteous here in Illinois, must help us to remember and to learn. Never again must Jews - must any people - who are in danger feel abandoned. Remember: it is always possible to help one mother, one child, one person. SEPTEMBER 20, 1987 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Termaat, Adriana B. (Schuurman) Termaat, Peter N. Description An account of the resource Collection contains genealogical, personal, and family papers and photographs documenting the lives and interests of Adriana and Peter Termaat. The bulk of the materials are related to family history and genealogical research carried out by the Termaats, including research notes and materials about places in the Netherlands that were significant to the Termaat and Schuurman families, such as the city of Alkmaar. Other materials in the collection are related to the Termaats' experiences on the eve of and during the Second World War, especially the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Termaats' participation in organized resistance to the Nazis. Also included are materials that document the family's post-war life in the United States, including their public efforts to recognize, commemorate, and honor people and events significant to World War II. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1869 - 2012 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection, RHC-144</a> Subject The topic of the resource Netherlands Netherlands--History--German occupation, 1940-1945 World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945 -- Underground movements -- Netherlands Dutch Dutch Americans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Image Type The nature or genre of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng nl Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-144_Termaat_AWD_1988-10-18-Dedication-Avenue-of-the-Righteous Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-10-18 Title A name given to the resource Dedication, 1988 Description An account of the resource Program for the dedication at Avenue of the Righteous, Chicago. Subject The topic of the resource Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/719">Adriana B. and Peter N. Termaat collection (RHC-144)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/46262e957e976b53918abd434e6bbc4b.jpg 95eee9104a1e0c19816eee6be5cb6c28 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00319 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1935 Title A name given to the resource Deep burial Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of an excavated burial site. The lantern is labeled "Deep skeleton, uppermost section." Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Uyak Bay (Alaska) Archaeology Excavation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/57f00c708d5278cdfbd5aa79cb712d7b.jpg d5a6d584e7ee5ed2f7d4fb410ea8fad5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert H. Merrill photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909/1950 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-222 Description An account of the resource Photographs, negatives, and lantern slides digitized from the papers of engineer and archaeologist Robert H. Merrill. A Grand Rapids native, Merrill held an accomplished career as a civil engineer. He founded the company Spooner & Merrill, which held offices in Grand Rapids and Chicago. From 1919-1921, Merrill lived in China, working as Assistant Principal Engineer on a reconstruction of the Grand Canal - the oldest and longest canal system in the world. Merrill became fascinated by archaeology, and among other projects, he traveled to the Uxmal Pyramids in Yucatan, Mexico, with a research expedition from Tulane University. Merrill's photo collection includes images of his travels and projects, friends and family. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Merrill_LS00310 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1935 Title A name given to the resource Deep fire place Description An account of the resource Black and white lantern slide of a "deep fireplace" at the Uyak Bay site. Subject The topic of the resource Lantern slides Uyak Bay (Alaska) Archaeology Excavation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert H. Merrill papers (RHC-222) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Merrill, Robert H., 1881-1955 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/57a8b4c7d8751a7a04b43ffec3328e60.jpg a82e3cb961e9f39411bf83750c1d6de7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Seidman Rare Books. PR6003.U23 D44 1902 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0388 Title A name given to the resource Deep-Sea Plunderings Description An account of the resource Binding of Deep-Sea Plunderings, by Frank T Bullen, published by D. Appleton and Company, 1902. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1902 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a23d1c3aef3e97aef90a77f964e2fd3a.pdf 9d8dd30dcef3e5cf65f9e1919d0be3f2 PDF Text Text ----------~------------~~__;;."•'e, I ~......, IELD " ' , DEERF TOWNSHII?: ·.' ·t - -:_;_, ,. r(.: ,,l, ·,. J . - 'f!rf, r· \,,_ ~. '1 t i . ., .,,, , '.~ tt ' ' . . ·.-,....... '"'"'; ' t,.. ·• ' . ~~·i,-:)r, -~ II ,, III 12 -~=---1----~ ' ' ··• . ,I i • ,. ___ ;..,. ' ' 21 I II -30 ~ '2e'1 • 27 II I • I ' I ~, I ',, ' ~I 1994 .,,,,. ('. .f �DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Prepared By: Deerfield Township Planning Commission and Township Board of Trustees Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Road Lansing, Ml 48917 (517)886-0555 and Landplan, Inc. 4211 Okemos Rd. Suite# 15 Okemos, Ml 48864 (517)347-2120 Adopted July 21, 1994 �DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES Robert Miller, Supervisor Harold Williams, Treasurer Nancy Laier, Clerk Read Dunn, Trustee Don Tinson, Trustee DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION Read Dunn, Chairperson Scot Runyan Karen Clute Robert Birney Phyllis Grannan Carolyn Kelley Garry Johnston With the Assistance of: Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 302 S. Waverly Road Lansing, Ml 48917 (517)886-0555 Carolyn Freebury Kelly Gettle Linda Beck Mark A. Wyckoff, AICP Brenda M. Moore, AICP Timothy McCauley Mark A. Eidelson, AICP Landplan, Inc. 4211 Okemos Rd. Suite 15 Okemos, Ml 48864 (517)347-2120 �,- . TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Introduction Plan Purpose ............................................................................................................................1-1 Plan Contents and How to Use the Plan ................................................................................... 1-1 P.lan Preparation .......................................................................................................................1-2 Chapter 2 - Community Character Introduction .....................................................................................:........................................ 2-1 Demographic Summary ............................................................................................................ 2-1 Open Space .............................................................................................................................2-2 Natural Resources Summary ....................................................................................................2-2 Existing Land Use Patterns .......................................................................................................2-3 Visual Landscape Areas ...........................................................................................................2-4 Critical Trends ..........................................................................................................................2-7 Chapter 3 - A Common Vision: Goals & Objectives Vision Statement ......................................................................................................................3-1 Definition of Goals, Objectives, and Policies .............................................................................3-2 How the Goals & Objectives Evolved ........................................................................................3-2 Goals & Objectives ...................................................................................................................3-2 Chapter 4- Future Land Use Strategy Introduction and Purpose ..........................................................................................................4-1 Overview of the Future Land Use Strategy ...............................................................................4-1 Individual Components of the Future Land Use Strategy ...........................................................4-2 Commercial and Industrial Development ...........•..........................................•..........................4-11 Public Lands ...........................................................................................................................4-12 Recreation Lands ...................................................................................................................4-13 Special Land Uses ..................................................................................................................4-13 Principal Road Corridors .........................................................................................................4-14 Chapter 5 - Public Services Strategy Introduction and Purpose ..........................................................................................................5-1 Overview of Public Services Strategy .......................................................................................5-1 Individual Public Service Components ......................................................................................5-2 Intergovernmental Coordination .................... ;: ..........................................................................5-9 Appendix A Location and Geography.......................................................................................................... A-1 ~ ' Appendix B Historic Perspective ................................................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C · Physical Profile - Natural Features ........................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D Physical Profile - Land Use/Cover, Public Services and Facilities ............................................. D-1 Appendix E Demographic Profile ................................................................................................................ E-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �I LIST OF MAPS .., Map 2-1 Visual Character Inventory .......................•........................................................................2-6 Map 4-1 Future Land Use ...............................................................................................................4-5 APPENDICES Map C-1 Steep Slopes Map C-2 Drains Map C-3 Watersheds Map C-4a Soil Types-South - Half Map C-4b Soil Types-North - Half Map C-5 Limitations for Septic Systems Map C-6 Limitations for Basements Map C-7 Most Suitable Soils Map C-8 Hydric Soils Map C-9 Prime Farmland Soils Map C-1 0 Woodlands Map C-11 Wetlands Map C-12 Groundwater Vulnerability Map D-1a Land Cover/Use - South Half Map D-1b Land Cover/Use - North Half Map D-2 Land Cover/Use Map D-3 PA 116 Farmlands Map D-4 Land Use by Parcel - Tax Class Map D-5 Roadway Classification (Act 51) Map D-6 School Districts Map D-7 Public Facilities Map 0-8 WaterWells DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I' �LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Planning Process ...........................................................................................................1-2 Figure 4-1 Development Flexibility Through •Average Development Density• and Resulting Open Space Benefits .................................................................................................................4-3 Figure A-1 ..................................................................................................................................... A-1 Figure A-2 ...................................................................................................................................... A-1 Figure A-3 ...................................................................................................................................... A-1 Figure D-1 Example of Lot Split Evolution ...................................................................................... D-3 Figure D-2 State Equalized Value 1982 - 1991 ............................................................................... D-7 Figure D-3 Allocations of Local Property Taxes - 1991 ................................................................... D-8 Figure E-1 Population Growth Trend-Deerfield Township and Area Communities ........................... E-4 Figure E-2 Population Growth Trend-Livingston County: 1900 - 1990 ............................................. E-5 Figure E-3 Population Growth Trend-Livingston County and Deerfield Township ............................ E-6 Figure E-4 Persons Per Square Mile-Deerfield Township and Livingston County ............................ E-7 Figure E-5 Median Age Distribution 1970 - 1990 ............................................................................ E-8 Figure E-6 Age/Sex Distribution by Percent-Deerfield Township: 1980 ........................................... E-9 Figure E-7 Age/Sex Distribution for Deerfield Township: 1990 ...................................................... E-1 0 Figure E-8 School Enrollment by District 1971 - 1990................................................................... E-11 Figure E-9 Number of Households-Deerfield Township 1960 - 1990 ............................................. E-12 Figure E-10 Person Per Household 1970- 1990 .......................................................................... E-13 Figure E-11 Percent of Workers by Industry, Employment by Sector Livingston County: 1980 & 1990 ........................................................... E-14 Figure E-12 Percent of Workers by Industry, Deerfield Township: 1980 & 1990 ........................... E-15 Figure E-13 Unemployment Rates, Deerfield Township & Livingston County: 1982 -1991 ........... E-16 ~ - • / M DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �I LIST OFTABLES Table 4-1 Development Densities by Use Area ...............................................................................4-2 Table 5-1 Perceived Road Condition by Number of Daily Car Trips .................................................5-3 Table C-1 Climatic Information ....................................................................................................... C-1 Table C-2 Lakes 10 Acres or Larger .............................................................................................. C-2 Table C-3 Soils Map Units Table C-4 Woodland Use/Cover Codes in Deerfield Township ................ , ...................................... C-6 Table C-5 Wetland Use/Cover Codes .•.....................................................•.................................... C-7 Table D-1 24 Hour Traffic Volumes ................................................................................................ D-4 Table D-2 State Equalized Value 1982 - 1991 ................................................................................ D-7 Table E-1 Historic Population ....................................................-..................................................... E-4 Table E-2 Historic Population, Livingston County, 1900 - 1990 ....................................................... E-5 Table E-3 Percent Increase in Population ...................................................................................... E-6 Table E-4 Persons Per Square Mile ............................................................................................... E-7 Table E-5 Median Age ................................................................................................................... E-8 Table E-6 Age/Sex Distribution by Percent-Deerfield Township: 1980 ..........•................................. E-9 Table E-7 Age/Sex Distnbution by Percent-Deerfield Township: 1990 .......................................... E-10 Table E-8 School Enrollment by District 1971 -1990 .................................................................... E-11 Table E-9 Number of Households 1960 -1990 ............................................................................. E-12 Table E-1 0 Persons Per Household 1970 -1990 ......................•....................••............................. E-13 Table E-11 Percent of Workers by Industry, Employment by Sector Livingston County: 1980 & 1990 ....................•...................................... E-14 Table E-12 Percent of Workers by Industry, Deerfield Township 1980 & 1990 ............................. E-15 Table E-13 Unemployment Rates, Deerfield Township & Livingston County 1982-1991 ............. E-16 , ~ Ill DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN \ �Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION PLAN PURPOSE • to promote an orderly development process which is paced in coordination with the Township's ability to provide services and which permits public officials and citizens an opportunity to monitor change and review proposed development in a reasonable manner; and The purpose of this Plan is to guide policy and decision making for all future land and infrastructure development decisions within Deerfield Township. Within the Plan, key planning issues are identified; goats, objectives and policies are outlined; future land uses are described and mapped; public facility standards are established; and implementation measures are recommended. • to provide information from which to gain a better understanding of the Township and its interdependencies and interrelationships, and upon which to base future land use and public investment decisions. This Plan is adopted pursuant to the authority of the Township Planning Act, PA 168 of 1959. This Act provides for the preparation of a "basic plan" to promote community health, safety, and welfare through provisions for the use of land and resources and the assurance of adequate public facilities and services. The Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan is a "basic plan." It is prepared as a foundation for, and depends primarily on, the Township's zoning ordinance, and the subsequent adoption of subdivision regulations and a capital improvement program for effective . . implementation. Although this Plan states land use development policy -and proposes land use arrangements, it has no regulatory power. PLAN CONTENTS and HOW TO USE THE PLAN There are three critical components to using this plan as a decision making guide. First, are the goals and objectives in Chapter 3. Second, are the policies, future land use map, public facilities plan and associated descriptive information presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Third, is the supporting documentation found in Appendices A-E which draws directly from previous planning and engineering studies. All proposed future land uses and policies presented in this Plan were developed based on a blending of the natural capability of the land to sustain certain types of development; the important natural tune. tions played by unique land and water resources in the area; the relative future need for residential, commercial, and industrial land uses; the existing land use distribution; the relationship of undeveloped lands to existing community character. and the desires of local residents and public officials as expressed through interviews, town meetings, and public hearings. This Plan is presented to help all elected and appointed officials to make difficult choices between competing interests and to serve as a guide for decision making. It is anticipated that this Plan will be used and consulted in the following situations: • Preparation of Updated Zoning Regulations: This Plan is intended as support for the achievement of the following public objectives, among others: This Plan charts a new purposeful future for Deerfield Township. Its success will be largely dependent upon effective zoning provisions to implement the policies of the Plan. The Plan serves as the guide or foundation upon which new zoning provisions should be based and drafted. • to protect public health, safety and general welfare; • Review of rezonlngs, variances, and special use permits: Applications for rezonings, vari- ances, or special use permits should be eval~ated not only in terms of specific zoning ordinance standards, but also in terms of how well the proposed action would help attain the goals and objectives of this Plan (Chapter Three) and fulfill its policies (Chapters 4 and 5). • to conserve and protect property values by preventing incompatible uses from locating adjacent to each other; • to protect and preserve the natural resources, unique character, and environmental quality of the area; 1-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �I • Public Improvement projects: All future public improvement projects, including the construction of new facilities, utilities or buildings, should first be reviewed by the Planning Commission for consistency with this Plan, pursuant to PA 168 of 1959. In particular, such projects should be reviewed to determine consistency with the goals, objectives and policies in the Plan (Chapter 3), and whether they support the planned future land use pattern anct public services in the Township as set forth in this Plan (Chapter 4 & 5). Township's rural character, open spaces, farmland, and natural resources; maintain the gravel road n~ work, limit future growth and development, and mi ~ mize future taxes. The combined results of the Murin~ session, an analysis of economic and demographic trends, and mapping analysis, were used to determine the issues to be addressed by the Comprehensive Plan. Fl ure 1-1 Plannin • Review of land subdivision and lot splits: The subdivision of land and associated lot split activities has a profound impact upon the character of a community and future public service needs and tax burdens. This Plan provides policies to assist the Planning Commission and Township Board regarding decisions about the appropriateness of proposed subdivisions and lot splits, and the adequacy of public services to address the increased demands associated with th_ese subdivisions and lot splits. Process Data Collection and Mapping • Township stability: This Plan is a strong and visible statement by the Township and its residents regarding the intended future character of the community and strategies to assure that character. As a formal and tangible document, this Plan instms a sense of stability and direction for Township officials, Township residents, and Township activities. Draft Goals and Objectives Goals and Objectives Refined at Town Meeting r. , Draft Alternative Development Patterns Town Meeting PLAN PREPARATION Draft Comprehensive Plan The Planning Process The planning process used in developing the Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan included a combination of Planning Commission meetings with attendance by members of the Township Board, computerized mapping, data analysis, development of alternative development schemes, four town meetings, and a public hearing. The planning process is represented graphically in Figure 1-1. Public Hearing on Plan At the first •town meeting• in January of 1993, an overview of current economic and demographic trends and Issues was presented, and a •tuturing• session was conducted in which citizens of Deerfield Township were asked to visualize Deerfield Township 10-20 years in the future as they wanted it to be. This resulted in citizens articulating their vision and desires for their community. Key issues which surfaced during this town meeting included the preservation of the Draft goals and objectives were developed from the public vision statements generated at the first town meeting and were presented at the second town meeting in April of the same year. Following refinement of the goals and objectives with input from t~ 1-2 OEERFI ELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN - �Chapter 2 COMMUNITY CHARACTER INTRODUCTION in size today throughout the Township, approximately half of the Township land area is characterized by lots of 40 acres or less in size, the majority of which are ten acres or smaller in size. Deerfield Township is a rural community situated on the fringe of the Greater Detroit Metropolitan Area. The expanding growth and sprawl of the suburbs from the Detroit area has already been witnessed by many residents in the Township . The Township's farming and open space atmosphere, in conjunction with easy access to these employment and retail centers in the Detroit Metro Area as well as the urban centers of Flint and Ann Arbor, make the Township attractive for development. The northern areas of Bennett Lake and the periphery of Lake Shannon have evolved as the most densely developed areas in the Township, consisting largely of platted subdivisions and similar neighborhood type development patterns. DEMOGRAPHIC SUMMARY Between 1980 and 1990, the Township's population increased by nearly 15% and reached a total population of 3,000 persons. This growth has occurred within and among the Township's extensive natural amenities including rolling terrain, inland lakes, streams, woodlots, wetlands, expansive farmlands and open spaces. (See Appendix A for more information on location and geography). Though Deerfield Township is generally characterized by relatively dispersed development, it has nonethe-less increased in population by nearly 75% between 1970 and 1990, and 15% between 1980 and 1990. While the population increase of the 1980's (15%) seems relatively small, it is much greater than the state's growth rate during the same period (less than 1%). By the year 2010 the Township's population is anticipated to reach 3,921; an additional 31% increase over the 1990 population figure (according to the Livingston County Planning Department). A substantial amount of residential development has occurred in Deerfield since 1970, with the addition of 242 dwelling units between 1970 and 1980 and an additional 131 units added between 1980 and 1990, resulting in a total count of 1,053 dwelling units in 1990. The years 1991 through 1993 (thru October) witnessed the issuance of 107 new residential building permits. State equalized value (SEV) attributed to residential development increased by 62% between 1982 and 1991, increasing from $26.2 million to $42.5 million. Commercial land values showed little change in the same time period. The SEV for agricultural lands in the Township rose by 15% from $7.1 million to 8.3 million. Overall, the Township's SEV increased by 49% between 1982 and 1991 . With the increase in population has come an increase in population density (persons per square mile). In 1900, Deerfield Township had 23.9 persons per square mile. By 1960, it had increased to 30.6, and it increased to nearly 80 by 1990. The greatest increases in population densities have focused in the Bennett Lake and Lake Shannon areas. Although minority populations have increased slightly since 1980, the Township's population is relatively homogeneous; with 99.3% of the population being white. Additionally, most of the households in Deerfield are comprised of married-couple families (74.5% of all households) and 95.6% of the housing units are single family. A growing market for residential development has spurred a large number of parcel splits in ·the Township . Average parcel size in the Township in 1930 was in excess of 80 acres. Between 1971 and 1980, there was a marked increase in the number of lot splits than in the previous four decades as ten acres lot splits began to predominate in many areas of the Township, particularly in the southern half of the Township. The ten acre lot splits have continued over the years as now nearly all areas of the Township reflect such a pattern to one degree or another. While there are still a substantial number of parcels of 80 acres or greater The age structure of Deerfield Township suggests maturing families with children and relatively low numbers of persons 65 years and over. Median age in the Township is slightly lower than that of the County and State averages, which suggests the presence of aging "baby boomers"who are now rearing families. 2-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �While the number of persons per household in the Township (3.11) is higher than the State (2.66) and County (2.94), household size has decreased since 1980. This parallels state and national trends toward smaller families, childless couple families, and more single-parent households. in only a few areas have pastoral vistas have been replaced with strip residential development pattern~ The extent to which open spaces have been pr( served is due more to the limited population, the type of growth and development in the Township, expansive agricultural lands, and individual property owner commitment to protection of these open spaces, rather than a purposeful regulatory program aimed at effective conservation of these areas. Deerfield Towns hip is also a relatively wealthy community in that the per capita income has increased at a faster rate than the state's. Between 1979 and 1989 Deerfield's per capita income increased approximately 108% while the state's increased approximately 84% in that same time period. Since per capita income figures are derived by taking total income and dividing it by every adult and child, it is especially significant that Deerfield's per capita income remains high despite a larger household size. Another measure of wealth in a community is the median value of housing stock and the rate of home ownership. Deerfield Township has a higher owner-occupied median housing value than the state ($83,100 vs. $60,600). Of all the housing units in the Township, 89% are owner-occupied. The state rate of homeownership is approximately 74%. · However, if past trends and development pressures continue, the future of these open spaces will become more in doubt. The provisions of the Township's current zoning ordinance do little to aggressively protect farmlands or the Township's rural character and open spaces. Without intervention, the random land use pattern which has evolved in the Township will worsen and, along with the unregulated lot splits permitted under the Subdivision Control Act (creation of four lots under 1O acres in size every ten years) will lead more and more to the insidious conversion of these open spaces. NATURAL RESOURCES SUMMARY Deerfield Township's population is a commuting population; the average travel time to work for Deerfield residents was 31.3 minutes in 1990. Workers commute primarily to the Detroit metro-area, and Genesee and Washtenaw counties. As in 1980, the majority of Deerfield Township's labor force in 1990 was employed in manufacturing and service sectors of the economy. Topography and Watercourses Most of Deerfield Township is characterized b~ rolling topography. Few areas in the Township are fl[" 1 and many areas of the Township exhibit grades approaching 10% or greater. Many of the steepest slopes, some exceeding 18%, are found along the Township's drainage corridors. The highest elevations in the Township are in the southeast quadrant of the Township and the Township falls in elevation to the north and west. For a more detailed overview of Deerfield Township's demographics, see Appendix E. There are four principal watercourses in the Township, each flowing in a south to north direction. North Ore Creek and the south branch of the Shiawassee River are situated in the Township's northeast and northwest quadrants, respectively. Cranberry Creek flows through the central regions of the Township while the Yellow River Drain flows though the western half of the Township. OPEN SPACE Open spaces are as much a fundamental part of Deerfield Township's character as are the residents of the Township. Extensive open spaces exist throughout all areas of the Township, including wetlands, woodlands, agricultural fields, shrub and herbaceous fields, and rolling hillsides. It is the extensive open spaces. which so dramatically shape the character of the Township, provide endless panoramic vistas and natural resource systems, and document the strong ties between the Township's early settlement days and the Township today. Lakes Deerfield Township has numerous lakes ranging in size from less than 1 acre to approximately 180 acres, and total over 880 acres in area (see Map C-2). The majority of the Township's larger lakes are situated in the northern two-thirds of the Township. Most significant of the Township's lakes include Bennett Lake, Lake Shannon, Ryan Lake, Indian Lake, and Lou~ Lake. There are several lake chains in the Townshi~- - The integrity of the Township's open spaces has largely been preserved over the years. Natural resource systems have been generally undisturbed and 2-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �- comprised of lakes in close proximity to one another and connected through rivers, creeks, or drains. These include the Louis/Lamb/Root Lakes chain in the central region of the Township and the BennetVLobdell Lakes chain in the Township's northeast corner. The BennetVLobdell Lakes chain is part of an extensive chain of lakes and wetlands areas which stretches east across Tyrone Township. Wetlands Deerfield Township has a significant amount of wetlands. Most of the wetland areas of the Township consist of shrub swamps and low-lying woodlands (see Map C-11 ). Wetlands are concentrated primarily along the Township's water courses and lakes. There are several extensive wetland areas in the Township, each approaching 300 acres in size or greater, including wetlands associated with Bennett Lake/North Ore Creek and Indian Lake. Many of the wetlands may not be covered with water year-round. The Township's wetlands contribute to the natural beauty of its watercourses and lakes, as well as serve important flood control, water purification, and wildlife habitat roles. The larger Township lakes reflect varying degrees of development. Lake Shannon, along the southeast edge of the Township, has been fully developed with residential subdivisions and is the most developed of the lakes. While the north side of Bennett Lake in the Township's northeast corner reflects the greatest lake development intensities in the Township, the south includes extensive areas of wetlands and only limited developable areas. Similarly, while the east side of Ryan Lake has been developed residentially, approximately half of the lake's remaining shoreline is characterized by wetlands, with woodlands and open fields accounting for the balance of the lake's shoreline areas. The remaining lakes of the Township have experienced only limited development if any at all. A seasonal recreational vehicle campground has been developed on both Indian Lake and Louis Lake. As might be expected, the visual character of the lake areas in the Township has been significantly altered with the onset and expansion of development. Most of the land surrounding smaller"lakes (20 acres or less) in Deerfield Township remains undeveloped. Agricultural Land Deerfield Township has extensive agricultural lands approaching 10,000 acres. These lands are largely characterized by extensive areas of prime farmland soils. More than two thirds of the Township's farmlands are situated in the eastern half of the Township, and the majority of these farmlands are along Argentine Road or within one mile of this primary transportation corridor. The acreages of these farmlands typically vary from 40 acres to 200 acres and more. The majority of the land being farmed today is owned by the family operating the farm, although approximately 2,000 acres of additional farmland is being leased for farm use by farm families. Farming has always been the foundation of the Township and continues to be the dominant land use aside from natural open spaces. The farmlands lend significantly to the diverse rural character of the area and provide open spaces to compliment the area's rolling hills. Woodlands The wooded areas of Deerfield Township substantially contribute to the picturesque rural character · of the area and are evident throughout all areas of the Township (see Map C-10). Most of these wooded areas are considerable in size, typically exceeding 80 contiguous acres. The most significant of these larger wooded areas are associated with Indian Lake and along the Township's western boundary, north of Hidden lake. Each woodland stand extends more than two miles in length, include wetland environments, and cover more than 600 acres. Though lowland hardwoods predominate throughout the Township's wetland areas, upland hardwoods are the predominant type of forest cover with only limited areas of conifers. These large tracts of woodlands are an essential element of wildlife habitats and the rural character of the Township. There are over 2,400 acres of land in Deerfield Township enrolled in the state's Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program. EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS The general land use character of Deerfield Township is one of open spaces. Just over 95% of the Township area is characterized by some form of open space. Agricultural alone comprises more ~ha~ 40% of the Township area and woodlands compn~e JU~t ov~r 23%. Agriculture in Deerfield Township Is pnm~nly crop farming but includes a significant amount of hv~ stock farming as well. The principal farming are~s in the Township follow the Argentine Road comdor. Open fields, including shrub and herbaceou_s lands account for approximately 21% of the Township area. Urban development comprises less than 5% of the Township area with residential development account2-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• ing for the vast majority of the urban development in the Township. The Bennett Lake and Lake Shannon areas are the most intensively developed residential areas in the Township, consisting of residential developments where lot sizes typically range between 1/4 to 3/4 acres in size. The Bennett lake and Lake Shannon Lake areas account for more than 400 of the approximately 1;100 dwelling units in the Township in 1993. Thus, approximately 36% of the Township's dwelling units cover less than 2% of the Township area. The balance and vast majority of the Township's residential development is comprised primarily of large lot residences of 5 and 1O acre parcels. There are no apartment buildings or other multiple family structures in the Township. Commercial and industrial development is very limited in the Township. There are approximately a dozen small scale commercial facilities including a restaurant, bar, bakery, dog kennels, auto repair shops, and convenience stores. The commercial facilities are scattered throughout the Township though many are situated along Argentine Road and Bennett Lake Road. Though land near Argentine and Cohoctah Roads is zoned for industrial use and there are several small buildings of an industrial character, the buildings and site improvements reflect comparatively limited investment and the current use of the land is not certain though limited car sales and repair appear to take place. Argentine Road Farmland Corridor Possibly the most dominant of the landscapes µ-Deerfield Township is the Argentine Road Farmlar.,_ Corridor. Argentine Road is the most heavily traveled road in the Township, running the full length of the Township and cutting through the primary farming belt in the Township. Nearly all of the lands abutting this roadway corridor are in agricultural use, and those few which are not are either vacant or developed at very low densities (parcels of 5 to 20 acres in size). The resulting visual image is one of continuous open spaces dominated by crop and livestock farmland. The Argentine Road Farmland Corridor extends approximately one half to one mile east and west of Argentine Road. Nowhere else in the Township can one travel and be continuously exposed to the farming character of the Township. Satellite Farmland Area ~SUALLANDSCAPEAREAS The Satellite Farmland Area includes predominantly farming areas which, though not part of the Argentine Road Farmland Corridor Area, include areas of extensive and contiguous farmland. The expansiveness of these areas contribute to their uniqueness as a landscape type within the Township. This Area also includes a limited degree of low density residential development (generally 5 and 1O acre lots). Though farming is the predominant visual element in this Area wetlands and woodlands are visible throughout i' well. There are four Satellite Farmland Areas, all or which are in close proximity to the Argentine Road Farmland Corridor except for that Area in the far northwest comer of the Township. Overview Mixed Open Space Area The visual character of Deerfielc:I Township is one which reflects strong rural elements interlaced with limited features of suburbanization. Within this context however, there are a number of clearly identifiable landscapes arid Township regions which come together to create the unique community of Deerfielc:I Township. While there is probably little difference in local opinion about the description of Deerfielcl's visual character, .there may be cf1verse opinions about lines and boundaries which separate the variable landscapes in the Township. Below is one description of the landscapes of Deerfield Township. It is presented because of its utility in documenting the existing character of the Township, and because of the insight it provk::fes for land use planning purposes. The visual character assessment below k::fentifies six principal landscape areas in the Township and elaborates upon each. The landscape areas are illustrated in Map 2-1. The Mixed Open Space Areas are generally found adjacent to both sides of the Argentine Road Farmland Corridor. This Area is principally characterized by a mosaic of open space areas including farmlands, large lot residences, and vacant parcels. Woodlands and wetlands are the predominant visual element throughout this Area and account for the dominant character of parcels as large as 40 acres or more. These woodland and wetland areas are interspersed with farmlands approaching 80 acres or more in size and large lot residences generally comprising 5 and 1O acres. A significant portion of the Mixed Open Space Area includes the Oak Grove State Game Area in the western portion of the Township. 2-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �North Bennett Lake Area and the chain of lakes and wetlands of which it is an intrinsic part, is void of any significant development and acts as both a strong visual and environmental component of the Township as well as a natural barrier to the encroachment of development. It's presence is somewhat obscured by the fact that none of the Township's principal roads afford views or access to this Area. In fact, the best visual access to this expansive and beautiful area is in Tyrone Township from Linden Road. The North Bennett Lake Area ls dominated by the strongest suburban-like landscape in the Township. The North Bennett Lake Area is generally characterized by those lands north of Bennett Lake Road, extending to the north and east Township boundaries. There are numerous platted subdivisions in this Area as well as a mobile home park and several commercial developments, including vrs Grocery and Bakery, Twin Gardens Restaurant, and the Old Hickory Bar. The North Bennett lake Area accounts for more than 250 of the Township's approximately 1,100 dwelling units. Lake Shannon Area The Lake Shannon Area is the smallest of the landscape types by area and includes the shoreline areas of Lake Shannon. The Lake Shannon Area reflects a suburban character only slightly less intensive than the Bennett Lake Area. The entire lake area in Deerfield Township Is surrounded by residential development and this development pattern extends into the Township of Tyrone. There are approximately 150 residential lots in the Lake Shannon Area, the majority of which are between approximately 1/2 and 3/4 acres in size. Bennett Lake Wetlands Area The Bennett Lake Wetland Area deserves identification as a unique Township landscape area for two reasons. First, it is the most extensive area of wetlands in the Township covering nearly 300 acres in area and includes the primary lake area as well as the east end of Bennett lake which consist of numerous interconnected channels. Second, the Bennett Lake Wetland Area is the final stretch of a lake and wetland chain which extends east across the western portion of Tyrone Township. The Bennett Lake Wetland Area, • 2-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• Map 2-1 VISUAL CHARACTER INVENTORY ~ I I D. . ·...---· l 31 • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 32 ~ (: -- 3 J_j_ __ " Argentine Road Farmland Corridor Satelffte Farmf arid Area Mixed Open Space Area North Bennett Lake Area Bennett Lake Wetlands Area Lake Shannon Area 2-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �CRITICAL TRENDS permits lot splits of a minimum of 20 acres in its primary agricultural district. This type of zoning scheme though intended to protect farmlands, can in fact hav~ the reverse effect and result in the loss of thousands of acres of farmland for very low density residential d~velopment. As farming becomes less economically viable as a result of residential encroachment, there will be increasing pressure to rezone land to a residential zoning district and higher density residential development will follow. While all communities are going through a constant evolution in response to changes in economic, physical, social, and political patterns, Deerfield Township finds itself at a critical crossroads today. Though the Township has changed considerably since its early settlement days, the Township has largely maintained its expansive open spaces and agricultural lands. Similarly, its population has remained comparatively low. However, the ability of the Township to retain its current character over the next several decades is of far greater question than it was during its previous 100 year history. There are a number of critical trends and conditions which face the Township today and, depending upon how the Township chooses to address them, will dramatically shape the future character of the Township. - Development that does not accommodate unique natural characteristics (e.g., retention of native vegetation, slopes and wetlands) will alter the character of the Township over time. Groomed yards will replace native vegetation and wildlife habitat. Water quarrty in area lakes and streams will decrease as pesticides, lawn chemicals and other artificially introduced nutrients and/or contaminants reach the water. Those open spaces that may be preserved are apt to be fragmented and be far less functional and visual in the environment. Eventually, the Township will take on the appearance of a more urbanized suburb than a rural area. Deerfield Township has, up until recent times, escaped much of the development which has encroached upon its neighbors as the urban sprawl of the suburban Metropolitan Detroit Area continues to expand. However, this trend may well be changing as few townships in Livingston County significantly surpassed the growth rate experienced by Deerfield Township (14.9%) between 1980 and 1990. Continued growth and resulting land development has the tremendous potential to take away Deerfield Township's current rural and fafllling character and replace it with a suburban residential character, much like what has evolved in neighboring Tyrone Township and in response to which Tyrone Township has recently prepared a new Comprehensive Plan to address this same issue. This uncontrolled land development can be equally devastating to the Towns hip roadway network. The strip residential development pattern which could begin to dominate, and which existing but vacant lots have already paved the way for, will increase the number of residences accessing the primary roadways · directly and thereby continually shortening the distance between driveways. The result will be increased congestion, traffic hazards, and travel times and a complete transformation of the visual landscape. The visual character of the Township will be typified by a County roadway network lined with residences. The visual experience from the roadway will not provide any real sense of present and past rural character. The extensive gravel road network throughout the Township will require far more in maintenance costs than current conditions. The lack of a Plan and an effective zoning ordi. nance to address growth and community character issues in Deerfield Township, and its already somewhat random land use pattern, makes the Township that much more vulnerable to the negative impacts of future growth and development. The increase in density, and general lack of public sewer in the Township, will place greater pressure upon ground water resources as their vulnerability to contamination through on-site sewage disposal will increase. The Township is apt to experience increasing pressure upon the development of its lakes. This pressure is apt to focus on both those lakeside developable lands currently vacant as well as those lakeside parcels which have already been developed but which may provide opportunities for redevelopment at higher densities. • The introduction of new and expanded services provided by the Township will become a larger issue in the future as the population grows, households increase, and land is further developed. Public protection problems (police and fire protection, emergency medical service and transportation management) will become more acute. The result will be the loss of rural character and increases in local public services and in- At present, the future of farming in Deerfield Township is not clear. This lack of clarity is a result of how the Township's current zoning ordinance treats farmland, and the resulting implications are tremendous. Specifically, the Township's zoning ordinance 2-7 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �These trends and conditions will continue as long as B11COUraged by public po/Icy and permitted by exis$;lng regulations. This Plan sets forth a new public fX ,. Icy Intended to encourage new development in a way which protects public values associated with a clean environment and scenic open spaces. frastructure needs and local taxes to support such needed improvements. The Township Is characterized by very limited publlc services and Infrastructure and new and expanded programs and infrastructure would be required to accommodate the potential growth. And yet, the residents of Deerfield Township have clearly expressed their Insistence on protecting the Township's rural character and natural resources and their dissatisfaction with the levels of current taxes! 2-8 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 3 A COMMON VISION: GOALS & OBJECTIVES VISION STATEMENT appropriate locations for such land uses exist within the Township. The planning process followed in the preparation of this Plan identified community attitudes regarding the future character of Deerfield Township and developed a consensus of public opinion regarding future land use and community development. This consensus was arrived at through town meetings where the public was given opportunities to identify the preferred future character of the Township and comment on and shape the evolution of the Plan. Citizens consistently portrayed a common vision for the Township's future which was founded upon the preservation of the Township's natural resources and current "rural-like" character. The following vision statement portrays the prevailing aspirations of Township residents : ~ • The appropriate location for, and intensity of, future residential, commercial, and industrial development will be largely based upon the existing or planned availability of public services to support new land uses and assure the public's health, safety, and welfare. The extent to which public services will be expanded within the Township will be based upon available financial resources and the planned long range land use pattern for the Township, the necessity to accommodate new urban land uses (high density residential. commercial, and industrial), and the need to address anticipated or existing emergency public health, safety, or welfare threats. It public services are expanded, it will occur in a planned incremental manner so as not to over-accelerate Township growth and development. The Township will continue to rely largely upon private on-site septic systems tor waste disposal and private wells for potable water, and has no intention at this time of introducing Township-operated public sewer and water infrastructure. The reliance on private septic systems and wells will play a major role in the intensity of future development where public sewer or water is unavailable. The early years of the 21st Century will see Deerfield Township much in the same way it looks today. The Township's landscape will be dominated by active tannland within a mosaic of other open spaces including woodlands and wetlands. The wild/ife which abound today will continue to be plentiful. The natural resources of the Township, including its air and water resources, will be pristine and there will exist an overall atmosphere of health and vigor among the residents and families of the Township. Deerfield Township will not be the future home of a landfill. It will, however, be the home of citizens with a strong environmental awareness. This awareness will bring about the development of a Township-wide Growth and development within the Township will • be slow and deliberate. While the population of the Township will increase through the years, residential development will be of an intensity and form that the· · Township's rural character and natural resources will not be sacrificed. Residential development practices will recognize the sensitive nature of the Township's resources and their intrinsic values. Active steps will be taken through site plan review and construction to assure their continued integrity. The preservation of open spaces will be a key basis for future r.esidential development. Single family homes will continue to predominate in the Township. , recycling program to reduce the waste stream, and other waste management initiatives. This strong environmental awareness will further strengthen the already existing strong community spirit. This wholesome spirit will continually encourage communitywide cooperation and understanding among residents. A sense of horniness, friendship, and warmth will permeate the Township. The community-wide cooperation and understanding will extend to regional planning efforts and activities aimed at assuring a quality of life desired by the Township residents. The future of Deerfield Township will rest vastly upon its agricultural and residential land uses. While there will be expanded opportunities for commercial and industrial development. these opportunities will be limited. Commercial and industrial development will be established only where it has been found that This Township-wide vision strongly molded the goals, objectives and policies of the Comprehensive Plan. 3-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• DEFINITIONS OF GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND POLICIES the impetus for the second town meeting where the public scrutinized the first draft version for languag~ and omissions. Based upon the results of the secor:' ;. town meeting, a refined set of goals and objectives' was prepared. Goals, objectives, and policies play a fundamental role in the Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan. The goals and objectives chart the Plan's direction and form, and the policies present key implementation strategies to assure the Plan's direction is followed. The relationship between goals, objectives, and policies is as follows: GOALS & OBJECTIVES Following are goals and objectives to accomplish the common vision for the future of Deerfield Township. Policies to implement the goals and objectives are presented in the next two chapters (Chapters 4 and 5). THE GOALS are destinations. or final conditions which Deerfield Township seeks to attain. A goal is a general statement of intent and, by itself, is not very helpful to the decision makers of the Township. It needs further refinement to assist Deerfield Township officials and decision makers to reach a decision or preferred destination. It is like saying, "/ want to take a vacation." Although goals and objectives are grouped under several categories, there are numerous interrelationships among them. Some goals and objectives are concurrent, while others must be accomplished in sequence. THE OBJECTIVES are the routes which specify in general terms the ways (routes) by which the goals (destination) can be reached. An objective indicates the kinds of actions that may be used to achieve the goal. It is a "means" to the "end". It is like setting aside "$X" by "Y date" to travel to "Z location" for a vacation. Land Use Planning & Growth Management GOAL: Guide future development in a manner which is consistent with the natural limitations of the land, the preservation of important open spaces and natural resources, the preservation of the rural character, and the planned provision or expansion ~ necessary public facilities and services. T THE POLICIES-are the means of achieving the objectives and hence the goals. It is a specific course of action which, if followed, will achieve an objective. A policy is more detailed than an objective and can be readily translated into specific action recommendations or design proposals. A policy would be synonymous with having the bank regularly deduct $50 from your paycheck and your family cutting back on eating out as a way of generating the money necessary for the vacation. Policies will be presented in . more depth in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Objective: Continually provide regular opportunities for substantive public input on growth and development issues facing the Township and the future character of the Township. Objective: Provide for the preservation of open spaces through a coordinated land use plan and related regulations which permit reasonable use of land. Objective: Discourage forms of growth and development which will encourage the premature consumption of, or otherwise loss of, the Township's farmlands, natural resources, and open spaces. HOW THE GOALS & OBJECTIVES EVOLVED The evolution of the goals and objectiv!3s for the Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan involved several steps to identify pertinent issues and address those issues. The initial citizen input component included a "futuring session" (Town Meeting #1 ), where participants were asked to visualize Deerfield Township twenty years in the future. Before the first draft of goals and objectives was written. the results of the futuring session were tabulated, and key issues were extracted. Draft goals and objectives were formulated to address all of the issues identified and provided Objective: Discourage the expansion of infrastructure-based public facilities and services (sewer, water, paved roads, for example) into the Township except where the intensity of development requires such services or where the public health, safety, or welfare is at risk. Objective: Prohibit new growth and development that requires levels of public facilities and service~ 3-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �unavailable in the Township until the time such levels of service become available. Objective: Protection of the Township's open spaces should equally apply to environmentally sensitive areas, such as steep slopes, wetlands and stream corridors, and land not suitable for development because of soil and/or topographic limitations on structures or septic systems. Objective: Wherever legally permissible, and other public interests are not of greater significance, local regulations should require new development pay for both the direct and indirect costs associated therewith; rather than having those costs imposed on existing residents. Objective: Enact standards for residential, commercial, and industrial development which require site design measures be incorporated to protect environmentally sensitive areas, avoid unnecessary disturbance and destruction of open spaces, and preserve the landscape's natural assets and important open spaces. Objective: Recognize that Deerfield Township Is a critical link within a regional chain of communities and that since its planning and growth management efforts and those of other communities in the chain will impact the greater regional area, intergovernmental coordination is essential. Objective: Ensure that new development protects the natural or aesthetic character of environmentally sensitive areas through responsible and innovative development, including site planning techniques, building materials and designs, and environmental buff er areas. Objective: Develop and maintain a meaningful communication program whereby Deerfield Township and all adjoining municipalities and area school districts regularly convene to discuss local and areawide public facilities and services needs, land use conditions and trends, contemporary planning issues, and strategies to address short and long term needs and issues in a mutually beneficial manner. Objective: Maximize the amount of open spaces and natural areas preserved where multiple lots or dwelling units are created by encouraging development on only a small portion of the original parcel, thereby preserving the remaining balance in open space. Objective: Develop and maintain a meaningful communication program with the Livingston County Road Commission, Livingston County Public Health Department, Livingston County Planning Department, and other County agencies to discuss existing, proposed, and future land use, public services, and associated issues, and strategies to coordinate local efforts with beneficial regional planning strategies. Objective: Encourage the use of programs and tools designed to preserve open spaces including the use of conservation easements and land trusts. Objective: Educate the public about waste management and encourage the establishment of a township-wide recycling program, in coordination with County and regional efforts, to reduce the amount of solid waste, and discourage the establishment of a landfill in the Township based upon factual technical data. Community Character & The Environment GOAL: Preserve the rural character and envi- . ronmental integrity of Deerfield Township. · Objective: Document and establish the existing character of the Township to serve as the basis for programs to protect and enhance the positive aspects of that character and rectify those conditions which threaten the public health, safety, and welfare, and other elements contributing to the quality of life in the Township. Objective: Ensure that the quantity and quality of new development does not substantially increase air, noise, land, and water pollution, or the degradation of land and water resource environments, and that all development and land uses be in compliance with the Michigan Environmental Protection Act and all other applicable County, state, and federal regulations. Objective: Recognize that the Township's open spaces, including woodlands and farmland, are a fundamental component of the Township's rural character and should be protected while still providing a land owner with reasonable use of his or her land. Objective: Identify vulnerable and sensitive areas of aquifers and watersheds in Deerfield Township and enact regulations to protect against alterations of the natural hydrology which would reduce the 3-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• water quality, and/or increase the intensity and quantity of runoff. Public Facilities & Services GOAL: Expand the Township's public facilitl~ and services as necessary for maintenance of tt, f public health, safety, and welfare, provided such' changes are consistent with the Comprehensive Plan's proposed future land use pattern, and are incremental in nature and do not encourage excessive growth over vast areas of the Township. Objective: Adopt regulations aimed at assuring that existing and new development will not destroy or otherwise lower the quality of on-site and off-site environmental resources. Objective: Educate the public regarding the Township's fundamental reliance upon ground water resources for potable water supplies and the potential detrimental effects of land development upon ground water resources. Objective: Identify those areas of the Township which, due to existing conditions and the planned future land use pattern of the Township, may be in need or will be in need of improved police and fire protection services and other non-infrastructure based community services. Transportation/Roads GOAL: Develop and maintain a transportation network throughout the Township which moves vehicular traffic in an efficient and safe fashion, channels residential and nonresidential traffic onto road segments specifically designed to accommodate higher traffic flows, and provides safe and functional opportunities for alternative modes of transportation including walking and bicycling. Objective: Identify those areas of the Township which, due to existing conditions and the planned future land use pattern of the Township, may be in need, or will be in need, of improved public infrastructure and related services including sanitary sewer, potable water, and stormwater management. Objective: Encourage the continuance of the Township's gravel dominated transportation network by limiting development densities except in those areas of the Township planned as growth areas. Objective: Develop a capital improvements program which identifies planned improvements to public facilities and services, in response to existing Township conditions and the planned future land use pattern of the Township, by year, cost, and anticipat~ . source of revenues. .,.. Objective: Identify priority road segments for maintenance and improvement, based upon the planned future land use pattern for the Township and existing traffic patterns, and include them in the Township's capital improvements plan. Objective: The Township should establish -a committee to work with local and state emergency response offices for the purposes of establishing a Township -specific emergency disaster plan. Objective: The Township should periodically · meet with the Livingston County Road Commission to discuss existing and new techniques for the de- . sign, construction, and maintenance of gravel roads in an effort to continually improve the Township's gravel road network in a cost effective manner. Objective: Require any private sanitary or water system serving more than a single family home be designed to easily connect with any future public system in the area. Objective: Establish a regionally coordinated Township-wide recycling program which facilitates ease and convenience of use. Objective: Adopt land use and/or other regulations which minimize the potential for traffic congestion and safety hazards along adjacent roadways, including limitations on the number, size, and shape of new land divisions along County roads and the prevention of ·strip• development, through land division and access policies and regulations. Objective: Encourage the development of a Township-wide recycling program which relies upon a single recycling company, provided a single company can provide practical and cost-effective recycling services. Objective: Develop plans and regulations to expand alternative transportation facilities, including walkways and bicycle trails, in coordination with neighboring municipalities and regional efforts. Objective: Encourage the development of a Township-wide trash collection program which relies upon a single collection company, provided a single company can provide practical and cost-effectiv~ collection services. 3-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Objective: Identify needed recreation opportunities in the Township and establish a strategy for addressing these needs which includes both public and private sector involvement. Commercial & Industrial Development GOAL: To the extent opportunities exist for commercial and industrial land uses, provide practical, functional, and limited locations and patterns for such uses, and provide regulations which support the needs and operations of these land uses, minimize their impact upon adjacent land uses, and maintain high levels of aesthetic and qualitative character. Objective: Develop and maintain a regular meaningful communications program with adjoining municipalities and regional agencies to discuss and investigate both infrastructure-based and non-infrastructure-based public facilities and services needs, opportunities for shared facilities and services, and alternative strategies for contracted services versus Township-operated services. Objective: Evaluate the opportunities and constraints for new commercial and industrial development presented by the Township's natural features and available public facilities and services to identify the appropriate locations of future commercial and industrial development and the conditions necessary to accommodate such development. Objective: Develop and maintain a meaningful communication program with local school districts to discuss land use and public services trends and conditions, their impacts upon the cost and quality of school services, and strategies to minimize future school costs while ensuring the continued quality of education currently provided. Objective: Ensure that commercial and industrial land uses have adequate provisions for sewage disposal, stormwater management, potable water, and other critical public health and welfare concerns. Housing Objective: Limit land division and access along major roads to prevent commercial or industrial strip development. GOAL: Provide for a broad range of housing opportunities which respond to the varying economic, family stage, and lifestyle needs of the community while maintaining high levels of aesthetic and qualitative character. Objective: Ensure that elements for preservation of the Township's rural character are incorporated into new commercial and industrial developments by establishing appropriate site design and building standards, including screening and protection of natural resources, and with a special emphasis on building height and size. Objective: Encourage the continued dominance of single family low density housing as the principal housing option in the Township. Objective: Identify land areas, through land use planning and zoning, more capable of and appropriate for single family housing. Objective: Prevent the premature conversion of land to uses other than their planned use for future commercial or industrial development to ensure their long term availability for commercial and industrial development. Objective: While maintaining single family low density housing as the primary housing option in the ·· Township, explore and implement measures to assure additional housing alternatives (such as special zoning or other programs in suitable areas of the Township) to meet the housing needs of the Township's aging persons and families wishing to continue living in the Township, and the future generations of existing Township families. · Objective: Ensure that new commercial and industrial development does not adversely impact the normal use and enjoyment of adjoining land uses through appropriate buffering and other techniques. Objective: Permit opportunities for home-based occupations within residential dwelling units in appropriate areas of the Township and under conditions which will not negatively impact the residential character, appearance, and quality of life experienced by surrounding residential properties and neighborhoods. Objective: Identify limited areas, through land use planning and zoning, more capable of and appropriate for accommodating limited amounts of multiple family housing. • Objective: Integrate open space protection with new housing development through the use of clustering and related techniques. 3-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �... Objective: Provide opportunities for limited areas of farmland to be converted to residential devetop-\ ment in order to increase income to the farmers ar ... thus avoid abandonment of farming activities all together. Farmland GOAL: Protect the economic and food and fiber value of agricultural land in the Township by providing local farmers with the opportunity to continue to farm until the time at which farming is no longer economically feasible. Objective: Where residential development is permitted in agricultural areas, encourage such development to be compact in character, with new residential units sited in close proximity to one another, so that the balance of the parcel may still be successfully farmed. Objective: Through good planning and appropriate development regulation, the Township will take all prudent and feasible measures to encourage the long term protection of economically viable farms and farmland in Deerfield Township. Objective: Assist local farmers in their efforts to organize and support new programs and legislation which will more permanently protect farmland by both ensuring the economic feasibility of farming operations and the opportunity for the farmer to capture the development value of his/her land. Objective: Identify those lands in the Township most suitable for future farmland protection programs, taking into consideration those whose soils are best suited for agricultural production as established by the Soil Conservation Service and/or a history of economically successful farm management, those lands whose size and contiguous (not necessarily under same ownership) acreage are supportive of economical management, those lands which are enrolled in PA 116, and those which are not surrounded by incompatible land uses. Objective: Establish a disclosure program which requires builders/owners of new homes in designated agricultural areas to acknowledge their awareness of the fact that the primary and preferred use of land in designated agricultural areas is for agricultural use, and that they should expect the normal smells, odors, noises, dust, and associated characteristics of farming operations including the responsible use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers and fungicides as a part of daily farm life in the area. Objective: Adopt zoning regulations designed to protect farming activities in designated agricultural. areas from the nuisances (destruction of crops, complaints about legitimate day-to-day farming operations, etc.) associated with incompatible adjacent uses, including but not limited to residences occupied by non-farmers. Objective: To the extent that residential development is permitted to occur in agricultural areas, encourage such development to be sited on nonprime farmland. Objective: Ensure through responsible and innovative development and site planning regulations that new development minimizes disturbances to, and destruction of, designated farmland areas. 3-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 4 FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY INTRODUCTION and PURPOSE housing market, while at the same time assuring such roads are built to minimum public health, safety, and welfare standards and so maintained. Other related ordinances and a capital improvement program, may, from time to time, be adopted or amended to further carry out this Plan. The planning and zoning program for Deerfield Township consists of coordinated planning and regulatory components. The principal planning components are embodied within the Comprehensive Plan's Future Land Use Strategy, as discussed in this chapter, and the Public Services Strategy described in the following chapter. The Future Land Use Strategy is a plan which identifies the desired pattern of land development throughout the Township through the establishment of land uses and densities for areas with common characteristics. The Future Land Use Strategy presents the intended character of each land use area and specific policy guidelines for site development projects. """"- • • OVERVIEW of the FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY Basis The Future Land Use Strategy establishes the planned future land use pattern throughout the Township for approximately 20 years. The goals and objectives presented in Chapter 3 are the foundation on which the Future Land Use Plan is based, including: The Public Services Strategy in Chapter 5 specifies policies regarding future infrastructure improvements and decisions to assure future public services are coordinated with the planned future land use pattern in the Township, and that the goals and objectives of this Plan can be achieved. • Protection of public health and safety • Conservation of natural resources, including preservation of woodlands, wetlands, and lakes and streams IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY: The regulatory elements of Deerfield Township's growth management program-those elements intended to implement the Comprehensive Plan, including the Future Land Use Strategy-will consist primarily of the regulatory ordinances of the Township including its Zoning Ordinance. The Township's Zoning Ordinance generally regulates the type, location, bulk, and intensity of land development throughout the Township. • Environmental protection • Rural character preservation • Protection of agricultural lands and uses • Minimizing public service costs • Insuring compatibility between land uses The future land use pattern was established based upon an analysis of the Township's natural and culThe Township also intends to adopt other support- · tural characteristics, community attitudes, the existing roadway network, soil conditions, existing and nearby ing regulatory tools to further the implementation of the public infrastructure, environmentally sensitive areas, policies of the Comprehensive Plan. Lot split and prineighboring municipaJ land use conditions, and other vate road regulations are very important as a means to associated characteristics. The opportunities anci further implement the Comprehensive Plan and the constraints presented by these characteristics were Future Land Use Strategy presented within. Lot split evaluated within the context of the goals and objecregulations are intended to assure efficient land divitives of Chapter 3 to arrive at a future land use patsion patterns, the avoidance of nonbuildable lots, and adequate public access to public roads. Lot split regutern. lations are particularly valuable when lots are being created outside of the regulatory authority, and adminTownship-Wide Land Use Pattern istrative review procedures, of the Subdivision Control The text in this Chapter establishes the policies to Act. Private road regulations are intended to provide guide future land use change so as to accomplish the opportunities for road circulation networks restricted desired geographic land use pattern illustrated in Map from general public use, in response to the local 4-1, the Future Land Use Map. The Future Land Use 4-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Strategy calls for a land use pattern in the Township characterized predominantly by low density residential development and a variety of open spaces Including farmland, woodlands, and wetlands. Opportunities for new commercial and industrial development are largely limited until the time comes when there Is a demonstrated need for such uses in the Township and appropriate locations (with adequate roads and public services) can be established for such uses. INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE FUTURE LAND USE STRATEGY LA .vv ' Following is a review of the principal components of the Future Land Use Strategy. These components, collectively, formulate the planned future land use pattern in the Township and generally identify the future land use pattern by land use type and include policies regarding each land use type. A summary of the development densities recommended for the Towns hip is provided below in Table 4-1. Relationship to Existing Land Use Pattern and Land Uses The Future Land Use Strategy calls for a future land use pattern which is generally similar to that which currently exists throughout the Township. The primary differences between the planned and current land use pattern are: Table 4-1 DEVELOPMENT DENSITIES BY USE AREA USE AVERAGE DEVELOPAREA MENT DENSITY* Conservation 1 unit/20 acres Agricultural and Rural varies from 1 unit per 20 Residential acres to 1 unit per 2 acres, depending upon development option selected Suburban Residential 2 units/1 acre Lakes Residential 2 units per acre with sewer, otherwise 1 unit per 3/4 acres. • the planned land use pattern provides a strong and purposeful program to protect the rural character, open spaces and environmental resources of the Township; • the planned future land use pattern recognizes the limited long term commitment to farming in the Township and provides a practical means of converting some of the farmland to residential use while still preserving the overall rural character of the Township. • Minimum lot size will be established in the Zoning Ordinance. A major emphasis of the Future Land Use Strategy is to limit the unplanned strip residential development along the County roads. This lot split pattern has negatively impacted the rural quality of the Township and the efficiency and safety of the roadway network (see "Trends and Conditions" discussion in Chapter 2). Relationship to Neighboring Munici panties The Future Land Use Strategy is based, in part, upon insuring compatibifity with existing and proposed land use patterns in those municipanties sharing borders with Deerfield Township. Such considerations are fundamental in the interest of intergovernmental coordination, continuity, and compatible land uses. The Futur~ Land Use Strategy in this Plan proposes comparatively low to very low density residential and/or conservation {open space) uses along the periphery of the Township. This pattern of land use is generally compatible with those existing and proposed patterns in neighboring communities. DEVELOPMENT DENSITY: Deerfield Township wants to provide its current and future residents with the basis for a zoning program that provides more development flexibility than what is typically provided for. "Development density" is used in this Plan to descnbe recommended development intensities. Within the text of this Plan, references to a particular ·development density", such as one dwelling unit per 2 acres, means the density that results by dividing the total acreage of the project area by the number of dwelling units planned for that area-it does not mean a unifonn minimum zoning lot size of 2 acres. "Development density" refers to the number of lots per acre rather than a minimum lot size. A landowner of 40 acres who is provided the opportunity to develop their property at a development density of 1 dwelling unit per two acres may have a number of development options available to them if their local zoning ordinance permits such options. For example, the landowner may chose to develop a 20-lot subdivision consisting of lots of approximately 2 acres in size. T~e dev_elo~ ment density in this case would be 1 dwelling unit PE. 2 acres. On the other hand, the same landowner of 40 4-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PL.AN �acres may have the opportunity to create a 20-lot ( \ subdivision consisting of 1 acre lots and an open ' space area of approximately 20 acres on the same 40 acres. This development option also results in a development density of 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres (yet the development does not contain any 2-acres lots). Finally, the same landowner of 40 acres may have the opportunity to create a multi-family development con- sisting of 5 dwelling units in four buildings covering 6 acres, and leaving the remaining 34 acres as open space. All three development scenarios result in a development density of 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres and varying degrees of open space and rural character protection. (See Figure 4-1.) Figure 4-1 Development Flexibility Through "Average Development Density" and Resulting Open Space Benefits The development scenarios below illustrate the development flexibility available by focusing on ·average development density· rather than •minimum lot size.· All of the development scenarios below result in an average development density of 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres. A. Traditional platted subdivision consisting of a 40 acre parcel divided into 20 2-acre lots. B. Open space subdivision consisting of a 40 acre parcel divided into 20 1-acre lots and a permanent open space area of 20 acres. C. A multi-family development on a 40 acre parcel, consisting of 4 five-unit buildings on 6 acres and 34 acres of permanent open space. These natural resources are scattered throughout the Township and provide important environmental benefits including habitats for wildlife, flood control, groundwater recharge and discharge, and surface water and air purification. In addition, they provide special opportunities for passive recreation and play a critical role as elements of the Township's rural character so strongly desired to be retained by residents. Conservation of Special Natural Resources Overview This Plan calls for the preservation of the Township's natural resources. The Township's natural resources includes its groundwater, surface water, air, wetlands, soils, woodlands, and hillsides. These natural resources should not be so exploited as to reduce their long term integrity and availability, or contaminated so as to present health hazards to Township residents. Some of these resources are particularly ""-. sensitive to degradation from unsound land use and • development activities and present constraints to land development. The Future Land Use Strategy calls for .the conservation of all of these natural resources through both designated conservation areas in the Township, as discussed below under "Conservation Area·, and through conservation policies linked to other land use areas, presented throughout the Chapter. 4-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �• Conservation Area Conservation Area whenever the option exists. The number of dwelling units permitted on a parcel which f""'\ partly included within the Conservation Area should be based upon the parcel's entire acreage and the development density permitted by the surrounding land outsid? of the Conservation Area. Whenever possible, alteration of the natural landscape and development of new roads and structures in the Conservation Area should be avoided. A Conservation Area is depicted on the Future Land Use Map (Map 4-1). It includes those areas of the Township characterized by wetlands. hydric soils, all lands, both public and private, within the boundaries of the Oak Grove State Game Area, and all lands bordering the Township's principal water courses (not shown ori Map 4-1 ). The Oak Grove State Game Area has been graphically illustrated in Map 4-1 as a conservation area separate from other conservation areas in order to provide greater clarity. .. Future land use decisions must recognize the significance of these resources to the Township. Any loss in the quantity or quality of these resources must be considered permanent and, as such, sound and practical land use and site development practices aimed at preservation of these resources must prevail. In the alternative, and only when no other practical alternative exists, mitigation measures may be authorized where other public benefits of the new land use are great enough. Privately owned lands within the Oak Grove State Game Area are classified within the Conservation Area in order to preserve the wildlife and environmental integrity of this resource, and preserve the Game Area's long term viability. The Oak Grove State Game Area is managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources for the purpose of ensuring the long time productivity of its natural resources and to provide public hunting recreation opportunities. Increasing residential development within the boundaries of the Game Area will decrease land for wildlife habitats, increase public safety conflicts between hunting and residential land uses, and limit the area available for hunting due to expanding buffer zones required between designated hunting areas and residences and boundary lines. If because of new land development hunting no longer remains feasible in the Oak Grove State Game Area, fhe area could be closed and the public lands sold. The Township would then lose a tremendous open space and wildlife habitat jewer. POLICIES: The following policies shall guide the use and development of parcels and portions of parcels in the Conservation Area: 1) Average development densities for development within the limits of the Conservation Area should not exceed one dwelling unit per 20 acres. 2) Alteration of the natural landscape and develo("'ment of new roads should be avoided. 3) Land development in Conservation Areas should proceed only after receipt of appropriate Township and/or state or federal permits, and where applicable, according to mitigation measures required through the administration of federal, state, county or Township ordinances. 4) Land uses requiring state and/or federal permits (especially for wetland or floodplain alterations) should not receive final Township approval until satisfactory evidence has been submitted verifying the acquisition of all other necessary permits. 5) If the land can be reasonably used without alteration of sensitive natural resources (at densities otherwise permitted by local, state, and federal regulations) then it should be used in this manner without disrupting the sensitive areas. It is expected that any flood-prone areas subsequently identified and mapped in the Township would most likely fall within the Conservation Area. Lands within the Conservation Area should only be used for residential and passive recreation land uses. Development densities within the conservation areas should not exceed one dwelling unit per 20 acres on average. This very low development density is applicable to only those instances where a parcel occurs entirely within the limits of the Conservation Area. In many cases there are significant portions of a parcel which are upland, or otherwise outside of the Conservation Area boundaries. Future development should occur on those portions of the property outside the 4-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Map 4-1 FUTURE LAND USE . ,, .. •:. ~-- ~--- !•.: ::- .. -.:::-· .. ....:•.·. 16<, ..•. ····!.• .•• ..:.._,. ~ . -; -· 1❖ :•::~ ......... t'···••:-~ •.;.·,· ~: I I ~ " ConservatJon Area; conslatlng of all publicly and privately owned land within the Oak Grove State Game Area boundaries, Including extensive areas of wetlands and hydric soils. Conservation Area; consisting of wetlands and hydrlc soils situated outside of the Oak Grove State Game Area boundaries. Agricultural and Rural Residential Area Suburban Residential Area Lakes Residential Area; consisting of all rands immediately surrounding existing lakes that are not Within the conservation area. 4-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Agricultural and Residential Development dential Area's intended land use and development p~ tern is that an increase in the measures taken by . h 1 landowner (in regard to a proposed development pr~ · ject) to preserve the Township's rural character and minimize negative public impacts should be accompanied by a comparatively higher permitted development density. In this fashion, a strong incentive would then exist to develop land in the Township in a manner that preserves the Township's current rural character. Also, nearly all landowners of undeveloped land within the Township would have available to them similar development options. Overview Agricultural land use is expected to be a dominant land use for many years to come and this Plan calls for its continuation as long as it is economically feasible to do so. However, residential development will continue to be the predominant developed land use throughout the Township. The permitted ~ensity_of future residential development, as established in the Zoning Ordinance, will be based upon the natural limitations and suitability of the soils in the area proposed for residential development (as represented by an applicant obtaining the necessary permits from the County Health Department), preservation of special natural resources, preservation of important open spaces, compatibility with adjacent land uses, and the availability of adequate support services including, but not limited to: safe and convenient access, healthy water supply and septic waste disposal, and sufficie~t police and fire protection. The general lack of pub~IC sewer in the Township dictates an overall low density residential development pattern. In addition, extensive areas of the Township have severe limitations for septic disposal if development were to occur on sma~I lots, according to the published soil analysis of the Soll Conservation Service. Principal measures to be used in arriving at the higher development densities include: • the use of clustering and permanently designated open space of at least 50% or more of a parcel's area; • direct access to, or close proximity to, paved roads but screening to prevent change to the rural character of the land abutting the road; • provisions for fire protection infrastructure; • public or community water and sanitary sewers, and other measures to minimize excess demand on the Township's limited public services system and to protect the health, safety, and welfare ~ present and future Township residents. l/or A consideration guiding residential development within the Township is the intention to allow for a variety of single family residential housing options, consistent with the character of the Township, in order to better address varying lifestyle preferences, economic considerations, and family orientation options (including the elderly and young). These or comparable measures would become standards in the zoning ordinance. They would be designed to regulate residential development and protect the public from potential negative impacts associated with the denser development. A special emphasis on site design shouk:I be placed on development that is proposed along all of the County road network within the Township to better preserve the rural attributes of these heavily traveled corridors and to prevent road hazards from too many access points. More cf1SCUssion of this emphasis is presented under ·Principal Road Corridors,. later in this Chapter. Agricultural and Rural Residential Area . . : The Rural Residential Area covers the vast ma.10rity of the Township and provides opportunities for continued agricultural use as well as residential development within an open space, rural character setting. An overall low, open space-based development density of one dwelling unit per 2 to 20 acres will be encouraged for dwellings within the Rural Residential Area due to the lack of public sewer and water, the ger:ierallr poor soils for septic systems in much of the Township, the limited capacity of the predominantly unpaved roadway network, and the public's interest in protecting the rural character of the Township. OPEN SPACE ZONING: Guiding future residential development in a manner which maintains the rural character of the Township is the primary challenge of successful implementation of the Plan. A key element of the strategy proposed, and an integral element of the Agricultural and Rural Residential A~e.a, is ~he addition of a new option to the Townships Zoning Ordinance, often referred to as ,.open space zoning• or •rural clustering ... This option permits and encourages carefully designed small ,.open spac~,. d~velopmen~ to be established in the planned residential areas 1.. the Township according to standards established in The specific permitted residential development density associated with a particular parcel would depend upon the particular conditions present and the development option a landowner wishes to pursul:. The premise behind the Agricultural and Rural Res1- 4-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PI.J\N �the Zoning Ordinance. This will allow the creation of small lots (or alternatively, if done under the Condominium Act, "building envelopesj to site new residential structures in a cluster, or series of small clusters, leaving the bulk of the property in permanent open space (achieved through a permanent deed restriction or conservation easements). Careful design will ensure thar the open spaces and rural character of the Township are retained. 7) Destroying existing tree stands or hedgerows especially along rights-of-way and betwee~ housing and active agricultural areas. 8) Fences on clustered lots within the development. Reguire 1) Substantial buffering and screening for development near all public right-of-way on County roads. This option would permit, for example, a landowner to create 40 lots from an 80 acre parcel (if the permitted development density is one lot per 2 acres) and to make each lot 1/2 to 1 acre in size, clustered into three to five groups to take advantage of the natural characteristics of the site. This will result in conversion of approximately 40 acres (including roads), thereby leaving the remaining 40 acres for agricultural or other nondevelopmental open space use. Scenarios A and B in Figure 4-1 illustrate another example of a traditional versus open space zoning development approach. In some situations, it may be desirable to require development via open space or cluster zoning (such as property exclusively in sensitive environmental areas), but in most cases this would be a voluntary option. For example, the incentive could be established by permitting higher development densities where the open space zoning development option is selected by the landowner. 2) Preservation or enhancement hedgerows and wooded areas. 4) Safe location and design of common sanitary systems and storm water management structures that do not create nuisances. 5) Homeowner-managed recreation areas and common spaces within larger clusters. 6) Covenants or easements to permanently protect the undeveloped open space areas that remain after clustering is accomplished. AGRICULTURAL LANDS: The Agricultural and Rural Residential Area includes nearly all lands in the Township currently being farmed. This Plan recognizes that farming plays an important role in the history and character of Deerfield Township. It also recognizes that farming, as an industry, is becoming a more difficult challenge in Deerfield Township due to a number of factors including residential encroachment, economic viability, and an increasing lack of younger family members interested in continuing the family farm operation. 1) Disturbing areas adjacent to floodplains, stream buffer areas or wetlands. This P~ encourages the continuation of all current farming activities, irrespective of their location, as long as it is economically viable to do so, adequate public services for higher density development are not available, and especially where the land is characterized by prime agricultural soils. All typical farming activities, including the raising of crops, the use of stables, silos, and barns, and the operation of intensive livestock activities, should be recognized as legitimate land uses provided that they met Department of Agriculture requirements as •generally accepted agricuhural land management practices,· and, when located within the Suburban Residential Area, special measures are taken to minimize conflicts with adjoining nonfarm land use. 2) Developing on steep slopes. 3) Building on hilltops and ridges when development will be highly visible. 4) Siting houses on prime agricultural soils when these can be part of a significant block of farm- . 5) Placing numerous houses with access drives along local and primary county roads or local collector roads. . \ existing 3) Appropriate setbacks and/or buffering between housing and existing or proposed active agricultural areas. The following guidelines are a framework for a new set of site development (zoning) regulations for rural clustering for all of the land in the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area. ~~- of 6) Backing houses directly or visibly onto local and primary county roads or local collector roads. Potential new residents considering living in the Rural Residential Area of the Township should recognize that the traditional smells, noises, pesticide appli4-7 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �cations, and generally recognized agricultural activities associated with farming may well continue on a long term basis in this area of the Township and that the Township does not consider such activities and operations as nuisances, but rather supports the Jong term continuation of farming in the Township. Similarly, local developers and real estate agents should be made aware of, and realize this intention of the Township and disclose this intent to prospective buyers of land in the Rural Residential Area. Suburban Residential Area The Suburban Residential Area covers the northeast region of the Township excluding buildable shoreline areas (see Lake Residential Area) and lands otherwise included in the conservation area. Similarly, this area also covers lands in the area of Shannon Lake excluding buildable shoreline areas. The Suburban Residential Area provides opportunities for extensive residential development of a more urban character than suggested elsewhere in the Township. An average density of up to 2 dwelling units per acre is provided for in the Suburban Residential Area. Principal measures to be used in arriving at the higher development densities include: • the use of clustering and permanently designated open space of at least 25% or more of a parcel's area; • direct access to paved roads; • provisions for fire protection infrastructure; • public or community water and sanitary sewers, and other measures to minimize excess demand on the Township's limited public services system and to protect the heaJth, safety, and weHare of present and Mure Township residents. Like the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, the Suburban Residential Area encourages the utilization of the open space zoning concept to arrive at the maximum development densities suggested for this Area. The Suburban Residential Area is currently characterized by some of the most urbanized areas of the Township and it is the intent of the Suburban Residential Area to provide for the continuation of these existing uses and provide for their expansion in a reasonably compact manner. The general limits of the Suburban Residential Area around Lake Shannon were established so as not to encroach upon Argentine Road, but rather maintain a buffer between this planned growth area and farm operations to the west. Though it Is not the intent of the Suburban Resldentl~ Area to encourage the conversion of farmlands ef rently existing within this Area, particularly in light ol the fact that this Area is not characterized by extensive public services and infrastructure, it is the intent of this Area to limit the introduction of new or expanded intensive livestock operations in this area, except under special conditions, in order to better accommodate the anticipated and intended residential development densities planned for this Area. POLICIES: The following policies, at a minimum, shall guide the use and development of parcels and portions of parcels in the Agricultural and Rural Residential Areas as well as in the Suburban Residential Areas: 1) Residential development should be limited by appropriate zoning to a development density of not more than one dwelling unit per 2 to 20 acres on average, in the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, and not more than two dwelling units per acre in the Suburban Residential Area. 2) Site specific development densities should be based upon the extent that special conditions may prevail, the quality of the open space and rural character of the project and associated site plan, available public services and infrastructure, and the degree ~ · which the project will impact the Township's roadwo system and other public infrastructure and services. 3) Actual permitted lot size should be established in the Zoning Ordinance based on the presence or lack of sewers, type of road access, number of lots, amount of open space, and related factors. 4) Minimum lot sizes should be, at a minimum, adequate to accommodate septic systems (where sewer is not available) as required by the Livingston County Public Health Department. . 5) Opportunities and incentives should be provided within Township ordinances to encourage residential development according to the open space/cluster zoning principles discussed in this Plan and as specified in the Zoning Ordinance. 6) Residential development should not occur on a strip basis and should be appropriately sited, landscaped, and setback from all roadways, including special provisions to maintain a rural character along all segments of the County road network. 7) Residential development within the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, should be based upon ordinance provisions which limit the fragmentation of open spaces and Township-wide natural resource systems. 8) Community sewer systems (also known as cluster systems) shall be permitted provided reco~ mended maximum development densities are note.~_ ceeded by each development project and all neces4-8 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PL.AN \ �cations, and generally recognized agricultural activities associated with farming may well continue on a long term basis in this area of the Township and that the Township does not consider such activities and operations as nuisances, but rather supports the long term continuation of farming in the Township. Similarly, local developers and real estate agents should be made aware of, and realize this intention of the Township and disclose this intent to prospective buyers of land in the Rural Residential Area. Though it is not the intent of the Suburban Residential Area to encourage the conversion of farmlands currently existing within this Area, particularly in light of the fact that this Area is not characterized by extensive public services and infrastructure, it is the intent of this Area to limit the introduction of new or expanded intensive livestock operations in this area, except under special conditions, in order to better accommodate the anticipated and intended residential development densities planned for this Area. POLICIES: The following policies, at a minimum, shall guide the use and development of parcels and portions of parcels in the Agricultural and Rural Residential Areas as well as in the Suburban Residential Areas: 1) Residential development should be limited by appropriate zoning to a development density of not more than one dwelling unit per 2 to 20 acres on average, in the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, and not more than two dwelling units per acre in the Suburban Residential Area. 2) Site specific development densities should be based upon the extent that special conditions may prevail, the quality of the open space and rural character of the project and associated site plan, available public services and infrastructure, and the degree to which the project will impact the Township's roadway system and other public infrastructure and services. 3) Actual permitted lot size should be established in the Zoning Ordinance based on the presence or lack of sewers, type of road access, number of lots, amount of open space, and related factors. 4) Minimum lot sizes should be, at a minimum, adequate to accommodate septic systems (where sewer is not available) as required by the Livingston County Public Health Department. 5) Opportunities and incentives should be provided within Township ordinances to encourage residential development according to the open space/cluster zoning principles discussed in this Plan and as specified in the Zoning Ordinance. 6) Residential development should not occur on a strip basis and should be appropriately sited, landscaped, and setback from all roadways, including special provisions to maintain a rural character along all segments of the County road network. 7) Residential development within the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, should be based upon ordinance provisions which limit the fragmentation of open spaces and Township-wide natural resource systems. 8) Community sewer systems (also known as cluster systems) shall be permitted provided recommended maximum development densities are not exceeded by each development project and all neces- Suburban Residential Area The Suburban Residential Area covers the northeast region of the Township excluding buildable shoreline areas (see Lake Residential Area) and lands otherwise included in the conservation area. Similarly, this area also covers lands in the area of Shannon Lake excluding buildable shoreline areas. The Suburban Residential Area provides opportunities for extensive residential development of a more urban character than suggested elsewhere in the Township. An average density of up to 2 dwelling units per acre is provided for in the Suburban Residential Area. Principal measures to be used in arriving at the higher development densities include: • • the use of clustering and permanently designated open space of at least 25% or more of a parcel's area; • direct access to paved roads; • provisions for fire protection infrastructure; • public or community water and sanitary sewers, and other measures to minimize excess demand on the Township's limited public services system and to protect the health, safety, and welfare of present and future Township residents. Like the Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, the Suburban Residential Area encourages the utilization of the open space zoning concept to arrive at the maximum development densities suggested for this Area. • The Suburban Residential Area is currently characterized by some of the most urbanized areas of the Township and it is the intent of the Suburban Residential Area to provide for the continuation of these existing uses and provide for their expansion in a reasonably compact manner. The general limits of the Suburban Residential Area around Lake Shannon were established so as not to encroach upon Green Road, but rather maintain a buffer be!}Y~t?ri\ this planned growth area and farm o rcftlons to the west. 4-8 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN -from k9ertti ne 1-/13 pu P_ (:;rannavi �sary state, county, and local permits are acquired, the system is accepted by a public body and maintained as a public system, and the system is constructed according to adopted standards by the Township to facilitate ease of tie-ins to potential future public systems and measures are taken to ensure adequate financial resources exist to maintain the system. Lakes Residential Area The Lakes Residential Area covers those shoreline areas of the Township's lakes which are already developed or generally considered buildable and, conversely, not included in the Conservation Area. The Lakes Residential Area is established in recognition of the extremely fragile environments of the Township's sman lakes, the role these water resources play in contributing to the desired character of the Township, and the particular challenges these resources present in regard to adjacent land use management. The issue is fundamental: while the Township's water resources are, and have been, magnets for development, this development places tremendous pressure upon the aesthetic, environmental, and recreational values of the lakes. The threat to these resource values is at risk due to degradation through shoreline erosion, septic field leaching (where public sewer is not available), sediment discharge, alteration of the natural landscape, and excess use of surface waters by water craft. buildable portions of the Township's lakes at average development densities of approximately one dwelling unit per 3/4 acres, provided adequate on-site sewage disposal could be assured where sanitary sewers are not available. Development densities as high as one dwelling unit per 1/2 acre could be permitted where a public or community sewer system exists or is proposed. However, the Lakes Residential Area places far more emphasis upon the preservation and creation of shoreline open spaces than is reflected by existing development patterns. The presence of a sewerage system should not be viewed as the only answer to concerns over sensitive environments, water quality, and open spaces, as a sewer system does not assure adequate open spaces, the avoidance of pesticides and fertilizer laden runoff entering the lakes, or a visually pleasing development character. It is the intent of the Plan to encourage lower density (density not to exceed one dwelling unit per 3/4 acres) lakefront development where: 1) currently buildable vacant land is developed for residential purposes; or 2) existing developed land undergoes redevelopment, such as where several contiguous, developed, lots are purchased and razed, and a new structure(s) constructed. REDEVELOPMENT: The Plan encourages the renovation and/or redevelopment of those lakefront residential areas which are or may become characterized by deteriorating conditions of both a visual and/or structural nature. These concfitions do not support the intended character of the Township, threaten the public health, safety, and welfare, and negatively impact the use, enjoyment and value of surrounding development. Similar development densities as those recommended for new development are recommended for redevelopment projects where several contiguous, developed, lots are purchased and razed, and a new structure(s) constructed. Redevelopment of these areas should be particularly sensitive to the preservation of open spaces, provision of a ·naturalized" shoreline, and compatible architectural styles. Wetlands and sensitive natural areas adjacent to the inland lakes should be maintained as part of the natural lake ecosystem. Except for limited portions of Lobdell Lake and Bennett Lake, and the majority of the shoreline of the unnamed lake in Section 23, nearly all other buildable shoreline areas in the Township have been developed. Given this fact, the emphasis of the Lakes Residential Area goes far beyond the establishment of guidelines to shape future development of these undeveloped lake areas but also to provide the necessary guidelines to shape future redevelopment of the existing developed areas. This may be particularly applicable to portions of Lobdell, Ryan, and Bennett Lakes where, though lots may be very narrow and/or irregularly shaped, they may be of sufficient size to provide adequate land area for additional dwelling units (either through lot splits or redevelopment of several lots in an integrated manner). Increased lot widths and water setbacks are partlcu larly important in the redevelopment process. Many of the older lots along Ryan, Lobdell, and Bennett Lakes are 50 feet wide or less, and many dwelling units are situated within 40 feet of the shoreline. This development pattern is far more damaging to environmental ecosystems and resources. NEW DEVELOPMENT: The present character of the buildable land surrounding Deerfield Township's lakes is nearly wholly residential. The Plan encourages the continuation of these uses but in a manner which more effectively recognizes the sensitive environmental qualities embodied in these resources and their aesthetic and recreational aspects. The Plan provides for future residential development along the remaining undeveloped yet 4-9 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Protection and Use of Open Space Created by Clustering Adapllld fra11 Iha Ho.wrd Co..nty, Matyland Plan. enllll8d The 1 IIQO Gen«al Plan: A Six Point Plan for the Future, adopted JUl'f 2, 19ll0. Use of open space zoning or cluster zoning in Deerfield Township offers a very good opportunity for accommodating residential development while simultaneously preserving the quality of the environment, the natural features of the rural landscape and working agricultural land. However, when an open space zoning development is completed and its permitted density has been exhausted, there remains the question of how best to ensure that the remaining open land is permanently and viably preserved. When clustered lots are recorded, the remaining parcel would be identified on the plat or recorded with the County Register of Deeds as limited to agricultural, recreational or related use. Covenants detailing restrictions on the clustered lots and the remainder could also be recorded at the same time. However, these remainders, permanently stripped of any future development rights, have the following characteristics to be defined more fully in the Zoning Ordinance: 1) The open space created by rural clustering will, in almost all cases, remain private property, whereas •open space• created by subdivision of a parcel is usually dedicated to the public or a homeowner's association and becomes a public responsibility. 2) The size of the open space created by rural clustering will result from application of performance standards to be included in the Zoning Ordinance. 3) The permanent stripping of development rights on the remainders created by rural clustering means they can never be used for additional housing. Such land can be actively farmed, used for woodlots, nurser- ""ies, pasture, Q.r other uses related to farmland, or it may be used for certain recreation uses descnbed in the Zoning Ordinance. These remainders must be recorded as lots or common lands whose uses do not include future homes, stores, offices, or other buildings unrelated to the principal use of the designated open space. 4) Remainders which meet the qualifications for such programs could be donated to an Agricultural Land Preservation Program, a local Environmental Trust, Historic Trust, or other custodians of environmental and landscape resources. The remainders would then be subject to the restrictions of these programs, giving them an even stronger degree of protection than exists merely by the absence of development rights. 5) In some cases the Township might wish to acquire the remainder as part of a public park, greenway or greenbelt. However, the Township is under no obligation to accept as decficated open space any of the remainders created by rural clustering. Indeed, it is the Township's preference to see these remainders stay privately owned and managed in ways consistent with agricultural preservation and environmental purposes that are the prime reasons for encouraging clustering. 6) Remainders to be designated for local recreation or common green space can be entrusted to the responsibility of a homeowner's association. 7) Unlike public open space which becomes a permanent responsibility of government agencies, the remainders created by rural clustering can be rented, leased or transferred to new owners, but such leases, rentals or sales cannot restore any development rights. 4-10 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �KEYHOLE DEVELOPMENT: Keyhole, or funnel development, should not be permitted. Keyhole development is the use of a waterfront lot as common open space for waterfront access for dwelling units located away from the waterfront. This results in potentially greater lake use than would •normally" occur if the lot were used for its intended use, such as a single family residence. As surface water use increases, so does the potential for shore erosion from speedboats and water-skiers, loss in property values, oil and gas spillage from powerboats, increased noise, conflicts between lake users (sailboats, fisherman, swimmers, etc.), and increased lake maintenance costs. Such threats become that much greater when keyholing occurs with the digging of canals to increase lake frontage access to back lot residences. This form of development should be prohibited in the interest of preserving the water quality of the Township's lakes, protecting the public health, safety, and welfare, and preserving the lake and shoreline character of the Lakes Residential Area. POLICIES: The following policies, st a minimum, shall guide the development of, and redevelopment of, land within the Lakes Resident/al Area: 1) Opportunities for new development and redevelopment shall be conditioned upon development standards which address, at a minimum, consideration of a potable water supply, safe disposal of septage, water and land carrying capacities, water quality protection, preseNation of open space, minimal additional intrusion upon the natural environment, and the provision of adequate public access where applicable. 2) Development and redevelopment densities should not exceed a development density of 2 dwelling · units per acre where sewer is available, and 1 dwelling unit per 3/4 acres where on-site sewage disposal is practiced, unless the Public Health Department requires a /ewer development density due to larger required lot areas for permit approvals. 3) Approval of all development shall be contingent upon, in part, the acquisition of all necessary permits by the applicant tor the proposed project, including permits administered through the Inland Lakes and Streams Act, as may be applicable. 4) Establish deeper minimum shoreline setbacks for all new structures to better preseNe the natural shoreline landscape. 5) Adopt regulations to limit the grading and clearing of shoreline areas. High Density Residential Development Up to this point in time, there has been no demonstrated need for the designation of lands to accommodate residential densities of greater than 2 dwelling units per acre. A recently developed mobile home park and the limited public services available in the Township, even in the area of Bennett Lake, limits the appropriateness of specifically designating any additional area of the Township to accommodate higher density residential development. This Plan proposes that if it becomes apparent that there is a demonstrated demand for additional lands to be identified for higher density residential development opportunities, the Township will review trends and conditions in the Township at that time and determine if there exists suitable locations for such uses. If appropriate locations can be identified, based upon considerations including, but not necessarily limited to: 1) available public services; 2) adequacy of the transportation network; 3) planned capital improvements and the time frame for such improvements; and 4) existing and planned future land use patterns, then this Plan would be amended to reflect these new policies and the Township's Zoning Ordinance amended accordingly. COMMERCIAL and INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The residents of Deerfield Township have voiced their general satisfaction with the limited extent of commercial and industrial facilities within the community and do not care to see these land uses indiscriminately encouraged, both in location and amount. At the same time, there is and has been no demonstrated need to identify additional commercial and industrial use areas to address a local or regional demand nor are there any locations in the Township that are particularly well suited for commercial or i~ustrial development. In addition, ample lands are available for such uses in nearby communities. These land uses typically require a high level of public services inc!uding public sewer and water, police an~ fire protectI0~, and roadway infrastructure. Nowhere in the Tow~sh1p does such a combination of service levels and_ suitab!e vacant land exist. While service levels are highest in the northern portion of the Township, particularly those areas directly north of Bennett Lake, a predo~inantly residential land use pattern has evolved and this P_l~n supports the continuation of the character and stability of these residential areas. While this Plan supports ~he continuation of those commercial uses currently exist- 4-11 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �ing in the Bennett Lake area, this Plan does not support the conversion of new lands for commercial or industrial uses in this area which would have the effect of, either incrementally or cumulatively, placing excessive demands on local public services and infrastructure, negatively impacting the surrounding residential character, or otherwise endangering the public health, safety, and general welfare. Rather, the Plan proposes that if it becomes apparent that there is a demonstrated demand for additional lands to be identified for subsequent commercial and/or industrial development, the Township will review trends and conditions in the Township at that time and determine if there exists suitable locations for such uses. If appropriate locations can be identified, based upon considerations including, but not necessarily limited to: 1) available public services; 2) adequacy of the transportation network; 3) planned capital improvements and the time frame for such improvements; and 4) existing and planned future land use patterns, this Plan would then be amended to reflect these new policies and the Township's Zoning Ordinance amended accordingly. POLICIES: The following policies, at a minimum, shall guide future commercial and industrial development within Deerfield Township: 1) Existing cof!}mercially zoned land within the Township shall be assured the opportunity to continue to be used for commercial use. 2) Existing industrially zoned land within the Township shall be assured the opportunity to continue to be used for industrial purposes, provided the extent to which such zoned lands are used for industrial purposes does not increase in intensity or character. 3) No new lands shall be designated for future commercial and/or industrial use until the time when this Plan is amended due to a demonstrated need for such land uses in the Township and the identification of appropriate locations for such uses in the Township has been made. 4) The identification of an appropriate /ocation(s) for potential future commercial and/or industrial land uses shall be based on the following minimum considerations: a) a comprehensive review of trends and conditions in the Township at the time the need is identified; b) the policies of this Plan; c) the adequacy of existing or planned services and infrastructure to the area under consideration, at the time the proposed uses will become operational, including sewage disposal, potable water, emergency services, stonn water management, and access to paved roads: and d) existing land use patterns and anticipated conflicts. 5) No new lands will be zoned for commercial and/( \'"\ industrial use until this Plan is amended to support the ,. tended rezoning, prior to the actual rezoning. 6) No commercial or industrial development or uses should occur except in commercially or industrially zoned districts, respectively, except a bonafide agricuhural use or a use which qualifies as a home occupation and meets the standards of the Township Zoning Ordinance. 7) Private utility systems may be const,ucted ff they meet all Township, county, state, and federal requirements; and can be linked to future public utility systems, including public sewer and water systems. 8) Potential future commercial and industrial development within the Township must recognize the cu"ent ,ural-like character of the Township and complement this character through building scale, materials, and style, and the provision of strategically located open spaces, and minimize int,usion upon the natural landscape. PUBLIC LANDS With the provision of public services must come public ownership of land resources from which the services originate, are maintained, and administered. The absence of extensive public services provided by Deerfield Township including public sewer and water, and ttJ.,.~._ Township's intention to continue to provide only limitC public services (see Chapter 5), minimizes the need for Township-owned land. current public lands administered by the Township are limited to two cemeteries and the land supporting the Township Hall. Except for recreational needs which wm be cftSCUssed below, this current and limited Township-owned land appears reasonable and adequate at this time. However, this need may change as the Townsh~ grows. The Township recognizes that purchase of public lands can involve high acquisition costs, impacts upon adjacent land uses, and public welfare issues associated with providing for selected services and infrastructure on a site. POLICIES: The Township should only acquire and develop future public lands where the proposed acquisition or development meets the following circumstances: 1) responds to a demonstrated need for one or more public facilities and/or services intended to co"ect an immediate or projected critical public heahh, safety, and welfare condition or improve the overall quality of life in the Township. 2) the site characteristics accommodate the proposed public use; 3) the use will not unreasonably impact adjacent la~ uses and waters; and 4-12 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �4) measures are taken to minimize negative impacts upon adjacent land uses and waters. minimum the most basic recreation needs of the inten_ded residents, as may be applicable, including trails, playground equipment, picnic tables and benches. 4) Site development of new residential and nonresidential land uses shall include provisions for trail linkages with. and between. adjoining developments, and public recreation facilities (including public trails) where such facilities abut the proposed land use. 5) Future acquisition and development of recreation lands by the Township shall be based upon a coordinated Township-wide recreation plan approved by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 6) Prior to acquisition and development of public recreation lands, the means to perpetually maintain and operate any facilities on the property shall be established. RECREATION LANDS Recr~ational lands in Deerfield Towns hip are presently limited to the state maintained Oak Grove State Game Area. The small and scattered population of the Township creates difficulties for most private recreation facilities from a marketing standpoint. The Township residents do not have the benefit of enjoying the recreational opportunities typically associated with public school facilities given the total lack of such facilities in the Township. At the present time the Towns hip does not operate any park or recreation facilities. As the Township continues to grow, the demand for recreation opportunities can be expected to grow as well. Though the Township is rich in passive recreational resources, due to the presence of the Oak Grove State Game Area, there is a complete lack of more active recreational opportunities (playgrounds, balffields, etc.) under local pubfic ownership and public acquisition of Mure recreational sites may become necessary and desirable. While Deerfield Township fully supports the value of recreation opportunities within the community and the importance of individual. and family quality leisure time and community image, the Township also recognizes land used for recreational purposes can impact acf.13cent and area-wide land uses as significantly (and in some cases more so) as other land uses. As a result, new public or private recreational land uses must be designed and operated so as to minimize negative impacts. A key link in the planned recreation lands strategy of the Township is the provision of open spaces in associa:. tion with new development and the use of these open spaces to address the recreational needs of the future residents of these developments. These recreational open spaces should be linked to Mure pubfic recreation areas administered through the Township or other body through recreational corridor systems and trails. POLICIES: The following policies shall guide the development of recreation lands In Deerfield Township: 1) Proposed facilities shall be compatible with area land uses. 2) Proposed facilities shall be compatible with the natural site characteristics. 3) Site development of new residential land uses of comparatively higher densities shall include provisions for recreation opportunities which address at a SPECIAL LAND USES There are a growing number of land uses which, though they may be largely residential, commercial, or industrial in character, present unique or special circumstances in regard to land use management. These are typically regulated as special land uses in the Zoning Ordinance. A special land use is a use which is permitted only after a special review has determined that the land use and associated site development proposal meets special standards to assure its compatibility with both surrounding land uses and the other permitted uses in the district. These unique or special circumstances may be a result of traffic, noise, or visual or operational characteristics, which if unmitigated could result in significant public or private nuisance. Special land uses often include (but are not limited to) day care facilities, airports, gravel pits, mobile home parks, and multiple family projects. Special land uses should be permitted in appropriate locations pursuant to specific standards and review procedures established in the Zoning Ordinance. Approval should not be indiscriminate and conditions should be imposed to minimize impacts on surrounding lands. These standards shall accomplish the following: 1) Assure that the design, construction, operation and maintenance of land uses are in a manner harmonious with the character of adjacent property and the surrounding area. 2) Avoid inappropriate changes to the essential character of the surrounding area. 4-13 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �3) Avoid interference with the general enjoyment of adjacent property. 4) Improve the use or character of the property under consideration and the surrounding area in general, yet also be in keeping with the natural environment of the site. 5) Avoid negative impacts upon adjacent property or conditions which will be · detrimental to the health, safety, or welfare of persons or property through the excessive production of traffic, noise, smoke, odor, fumes or glare. 6) Assure availability of adequate essential public facilities and services, or evidence that the person responsible for the proposed special land use shall be able to continually provide adequately for the services and facilities deemed essential to the special land use under consideration. 7) Avoid demands on public services and facilities in excess of current capacity. 8) Assure consistency with the intent and purpose of the Comprehensive Plan and Zoning Ordinance. Contrary to the past practices of the Township, this Plan strongly discourages the issuance of special use permits as a means of permitting what have subsequently resulted in disruptive commercial or industrial uses in residential areas, under the guise of "home occupations". The County road network is a fundamental er \. ment of the Deerfield Township fabric. The vast majc. ity of residents of the Township use the network daily. These corridors, and the landscapes through which they pass, formulate the principal visual image and character of the Township among Township residents, visitors and nonresident travelers. Because of both the critical functional and visual role these corridors play within the Township, the preservation of their rural and scenic qualities is paramount to successful implementation of one of the key elements of the Future Land Use Strategy. Achievement of this goal will also protect public safety through regulated access and controlled turning movements. Future growth and development within the Township must be guided by measures which will assure the efficient movement of traffic in a safe manner. An increase in the number of access points along these corridors, both for individual property access and for intersecting roads, will result in a corresponding increase in the potential for congestion and traffic hazards and interfere with the intended function of these corridors-the safe and efficient movement of traffic between population centers. It would also undermine the significant existing public investment in these roads. Limiting direct access upon these corridors spacing access points at appropriate distances, providing acceleration and deceleration lanes will b'G . necessary to insure the functional integrity of these corridors as new land uses are established along these corridors. ae' POLICIES: Special land uses In Deerfield Township should be permitted only as provided for: 1) in the appropriate provisions of the Zoning Ordinance 2) pursuant to both general standards (like those above) and specific standards unique to the special land use. PRINCIPAL ROAD CORRIDORS The Future Land Use Strategy described up to this point establishes policies regarding the planned location of land uses throughout the Township within the planning period of this Plan, and policies regarcfing conditions upon which site development should occur in support of the proposed Mure land use pattern. There is, however, a critical consideration, as part of the Future Land Use Strategy, which is not specific to particular land uses but rather to the principal roadway corridors, as characterized by Argentine and Faussett Roads and the balance of the County road network. Similarty, Mure growth and development within the Township must be guided by measures which will preserve, if not enhance, the landscape's visual quality along these corridors. The future sense of rural character throughout the Township will be, in large part, derived from the visual landscape experienced when traveling along these principal corridors-ft is from these corridors which present and future residents see the vast majority of the Township. The lack of effective measures to preserve these corridors in their current "rural" state will lead to an urban-oriented corridor landscape and a dramatic reversal of the Township's overall character. Assuring that development along these corridors, to the extent that it may occur, is appropriately set back from the roadway, screened from view, and meets minimum driveway spacing standards, is essential if the present character of these corridors is to be preserved. POLICIES: New development and redevelopment along the County's road network should only be permitted according to deve/opmer-'\ standards which address, at a minimum: 4-14 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �1) Controlled and limited direct access onto thess road. 2) Appropriate spacing between access points Is assured. 3) Adequate acceleration and deceleration lanes. 4) Screening of structures and parking facilities, and the uss of appropriate setbacks, to preserve and enhance ths current character of these corridors. 5) The preservation of existing natural landscapes along these corridors. 4-15 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Chapter 5 PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE stantially far in advance of when such improvements might best be targeted and implemented. Similarly, while it is clear that the Suburban Residential Area is planned to absorb some of the highest development densities, it is quite unclear as to the rate of development which will occur in this Area and its implications upon public service improvements. The Future Land Use Strategy discussed in Chapter 4 describes the desired pattern of land development throughout the Township through the establishment of land uses and densities for areas with common characteristics. The Public Services Strategy described in this Chapter identifies the manner and degree to which public infrastructure and services are to be provided within the Township to support the planned future land use pattern. Public services and related infrastructure include sewage disposal and potable water, roads and highways, police and fire protection, recreation, and general government services. Accordingly then, the thrust of the Public Services Strategy does not place as great an emphasis upon targeting improvements to facilitate, or prepare for, the planned development. Rather, it provides the parameters for making these future decisions in the form of guiding policies. The Public Services Strategy is based on the principal of no new development occurring unless concurrent with or after the public services necessary to serve it are in place. This emphasis will, in effect, place more burden upon the developer to finance (in part or in whole) the necessary improvements if the proposed densities dictate the need for improvements and if the developer is unwilling to wait for the time when the Township is able to schedule and fund the necessary improvements. As the character and feasibility of land development is directly impacted by the extent to which urban or public services are available, the Public Services Strategy works hand-in-hand with the Future Land Use Strategy and is a critical element of the Township's efforts to control and guide future growth and development. OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC SERVICES STRATEGY The Public Services Strategy consists of policies which address future decisions regarding improvements to the Township's delivery of individual public services in response to existing conditions and anticipated needs. These policies formulate the manner by which, and conditions upon which, future improvements should be made regarding public services. Basis The Future Land Use Strategy presented in the previous chapter provides the Township residents with considerable flexibility in the development of property in regard to development densities. The Agricultural and Rural Residential Area, which covers the vast majority of the Township area, provides for average development densities ranging from as low as 1 dwelling per 20 acres or more, to as dense as 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres. While these development options are purposeful and provide the Township with flexibility to effectively preserve the rural character and natural resources of the Township, this same flexibility provides added challenges for the Township to effectively plan for public service improvements in advance. Specifically, the permitted range in development density does not provide the Township with a definitive geographic area that can clearly be anticipated to develop with the greatest intensities, or at the fastest rate. Thus it becomes that much more difficult to target specific areas for public service improvements as actual development densities will not be known sub- Township-Wide Public Services Pattern The Public Services Strategy calls for a future public services pattern not very different than the current pattern in the Township. The vast majority of the Township is proposed to receive limited expansion of those services currently available. It is expected that the gravel roadway network will continue to dominate as will the reliance upon on-site potable water and sewage disposal. 5-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMPONENTS network, which greatly reduces traffic flow capaci~ the Township's roadway infrastructure fulfills its fu ll\ tion fairly well. This is due, in large part, to three con:"'"" ditions: 1) the existing very low development density throughout the vast majority of the Township; 2) the presence of paved roads in that area of the Township where development densities are considerably higher; and 3) the presence of Argentine, Faussett, and portions of Bennett Lake Roads, paved County primary roads which accommodate the vast majority of the local north-south and east-west traffic flow in the Township. This last condition, in combination with the limited opportunities for continuous north-south or eastwest movement across the Township, is of particular significance as the vast majority of the road segments in the Township do not encourage or support crosstownship travel by commuters residing outside of the Township. The existing road network would suggest that, except for the main corridors such as Argentine Road and Faussett Roads, the Township experiences comparatively limited use of its roadway network by non-residents. Roads And Streets Overview As new residential land uses, and possibly new commercial and industrial land uses in the more distant future, are introduced into the Township, the need for a roadway network able to accommodate the increased traffic demand increases. This is particularly true in Deerfield Township where a rural road network predominates and is not currently capable of adequately accommodating significant increases in traffic flow. The additional rural residential development anticipated in this Plan, despite its over~II low densi~, will result in higher traffic levels and will eventually increase the impact on these roads, ultimately requiring some improvement-or risk congestion, vehicular and pedestrian hazards, longer travel time, higher auto "wear and tear," and a general decrease in the quality of road service. CURRENT LEVELS OF SERVICE: The number of daily car trips a gravel roadway can accommodate before users perceive evidence of regular and persistent traffic flow and safety problems, as identified by the Livingston County Road Commission and Livin f \ ston County Planning Department, is about 75 dah) trips on unpaved roads where the roadway base and drainage are inadequate and 450 daily trips on unpaved roads where the roadway base and drainage is adequate. Conversely, it must be recognized that an improved roadway network may well attract new or e~panded intensive land uses which, in tum, place additional demand on the infrastructure network. Such change must be managed so that the rate of land use change does not overtax the ability of the Township and County to make the necessary improvements. The Road and Streets component of the Public Services Strategy seeks to assure that land development does not occur in a manner which will sacrifice the public health, safety, and welfare due to inadequate roadway infrastructure nor prematurely encourage changes in land uses. As the average household produces 1O vehicle trips daily, and most of the unpaved roads in the Township have an inadequate base, a stretch. of gravel road in the Township with more than 7 dwelh~g units is apt to be characterized by regular and persistent maintenance problems. Even though recent traffic counts have not been recorded for most of the Township's gravel roads, residential lot split patterns suggest the high likelihood of traffic counts exceeding 75 trips per day on many of the Township gravel roads. Analysis The present roadway network pattern of Deerfield Township is similar to most Michigan townships, with a fairly extensive mile grid pattern. However, comparatively few roads in the Township run continuously across the Township in a north-south or east-west direction. In addition, while the number of roadway miles is considerable, approximately 80% of the roadway miles are unpaved. Even with this extensive gravel 5-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �- u N p A V E ROAD TYPE Inadequate base, surface and drainage Table 5-1 PERCEIVED ROAD CONDITION BY NUMBER OF DAILY CAR TRIPS BEGIN TO SEE GOOD CONDIFLOW AND TION MOST OF MAINTENANCE YEAR PROBLEMS less than 25 25-75 REGULAR AND PERSISTENT PROBLEMS greater than 75 Adequate base, surface and drainage less than 150 150-450 greater than 450 Sealcoat surface, adequate base and drainaoe Plant mix surface, adequate base and drainage less than 250 250-1,000 greater than 1,000 less than 2,500 2,500-5,000 greater than 5,ooo· D p A V E D Source: LMngsl0n County Planning Department, LMngston County Road Commission • This volume can be higher where the shoulder is wide and so/Id, and the right-of-way Is lcept clear of vegetation. This will also enable the Township to pursue effective long range planning to assure the necessary improvements are appropriately programmed into the Township's future capital improvements programs. It is very difficult to definitively identify the existing levels of service provided by the majority of the Township's road segments due to the lack of recorded traffic counts along most of the gravel segments and some of the paved segments, and the, at times, circuitous nature of the roadway network and resulting difficulty in projecting distribution of traffic flows. Based upon the most recent recorded traffic counts for the Township's paved roads and Table 5-1, it is reasonable to conclude that the Township's paved roads are all accommodating considerably less than 5,000 car trips per day and that there generally exists a reasonable level of service along these corridors. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS: As the Township continues to grow and develop according to the land use policies contained in this Plan, traffic volumes will increase and further threaten the current levels of service along all of the roads. Based upon a buildout of the Township at an average of one dwelling unit per 2 acres, which approximates the majority of the planned maximum development density for the Township, an increase of approximately 8,000 dwelling units would be witnessed. This increase in dwelling units over the current number of approximately 1,100 dwelling units would result in approximately 80,000 or more additional trips per day in the Township and would bring the Township's current roadway network to a complete shut-down. It is doubtful that the same can be generally said for the gravel segments in the Township as evidenced by the few cases where traffic counts have been recorded. For example, recorded traffic counts along unpaved Wiggins Road north of Faussett Road are more than six times the maximum recommended flow according to Table 5-1. The same can be said forcertain segments of Center Road as well. Capital improvement programming on the part of the Township and County Road Commission can help mitigate some of these impacts and prevent serious threats to public health and safety. Road improvements should respond to areas of greatest need based upon the criteria established in the first policy (following section). For the successful implementation of the following Roads and Streets policies, it is necessary (to the greatest extent possible) to establish the current level of service associated with each roadway segment. This will facilitate identification of current roadway improvement needs and identify those improvements which are fundamental to the advancement of the land use policies and public service strategy of this Plan. 5-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Policies assist in the identification of priority improv~ ments r ,, The following policies are intended to guide Deerfield Township officials on future decisions regarding improvements to the Township's vehicular circulation network and in response to new traffic demands associated with proposed land uses: . 1) Deerfield Township will strive to improve the Township roadway network, as financial resources become available, based upon the following guidelines: 3) The Township will coordinate with the Livingston County Road Commission to identify needed improvements and the perceived relative priority of such improvements. 4) Proposed land uses and site development projects larger than a single family home on an individual lot will be analyzed in regard to traffic impacts and roadway improvements. 5) The Township should achieve a balanced transportatioNland use system which includes an adequate number of roads and streets of appropriate capacity to accommodate land use traffic patterns. a. Greatest priority for road improvements will be assigned to those road segments whose current conditions present imminent danger to the public health and safety of Township residents. Such dangerous conditions include roadway impasses and flooding. 6) The Township will develop standards to regulate new development along roadway corridors to minimize negative impacts of such development including but not limited to poorly sited and/or designed access, and too many points of access. b. Functional classification of roads shall dictate the priority of improvements when all other conditions are generally equal. The functional importance of the various roads in the Township, from highest to lowest, is as follows: 1} county primaries; 3) county locals; and 4} minor roads (subdivision roads). 8) Subdivisions platted according to PA 288 of 1967 are encouraged because the new roads must be built to County Road Commission standards. ~ c. Where imminent danger is not a factor, county local gravel roads shall only be paved based upon the following considerations: 1) there is general consensus among residents living along the road segment for such paving; 2) the costs to maintain a gravel road become excessive compared to the long term costs of paving a road, thereby threatening the financial stability of the Township, and Township residents are unwilling to pay additional taxes to cover the maintenance costs; 3) a 30 unit or larger development approaching a density of 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres is proposed, in which case approval of such a project will be withheld until such time that arrangements are made for the paving of that portion of the road segment which abuts the project site prior to the time when the use becomes operational. 9) Development of private roads, whether lot by ~. or via the Condominium Act, PA 59 of 1978, must be built to County Road commission cross-sectional standards unless otherwise provided by the Zoning Ordinance. 10) All future residential structures along all County primary and county local road shall be setback at least 100 feet from the road or ramp right-of-way, or if the road right-of-way is not known, 130 feet from the center line of the road. Sewer and Water Overview As is often typical among rural communities, the vast majority of Deerfield Township residents rely upon septic systems and private wells for sewage disposal and potable water. However, improperly operating septic systems can contaminate potable groundwater resources, inland lakes and streams, and pose public health threats to those using the contaminated resources. d. The extension of road improvements near or through the Oak Grove State Game Area and other environmentally sensitive areas shall be strongly discouraged. 2) The Township shall strive to obtain and maintain current traffic counts throughout the entire Township and, upon the development of a Township-wide traffic count profile, establish a level of service rating for each road segment to As land development densities increase, so do~ the need for public sewer and water. Industrial, co~ mercial, and higher density residential land uses gen- 5-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �erally have greater sewage disposal and water (potable and otherwise) needs than can often be met by traditional on-site facilities. Failure to provide adequate sewer and water facilities to these land uses can lead to severe health and environmental consequences while the premature provision of these services can _lead to unmanaged growth and land development. minimum design standards of future public sewer and water systems. OPTIONS FOR FUTURE PUBLIC SEWER AND WATER SERVICES: Future public sewer and water opportunities may be generally considered to include newly constructed systems administered by Deerfield Township, the expansion of the Bennett Lake public sewer system, or community sewer systems established as public systems within a sewer service drainage district and operated and maintained by the Livingston County Drain Commission (especially if around an inland lake}. The Sewer and Water component of the Public Services Strategy provides policies and standards, in conformance with the Future Land Use Strategy and in the interest of the community's health, safety, and public welfare, to guide the use and applicability of onsite sewage disposal, potable water sources, and the provision of public sewer and water facilities. Each of these options, and the relative feasibility of each, presents its own set of advantages and disadvantages. While it is not the intent of the Public Services Strategy to encourage either one of these options over the others, it is important to recognize that these potential opportunities exist and they should serve as a basis, in part, for the policies of the Public Services Strategy. Analysis Less than 1% of the Township's surficial soils present only slight limitations to septic systems, and these areas are both scattered and fragmented. The balance of the Township presents moderate/severe to severe limitations to septic systems. These conditions highlight the critical relationship between land use, development densities, and on-site sewage disposal and potable water. Because of the considerable Township-wide limitations toward septic systems and yet the Township-wide use of this type of sewage disposal process and R_rivate wells for potable water, the public health, safety, and welfare is always at risk. Already there exists sites throughout the Township which have documented high nitrate levels in area wells. COMMUNITY SEWER SYSTEMS: Community sewer systems provide an alternative to the traditional large public sewer systems operated by municipalities. Community sewer systems are sewage disposal systems which are typically privately constructed, serve two or more dwelling units, and are constructed to provide sewage disposal to all dwelling units in the development project. These systems can vary in technology, ranging from a community septic field to a packaged treatment facility. Such systems can also be used to service nonresidential uses. These and related threats to the public welfare will only increase as the Township grows and develops unless specific measures are taken. These measures must address the assurance of adequate on-site sewage disposal practices including, in some cases, the provision of public sewer and water. Deerfield Township is not currently serviced by public sewer or water except for a public sewer system near Bennett and Lobdell Lakes. Up to this point in time, the need for such public services has been limited, but the need may well increase. Deerfield Township strongly discourages the use of community sewer systems. Such systems will provide for the highest development densities permitted by the Zoning Ordinance on a Township-wide basis and this development pattern is not consistent with the Future Land Use Strategy, the desired future character of the Township, and the efforts of the Township to manage growth. The single exception where community sewer systems may be considered a reasonable alternative for sewage disposal is when such systems are within the Suburban Residential Area and where ultimate responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the systems fall under the jurisdiction of a public agency. It is not the intent of the Public Services Strategy to suggest expanded public sewer and/or water is a necessity within the Township within the 20 year planning period of this Plan. It is the intent of this Plan, however, to establish: 1) the planning principles upon which the expansion or introduction of new systems should be based; 2) conditions delineating to what extent future land uses should be required to have access to a public sewer and/or water system; and 3) Policies Deerfield Township will be guided by the following policies in striving to assure adequate sewage disposal and potable water in the Township: 5-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PL.AN �1) All on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the requirements and standards of the Livingston County Public Health Department and Michigan Public Health Department as well as those of other applicable local, county, state or federal agencies. 2) No land uses or land development projects will be permitted if any applicable regulations regarding on-site sewage disposal and potable water facilities can not be met and public sewer and water services are not available. 3) Any future decision by the Township to provide public sewer and water services beyond those which currently exist in the Township shall be based upon an in-depth analysis of all available options, including services provided through cooperative agreements with neighboring municipalities. 4) Any public sewer and water services, aside from community systems, shall be provided in the Township only where the public welfare is threatened due to discovered environmental hazards or after this Comprehensive Plan has been thoroughly reviewed and updated to identify; 1) a planned future land use pattern which necessitates re/lance upon such a system; and 2) a logical phasing of infrastructure and service areas to limit rapid development and growth. 9) The Township will develop a wellhead protection zone around any future municipal wells a~ establish zoning regulations to prevent leakw and spills, or discharges of hazardous substances that might contaminate groundwater. Stormwater Management Overview As the land surface is covered by buildings, parking lots and other impermeable surfaces, the quantity of stormwater runoff increases. The soils and vegetated landscape which previously absorbed and slowed much of the water associated with storms are gone. Unless specific preventive measures are taken, these conditions encourage increases in runoff flow, soil erosion, sedimentation and pollution of area water resources, and flood potential. Though these conditions originate from site-specific circumstances, their impact can extend to the entire community and communities beyond if within the same watershed. Inadequate management of stormwater produced due to land development and urbanization threatens the public health, safety, and welfare through life threatening flood conditions, contamination of groundwater resources, deterioration of water-based recreation facili- ties, and damage and loss of property values. In co~ trast, stormwater management aims to minimize flcx.i:.__ conditions, and ensure the quality of runoff which is collected and ultimately discharged into the watershed system (streams, rivers, wetlands, lakes, etc.) is adequate. 5) Any future expansion of a sewer and/or water service area, and associated infrastructure, shall be established in a phased manner so as not to open up too great a land area to new and higher density development at one time. Analysis Though stormwater management should be a concern of all communities (and increasingly is because of federal and state regulations), the natural topography of Deerfield Township presents particular challenges in this regard. Though the rolling, and at times steep, topography of the Township minimizes the propensity for area-wide flooding, it also greatly facilitates soil erosion and sedimentation when soils are exposed. Unnecessary sedimentation threatens wetlands and streams, plus the lakes in the Township. The anticipated residential growth and development to occur in the Township in future years will increase the amount of impervious land cover and disturbance of sloped areas. This development has the potential to alter existing hydrological systems to the point where the public health, safety, and welfare may be at risk if concentrated in certain areas. This is particularly true in the planned Suburban Residential Area where a more intensive land use pattern is provided for. ~ 6) All land uses and land development projects must be serviced by public sewer and water infrastructure if the infrastructure abuts the property in question. 7) The provision of public sewer and water shall be based upon conformance with level of service standards where adopted by those municipalities individually or jointly providing the service to Deerfield Township. 8) Community or package sewer systems will be permitted by the Township provided the treatment capabilities of the package system provides a tertiary level of treatment, the system is built to, operates, and is maintained accc,rding to a/I local, county, state, and federal standards, and the project site is located within the Suburban Residential Area. 5-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Policies The following policies will guide the Township in adequately controlling the quality and quantity of stormwater runoff associated with the introduction of new land uses. fire and police protection services, and associated land and buildings, are available to provide for both the exis!in~ and !Uture welfare of residents and property within Deerfield Township. Analysis 1) Pr9posed land uses will not be permitted if and where the level of service currently provided by existing stormwater management infrastructure and/or existing drainage patterns would be decreased, unless necessary improvements to such infrastructure or natural drainage are first made. Deerfield Township currently relies on the Livingston County Sheriff's Department in Howell and the State Police in Brighton for police protection. Fire protection is provided by the City of Howell and the Townships of Hartland and Argentine. Specific standards upon which to evaluate the level of police protection in Deerfield Township do not exist due to the high number of variables that impact police protection needs. The limited commercial, industrial, and high density residential development in the Township greatly reduces the need for a level of police protection typically associated with a geographically smaller and more urbanized community of similar population size. As a whole, Township residents are generally satisfied with the current level of police protection services. These services are limited to a single patrol car cruising the Township for four hours per weekday. 24-hour protection and weekend protection is not contracted for, and the State Police must be contacted should the need arise. 2) The current level of service may vary from one site to another but will be generally defined as the rate, total volume, and quality of stormwater runoff prior to new site development activities. 3) All new and existing land uses must comply with all county, state, and federal regulations regarding stormwater management and soil erosion, including those regulations of and administered by the Livingston County Drain Commissioner. 4) All proposed and existing land uses situated on sites which reflect slopes of 12°/4 or greater shall take and maintain aggressive measures to prohibit the erosion of soils and sedimentation. Though a significant portion of the Township does not fall within the American Insurance Association's recommended four mile optimum service radius for buildings having an average separation of 100 feet or more, the vast portion of the Township does fall within the National Board of Fire Underwriters' recommended 1a-minute response time for "closely built" and ·scattered residential· areas. However, the lack of public water infrastructure in the Township is a significant obstacle to comprehensive fire protection. -- Support Services and Buildings Overview Support services, as referred to within this Plan, includes all the public services a community may provide to its residents above and beyond sewer, water, roads and streets. In particular, these services include police and fire protection and general government services such as tax assessment, cemetery care, and governance services. The reference to these services as support services ls not intended to suggest that they are of secondary importance but simply that they are of a different type than sewer, water, and roadway services. As the Township relies on other agencies for fire and police protection, the Township itself does not maintain any land or capital facilities for these purposes. However, though the Township's current agreements for police and fire protection services do not suggest the need for the purchase of land by the Township during the next 20 years, the need for increased service levels may well rise. Future growth in the Township may jeopardize current levels of service as emergency conditions will arise more frequently, placing additional demand on the agencies providing these services. As community growth and land development increases, so does the demand for these services. For example, police and fire protection must be extended to more individuals, families, and properties. Similarly, as the demand for these services increase, so does the need for support services administration and the need for property and buildings from which these services are administered. Policies The following policies will guide the Township in its pursuit of maintaining, and as necessary, improving The Support Services and Buildings component of the Public Services Strategy is intended to assure that 5-7 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �The Recreation component of the Public Services Strategy is a plan for identifying and addressing the recreation needs of the Township. This strategy be- "· comes the tool for identifying future recreation lands and the recreation services associated with these lands. However, it is recogn ized a more detailed analysis and plan is necessary to qualify for state or federal assistance with future recreational facility development. the level of service for general government, police, fire and emergency services: 'l" 1) The Township will maintain agreements with adjoining municipalities for fire service equal to the quality of service in place at adoption of this Plan with the aim to improve this rating. 2) The Township will continue to monitor police protection needs and service provided by the County Sheriffs Department, and State Police and if necessary, explore the development of a service agreement with one or more area police protection agencies for a higher level of service. Analysis Deerfield Township is extremely limited in the area of programmed recreational resources within its municipal limits. There are no public recreation lands administered by the Township or other agency except the Oak Grove State Game Area. The most fundamental of public recreational facilities , school playgrounds, are nonexistent due to the absence of school facilities in the Township. 3) The Township will continue to monitor other emergency services needs, such as ambulance assistance, and explore the development of a service agreement with one or more area police protection agencies for a higher level of service. 4) The Township will continue to meet the basic governance needs of its citizens in existing facilities, until a demonstrated need for more service and adequate financial resources are available to meet that need. Expansions and/or the construction of new facilities will be on the site of existing Township owned lands, except possibly for new recreational facilities which may require purchase of new lands. While the extent of recreational facilities in the Township is minimal, the degree to which the lack of these facilities reflects a condition of inadequacy is unclear at this time. The reason for this lack of clarity is that adequacy is, in part, determined by the attitudes of the Township residents in regard to their particular recreation needs and likes. Up to this time, a survey of ~ resident attitudes on the amount of recreation •'. opportunities in the Township has not been pursued. ,. - 5) The Township will explore the feasibility and practicality of public and/or private development of dry hydrant systems in connection with development around the Township's lakes and, where shown to be feasible and practical, establish standards and requirements for the construction of such systems. However, a definite state of inadequacy is apparent according to recreation standards adopted by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. The standards identify the minimum number of suggested recreation facilities, by facility type, based upon a community's population. The standards are presented as guidelines and not as absolute "hard and fast rules. n Standards applicable to a community the size of Deerfield Township suggest inadequacies relative to facilities for ball fields, court games, picnic areas, playgrounds, hiking trails, snowmobile trails, and more. Most evident is the total lack of local park land in the Township, irrespective how it may be programmed. MDNR standards suggest approximately 30 acres of park land for a community the size of Deerfield Township, or 10 acres for every 1,000 people. Recreation Strategy Overview Deerfield Township recognizes that the health of its residents is, in part, impacted by the quality of opportunities available for spending leisure time. The Township further recognizes that a critical consideration in this regard is the type of recreational facilities nearby and available to the residents of the Township. Demands for recreational opportunities increase with population growth and available land resources for recreation decrease as residential and other land uses consume greater amounts of what was previously open space and potential outdoor recreation land. Recreational lands must be purposefully pursued and planned for, as with any other principal land use, if these uses are to be appropriately located within the community and provide the services in demand. While the standards suggest inadequacies ranging from slight to severe, the public's perception of inadequacy is not clear. The rural character of the Township may provide for recreational needs at individual homes or through nearby recreational programs and facilities in other communities. However, not all ~ 5-8 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN \ �Township residents live on, or have access to, large land parcels, woodlots, and similar potential outdoor recreational opportunities. On the whole, the Township may not be meeting a significant degree of its citizens recreational needs and actions should be initiated to find out, and, if so, to correct the situation. Policies The following policies will guide the Township in its pursuit of an improved recreational environment: 1) The Township may determine, approximately every five years, the extent to which area residents are unsatisfied with recreation opportunities in the Township through the use of suNeys, public meetings, and/or inteNiews with residents. 2) The Township will strive to provide recreation facilities in a manner which recognizes the particular recreation needs expressed by its residents. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION Overview Contrary to decades past when access between communities was several days travel by stagecoach and the activities of one community had little impact upon the quality of life of other communities, we now live in an environment of microcomputers, vehicular and mass transit, telecommunications, and urban sprawl. We often live in one community, work in a second, shop in a third, and our children attend school in still a fourth. Roadway corridors, employment centers, and retail trade centers link the activities of one community to the next and beyond. Similarly, the growth and development patterns of an individual community can easily and directly impact growth and development in adjoining and nearby communities . As a result of this regionalism, a community does not exist unto itself but is intrinsically linked with the activities of communities beyond. This dictates the need for communities to cooperate and coordinate community planning and public service endeavors if maximum benefits are to be realized. The Intergovernmental Coordination component of the Public Services strategy establishes the framework within which Deerfield Township will realize the benefits of coordination with area municipalities and agencies. 3) Should sufficient public sentiment warrant, the Township will pursue the development of a MDNR-approved five year action plan which will provide a specific action plan aimed at providing recreation facilities desired by Township residents and enable the Township to compete for state and federal recreation development monies. Analysis 4) The Township will adopt incentives to encourage the provision of open space and recreation areas within future development projects. Deerfield Township exists within a web of regional forces which must be recognized and addressed through coordinated planning with area municipalities and agencies. Deerfield Township is centrally situated within the Detroit, Flint, Lansing, and Ann Arbor metropolitan areas, is afforded excellent a?cess to and from these major urban centers, and relies on these and other urban centers for employment and retail services. The Township's regional link is bolstered by its position near the path of expanding urban sprawl from the greater Detroit region. Still, th_e nume:ous day-today activities of the Towns~ip which impacted b~ non-township offices, including the_ L1~ingston Coun!} Road Commission, Drain CommIss1on , and Public Health Department. further exemplifies the critical need for intergovernmental coordination. 5) The Township will encourage ease of access to future recreation facilities though the pursuit of a linked open space system, siting recreation lands with recognition of existing and future primary population centers, and facilitating movement to and within future recreation facilities for motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and the physically disabled. _a:e 6) The Township will improve and coordinate efforts with all levels of government, with the quasi-public sector, and the privat(J sector to provide expanded and coordinated recreational opportunities. Policies The following policies will guide the Township in more effectively carrying out its municipal activitie~ and responsibilities within the regional context that ,t operates from: 5-9 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE Pl.AN �1) Deerfield Township will encourage a program whereby all adjacent communities and the County are provided the opportunity to comment on amendments to the Township's Comprehensive Plan, Zoning Ordinance. Subdivision Ordinance, capital improvements plan, and relate<j ordinances and programs of the Township which may have impacts on services or land use decisions of adjoining jurisdictions. 2) Deerfield Township will encourage opportunities for comment by adjoining jurisdictions on any development project within 1000 feet of the edge of the Township and will formally request area municipalities to permit Township comment on any development project within 1000 feet of their borders. 3) Deerfield Township will encourage the development of an intergovernmental coordination committee, composed of area municipalities and county agencies. aimed at addressing comprehensive planning issues including the impacts of land development and coordinating planning and zoning programs. 4) Deerfield Township will encourage the coordination of public services to serve the Township and surrounding areas in the most practical and economically feasible fashion and in accord with the policies previously set forth. 5-10 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix A LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY Deerfield Township is situated in the northeast central portion of Livingston County, which is located between Oakland and Ingham Counties on the fringe of southeast Michigan and the Greater Detroit Area. (see Rgure A-1). Deerfield Township is surrounded by the Townships of Cohoctah to the west: Oceola to the south; Tyrone to the east, and the Township of Argentine in Genesee County to the north. The US-23 expressway and 1-96 Interstate Highway are within two to seven miles of the Township, respectively, and serve as major regional connectors to employment centers in Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, and Lansing (see Rgure A1). TYRONE MARION GENOA Brighton Deerfield Township's location relative to transportation routes and employment centers has made it an increasingly popular place to live. A pastoral setting, highlighted by expansive farm fields and interspersed with woodlots, wetlands, several lakes, and rolling topography fuels the draw this Township presents as urbanization moves steadily closer. The largest of the Township's lakes, Bennett Lake, in the northeast corner of the Township, and Lake Shannon, in the far UNADIUA PUTNAM r HAMBURG Figure A-2 Figure A-3 Figure A-1 A-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN GREEN OAK �east central area of the Township, are also the most urbanized. Several other smaller and far less developed lakes exist within the Township Including a chain of lakes located within the state administered Oak Grove State Game Area, situated in the northwest quarter of the Township and extending into Cohoctah Township (see Figure A-3). Both small and expansive areas of woodlands and wetlands are situated throughout nearly all areas of the Township. A-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix B HISTORIC PE~SPECTIVE HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE The first post-office in Deerfield Township was established in 1837-38. It was intended to call the office by the name of the town, but the department having already established an office in Lenawee County under that name, issued a commission to Alfred Holmes as postmaster of "Deer Creek"post-office. The history of Livingston County 1 provides insight into the early history of Deerfield's development. Portions of this text taken directly from these materials are italicized. ,' Deerfield Township provided excellent hunting grounds for area Indian groups but none chose to establish a village within the limits of the Township. The first settler within the Township was John How. He emigrated from England to the United states in 1820 where he settled in New York as a agent for a cotton factory. Looking to invest his surplus earnings and establish a new market for his sons to pursue, he traveled to Michigan in 1833 and arrived in Detroit where the United States land-office was located. Hiring a guide and an Indian pony each for the guide and himself. he left Detroit on the Shiawassee trail to look up a satisfactory location. He wanted to find a locality where the soil should be light enough to cultivate easily, and yet heavy enough to bear successive cropping, and still yield a remunerative return for the labor of cultivation. Mr. How returned to Detroit in 1834 to stake a claim in the southeast quarter of Section 6, east three-fourths of Section 7 and west quarter of Section 8 of Deerfield Township. The following years saw more pioneers arriving in Deerfield Township, including the Hatt, Nottingham, Faussett, and Bennett families. William Bennett settled on the west side of North Ore Creek at the foot of Bennett Lake, which was appropriately named in his honor. Deerfield Centre was initially settled in 1842. It commenced in 1842 when Calvin W. Leonard made the first purchase of land on the school section, and built the first house in the village... In 1879, the village included one church, one school-house, one townhouse, one store and post-office, one blacksmithshop, about a dozen dwellings, and a population of about 50. By 1844, there were approximately 150 resident taxpayers in the Township. 1860 witnessed a Township population of 1,015 and in 1863, the Township's first township hall (town house) was constructed near the identical site of the current Township Hall, for a cost of $790 (including the lot, building, and furnishings). The 1874 census revealed the existence of 184 farms in the Township, with an average farm size of approximately 118 acres and an average yield of approximately 14.5 bushels of wheat per acre. Industry was initially introduced to the Township by John How in 1834 with the construction of a sawmill across the Shiawassee River. Other industrial activities which evolved in the Township during its early years, and subsequently disappeared, included an ashery, a distillery, and a grist mill. When Livingston County was first organized in 1833, Howell Township included the land area now known as Deerfield Township. In the winter of 193637, the inhabitants began to think that they were entitled to become a separate political division; and held a meeting at the house of Charles D. Topping to consider the question. The meeting was held in the evening, and was attended by about a half-dozen persons. A petition was drawn up and signed preparatory to its presentation to the Legislature, and several names were proposed. The petition was duly forwarded, and the Legislature, ignoring all of the names proposed, gave the town the name that it pleased them to select. Hence, Deerfield Township. 1 Source: History of Livingston County, Michigan. With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches. Philadelphia: Everts & Abbott. 1880. B-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Appendix C PHYSICAL PROFILE - NATURAL FEATURES CLIMATE southeast corner. Glacial deposit thickness increases from west to east across the entire Township. There are no outcroppings of bedrock. The proximity of the ~e?ro~k to the surface of the ground does not impose hm1tat1ons for normal excavating or construction. The effect of the Great Lakes on weather in Livingston County is not as noticeable as in other parts of Michigan. As a result, the County receives 5 to 10 percent more sunshine than the western part of the state. Precipitation averages 33.57 inches per year, and 59 percent of the annual total is received during the April-September period. Snowfall averages 42.6 inches per year. Cloudiness is most prevalent in the fall and early winter months, and is least during the late spring and summer. Average daily maximum temperatures range from 30 degrees in January to 82 degrees in July. Below in Table C-1 is temperature and precipitation information for Livingston County. The surface geology of Deerfield . Township resulted from glaciation 13,000 to 14,000 years ago. When glacial retreat was uniform, rocks were deposited in an even fashion across the landscape. Gently rolling till plains, which make up most of the Township, was the general landform produced by that process. Three more distinct landforms resulting from glaciers are moraines, outwash channels, and kettles. Moraines are hills which divide drainage basins, or watershed areas. In addition to defining drainage patterns, moraines are highly porous and provide natural intake points for water to percolate into the groundwater table. Examples of moraines in Deerfield Township are in the southeast one quarter of the Township, in the area bounded by White Road on the west, Hogan Road on the North and continuing into the townships south and east of Deerfield Township. Table C-1 - Climatic Information Temperature Preci :>itation Month Average Average Daily Daily Maximum Minimum c· Fl 16.6 16.0 23.6 34.8 45.6 56.0 60.1 59.1 51.6 41.7 30.0 20.0 ,. F\ Januarv 30.3 Februarv 31.6 March 40.8 54.8 Aoril Mav 67.2 77.3 June Julv 82.1 Aucust 80.5 72.4 Seot. October 60.7 44.4 November December 32.8 • on davs with snow cover Average Monthly Total linches\ 1.96 2.12 2.58 3.44 3.76 3.40 2.75 3.34 2.99 2.72 2.42 1.0 Average Snow Depth• finches\ 3.7 4.5 3.7 1.8 2.0 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.6 3.0 Outwash channels were once watercourses resulting from glacial meltwater and include areas of Deerfield Township such as Cranberry Creek and North Ore. Following glacial retreat, large blocks of ice occasionally broke from the glacier and became embedded in the depositional debris. As those ice blocks melted, depressions called kettles were formed. Kettles which form small lakes are natural reservoirs for the containment of surface water. Because they are usually shallow water bodies, they are easily susceptible to water pollution caused by development adjacent to their shores. There are many unnamed kettle depressions and small lakes in Deerfield Township. Source: Livingston County Soil Survey, Soil Conservation S91Vfce GEOLOGY Deerfield Township is underlaiden by . two major bedrock formations; Marshall Sandstone and Coldwater Shale. These are the first bedrock formations to be encountered beneath glacial deposits. Except for the extreme northeast areas of the Township which are underlain by the Marshall Formation, the balance of the Township is underlain by the Coldwater formation. The thickness of glacial deposits overlaying the sandstone and shale bedrock ranges from approximately 100 feet along portions of the Township's western border to as much as 200 feet in the Township's far TOPOGRAPHY The relative steepness of an area has an impact upon drainage patterns, private costs of development, and public costs. There are numerous areas throughout Deerfield Township which exhibit slopes of 12 to 18 percent or more (see Map C-1 ). Many of these steeper areas follow the water courses in the TownC-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �ship. These slopes place limitations on development. Generally, slopes exceeding 7% present special construction problems and require special measures to prevent soil erosion and surface water sedimentation. Careless hillside development can also lead to increased costs for providing various public utilities and services. Roads, sewers, and water lines require special engineering and construction in such areas. The shores of lakes, especially in Livingston County, are very popular for land development. Th~ attract new development more than any other natu 1 ~ feature and often have a very high market value. Con: sequently, lakefront development is often built at a high density. Faulty septic system siting (where sewer is not available) and storm water runoff are major concerns because small and shallow lakes are susceptible to pollution from runoff and migrating groundwater that has been contaminated. Preservation of the existing character of steep sloped areas in Deerfield Township is especially important because of the erodibility of gravely soils in those areas, and because of impacts on nearby watercourses (including Bennett, Shannon, Indian, and Louis Lakes, Cranberry Creek, North Ore Creek, and the Shiawassee River). Excavation and removal of vegetation from steep-sloped areas for development would significantly increase runoff and sedimentation of local lakes and streams and would ultimately undermine the attractive and distinctive character of the Township. The cumulative effects of lakeshore development have intensified state-wide since the 1950's. Lakeshore homes previously were used only for weekends and vacations . After interstate highways were built, the lakes became more accessible and lakeshore homes became desirable as permanent homes. It should be of no surprise then that most of the developable lakefront land in Deerfield Township has already been build upon. Many of the Township's shoreline areas are not desirable or feasible for development because of the presence of wetlands. It should be noted however that the existence of developed lakefront land does not necessarily preclude future new redevelopment projects of these areas and their potential to place excessive recreational and environmental demands upon adjacent water resources. The Township generally falls in elevation to the north and west from the Township's southeast corner. The absolute topographic relief in Deerfield Township varies from a maximum elevation of approximately 1,013 feet above sea level at McGuire and Faussett Roads in the southeast corner of the Township to a minimum of approximately 835 feet along the shoreline of the Shiawassee River in Section 6 of the Township. Section 6 in Deerfield Township is the lowest elevation in Livingston County. Along with new lakefront homes and existing lak front homes being converted to permanent residence~. conveniences such as garbage disposals, clothes washers, and detergents were introduced. In addition, lawns were fertilized and mowed, and more roads and driveways were built near the lakes, exposing bare ground surfaces. Use of detergents, removal of vegetation from the landscape, use of fertilizers, and increased densities near lakes can ultimately result in diminished lake water quality. Most inland lake water quality problems are largely the result of inappropriate land use practices. INLAND LAKES A list of the lakes of 10 acres or more in size in Deerfield Township appears in Table C-2. The combined surface area of these 1o lakes covers approximately 741 acres. The lakes are scattered throughout the Township, though the southern third of the Township is the most void of lakes (see Map C-2). Dense lakefront development often results in contamination of groundwater from septic systems located in high water table areas, which are commonly found on the shores of lakes. This groundwater often migrates into the surface water, resulting in an acceleration of aquatic weed and algae growth. Lakes that have steep slopes adjacent to them usually have problems with erosion and sedimentation on their shores rather than problems associated with high water table. Table C-2 - Lakes 10 Acres or Larqer Lake Location Bennett Lake Indian Lake Lake Shannon Lobdell Lake Ryan Lake Loufa Lake Unnamed Unnamed Hidden Lake Unnamed Sections 1 2 Sections 8 17 Section 24 Section 2 Sections 3 4 Sections 1o 15 Section 33 Section 34 Sections 18 19 Section 8 Approximate Area (acres In Twp.) 181 155 117 70 85 85 34 22 19 13 Dredging and filling activities along most lakeshores are regulated by the Department of Natural Resources through the Inland Lakes and Streams Af"'\"", I PA 346 of 1972, MCL 281 .952 et seq. The Coun., C-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Drain Commissioner, through the provisions of the Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Act, PA 347 of 1972, MCL 282.101 et seq, has authority to review land development and land uses regarding soil erosion and sedimentation issues, and prescribe conditions to minimize such conditions. including tributaries, urban areas, and hills. Deerfield Township is at or very near the beginning of the Shiawassee River system, so it contributes floodwaters to downstream communities such as Owosso, while it receives no floodwaters from other areas. SOILS DRAINAGE The resource use or development capacity of a specific parcel of land is largely dependent upon the characteristics of the soils present on the site. This is especially true of an area such as Deerfield Township where public services are limited. The Township relies upon groundwater and on-site wastewater treatment. Sewers operated by Genesee County near Bennett Lake service only a very small portion of the Township. Substantial areas of surface soils in Deerfield Township suggest severe limitations for residential and urban development. The Livingston County Soil Survey identifies more than 80 soil units in the County, the majority of which can be found in Deerfield Township (see Table C-3 listing of soil map units proceeding Map C-4A). Deerfield Township lies entirely within the major drainage basin of the Shiawassee River. The Township itself fall within six smaller sub-watersheds. Watershed boundaries are shown in Map C-3 . The primary watercourses in Deerfield Township are the Yellow River Drain, Cranberry Creek, North Ore Creek, and the south branch of the Shiawassee River. Extensive wetlands are associated with portions of these drainage courses including areas southeast of Bennett Lake and areas surrounding Louis Lake and to the north and south. Natural drainage systems perform important drainage and water storage functions that would otherwise have to be provided by costly public works projects, and thus they should be preserved. Streams and watersheds having flow characteristics that have been adversely altered can also contribute to flooding or flow problems downstream. Additionally, increased runoff and sedimentation from adjacent development can cause irregular flow and choke a watercourse's connection with groundwater formations, adversely affecting groundwater resources. Land Use And Soils Each soil type has unique characteristics which pose opportunities for some uses and limitations for others. The most important characteristics making thesoil suitable or unsuitable for development are limitations on dwellings with basements, limitations on septic tank absorption fields, and suitability for farming. The degree of soil limitations reflects the hardship and expense of developing the land. Soil limitations can be classified into three categories: FLOODPLAINS Slight: Relatively free of limitations or limitations are easily overcome. Areas adjacent to creeks, streams and rivers are susceptible to periodic flooding that can cause extensive damage to buildings and can pose a substantial threat to public health and safety. 100 year flood boundaries have not been mapped by the National Flood Insurance Program for Deerfield Township. The floodprone areas in Deerfield Township, if any do in fact exist, are relatively small because the Township includes some of the higher elevations in the region (and is actually near the top of the watershed), is not traversed by any major watercourses, and has a rolling terrain which facilitates runoff drainage. Communities which have the greatest danger of flooding are those in the downstream areas of major watersheds. As a river travels down its watershed (toward its emptying point on the Great Lakes), it accumulates runoff water from many different sources, Moderate: Limitations need to be considered, but can be overcome with good management and careful design. Severe: Limitations are severe enough to make use questionable. A modern soil survey was completed for Livingston County by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in 1974. The soil types present in Deerfield Township are shown on Maps C-4A and C-4B, and further clarified in Table C-3. Soil types found in Deerfield Township are essentially glacial deposits acted upon by soil formation processes such as wind and water. As a result of glaciation, soil types vary widely from site to site in Deerfield Township. This, coupled with the fact that soil depths on USDA soil survey maps average 3-5 C-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �feet, make conclusive and accurate delineation of areas with severe limitations difficult. Site visits and inspections are necessary in nearly all instances to establish actual site conditions . Limitations for Septic Systems Substantial portions of Deerfield Township have surficial soils that impose severe limitations on septic tank absorption fields. These soils are concentrated in large groups, as well as scattered, and comprise approximately one third of the Township's total land area. Soils pose severe limitations for a variety of reasons, including steep slopes, wetness, and slow or excessive permeability. Approximately two thirds of the Township's surficial soils present moderate or moderate/severe limitations. Less than 80 acres of the Township's surficial soils present only slight limitations. Map C-5 shows the septic system limitation areas for the Township. The degree of soil limitations reflects the hardship and expense of developing that land for a particular use. Those soils classified as severe have varying degrees of development potential based on the nature of the limitation. Soils with severe limitations for septic systems can be broken down into the following categories: fore, the limitations maps are meant to serve only as a guide, and on-site inspection will be necessary in mo~ cases to establish site-specific information. r Municipal sewer systems are necessary when residential densities exceed the inherent ability of soils to prevent wastes from reaching water supplies . For most soil types that means densities of more than one and one-half dwellings per acre. With less dense development and soils without extreme limitations for septic systems, sewage can be disposed of safely by individual private systems. Standards for Septic Systems The Livingston County Health Department has established standards for septic systems. These standards apply somewhat different site characteristics when determining the degree of limitations for septic systems, compared to the Soil Conservation Service approach , which focuses on soil types and slope. Applications for a septic permit will be rejected by the Livingston County Health Department if: • The highest zone of groundwater saturation is less than 2.5 feet below the original ground surface. • The stabilized percolation rate is in excess of 45 minutes per inch of fall. • A. Sandy, moderate to rapid permeability. ', • The proposed site is subject to flooding or is within the ten year flood prone area. B. Rapid permeability, wetness and high water table. • Where there exists less than 2.5 feet of naturally occurring permeable soil that is considered as suitable for the disposal of liquid sewage wastes as determined by the Soil Conservation Service. C. Wet, ponding, heavier (clay) soils, slow permeability. D. Very wet soils, organics, wetlands, floodplains, unable to support septic fields. • Variances may be granted for existing structures where sewage disposal system repairs, corrections, and/or alterations are necessary (in the opinion of a Health Officer). Soils in categories B, C and Dare not able to support septic fields because of extreme wetness. Soils in category A are classified as severe by the Soil Conservation Service, but in most cases, sites with these soils can be modified to make septic systems feasible, depending on specific local conditions. Where the upper soil profile is considered unsuitable for the installation of a sewage disposal system, a "deep excavation· or "cutdown system" may be acceptable if: Because of the diversity of soils found within most areas in Deerfield Township, conditions on a particular site may be completely different from what the soil maps indicate. Even though the site may appear to have severe limitations for development, there may be areas where development is suitable because the limiting soils are underlain by suitable soils within 12 feet of the ground surface. Such an occurrence would be an important consideration in determining site suitability for an on-site sewage disposal system. There- • Permeable soils encountered are within 12 feet of the ground surface and are not confined to an area less than 2400 square feet, except when the site is otherwise unsuitable. • Water-bearing formations found within the 12 foot range are not artesian. • There is sufficient information to substantiate that contamination of existing or future watwells will not occur. 'l. , C-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ·' �• No less than 3 feet of permeable soils exist below the unsuitable soils. ment measures such as irrigation and fertilizer. Some soil~ are ..co~sidered prime farmland only if they are drained. Umque farmlands" are based on certain soil •~~es as w~II :3s other factors, such as landscape po~ltlon (prox1m1ty to water supply, orientation to sunlight, slope, etc.), moisture supply, and present management practices. "Prime farmland" soils are shown on Map C-9. Prime farmland soils comprise approximately one. half of t~e area of Deerfield Township. They are fairly consolidated and situated principally in the southern two thirds of the Township , although there are several areas in the Township's northern regions. • The unsuitable soils above the permeable soils are not saturated (muck, peat, marl, etc.). Basement Limitations Limitations for dwellings with basements are shown on Map C-6. Some soils are rated by the Soil Conservation Service as having severe limitations on basements because of excessive wetness, low strength , excessive slope, or shrink-swell potential. Severe limitations are not concentrated in any particular areas, but are scattered throughout the Township. Soils considered unsuitable for construction of dwellings with basements cover less than one quarter of the total land area of the Township. WOODLANDS Table C-4 identifies the type and acreages of woodlands in Deerfield Township. The wooded areas of Deerfield Township are predominantly hardwoods with only very small areas of conifers. There are sev~ eral particularly large (in excess of 600 acres) contiguous tracts of woodlands in the Township, including around the Indian Lake area and along the Shiawassee River corridor. Woodlands, which cover approximately one quarter of the Township's land area, are shown in Map C-10. Most Suitable Soils for Development The most suitable soils for development, with respect to both septic system and basement limitations, are depicted in Map C-7. Those soils considered most suitable for development, based upon the limitations they present for both on-site sewage disposal and building construction, are generally situated in the southeastern half of the Township although do include considerable areas along the northern areas of the Township. There are only a few locations in the Township where the most suitable soils for development extend over large contiguous areas. Table C-4 - Woodland Use/Cover Codes in Deerfield Townshio Hydric Soils Hydric soils present another limitation to development. They are very poorly drained, saturate easily and retain large quantities of water. They are generally unsuitable for structures. The Soil Conservation Service defines hydric soils as : Code Descrlctlon Area lnTwc. 412 414 421 Uoland Hardwood Lowland Hardwood Pine 3 912 acres 1 684 acres 183 acres The importance attached to woodlands is a function of their demonstrated ability to stabilize slopes, retard erosion, conserve water quality and quantity, maintain local micro-climates, filter the atmosphere, decrease noise levels and provide wildlife habitats. Mature trees represent a valuable resource in maintaining the aesthetic character of Deerfield Township. Future development should not occur at the expense of existing tree cover. Wooded areas in Deerfield Township should be managed to insure their long term existence and to help preserve the rural character of the Township. "A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part." If artificially drained, hydric soils can be suitable for farmland use. Map C-8 shows where these hydric soils are. Most of the hydric soils in the Township are found near watercourses and correspond to present or former wetlands. Residential, commercial and industrial development in areas containing hydric soils should be strongly discouraged. WETLANDS Wetlands include marshes, swamps, and the areas between dry land and open water. These are areas typified by poor drainage and standing water. They are important community resources for several Prime Farmland "Prime farmland" soil types have been identified by the Soil Conservation Service as those best suited tor food production: they require minimal soil enhanceC-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �reasons. Wetlands provide a filter to keep inorganic materials out of the water supply, act as a sponge to retain water during dry periods and hold water during floods. One acre of marsh is capable of absorbing 300,000 gallons of water. Wetlands provide this hold• ing capacity inexpensively. If destroyed they can be replaced only with expensive structural public improvements. Wetlands also function as critical wildlife habitats. A significant portion of Deerfield Township can be characterized as wetland. These wetland areas are primarily associated with the river channels and lakes located within the Township . Some of the wetlands exist in relatively large, contiguous areas, including those associated with Louis Lake and Bennett Lake/North Ore Creek. There is a large wetland area which is not contiguous to water courses or lakes, located north of Center Road between Argentine and Green Roads, covering approximately 300 acres. The majority of the balance of the wetlands are found in smaller areas of 40 acres or less. Some wetlands, such as fens or meadows, do not look very wet and may not be wet a large part of the year. Most of these areas are seasonally flooded-usually in the spring and fall, and in the summer they are often without standing water, although the organic soil usually stays near saturation. Because wetlands are a valuable natural resource, they are protected by the Wetlands Protection Act, PA 203 of 1979, MCL 281.701 et seq. PA 203 requires that permits be acquired from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) prior to altering or filling a regulated wetland. The Wetland Protection Act defines wetlands as: "land characterized by the presence of water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support and that under normal circumstances does support wetland vegetation or aquatic life and is commonly referred to as a bog, swamp, or marsh and is contiguous to the Great Lakes, an inland lake or pond, or a river or stream." inches in diameter, and maintenance or operation of electric transmission and distribution power lines. " ' Per~its will not b~ issued if a feasible or prudent alternative to developing a wetland exists. A map of wetlands based on the DNR's land use/cover inventory is illustrated on Map C-11 . Table C-5 shows the land use/cover codes pertaining to regulated wetlands in the area. Some areas of hydric soils not shown as wetlands would likely be classified as wetlands if they were not artificially drained. Table C-5 - Wetland Use/Cover Codes Code 414 423 611 612 621 622 Descrlctlon Lowland Hardwood Lowland Conifer Forested Wetland Shrub Wetland Aauatlc Bed Emeraent Wetlands Area In Two. 1,684 acres O acres 247 acres 760 acres 0 acres 291 acres GROUNDWATER Wells within Deerfield Township supply all of the water for residential, commercial and industrial uses in the Township. Most of these wells draw from the confined glacial drift aquifer, which is separated from thJi.. ground surface by a ·confining" layer of clay or roc111!!!'~"" Some wells draw from the unconfined aquifer, which is more vulnerable to contamination from the ground surface. Generally, drawing water from the Coldwater Shale bedrock provides water of much lower quality than that obtained from the Marshall Sandstone bedrock. Groundwater is an unseen resource and is therefore particularly vulnerable to mismanagement and contamination. Prior to the 1980's, little was known about groundwater contamination in Michigan, and some important facts have recently been revealed. The leading causes of groundwater contamination in Michigan are from small businesses and agriculture. More than 50% of all contamination comes from small businesses that use organic solvents, such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and heavy metals, such as lead, chromium, and zinc. The origin of the problem stems from careless storage and handling of hazardous substances. On paved surfaces where hazardous materials are stored, substances can seep through or flow off the edge of the pavement. Materials can also get into floor drains which may discharge to soils, wetlands or watercourses . Regulated wetlands include all wetland areas greater than 5 acres or those of any size contiguous to waterways. Wetlands which are hydrologically connected (i.e., via groundwater) to waterways are also regulated. Activities exempted from the provisions of the Act include farming, grazing of animals, farm or stock ponds, lumbering, maintenance of existing nonconforming structures, maintenance or improvement of existing roads and streets within existing rights-of-way, maintenance or operation of pipelines less than six C-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �problem area. The sources of contamination are not known. Faulty septic systems do not always filter wastes adequately before they reach unprotected groundwater supplies (i.e. there is an inadequate impervious surface between the ground surface and the groundwater}. Leaching fertilizer from farm fields could also be a source. Many common materials used by homeowners are highly toxic and can also contaminate groundwater supplies, even when used in small quantities. Groundwater protection is everyone's responsibility, and prevention of contamination is the most effective way to protect groundwater supplies. Map·c-12 illustrates those areas in the Township that may be more vulnerable to groundwater contamination due to a combination of simultaneous conditions including high permeable soils and the comparatively limited depth to the water table. Act 307 The Michigan Environmental Response Act, PA 307 of 1982, MCL 691. 1201 et seq, provides for the identification, risk assessment, and priority evaluation of environmental contamination sites throughout the State. Following evaluation via a risk assessment model developed by experts from various state agencies, contaminated sites may be placed on one of two lists. The sites are given priority based on such factors as the availability of federal Superfund money, Act 307 funding, voluntary action by responsible parties, the likelihood of successful legal action, and the need to address immediate public health concerns. One list consists of sites where further evaluation and interim response activities are required. The other list contains sites where response activities are ready to be undertaken. There are no sites in Deerfield Township currently suspected of soil or groundwater contamination nor included on the current fiscal year Act 307 lists. ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPACTED SITES Water Supplies with High Nitrate Concentrations Approximately eight sites with elevated nitrate levels (above Sppm) in· groundwater are scattered throughout Deerfield Township, including sites near Wiggins and Faussett Roads, Latson and Center Roads, Argentine and Hogan Roads, and Green and Allen Roads. Though the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers nitrate levels of 10ppm as the maximum limit of generally acceptable levels, it Is generally recognized that once levels exceed Sppm, they are apt to continue to increase and indicate a C-7 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �MAP C-1 STEEP SLOPES Explanation and Key Points: Areas in black are very steep hillsides (over 18% slope) which pose substantial limitations to safe development and typically shoukf not be built upon or exposed because of extremely high erosion potential and high public service costs. Steeply sloped areas are found throughout the Township. The checked-pattern areas are hillsides with moderate slope (12-18%). These areas also pose severe limitations to buikfings, septic systems, and public services. To the extent that development is permitted on such slopes, it shoukf occur only when adequate measures are taken to protect the hillsides from erosion and minimize other negative effects of such development. The lightly shaded areas are 6-12% slopes, which pose moderate limitations for development. All areas of 6% or greater in slope comprise less than a fifth of Deerfield Township's total land area. Methodology: The Soil Survey of Livingston County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its slope. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Deerfield Township, soil map units defined by the respective slope ranges were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UOSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township �W~~W[?11]~[1W 1I@W~0C=ODlP Livingston County, Michigan Map C-1 • II 6-12% Slopes 12-18% Slopes STEEP SLOPES • Slopes 18% and Greater N A SCALE 1:56,950 1 nch • 4746 feet I �CBC§~ru[?[J~[Q) lJ~~lJ:ODCP Uvingston County, Michigan ( ~r • • • • - • •• ••••• ······-t••l··············•,·r·· V \ 6 5 11 9 • • ~ + + 14 12 + 13 + I 27 28 Map C-2 I/I LAKES and DRAINS Drainage ditches or natural streams l_......•··1 TIie drains SCA1.E 1:56,950 1 heh • &746 feet �MAP C-3 WATERSHEDS Explanation and Key Points: A watershed is an area which drains into a particular river, lake, or stream. Thus the Cranberry Creek watershed is that area where all rainfalls ultimately flows into the Cranberry Creek. The boundaries between different watersheds are called divides, and typically fall on ridges or high points. Map C-3 shows that most of Deerfield Township drains into the Cranberry Creek and Yellow River Drain. Deerfield Township is basically at the headwaters, or at ihe top. • of its drainage basins, and as a result does not experience the effects of flooding and water pollution that communities located further downstream do. This Is because floodwaters and pollution accumulate as more and more communities contnbute their runoff to the river, stream, or lake in the watershed. Methodology: Planning consultants met with personnel from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR}. The Lakes and Streams Unit, Land and Water Management Division, maintains a file of watershed areas in the state. Following a brief discussion of the watersheds in the Township, the information was transferred to a computerized mapping system and a pattern-filled map was generated. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Land and Water Management Division, Lakes and Streams Unit �[g)~~ffiC?LJ~[10 V@W~~CXJDCP Livingston County, Michigan 5 0. 0 . -~ 1 <) 8 ~"" ~ + ----·-----= ·----·- \ + ---~-· --- - - ~ + +\) \ 28 River Drain G' ~ + . 34 ~J~,,.~ 0 0 Map C-3 WATERSHEDS N I/ J A Watershed boundary SCALE Nov&m~. 1992 , 1 1:56,950 1 r.ct, • 4746 teer 1..0,-,."'"'Q . MICNQOri �Table C-3 SOIL MAP UNITS Ad ApA ApB ApC Ba Be Bp BrA BrB BrC BsA BsB BtA BtB BtC BtD BtE BtF BuA Bv BwA By Cc Cr CvA CvB CxA ~ Ed FoA FoB Foe FrB FrC FrD FrE FrF Gd Gr HdB HdC HIS HIC Alluvial land Arkport fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Arkport fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Arkport fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Barry sandy loam Serville loam Borrow pits · Boyer loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Boyer loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes Boyer loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes Boyer loamy sand, silty substratum, Oto 2 percent slopes Boyer loamy sand, silty substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopes Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 0 to 2 percent slopes Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 2 to 6 percent slopes Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 6 to 12 percent slopes Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 12 to 18 percent slopes Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 18 to 25 percent slopes _ Boyer-Oshtemo loamy sands, 25 to 35 percent slopes Brady loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Breckenridge loamy sand Bronson loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Brookston loam Carlisle muck Colwood fine sandy loam Conover loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Conover loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Conover-Miami loams, O to 2 percent slopes Edwards muck Fox sandy loam, o to 2 percent slopes Fox sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Fox sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Fox-Boyer complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes Fox-Boyer complex, 6 to 12 percent slopes Fox-Boyer complex. 12 to 18 percent slopes Fox-Boyer complex. 18 to 25 percent slopes Fox-Boyer complex, 25 to 40 percent slopes Gilford sandy loam Gravel pits Hillsdale loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes Hillsdale loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes Hillsdale sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Hillsdale sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes HID HIE HmB HmC Ho La Le Lm LoB Md MIB MnA MnB MnC MoA MoB Moc MoD MoE MoF MrB MwB OaB OkB OIA 018 OmA OmB Orne OmD Pc Rf Se SvB SvC SvD SvE SvF Tm We WeA Wn Hillsdale sandy loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Hillsdale sandy loam, 18 to 25 percent slopes Hillsdale-Miami loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes Hillsdale-Miami loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes Houghton muck Lake beaches Lamson fine sandy loam Linwood muck Locke sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Made land Metamora sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Metea loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Metea loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes Metea loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes Miami loam, Oto 2 percent slopes Miami loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Miami loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Miami loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes Miami loam, 18 to 25 percent slopes Miami loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes Miami-Conover loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes Minoa-Thetford complex, Oto 4 percent slopes Oakville fine sand, Oto 6 percent slopes Oakville fine sand, loamy substratum, 0 to 6 percent slopes Ottokee loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes Ottokee loamy sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes Owosso-Miami sandy loams, 0 to 2 percent. slopes Owosso-Miami sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes Owosso-Miami sandy loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes Owosso-Miami sandy loams, 12 to 18 percent slopes Pewamo clay loam Rifle muck Sebewa loam Spinks-Oakville loamy sands, 0 to 6 percent slopes Spinks-Oakville loamy sands, 6 to 12 percent slopes Spinks-Oakville loamy sands, 12 to 18 percent slopes Spinks-Oakville loamy sands, 18 to 25 percent slopes SpinksOakville loamy sands, 25 to 35 percent slopes Tawas muck Warners loam Wasepi sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Washtenaw silt loam �( Map C-48 SOIL TYPES - NORTH HALF �( Map C-4A SOIL TYPES - SOUTH HALF ~ et �MAP C-5 LIMITATIONS FOR SEPTIC SYSTEMS Explanation and Key Points: The map graphically represents surficial soil limitations for residential septic systems. Limitations from slight to severe are shown, with severe limitations having the darkest pattern and slight iimitations having the lightest. Lakes are shown in black. Areas with moderate/severe to severe limitations for septic systems comprise approximately one half of the Township's land area. These areas are considered to have severe limitations because of high water table, excessive slope, wetness, very high permeability, or very slow permeability. As a result, large portions of Deerfield Township are unsuitable for development on parcels substantially smaller than two acres, without public sewer systems. Areas shown as having moderate or slight limitations are suitable for development at somewhat higher densities without public sewer systems. Methodology: The UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its limitations for septic tank absorption fields. The soil survey table was not used directly because local health department policies for issuing septic system permits vary considerably within Michigan. Specifically, the Livingston County Health Department considers some soils rated by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) as having moderate limitations to actually have severe limitations. In other cases, soils rated as severe by SCS can have only moderate limitations. Because of the need for a more detailed analysis of septic system limitations, soils were divided into the following six categories: • • • • • • Sandy, moderate to rapid permeability (moderate) Sandy, rapid permeability, high water table (severe) Wet, ponding, heavier (clay) soils, slow permeability (severe) Very wet soils, organics, floodplains (severe) Moderate -limitations Slight limitations Personnel at the Livingston County Health Department were consulted regarcfang the valicfrty of the soils within the six classifications. Some of the soils were changed from one classification to another because the experience of the Health Department with those types of soil in Deerfield Townsh.,. In some cases, certain loams and sandy loams were considered by Health Department staff to have severe limitations rather than moderate. It was also noted by Health Department staff that the soil survey map units only cover a profile of no more than six feet below the surface, and soil types below that level vary widely in Deerfield Townsh., because of glaciation. Sometimes, sites with severe sol limitations within the upper six feet are under1ain by •good• soils for septic systems. However this is not often the case, since the areas rated as severe on Map C-6 have a high water table, are found in wetlarxJs or swamps, or have steep slopes. WetlarxJs and areas with a high water table are very unlikely to be underlain with suitable soils. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Deerfield Township, soil map units defined as having slight, moderate, and severe limitations for septic systems, with respect to the above six classifications, were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township Livingston County Health Department kg/ stallon5:\ wotd\deeflcomplanldsepli,,...doc 12·2•a:J �I Livingston County, Michigan Map C - 5 • Lill.] LIMITATIONS FOR SEPTIC SYSTEMS Moderate/Severe Slight Moderate II Severe • N \Veter A SCALE 1:56,950 1 ncn " 4746 feet �I MAP C-6 LIMITATIONS FOR BASEMENTS Explanation and Key Points: Map C-6 graphically represents surflcial soil limitations for basements. Limitations from slight to severe are shown, with severe limitations having the darkest pattern and slight limitations having the lightest pattern. Lakes are shown in black. Areas with severe limitations for dwellings with basements comprise approximately one fifth of the Township's land area. These areas are considered to have severe limitations because of high water table, excessive slope, wetness, shrink-swell potential, and the tendency of the soils to cave In. Soils with severe limitations for dwellings with basements are found primarily in areas of hydric soils, steep slopes, and wetlands. Thus, these soils could be considered unsuitable for development. Methodology: The Soil Survey of Livingston County contains a table listing each soil type in the County and its limitations for dwellings with basements. Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Deerfield Township, soil map units defined as having slight, moderate, and severe limitations for basements were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and pril")ted. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township �r Livingston County, Michigan Map C - 6 • • Slight Moderate LIMITATIONS FOR BASEMENTS ~ Severe • Wa t er · SCALE 1:56,950 I rC"\ " 4746 feet �r MAP C-7 MOST SUITABLE SOILS Explanation and Key Points: Shaded areas on Map C-7 represent surflcial soil areas most suitable for residential development with respect to limitations for basements and limitations for septic systems. The areas represented are places where limitations for both septic systems and dwellings with basements are considered moderate or slight. These •suitable• soils comprise approximately one quarter of the Township's total land area and are found mostly in the southeastern half of the Township. Methodology: Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map ot Deerfield Township, soil map units defined previously as having moderate or slight limitations for both septic systems and dwellings with basements were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township Livingston County Health Department '9'alallon6.'\~1111lllnld!Nuil.doo 12-2-83 .~ \ �I DEERFIELD Li Vin g S::. 0 n TOWNSHIP CO Un t y. ,\, ' :!. C h :!. ~ 2 ~ i.~- ~ ~va }111, ~ -'-)- ~ ~ 1,~, ~ 15 I ~---.~;::::.._;: \ ---·-....·-·. .-·- - ....... ..... ..-·- ··-·-··-··· ... ·..,-..... ...·-····-· ··- -•--•••---•...-M•--·-··- ....... -·--•-··•-···· --··· ·--.... ·--··.... o - •- • •• • -- ?IMIIU"I I 10111r,q ".lnter [re ,.., ........ ..... . .... ,., __ . , .. ... • ..... . .... ..... , , MOST SUITABLE • SOILS Map C - 7 N A 11'1 --- ✓ E '5 ot l , "4o5 t Su :1:.ao t ~ • -:r- '.; e ·,~ '..:: 11e" ·. - -· -·· .... --· .. ......... _ . ··- · - s :c . ... :! ~ - ... ·: - :21\•0 ••• , 'J '"I t �MAP C-8 HYDRIC SOILS Explanation and Kay Points: Shaded regions on Map C-8 represent areas covered by hydric soils. Hydric soils are generally very wet, or have been wet for extended periods in the past, organic soils which, in their natural state, are poorly drained, saturate easily, and retain large quantities of water. In Deerfield Township, these soils are found mostly near watercourses and wetlands. Hydric soils always have severe limitations for both basements and septic systems. They are generally unsuitable for any type of structural use. Areas with hydric soils are often a home for wildlife and may have a variety of recreational uses. If properly drained, they can be suitable for farming. Methodology: The USDA Soil Conservation Service publishes a list of all hydric soils in Michigan. Hydric soils in Deerfield Township were identified from that list and input into the digital soil map of the Township. Using a computerized mapping system and the digital USDA soil survey map of Deerfield Township, soil map units designated as hydric soils were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township USDA Soil Conservation Service Michigan hydric soils list •• �I W8@@[?[]~[1W Lf@W~0[X]DCP Livingston County, Michigan Map C - 8 . HYDRIC SOILS • ~ Hydrlc Soils • Water SCAU: 1:56,950 1 ndl • ,04/J fee t �I MAP C-9 PRIME FARMLAND SOILS Explanation and Key Points: Shaded areas on Map C-9 represent two types of prime farmland soils. The darker of the two patterns is prime farmland soils in their current state, while the lighter pattern represents areas that are considered prime farmland only if drained. Areas not requiring drainage comprise the vast majority of all prime farmland soils. Prime farmland soils cover a significant portion of Deerfield Township; almost one half of the total land area. Methodology: The UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County contains a table, listing each soil type in the County and its ranking as prime farmland . Using a computerized mapping system and a digital USDA soil survey map of Deerfield Township, soil map units defined as being prime farmland were automatically located and filled with the appropriate patterns and printed. Source: UDSA Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan Digital UDSA Soil Survey map of Deerfield Township loigletallon6.'\~arm.doo 12·2-83 • �Livingston County, Michigan Map C-9 PRIME FARMLAND SOILS Ill Prime Farmland II Prime Farmland, If Drained j SCAl.£ 1:56,950 : 1 rd1 "' 4746 fee t I ~ 4l lor,t,,Q C,.,.,tet. ire . �MAP C-10 WOODLANDS Explanation and Key Points: The shaded regions on Map C-1 O represent four different types of wooded areas. The three _general types of woodland cover are hardwoods (broadleaf trees), conifers (needle-leaf trees), and wooded swamps. Most of the woodlands in Deerfield Township are hardwoods, some of which exist in very large contiguous areas. Conifers are found in several small patches scattered throughout the Township, as are small wooded swamps. The largest wooded areas tend to be located on hilltops and near watercourses and wetlands. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land cover/use information for the entire state. The land use/cover information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land use/cover inventory for Livingston County was revised in 1986 by the MDNR based on updated imagery. Subsequent minor revisions were made by the consultant based on aerial photographs of the Township taken in the spring of 1990 by SEMCOG. Each polygon area on the land uselcover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was •downloaded• into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units with woodland numbers were automatically located, filled with patterns, and printed. · Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program 1990 SEMCOG aerial photographs �CB~~@C?D8l1CB lf@W~C=ODCP Livingston County, Michigan ~ 214 22 (1 MapC-10 WOODLANDS ~ Upland Hardwood II Upland Conifer ~ Lowland Hardwood • Wooded swamp SCALE ~1992 1 ncn • 1:56,950 4746 feet �MAP C-11 WETLANDS Explanation and Key Points: The shaded regions on Map C-11 represent wetlands. There are a variety of wetland types found io Deerfield Township, including surface waters, swamps, and lowland woodlands. All of the areas shown on Map C-11 are wetlands, based on vegetative cover. It is likely that they are protected by the Wetlands Protection Act of 1979, provided they are larger than five acres in size or are contiguous to an inland lake or stream. Most of the wetlands in the Township are greater than five acres in size and are found near watercourses. The largest areas of contiguous wetlands are found near Bennett Lake and Louis Lake, and in Section 14. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land use/cover information for the entire state. The land use/cover information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land cover/use inventory for Livingston County was revised in 1986 by the MDNR based on updated imagery. Subsequent minor revisions were made by Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. based on aerial photographs of the Township taken in the spring of 1990 by SEMCOG. Each polygon area on the land/use cover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was •downloaded" into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units with wetland numbers were automatically located, filled with patterns, and printed. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program 1990 SEMCOG aerial photographs kg/stallon5~worftd~.doc 12·2·93 • �[I)~~@C5LJ@[1[1) U@W~[X]OCP Livingston County, Michigan ~· ,~ )t5 Map C -11 WETIANDS ~ Lowland Woodlands ~ Shrub swamp W~11rn Wooded swamp Ill Emergent • Water N .A SCALE 1:56,950 1 rct, • 4746 tee r 1..0,...lr"O• Mk:r"'tQOf'"'I �Livingston County, Michigan ···+········ ·~ · · · ~ Map C - 12 GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY Soils wtth moderately high permeability Soils wtth high permeablltty IIill Areas most susceptible to contamination, with a combination of highly permeable soils and a high stattc water level of the unconfined glacial drttt aquifer. Static water level of the unconfined glacial drtft aqutfer (feet below ground surface) November. 1992 ""°"r"W'IO i1i l.0,....,,...0 C.-n1-,. inc . N A SCALE 1:56, 950 1 nct'l • 4746 feet �Appendix D PHYSICAL PROFILE-LAND USE/COVER, PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES LAND COVER/USE The relative amount of urbanization in a community {i.e., number of acres devoted to urban uses) can be deceptive in that a relatively small amount of acreage devoted to a use can still have significant impacts on the character of an area {e.g., strip commercial development or an abandoned gravel pit that was not properly reclaimed after operations ceased). Placement, design and timing of development can greatly affect visual quality, accessibility, cost of service delivery, as well as perceived, and real quality of life. Deerfield Township has a typical Congressional Survey township configuration of approximately 36 square sections (square miles). In fact, the Township is 37.6 square miles (24,076.3 acres), the majority of which retains a rural character. Approximate acreages of general land cover/use categories for the Township are as follows: • 41.3% in agriculture (9,940 acres), consisting predominantly of cropland, and the majority of the balance consisting of confined feedlots and pasture. Concentrated residential development in Deerfield Township is centered around the Township's largest lakes. More than 250 dwelling units are situated in the immediate areas of Bennett Lake and Lobdell Lake, the majority of which are situated in platted subdivisions including the Clairmont Farms Subdivision, Lake Farms Subdivision, and Katrine Hills Subdivision. The Lake Shannon area includes more than 150 dwelling units of which the majority are part of the Lake Shannon Subdivision. The vast majority of the lots associated with these lake-based neighborhoods are between 1/4 and 3/4 acres in size. The majority of residential development in the Township, by area, is of a strip development pattern, consisting largely of approximately five to ten acre lots fronting on the County road network. • 24.0% in forest cover {5,775 acres), including upland and lowland hardwoods and upland and lowland conifers. ( • 20.9% in open shrub or herbaceous areas {5,035 acres). • 5.1% in wetlands (1,230 acres), including forested, shrub, and emergent wetlands. • 5.0% in residential uses (1,195 acres). • 3.7% in surface water (883 acres). Commercial and industrial development accounts for less than 1O acres, as is also the case with mineral extraction. There is one single mobile home park in Deerfield Township, developed in the last several years and located on the south side of Bennett Lake Road. The park has direct access to Bennett Lake and is able to accommodate up to approximately 90 units, approximately half of which are in place. A detailed inventory of land cover and use can be found in Maps D-1A and D-1 B. Map D-2 provides an overview of land cover/use in Deerfield Township. Inventory maps of natural features such as slopes, woodlands, wetlands, prime farmland, soils and other soil limitations can be found in Appendix C. There are very few commercial facilities in the Township. A bar and restaurant are situated on the north side of Bennett Lake and Argentine Road includes a soft water sales and service operation near Center Road, and a convenience store at Faussett Road. There are a number of nurseries, car and body shops, and dog kennels scattered throughout the Township. Two private recreational vehicle campgrounds operate in the Township. Each includes approximately 30 sites and are situated on Indian Lake and Louis Lake. Approximately 41% of the Township is in agricultural use. Farmlands are evident throughout the Township but are most prominent along the Argentine Road Corridor. Lands enrolled in the Farmland and Open Space Preservation Program (PA 116 of 1974) are depicted on Map 0-3. The PA 116 program provides property tax relief to landowners in exchange for limitations on the use of farmland for nonfarm {especially development purposes) . 0-1 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �It should be noted that, though not zoned for commercial use, there are many activities of a commercial nature occurring throughout the Township on agriculturally and residentially zoned lots for which the respective property owners have received permission through the approval of special use permits. These uses have, over the years, become an increasing source of conflict due to their negative impacts upon surrounding residential uses. Township, and in large numbers, as more and mar,..-.... 40, 80, and larger acreage parcels were subsequently, divided. For example, less than 1O separate parcels comprised Section 19 of the Township in 1961 , and this number increased to more than 30 (excluding platted parcels) by 1980. This growing pattern continued through the 1990's and today, more than a third of the Township is comprised of parcels 5-1 O acres in size. Figure D-1 on the following page illustrates this evolution as it has occurred in Sections 19, 20, 29, and 30. A vast recreational facility exists within Deerfield Township: the Oak Grove State Game Area. This facility covers thousands of acres along the western portions of the Township and is discussed in more detail under "Public Facilities" in this Chapter. Though not nearly as expansive, the Huron Valley Girl Scouts own more than 300 acres along Louis Lake which they use for recreational camp facilities. The impact of land divisions into 5-10 acre lots is to squeeze out agriculture, which requires large areas of land to maintain economic viability. Such lot split patterns also facilitate congestion and traffic hazards along area roadways, raises costs of providing public services such as sewer and water, and fosters an urban landscape in place of previously expansive rural vistas. Map D-4 presents land according to its tax classification. The majority of land in the Township is taxed as agricultural. In 1991, Deerfield Township had a total State Equalized Value (SEV) of $55,287,197 (this figure includes real and personal property), 77.0% of which was attributable to residential development and 15.1% was attributable to agriculture. Industrial and commercial development accounted for 0.4% and 0.8% of the Township's total SEV, respectively. 6.4% of the Township's total 1991 SEV was attributed to personal property. TRANSPORTATION The Michigan Department of Transportation classifies roads in Michigan communities for the purposes of state funding. Deerfield Township includes no interstate or state trunkline roads, and only 19.2 miles ~ County primary roads. Except for 1.2 miles of subdivision roads, the balance of the Township's 49.0 roadway miles are classified as County secondary (see Map D-5). County primary roads include: LAND DIVISION • Argentine Road, along its entire length. • Faussett Road, along its entire length. In 1930, large tracts of land primarily devoted to agricultural use prevailed in Deerfield Township. The vast majority of parcels were of 80 acres or more in size and only a few lots of 1o acres or less in size existed. In 1961, the lot split pattern evident in the Township was largely similar to that of previous years except the number of lots of 10-15 acres in size had increased slightly. The initial subdivisions along Bennett Lake were in place at this time as was the Oak Grove State Game Area. The following ten years saw a continued but slow increase in lot splits of five and ten acres, and more subdivisions along Bennett Lake were in place and Lake Shannon witnessed the development of its first subdivision. However, but nine years later in 1980, it was apparent that the Township was witnessing a major shift in its lot split pattern. Ten acre parcels were beginning to appear in all parts of the • Bennett Lake Road, along its entire length. • Cohoctah Road, from Killin to Argentine Roads. Few of the County roads in the Township are paved. Argentine Road is the only corridor which is paved throughout its entire length within the Township. Except for only portions of the other County primary roads and the far southern mile of Latson Road, all other road segments in the Township are gravel. The Livingston County Road Commission has performed 24-hour traffic counts along most of the principal corridors in the Township. The most recent figures available are listed in Table D-1 . ' D-2 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Figure D-1 EXAMPLE OF LOT SPLIT EVOLUTION 1930 • Souta1: Rockford Plat Maps. 0-3 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Table 0-1 24 HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES Location and Year Arqentine Rd. , north of Center Rd. (1990) Arqentine Rd ., south of Center Rd. (1990) Aroentine Rd. north of Cohoctah Rd. (1991) Arqentine Rd. south of Cohoctah Rd. (1991) Aroentine Rd., south of Fausset! Rd . (1990) Bennett Lake Rd ., north of Abbey Rd. (1984) Bennett Lake Rd .. north of Abbey Rd.(1988) Bennett Lake Rd .. east of Arqentine Rd. (1984) Bennett Lake Rd . east of Araentine Rd. (1988) Bennett Lake Rd .. east of Clairmont Rd. (1982) Bennett Lake Rd. west Clairmont Rd. (1988) Bennett Lake Rd .. east of Crosby Rd. (1982) Bennett Lake Rd., west of Crosby Rd. (1982) Center Rd., west of Aroentine Rd. (1990) Clairmont Rd. north of Bennett Lake Rd. (1982) Cohoctah Rd., west of Aroentine Rd. (1988) Cohoctah Rd., west of Arqentine Rd. (1991) Cohoctah Rd., east of Wiaains Rd. (1991) Crosbv Rd ., north of Bennett Lake Rd. (1982) Faussett Rd. east of Araentine Rd. (1990) Green Rd., north of Faussett Rd. (1990) Green Rd. north of Latson Rd. (1990) Lutz Rd. north of Cohoctah Rd. (1983) Wiaains Rd., south of Cohoctah Rd. (1986) Wiaains Rd., south of Dean Rd. Rd. (1986) Wiaains Rd., north of Faussett Rd. (1986) Wiaains Rd. north of Faussett Rd. (1990) Wiaains Rd. south of Jones Rd. (1986) Wiaains Rd. south of Knaoo Rd. (1986) Bennett Lake Road and Argentine Road are the most heavily traveled roads in the Township. The traffic volume capacity of adequately paved roads is generally 5,000 vehicles per day. Gravel roads are generally considered sufficient to handle 300 vehicles or less per day, by Livingston County Road Commission standards. Except for certain sections of Wiggins Road, the traffic counts do not identify particularly deficient road segments in the Township regarding capacity. It should be noted, however, that the Livingston County Road Commission takes traffic count measurements in only a comparatively limited number of locations throughout the Township, and most of the Township's gravel road segments are not monitored comprehensively, if at all. Vehicle Count (24 hour) 1,890 2,195 2,247 2,232 3 ,176 938 1,359 898 1,343 1,175 1,374 1,781 1,309 818 905 265 352 271 354 464 100 87 26 83 382 387 643 222 127 County road rights-of-way are 120 feet for primary roads and 100 feet for secondary roads. Platted subdivisions along County roads must provide for a 120 foot right-of-way. Roads within platted subdivisions must have a minimum right-of-way of 66 feet. Where the Livingston County Road Commission purchase~ land for new roadways, a 100-foot wide area is purchased. Argentine Road provides the only direct continuous north-south route across the entire Township. EasVwest routes are equally irregular, with Faussett Road in the southern portion of the Township providing the most direct east-west route across the Township. ,.-._ ' D-4 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Transportation access and patterns and frequency of use greatly impact land uses in a community. In fact, they often drive land use decisions. fire stations located in Deerfield Township, the closest being located in Argentine Township approximately one road mile from Deerfield Township's north central boundary. The Fenton fire station is located in the City of Fenton, approximately six road miles from the northeast corner of the Township . The Hartland fire station is located near the Hartland Township Hall approximately four road miles from the southeast corner of the Township. There are approximately 10 private roads in Deerfield Township today, concentrated primarily in the southwe~tern quarter of the Township. The number of private roads can be expected to increase in the future as residential development increases. Private roads that are not properly marked or constructed can cause serious problems in emergency situations. If a drive is too narrow or not properly maintained or marked, then emergency vehicles (ambulance, fire trucks) may not be able to find and/or properly access properties in need of assistance. School bus service can also be greatly affected by private road development. The Insurance Services Organization (ISO) evaluates communities with regard to fire protection and insurance agencies then use these evaluations, or ratings, to establish fire insurance protection rates. Communities are ranked from 1 (the best) to 1 o (the worst) according to ISO standards. A rating of "1 O" is applied to a Township which does not have its own fire department, although portions of such a township may be ranked at "9" where there exists a fire station within five road miles. Based upon these standards, it is probable that the majority of Deerfield Township would receive an ISO rating of 10, except for certain portions of the Township's northern and central areas which are within five road miles of Argentine Township's fire station. At the time of this writing, no major road improvements were scheduled within the Township aside from routine maintenance. DRAINAGE I ' • The County drainage system in Deerfield Township is composed of six primary drainage systems, operated and maintained by the Livingston County Drain Commissioner (see Map Appendix C, Map C-2). Each of these systems is composed of one or more smaller drains which interconnect with one another. Two systems in particular drain the vast majority of the Township. The Yellow River Drain begins in Section 33 and travels north to Indian Lake and then on across the Township's northern boundary east of Latson Road. The Livingston No. 3 Drain begins at the far southeast corner of the Township and travels in a northwest direction to Louis Lake and Root Lake where it empties into Cranberry Creek which, in tum, empties into the Yellow River Drain one half mile south of the Township's northern boundary. Only a small fraction of the drainage systems in the Township consist of tile drain segments. Police protection is provided by the Livingston County Sheriff Department and the Michigan State Police. The Livingston County Sheriff is located in Howell, although there is a satellite post in Hartland Township at M-59 and US-23. The nearest state police post is located in Brighton. SCHOOLS Deerfield Township is served by three public school districts; Howell, Linden and Hartland (see Map D-6). The Hartland School District serves most of the Township residents. There are no school facilities located in the Township. Appendix E provides additional information on the area school districts. POLICE & FIRE PUBLIC FACILITIES Deerfield Township receives fire protection from three different municipalities; the City of Howell, Argentine Township, and Hartland Township. The entire north half of Deerfield Township (north of Center and Spaulding Roads) is served by the Argentine Township fire department. The southwestern half (west of Argentine Road) is served by the City of Howell fire department and the balance of the Township is served by Hartland Township fire department. There are no Public facilities in Deerfield Township are limited (see Map D-7). The Deerfield Township Hall, constructed in 1863, is located on Center Road in Deerfield Center, just west of Mack Road. The Livingston County Road Commission owns a parcel of land in the interior portion of Section 36 near Payne Lake where it maintains a sand and gravel extraction operation. The three cemeteries in the Township are privately owned. D-5 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Certainly the largest of the public facilities in the Township is that of the Oak Grove State Game Area. All state game areas were established, and are maintained, for the purposes of preserving wildlife habitats and providing opportunities for hunting and other passive recreation activities. Though the current official boundaries of the Oak Grove State Game Area include more than 4,000 acres in Deerfield and Cohoctah Townships, only a small portion of this acreage is in actual public ownership. Approximately 1,400 acres of the approximately 2,700 acres included in the boundary of the State Game Area in Deerfield Township is in public ownership. The Oak Grove State Game Area includes some of the largest contiguous expanses of woodlands and wetlands in the Township. f t The state is currently reviewing all of the plans for its many state game areas in an attempt to update preferred boundary lines and management strategies. Though these planning efforts are in their infancy, it is a general intent of the state's future planning strategies to focus on acquiring in-holdings within the respective game areas rather than pursuing less compact boundaries and acquisitions. The Oak Grove State Game Area has been a very successful game area for the state and it is the intention of the DNR to maintain the game area well into the future. SEWER AND WATER None of Deerfield Township is served by public water systems, and only a very small area of the Township is served by public sewer. Six residential subdivisions near the intersection of Abbey and Bennett lake Roads, comprising approximately 300 lots, receive public sewer service through an extension of the Argentine Township public sewer system. Current contractual agreements provide Deerfield Township with approximately 530 residential units of sewer capacity, of which approximately half have already been committed. Comparatively speaking, the excess capacity of approximately 260 residential units should be considered limited since this amount of capacity can be quickly used up by one or several large development projects and/or new nonresidential uses. Township residents rely on private wells for water. This should be a critical consideration in planning efforts. High density development or residential development near commercial or industrial land uses can lead to contamination of wells. The locations of private wells are illustrated in Map D-8. D-6 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �Table D-2 STATE EQUALIZED VALUE 1982-1991 Aqriculture Commercial Industrial Residential Developmental 1982 7,070,300 464,730 128,700 26,245,446 1984 7,602,350 467,580 128,700 25,609,153 1986 1991 7,521 ,333 8,337,512 539,380 462,310 128,700 214,585 26,132,390 42,547,950 161 ,350 Figure D-2 STATE EQUALIZED VALUE 1982-1991 I\ 45,000,000 ~ Agriculture 40,000,000 1111 Residential 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0 1982 1986 1984 Source: M,cn,gan State Tma$umr / 0-7 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 1991 �Figure 0-3 ALLOCATIONS OF LOCAL PROPERTY TAXES 1991 County Taxes Township Taxes ---'· School Taxes D-8 DEERFIELD TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN �MAPS D-1a, D-1b, and Map D-2 LAND COVER/USE Explanation and Key Points: _The land cover/use maps show land use according to the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). Maps D-1a and D-1b are the actual lines and land use classification numbers prepared by the MDNR. Map D-2 is a graphical representation of the data in Maps D-1a and D-1b. Detailed land use classifications have been generalized for Map D-2 into categories of agricultural, commercial, residential, etc. Methodology: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains the Michigan Resource Inventory Program, which contains land cover/use information for the entire state. The land cover/use information is based on interpretations of color infrared aerial imagery taken in 1978. The land cover/use inventory for Livingston County was revised in 1986 by the MDNR based on updated imagery. Subsequent minor revisions were made by the consultant based on aerial photographs of the Township taken in the spring of 1990 by SEMCOG. Each polygon area on the land/use cover inventory map has a unit label. This label is a three or four digit number which corresponds to the State's land use/cover classification system. To generate the map, a digital map was •oownloaded• into a computerized mapping system from the MDNR's computer. All map units were automatically located, filled with patterns, and printed. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Resource Inventory Program kg\alallonS.'\~\dlacov.doo 12-2-83 �\ Map D-1A LAND COVER/USE - NORTH HAL LOVEJOY RO. 412 21 21 .j1 H r r z H JJ 0 r. :r N JJ 0 21 13 1 4 ~ ~ ~ ,-.. J 31 21 --32 /1 1133 �Map D -18 LAND COVER/USE - SOUTH HALF Q 0 0 z z m rr- ::0 ~ ' 32 21 . B w G') Jl m m z · 412 31 21 Jl 0 3: n G) 21 C H Jl rn u .,, CIJ ~1 Jl ,,-... 31 JJ 0 21 21 32 Jl 0 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyckoff Planning and Zoning Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Planning & Zoning Center (Lansing, Mich.) (Organization) Wyckoff, Mark A. Description An account of the resource Municipal master plans and zoning ordinances from across the state of Michigan, spanning from the 1960s to the early 2020s. The bulk of the collection was compiled by urban planner Mark Wyckoff over the course of his career as the founder and principal planner of the Planning and Zoning Center in Lansing, Michigan. Some additions have been made to the collection by municipalities since it was transferred to Grand Valley State University. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960/2023 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Comprehensive plan publications Master plan reports Zoning--Michigan Zoning--Maps Maps Land use--planning Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-240 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Deerfield-Twp_Comprehensive-Plan_1994 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Deerfield Township Planning Commission Township Board of Trustees, Deerfield Township, Livingston County, Michigan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1994-07-21 Title A name given to the resource Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan Description An account of the resource The Deerfield Township Comprehensive Plan was prepared by the Deerfield Township Planning Commission and Township Board of Trustees with assistance from the Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. and Landplan, Inc. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. (Mich.) Landplan, Inc. (consultant) Subject The topic of the resource Comprehensive plan publications Deerfield Township (Mich.) Livingston County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/870">Planning and Zoning Center Collection (RHC-240)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d9801918612cda106f36be6095ae037a.jpg dc457e3b1272bb9659a76bee9bdd3d68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Brigham-D_0064 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brigham, D. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Title A name given to the resource Defenders of Our Union cemetery monument Description An account of the resource Photograph shows Barbara Paton Eddy and grand nephew Rick Brigham gazing up at the statue of a Union soldier. "Defenders of Our Union, '61-'65." at the Ganges Cemetery. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Cemeteries Monuments Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by D. Brigham as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/87f88291b83ac519bcd902c793fd93f6.pdf fccd3431f2272db0ae0479e5baf888ba PDF Text Text Defenseless but Fighting: A Personal Battle with PFAS and Infertility PFAS is a group of chemicals known scientifically as perfluoroalkyl substances. Even more concerning, according to the CDC, is there are more than 9,000 different types. These include PFAS, PFOS, PFOA, and others. PFAS chemicals are incredibly stable both chemically and thermally. These are forever chemicals, meaning they bio-accumulate, bio-magnify, and will not degrade. These substances are in everything from carpet, furniture, camping gear, makeup, non-stick cookware, firefighting foams, fabric, and firefighting gear. These chemicals are in every living organism and virtually every body of water. As a 14-year Fire Lieutenant, I have been heavily exposed to PFAS. Here is my story. In May 2020, my wife and I thought our dream of having a family was about to come to fruition. A short time later, we quickly realized that wasn’t the case. My wife woke me in the middle of the night, stating that she had intense abdominal pain, severe cramping, and heavy bleeding. She was 10 days late, but never showed a positive pregnancy test. She informed me she thought she was having a miscarriage. Unfortunately, all this was taking place during a global pandemic. We immediately called my wife’s OB to be told that they weren’t accepting patients. After many phone calls, her doctor finally agreed to see her. Initially, the focus was on my wife. After many invasive and humiliating tests, we were surprised to learn that no abnormalities were found. We never found out whether or not she had a miscarriage. The focus quickly turned to me. I immediately referred to EVMS, where multiple blood tests and semen analyses were ordered. Ultimately the results from those tests were heartbreaking. They found no sperm and noted abnormal hormone test results. What followed still seems like a blur. First, there was a brain MRI. The results from the brain MRI came back and showed a tiny benign tumor on my pituitary gland. The tumor was ultimately ruled out as an issue and deemed not a concern — next, more rounds of bloodwork. Then, genetic testing is followed by more physical exams. No abnormalities were noted during my genetic testing, and no deletions were reported from my chromosomes. I then underwent hormone therapy via Clomid to increase my testosterone. I’m still recovering from what Clomid did to my body. I seemingly gained 60lbs overnight and always felt like I wanted to crawl out of my skin. My urologist then suggested doing a testicular biopsy. The testicular biopsy was scheduled for December 3, 2020. That biopsy would serve two functions, to check for testicular cancer and look for any sperm residing in my testicles. Unfortunately, again the results were not what we hoped. While they found no cancer, they also found no sperm. They diagnosed me with Sertoli-Cell Only Syndrome, NonObstructive Azoospermia with an unknown cause. Following that procedure, my wife and I discussed getting a second opinion at VCU Health. Our initial consultation was with Dr. Smith-Harrison in January 2021. He felt that he might still find sperm by doing a procedure called Microsurgical Testicular Sperm Extraction (micro-TESE). Following that consultation, I was placed on chemo. The goal of chemo was to control hormones my body was overproducing, specifically Estradiol. Chemo was single handily one of the worst experiences of my life. To this day, I deal with random bouts of hives, forgetfulness (chemobrain), and chemo rash. March 30, 2021, I had the micro-TESE surgery, and once again, the results were negative. While heartbroken and frustrated, my wife and I vowed to press forward. Dr. Smith- Harrison referred us to VCU endocrinology. My first appointment with Dr. Madan �Defenseless but Fighting: A Personal Battle with PFAS and Infertility was on April 20, 2021. The initial meeting again involved more blood work. The blood work was for thyroid, hemoglobin, and additional hormone testing. No abnormalities were noted. In May 2021, I was placed on testosterone replacement therapy. One definite is I will have to be frequently screened for testicular cancer for the rest of my life. The testicular cancer screening will occur twice a year. By all accounts, Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome is the precursor to testicular cancer. Having NOA is in 5% of males in the world. Having NOA along with Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome resides in 1% of males globally. Have Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome and NOA with an unknown etiology only occurs in 0.5% of all males globally. At the end of May 2021, I received a small piece of information that was significant. My liver enzymes were shit. The results indicated borderline non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As a curious person, I went back in my records to see if the result replicated or if it was just due to the chemo. Come to find out, the first poor liver enzyme test I received was in 2019! Unfortunately, I never heard a word about looking into it. In June of 2021, I participated in the 2021 National Firefighter Cancer Symposium when Dr. Angela Slitt began to present. A few minutes into her presentation, a slide detailed the relationship between liver enzymes and PFAS. At that moment, a light bulb clicked. I rushed to my computer and immediately sent a screenshot of the slide to VCU with my liver enzyme report attached. Both the doctors noted the significance of the findings and are actively researching. I received two more vital pieces of information in June. First, Dr. Graham Peaslee notified us my 2018 gear tested positive for PFAS. My station wear did not. However, it did contain brominated flame retardants (banned since 2004) and Benzene, a known carcinogen. The combination of Brominated FR and Benzene mirrors the effects of PFAS on the human body. Unfortunately, for my testicles, they were given a high dose of toxic chemicals for 33% of the year, every year, for 14 years. Let that sink in. Now one more test to go…PFAS. This test will not confirm whether or not PFAS is in my blood; we already know it’s there. This test will indicate how much. On June 26, 2021 at 0530 in the morning I received the results. Keep in mind there are 9252 PFAS. I was tested on 6. I popped positive on 4. The highest were PFOS and PFHxS. It is important to note; I have kept two pieces of information out. One question asked at EVMS, Urology of Virginia, VCU Urology, and VCU Endocrinology was whether or not I have been exposed to any toxic chemicals. The answer I provided was yes. This question alone started us down a rabbit hole my family never imagined. We began researching firefighter fertility, firefighter endocrine issues, and firefighter testicular cancer. That research led me to have conversations with Diane and Lt. Paul Cotter (who is mentioned in a NY Times article), Captain Sean Mitchell from Nantucket Fire (IAFF Resolution 28), IAFF President Ed Kelly, Dr. Graham Peaslee of Notre Dame, Lt. Neal Sinatro from West Hartford, Ct, Dr. Madan at Virginia Commonwealth University, and Dr. Smith- Harrison at Virginia Commonwealth University regarding firefighter fertility research. I have reached out to many others in hopes of finding answers and getting the word out. In a profession where we encounter many hazards, we should not worry about the consequences of donning our turnout gear and putting on our station uniforms laced with chemicals. The second piece of information is a report from Dupont scientists. Lewis (2005) stated, “Beginning in 1992, scientists began to publish papers addressing how PFOA causes testicular tumors and other harmful effects on the male reproductive tract. First, they found that PFOA increases blood levels of Estradiol in male rats” (P. 29). Scientists �Defenseless but Fighting: A Personal Battle with PFAS and Infertility also found males who have been exposed to PFOA and PFAS having difficulty regulating testosterone. Consequently, my body has yet to regulate both of these hormones, verified with blood testing, Clomid, and chemo (Lewis, 2005). As a society, we must sound the alarm. Our blind trust in chemical companies and the EPA has led to arguably one of the worst environmental catastrophes known to humankind. PFAS is in everything, everyone, and has polluted every one of our waterways. Only recently has this began to garner attention. In June 2021, articles have been released detailing PFAS is in newborns, every citizen of the US, sparkling water, fish, makeup, and our waterways. We must hold the companies that have polluted our country responsible. Or this story will become all too familiar. Folks, we need to be better. Go to the DOCTOR! Trust me; I was that guy who didn’t want to go. I thought it was all BS, and I was fine. I wasn’t okay. I don’t know who out there needs to read this. But trust me, there is no shame. Talk about it. Write about it. Just get it off your chest. You are not alone. One Last thing, Our dream of having a family is still very much alive. We are actively navigating this next chapter and look forward to what the future has in store. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Living with PFAS Interviews Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Devasto, Danielle Description An account of the resource Beginning in 2021, the Living with PFAS interviews were recorded to gather the personal stories of individuals impacted by PFAS contamination. PFAS, or per- and polyflourinated substances, are a large group of human-made chemicals used widely since the 1940s to make coatings and products resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They can be found in countless household items, including food packaging, non-stick cookware, stain-resistant furniture, and water-resistant clothing. These chemicals are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily, can move through soils and contaminate drinking water sources, and build up in animals, plants, and people. PFAS have been linked to increased incidences of various cancers, increased cholesterol, decreased fertility, birth defects, kidney and liver disease, and immune system suppression, and thyroid dysfunction. It is estimated that PFAS are in the drinking water of more than 200 million Americans (Andrews & Naidenko, 2020). In Michigan alone, over 280 sites have PFAS contamination exceeding maximum contamination levels for groundwater (MPART, 2024). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In copyright Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-11 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Motion Picture Text Sound Language A language of the resource eng Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PFAS0014 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Goodman, Bryan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021-06-17 Title A name given to the resource Defenseless but Fighting: A Personal Battle with PFAS and Infertility Description An account of the resource Personal essay by Bryan Goodman discussing the impact of PFAS on his family and fertility. Subject The topic of the resource Personal narrative PFAs (Perfluorinated chemicals) Groundwater--Pollution Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Living with PFAS (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2669d63c5e8e5d2d131d3df48d49e3c8.mp4 bea018231dc0d35c6e0cc2bcef632a30 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ad4d81a552a4135311001bfcebad6b16.pdf 83758bd1981f98a7037d3cadc948d104 PDF Text Text DeGroot, Loren Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Name of War: Cold War Interviewee’s Name: Loren DeGroot Length of Interview: (1:12:17) Interviewed by: James Smither Transcribed by: Maluhia Buhlman Interviewer: “We’re talking today with Loren DeGroot of Grand Rapids, Michigan and the interviewer in James Smither of the Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project. Okay Loren start us off with some background on yourself and to begin with, where and when were you born?” I was born here in Grand Rapids, at least that’s what the post office was, but at the time my parents lived about halfway between Grand Rapids and Rockford, and that was out in the country. My father built the house in 1928 as a wedding present for my mother, I was born in 1935 and we lived out in the country. Our nearest neighbor was about a mile away and so we were out there as a– I’m talking about our whole family. Interviewer: “Right, now were you farming or doing something else?” (1:00) No, the plot of land where we lived had been plotted out as a development for homes, but 1928 is historically the prelude to the major– Interviewer: “The Depression.” Depression, and my father was a– In the furniture industry and he did a lot of the sawing and that sort of thing. He worked in Sparta so it was a bit of a drive from where we were to there and we lived there– My family lived there until after the war in 1945. At that time my parents, and my mother especially and her sisters, got together and decided that it was time that someone take care of grandparents who had grown to the point where they needed support. So my parents and �DeGroot, Loren grandparents got together and purchased a house in southeast Grand Rapids on Paris Avenue, and so during my high school years we lived in that place in southeast Grand Rapids. Interviewer: “Okay, and then did you go to public schools or Christian schools?” I went to Grand Rapids Central, was there until I graduated from there in 1953 and then that was the beginning of a change in my history, if you will. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you have any connection to the military before you graduated from high school?” Personally, no connection but during the war I had many cousins who were in the war, had a couple fatalities and several– More than two, I don’t know how many anymore, who were wounded. During that time I became aware of the responsibility individuals had in defending the freedoms that we enjoy. I was not active in the military at all except for the time beginning when I was in high school and enlisted in the naval reserve. Interviewer: “Alright, now why did you do that?” (4:05) I think there were two factors that influenced me at that point in time, one was that my brother had just been drafted into the Korean War, the other was that coming out of the time in the Second World War I had a conviction that it was my responsibility to be available and do what I could for my country Interviewer: “Now did you think about it at all in terms of the prospect of actually going into the service on active duty or were you just going to be in the reserves at that point?” At that time I was– I remember vividly that my conviction was if our nation went into war it was my responsibility to do what I could. Therefore my training in the naval reserve was part of what I would expect to do if we went into active duty and had to defend our nation. �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Okay but when you’re doing this you’re not looking at it with an eye towards a career or anything like that?” No. Interviewer: “Okay alright while you were still in high school then you joined the reserves. What did the reserves activity consist of?” Weekly meetings at the reserves center, down on Monroe Avenue near the river, and then annual times of active duty which lasted two weeks I believe, and for that we would go to different places for that time. I remember one time I went to a small ship based in Chicago and there was a patrol ship and we went to float it around. Drove around Lake Michigan, they had fire control off on one of the islands up in the north part of Lake Michigan. Interviewer: “Now why did you choose the Navy rather than another branch?” (6:35) I really don’t know, I had one cousin who was in the Navy, he was in submarines, but I have always had a– I’ve always had an interest in the Navy, in ships as I recall– Remember that I enlisted when I was in high school and prior to that I can recall reading many stories as a youngster of naval work and I just enjoyed what I read. Interviewer: “Okay, alright now so you’ve gone into the reserves but not really– So you could be available to serve your country should the country need you but in the meantime what kind of future did you see for yourself going out of high school? What’d your family think people would do?” That changed, I think that at the beginning I really had no future objectives. I just hadn’t developed those in high school because when I was in high school, as I said earlier, there was nobody in my family that had any education beyond high school and so it was at that time it was that I would follow the rest of my family into physical work, and then comes along that time of the school awards and now I need to start thinking something totally different, and at that time �DeGroot, Loren then I began thinking “Well what is there?” And that led me to think that there is a possibility that I could go into engineering. That happened in my first or my second year at Grand Rapids Junior College I believe. Interviewer: “Now let’s back up a little bit because you explained to me off camera the story about the award ceremony at school but we didn’t record that. So can you tell what happens when you have your award ceremony near your graduation from high school?” Prior to the time of the awards assembly, which was the last meeting of the school prior to the graduation, prior to that I had no intention of looking beyond high school. At the awards assembly some friends of mine from the football team and I were sitting all together as would be normal, and we were down in the front of the auditorium and all of the awards went through as normal. For many schools' recognitions of advancements that have been held in that awards assembly I was given several awards that I really didn’t know what they were for. One of them I recall was the highest scoring mathematics student for the advanced mathematics that we were having. Out of all of that I began to think that because of the John Ball scholarship, which was the first athletic scholarship given to Grand Rapids Junior College and I received the first one of those. (11:00) So there’s something historically interesting in all of that as my life has progressed. Interviewer: “Okay, so you got now a scholarship so you could go to the junior college. Alright and then did you play football then at the college?” I did, I played football for Grand Rapids Central High School but I was not a– I was not a hero. At the time– Or in my class I should say, Terry Barr is a name that is well remembered, he went to the University of Michigan then, then he went to the Detroit Lions, he was a great leader. I was not that kind, I did not expect to be– That when I got my scholarship, went to Grand Rapids Junior College and that was a new adventure. Grand Rapids Junior College was not what Grand Rapids [Community] College is today, I remember that we would start with maybe 50 people– 50 individuals for the team but because we played schools such as Western Michigan University, it was State College then, but we didn’t play the first team we played the second team and that’s �DeGroot, Loren kind of rough and by the end of the year things got kind of tough indeed because many of the people that started, quit. I had the scholarship and I continued and there were I think the last game that we had in both my first in second years, we had 13 to 14 people that were left. We had one time in our last game we had one fella that had his arm in a sling, another one that was on crutches but the coach says he’s gotta have people on the bench so they suited up and there they were, but we didn’t have any place else to go. Interviewer: “Alright, now did you continue with your reserve training at this point?” Yes, I– Throughout my time at junior college we had weekly training classes, a day a week I think it was, which were down at the naval reserve center and then we finished that. During that time we also had the active duty for training which was a two week cruise or some other place that we would go. Interviewer: “Okay, now at one point did you become interested in becoming an officer or how did that happen?” In high school my football coach was Chuck Irwin, tremendous guy he coached me in the game of football, he found out in fact I think that he was a motivator and getting me the scholarship that I did and then I found out– Well I knew beforehand but he was a World War II veteran and he was an officer in the Naval Reserves. He may have influenced me in accepting the officer training thing in fact I’m certain he was. (15:40) Had a tremendous influence in my life, he led me in becoming an officer or wanting to become an officer I should say, and so when I had the opportunity to– From my enlisted status, to move into something that was called reserve officer training which was a special section of the naval reserve at that time, I gladly took that and that then led me because I knew nothing about an officer’s position and what the responsibilities were but it led me to understand that if I was going to serve my country and if I was going to be in a leadership position I needed to do certain things like the officer training and he influenced me on accepting that assignment to naval reserve officer training. That then led me to a commissioning after I had graduated from college, from University of Michigan, and that led me then to my three year service on a destroyer, operating out of the 2nd Fleet off the coast of– The �DeGroot, Loren eastern coast of the United States, operating in eastern Mediterranean during one of the wars they had over there and then also operating in the Caribbean in the recovery of satellite material which was just beginning. So we were operating on some exciting historical things. Interviewer: “Well let’s back up a little bit into the training period. So you’re two years at the Grand Rapids Junior College, you then go on to Michigan to complete a bachelor’s degree and– But when you’re in Michigan were you doing reserve officer training or you’re doing ROTC of some kind there and that was part of what you were describing?” And when I went to the University of Michigan for my second two years I did not– I was not attending active duty there. I had gotten married in my junior year and my wife and I moved to Michigan for my senior year. Now at Michigan, at the time, an engineering bachelor’s degree was typically a five year course, I could only do it– If I couldn’t do it in four years I couldn’t do it because we didn’t have enough money and so it was a challenge but I finished it and I had good marks and one of the people that locally influenced me through that was Dr. Gordon Van Wylen [Note: Dr. Van Wylen’s interview is in our archive] who had graduated from Hope College and was my first thermodynamics professor and so I had influences from many places leading me in God’s path to a certain career. Interviewer: “Okay, so did you go to Newport, Rhode Island after graduating from Michigan? Was that your–” (19:43) Yes from Michigan– After graduating from Michigan I went to my final reserve commitment which was as an enlisted person, and following that went to officer training in Newport, Rhode Island, got commissioned there. Interviewer: “Now what did the officer training program consist of?” Everything. We had classes in gunnery including torpedoes and that sort of thing, and that led me to be assigned to the gunnery department when I was assigned to this destroyer in the Atlantic fleet. In addition other classes, other studies included navigation and because of my interest in �DeGroot, Loren mathematics in college I enjoyed the navigation very much because of the complex requirements of satellites, only at that time there were no satellites there were stars– But using stars to find your position. So it was– Those were the two major things and they stick out to me because when I was assigned to the destroyer I had some conditioning in those two areas. That led me to the mathematics of navigation and it led me to the understanding of the engineering parts of the mechanics of things. Interviewer: “Okay, now when was it that you actually went to the destroyer, I mean do you remember what year it was?” That would be 1957. Interviewer: “Okay, that sounds right. Okay so when you join the crew of the destroyer what kind of reception do you get or what happens when you get there?” For me it was a very interesting time because here I am boot ensign coming on board the destroyer and on the destroyer there are several officers who had spent four years at the Naval Academy. I will forever remember the first time we had our pay, we would– The process was that all the officers would join in the wardroom and we would be called out alphabetically and we would receive our pay. (23:15) At that time the pay consisted of either what you had declared you wanted the money to go to, such as my wife, but also we were paid in $2 bills some of which I still have but the interesting part that happened on my first pay day was the supply officer, who was also the financial officer, was looking at his books and came to my name and he stops talking and then he looks at me and he says “What on Earth?” Well what that was all about was at that time I had six years of active duty because I was in the naval reserves, all of that applied. At that point the officers who had gone to the Naval Academy started having a target that they could have fun with because here I am boot ensign and I’m making more than what a lieutenant who had been on the ship for a couple years had made. So you can have fun sometimes as long as you keep your head down and watch out for the flying things. �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Okay, now aside from that kind of interesting issue with pay, I mean was this a good group of officers to work with or did you like some and not others?” I had no major problems with any of the officers, we were a pretty good team. There were times at which we had disagreements, I guess that might be normal, but we were all given our assignments. Mine was in the gunnery department and then there were those in the supply and those in the electronics and all that sort of thing but our duties were well defined as to what our responsibilities were and they were accepted. I think it’s important to note that at that point we were all at the same level. Our ship did not have any, what are called Miss Mustangs, who are enlisted people who get commissioned and go on a ship. We had none of that, we were all young inexperienced– Sometimes, when I say inexperienced, some were there for two or three or four years but none of the big long term people. Interviewer: “Okay, now did you have some petty officers or senior NCOs on the ship who were lifers or guys who’d been there a long time?” Oh absolutely. I think that on the ship when we deployed we had– Our enlisted crew consisted of 300 plus sailors, all the way from seaman apprentice to chief petty officer and as an officer it was– As a commissioned officer it was necessary to understand that the senior petty officers are the ones with the experience and they are the ones that carry out the duties. (27:18) It’s the job of the commissioned officer to understand what that is and then to make sure that their assignments are carried out to make sure that the equipment, in my case the guns, the torpedo tubes, the fire control systems were having reliable maintenance, training, and all the rest of it but the responsibility for doing that was the chief petty officer. They had what it takes and part of the chief’s duties really was and is to train the junior officers. That’s an important responsibility because if the officers are trained properly they will end up in their next command of training others and so the teamwork comes there and I think that comes back to an analogy of training on an athletic team, you become a team doing things together. Interviewer: “Now in talking to the other veterans, especially people out of the Army and the Marine Corps, they sometimes talk about officers come in out of an academy and they �DeGroot, Loren think they know everything and tell other people what to do. Did you see any of that or were your guys well behaved?” I think it would be impossible not to have some episodes of that type. I think because of my background, coming from an uneducated Dutch family as a second generation, I came to the ship knowing that I didn’t know anything and that I better learn. Not to say that there weren’t times when I didn’t have a heavy learning experience, understanding what my duties were and not going over them, but making sure they were done and there’s an interesting training period in that and that comes sometimes from the more senior officers, like our executive officer, and other times from our chief petty officer and sometimes not because he was enforcing something but because I knew that a 1st class petty officer knew what he was doing and I could learn from him. So I don’t mean to criticize them but I think that by not having any pre-training– Was a milestone in my life that I didn’t come to a situation on the ship where I had the opportunity, if you will, to try to tell this 20 year old veteran that here’s what you got to do. Interviewer: “Alright, do you remember any sort of lessons you had to learn the hard way or problems you ran into early on?” Yes, one time I will never forget we came in from an operation in a snow and sleet storm, we docked alongside– In Newport, Rhode Island which was the home port and the– Our executive officer came to me after he had walked the deck and he found some fault. (31:53) That there were some areas that had not been cleaned up very well, there was one which was a hatch that had a bronze sticker on it and he told me that he wanted me to get the gunnery section out to do their duty. Well I had a problem with that personally and the way I resolved that was to go into the gunnery department, get a bucket including some brass cleaner, and go out and doing it myself. Well, the exec found out about it and we had a brief discussion that lasted about a week or so but I– Yeah you learn the hard way sometimes. Interviewer: “Alright, did you just think it wasn’t fair to make your men do this or the job didn’t really need doing?” �DeGroot, Loren My feeling was that making the brass shiny in the middle of a sleet storm was not something that was– That was needed, period. Interviewer: “Okay, alright now your home port is Newport so on your first cruise where do you go?” We went over to the Mediterranean, eastern Mediterranean, at the time there was a civil war in Lebanon. It was really a civil war between the Mennonite Christians and the– Interviewer: “The Maronite Christians, I think.” The Maronite Christians and the– One of the two branches of Islam. Interviewer: “The Sunni Muslims and the Shia.” Sunni, and they were battling there. President Eisenhower at the time, this is now 1958, President Eisenhower decided to send over a full fleet to stand by in case the civil war got out of hand and now I don’t pretend to understand the politics behind all of that, but we were brought over there. We had I believe two carriers, couple cruisers, and two squadrons of destroyers, a squadron at the time being eight ships. The job of the destroyer was to have recovery if there was an accident of an airplane landing on the carrier or taking off from the carrier, we need to rescue of that. So our ship control was keeping us maybe 500 yards behind the carrier when things were going on. Interviewer: “Alright, now when you were on the cruise did you go into port anywhere or just stay at sea?” (35:30) It took us I think a week to get over there then it was six weeks before we had our first short– Going to the shore. So we had quite a bit of time on the ship and a lot of that was training because this was the first time our ship, and I think most of the other ships in the squadron, had been on active duty prior to going on sea duty. We had been at the shipyard in Boston and so as a �DeGroot, Loren whole crew, officers and enlisted, we were a new group and so there was a lot of training that was needed in order to come up wartime standards. Interviewer: “Okay, and so when you did get to go ashore in the Mediterranean, where did you go?” The island of Rhodes, which is an island of Greece. At that time my first shore duty was as a shore patrol officer and that was a rather interesting experience. I had a wonderful chief boatswain’s mate that came with me and I was under his control really, you don’t tell a chief boat what to do but he told me and I learned a lot about young sailors, and I think the same for any of the services. The first time you go ashore after you’ve been at sea for six or eight weeks, whatever it was, things change completely. Being the, just at the scene– At the time I was an ensign but yet I was the senior shore patrol officer and at that time we went into Rhodes, I think there were two of the carriers that were there plus a squadron of destroyers and so forth, so there were a lot of people and if memory serves me correct it was something like 5000 sailors were on this small island. The chief told me what was going to happen when it started time for the boats to start taking the men out to the ships and I didn’t believe him until I saw some of the cases coming back from being on shore and having the experience of the first time after six to eight weeks of sea duty, first time of finding what they had been missing. Now you’re wondering what they were missing. Interviewer: “Well there are two logical guesses: Alcohol and women.” (39:05) Yeah there’s the women and there’s the beer and seeming more and more serious. So there were a lot of people that then came back drunk and trying to control them is a challenge but for me is, as a junior officer, it led me to understand a lot about human nature and responsibilities of those that are senior to them and how they can be controlled and I don’t– By control I don’t mean dictatorial kind of thing I mean togetherness and you went too far with that last drink you had and now you’re going to do this. It was a good education period for me. �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Alright, now did you stay in the Mediterranean then for an extended cruise or did you go back to base?” We were in the Mediterranean for, I think six months, yes six months because as we were in the Mediterranean after we had been at Rhodes we went into Piraeus, Greece which is the seaport for Athens and it was an interesting and unforgettable time for me because my wife was eight week pregnant when I left Newport to go on this cruise and that’s why I was expecting a call. Now four o’clock in the morning that we were entering Piraeus the duty radio men came down, and they had been looking out for me, he came down and I was– Had just gotten to sleep and he touched me on the shoulder and told me that I was a father. We were there then for a total of six months as I think I mentioned, then we came back and we stayed in Newport, Rhode Island and operated with a 2nd fleet along the east coast doing anti-submarine warfare and gunfire control and that sort of thing. Interviewer: “Okay, now were there Soviet subs out there to look for or was this mostly just practice?” Yes, there was– We needed to become efficient in the anti-submarine warfare event. Now at the time, not when we were in the Mediterranean, but we came back and– I’ll get to your question in a moment but there’s a specific that comes to it. After we came back from the Mediterranean our home base was switched from Newport, Rhode Island to Mayport, Florida which at the time was just getting started and our action being in Mayport was often with the anti-submarine warfare organization down in Key West, and at that time I had been assigned special responsibilities as ship’s navigator and I had been doing that for several months by that time. (43:35) We were going from Mayport down to Key West and in getting there we didn’t go way out into the ocean but we took the closer in and one morning after I had the command and control responsibilities in the– On the bridge we got a special radio call telling us to make contact with another destroyer. That other destroyer was closer to Key West, we were about 50 miles away as I recall it, he had made contact with something but couldn’t identify it but he knew that it was– He thought that it was a submarine. All of the intelligence was checked out, all of the intelligence agencies were checked out and it was determined that there was no American submarine in the �DeGroot, Loren area. So we were told to go down there and join up with this other destroyer, and protect him and verify if we could that it was a destroyer, but what happened was that it turned out it was a destroyer– Interviewer: “Or a submarine?” Submarine, I’m sorry submarine, and we came up and we validated with the other destroyer where this person was. So we were pinging him from two directions on our sonars, nothing could be done and we found out later that he had run aground on one of the– Interviewer: “Shoals or reefs or?” Yeah one of the reefs that were there, and he couldn’t move, they did make contact after some time– With him and validated that it was a submarine but he wasn’t going to give up anything and neither was the U.S Navy. So we had a little bit of fun and that lasted for about two weeks I think. Finally he did give up under certain conditions and that is that he could come up to on the surface, could not do anything except open all of his upward hatches so they wouldn’t be able to dive again and we had– We were at battle stations the whole time that we were there. So it was an exciting time, I have to say that it was a serious time because it could have been a wartime situation. I was blessed in my Navy career that I was never needed to go into an active combat situation but we did need to be ready to perform in a combat situation. This was one of them and in it because I was a navigator I was on the bridge most of the time. (47:45) I didn’t stand– Just stand watches I was there the whole time and I learned a lot. In that because of the serious nature of it we had– I’m sorry. Interviewer: “You said you learned a lot from experience.” We learned a lot, let it go at that. �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Okay, and then you I think also mentioned before that while you were kind of in the Caribbean in that area you were also involved with, I guess picking up satellite debris or other things like that.” We were– At the beginning when we were still in Rhode Island we would come down and there would be some satellite launches and because of the newness– Now this is the late 50s that we’re talking about, because we were, as a nation, we’re trying to get into the missile and satellite assets. There were a lot of accidents that were happening by accidents being that a satellite goes up but it comes down before it’s supposed to or at the other end a satellite is coming back with some payload on it and I remember the chimp or the monkey that came down and needed to be recovered. There was that kind of thing so we got a broad experience and for me personally that expanded my thinking about engineering, about a career, about the science, about satellites and all of that. It was an incredible learning period for me and I think that it’s necessary in our understanding of military operations, we need to understand that there is the probability, I go beyond possibility, there is the probability that this nation will be in wartime again and we need to be ready for it or we will not be. So in getting ready for it we need to train in realistic environments, that becomes difficult but yet we need to buckle up and come to attention on it or times come when we would never survive it. Interviewer: “Serious business.” Yes it is. Interviewer: “Alright, now how long then did you actually stay on the ship was that till ‘60 or ‘61?” (51:15) ‘60 I think it was in— Well it was three years, I was three years on it. Interviewer: “Yeah so ‘57 to ‘60, yeah.” Yeah and I served the full time of my active duty on the ship. �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Right, now while you were in the Caribbean and that’s around the point when things are getting pretty interesting in Cuba. You haven’t gotten to the missile crisis yet and Castro hasn’t fully taken over but it’s starting to happen then. Did you ever have any missions that in any way related to what was going on there or you just follow your normal routine?” Castro in 1958 was just beginning to achieve the things that he had been working on for a long time. He had at that time established his army, if you will, at the Gitmo area that is Guantanamo Bay, and we were at Gitmo which is still a major training center for the U.S Navy, that’s where we did our pre-deployment training. We came to understand that we were in a very delicate place at that time, we were there later, the Bay of Pigs happened. Yes, we got involved in some of the difficulties that were going on. Interviewer: “Okay, alright are there other particular memories that you’ve got from the active duty time on the ship that kind of stand out for you that you haven’t brought into the story yet?” I’m not sure if I have said this but one of the absolutely major things that happened to me was when we were over in the Mediterranean and our commanding officer called me when I was on the bridge one afternoon, said he wanted to see me in his sea cabin when I got off watch. So I did and he told me that he’d been looking at my papers and found that I had a good record as a navigator or doing navigation things and that my time in school was good in mathematics and he said he had a problem on the ship he needed to– He needed a new navigator. (54:28) On a destroyer the position of a navigator is usually of the executive officer who was a lieutenant commander. At the time I was lieutenant J.G and he said that he wants me to– That if I would accept the position he would certify me as navigator on the ship, and I’m just sitting there with my mind blowing because of what he wants me to do. I accepted that thankfully and started understanding more about what navigation is all about. When you’re standing up three times a day morning stars, noon, sunline, and evening stars and you’ve got your sextant and a watch and you start then making a measurement. You’ve got a quartermaster helping you with the timing �DeGroot, Loren but you get that information then you go down to the chart room and you go through the mathematics and say “We are here.” Interesting, my interest in it expanded from just doing the navigation for the ship of here we are but from understanding the physics of a satellite– Of a star, I’m sorry. The physics of a star and in order to understand the physics of a star is the same as understand the physics of a satellite because they are rotating, and all of that gave me an incredible background for what became my career job after I was out of the Navy and that was that there was something called GPS that was coming about and GPS was a satellite and it had a special transmitter on it but the whole idea of it was to do positioning of vehicles on the ground. Well at the time I was working for Rockwell International in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and we got in a contract to develop the radio equipment for the satellite reception to drive the displays that were on submarines and aircraft and trucks and tanks and anything and everything, man power is included in that. I was quite surprised we were in a four company competition for developing and producing the first GPS user equipment. User equipment are like the radio in the car and so forth and so on. Now it wasn’t having a GPS set in the watch as it is today, our first satellite receiver and processor was probably as half as big as this wall behind me. I at that point came to understand more about satellites because of what I had learned in the Navy. Amazing understanding of what can be done with satellites, and I’m sorry Jim I just lost completely the train of thought. Interviewer: “Well you mentioned that your company was in the competition with four other four other companies. Was your company the one that managed to do it?” (59:05) Yes we made the– We won the competition, there were four companies in the competition for the end result. There were four different phases of that and one by one they got out of there and we stayed in as the only one. The thing I wanted to mention a moment ago was the use of the satellites, now these satellites and the user equipment was available– Our use equipment was available when the Iraq-Kuwait war began and there is a tremendous story in the first time use of GPS in a combat situation. My understanding is that it is not talked about much– Was not talked about much, but GPS equipment from our company was deployed to that combat team that was in Saudi Arabia that made what I understand was called a left hook. It came up around in Saudi Arabia and came up behind the Kuwaitis– �DeGroot, Loren Interviewer: “Or the Iraqis yeah.” The Iraqis who were expecting the combat to come in from the ocean. Well all of that was made possible because we had developed the user equipment and learning that has been a very major milestone for me because it was my team. I say “my team” it was the team that I had the privilege of leading that made that equipment available. Interviewer: “At this point our tape is about up so we’re gonna– Okay alright, we are restarting here. Alright so basically we’ve now kind of gotten through your active duty Navy career and then made the connection to your kind of major accomplishment, professional life as an engineer helping to design the first functional GPS systems. To fill in a little bit in between when you left active duty did you stay in the naval reserve for a while?” No I didn’t, active naval reserve no. Interviewer: “But inactive– Was there an inactive reserve?” (1:01:45) I was in the inactive reserve from the time I completed my active duty on the ship. I went back to Michigan for my master’s degree, as I said, but there was no reserve organization in that area so they put me in the inactive reserve and I was in the inactive reserve until– I think it was 14 years after the time I went in. Interviewer: “Alright, but in the meantime there’s no idea that, you know you have to get called up for Vietnam or anything like that.” I was very concerned on two occasions, one of them was the Bay of Pigs. As I said I was a navigator, when we were in the Mediterranean one day we got special orders to go south of Puerto Rico to a specified area and do some mapping of the shoreline, because of that I had special clearances on what was happening and then when the Bay of Pigs– I heard when we were �DeGroot, Loren watching on our small television set, the Bay of Pigs was happening and there was no telling where we were going and I was quite concerned that I might be called up. The second was during the– Interviewer: “Cuban Missile Crisis?” Yes, the Missile Crisis right because of the same thing it was in an area in which we had been operating and which I as a navigator had become familiar with a lot of things, because of what they were at the time and my being involved in them I have not spoken of any of that. Now I think, what? 50 year laters, I haven’t taken off the classification but I think somebody has, but we were there. I was concerned about getting called up but I was ready for it if it happened and I go back to the thing that motivated me in the first place. If my nation– If your nation is attacked because I have had some experience that proved effective I need to be able and willing to meet those commitments of a citizen of this nation. Interviewer: “Alright, now I think you’ve probably engaged this pretty well already but if you kind of look back at your naval experience, overall what do you think you took out of it or how did it affect you? You got some practical experience obviously with navigation and satellites.” Why don’t you ask an easy question? This isn’t being recorded now is it? Interviewer: “Sure.” (1:05:25) What did I take away from it? I think I took away from it, seriously now, I’m sure I took away from it the responsibilities that each of us have as a citizen of this country. That responsibility is to be sensitive to what others are trying to do to us, that responsibility is that we as a nation must be prepared to face the very difficult– And when I say face them I mean get to the bottom of what the cause of the problem is, and very seriously now, I am terribly concerned that we as a nation are not able to face the current crises that we see in the world. I can’t point to any single point that I would say “It’s your responsibility.” or yours, what you’re doing here but I think that trying to pull the whole story together in answer to your question I would say that the thing that I �DeGroot, Loren came away with was an understanding of the responsibilities of leadership. In my term in the Navy whether it was in Rhode Island or Florida or Mediterranean or south Pacific, I knew that it was my responsibility to do this and this, and in doing that my original commitment to the Navy that I mentioned at the very beginning with my cousins having been in World War II and so forth, that when I came out of the Navy I had been trained that I have a responsibility. I can’t just block it off, in fact today I am very concerned of what we as a nation are doing. I am not 100% anymore, I don’t know what percentage it is but I do have a problem. Here’s part of my solution to the problem, but that doesn’t me that it’s not my responsibility to try to do what I can and as a– We didn’t talk about it earlier but I have a religious conviction that I am responsible and through that my responsibility to my God is to provide as much leadership as I can and in that, even as an 80 plus year old I am responsible. Scripture tells me that there is nothing that says it’s time to retire from your commitments as a believer. I have had many people who have said I can’t do that I’m too old. No, there’s no place in scripture that says that that comes up. I can’t do very much, I’m probably 10% left of– I hope, of where I’ve been but I am never too old to become involved in the leadership position. What is the leadership position when you’re that old? It can come down to something as powerful as prayer and we need to commit ourselves to those things because God has a plan. Jeremiah told us when he said in Jeremiah 29:11 “I have a plan for you’ says the Lord ‘to prosper you, to protect you, to lead you, to guide you.” If you do that here’s your reward, and then if you look a few verses more you get to what happens if you don’t and that is if you don’t do that Nebuchadnezzar will come down and take care of you. (1:11:30) That was verified when Nebuchadnezzar did that and took the nation of Israel prisoner for 77 years, or 70 years I forget which. Interviewer: “They’re still arguing about that one.” Yes, but the point is that we have a lifetime commitment and that’s where I tie the things together. Interviewer: “Alright, well I think that makes a pretty good place to conclude so thank you very much for taking the time to share your story today.” �DeGroot, Loren Well this has been wonderful, I couldn’t understand that you have asked these questions many times. Interviewer: “And I never get the same answer.” � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeGrootL2108V Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DeGroot, Loren Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03 Title A name given to the resource DeGroot, Loren (Interview transcript and video), 2017 Description An account of the resource Loren DeGroot was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1935. While he was still in high school, he enlisted in the Naval Reserves. After he graduated high school in 1953, he began classes as Grand Rapids Junior College and then went to the University of Michigan to finish his bachelor’s in engineering. After graduating, he went to officer training in Newport, Rhode Island. In 1957, he joined the crew of a destroyer ship. His first cruise was to the Mediterranean, where he served as a shore patrol officer on the island of Rhodes in Greece. He then went to Piraeus, Greece and spent a total of six months in the Mediterranean before going back to Newport. His home base was then switched to Mayport, Florida where he served as ship’s navigator. After finishing serving his active duty on the ship in 1960, DeGroot joined the inactive Naval Reserve and stayed in it for 14 years. He went back to the University of Michigan to finish his master’s degree. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States—History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945—Personal narratives, American Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Veterans History Project collection, (RHC-27) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries, Special Collections & University Archives, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI, 49401. Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/01bda343a05d8ec5de4c00adebddd27b.jpg e4efbc050dd697113dff74419ab87689 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeHaanRoss Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource DeHaan, Ross Description An account of the resource Ross DeHaan, Education Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/083702f9e400cbb7658068ad190113ec.mp4 1a383ce965436c627b86e1fe1bc71bc2 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2c0062f586254d5a2566250abc7681d2.pdf faf6e0aa0bd5e1d1ebf56e0a47aa4ee5 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans’ History Project Merle Delagrange Vietnam War 1 hour 17 minutes 2 seconds (00:00:17) Early Life Pt. 1 -Born in Grantwood, Indiana on January 23, 1950 -At the age of ten they moved to Ohio -He went to high school at Fairview High School in Sherwood, Ohio -Didn’t graduate -Met his wife in 1968 (00:01:18) Getting Drafted -Received a notice for an Army physical -Got married to his wife on March 8, 1969 -Two months later on May 6, 1969 he had to report for basic training -Drafted out of Cleveland, Ohio and sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky (00:02:07) Early Life Pt. 2 -Father was a farmer until 1962 -After 1962 his father drove concrete trucks for a living -Mother was a stay at home mom -He had eight siblings -Three brothers and five sisters (00:02:45) Awareness of Vietnam War -Older friends were being drafted and sent to Vietnam -Remembers hearing about a major battle on the radio -Had a feeling that he’d eventually have to go fight in Vietnam (00:03:30) Basic Training -Sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky for basic training -At first didn’t care for basic training -Remembers that there was a competitive nature to everything they did -All drill instructors were Vietnam veterans except for one -They all worked to instill in the recruits lessons they had learned from Vietnam -Focused on hand to hand combat and other infantry training -Qualified with the M60 machine gun and the M14 rifle -Basic training lasted nine weeks (00:07:27) Advanced Infantry Training -Received his orders to report for advanced infantry training (AIT) at the end of basic training -For two weeks before AIT he spent that time in the hospital due to a broken shin -Saw critically wounded Vietnam veterans first hand -Graduated from basic and went to Fort Polk, Louisiana for AIT -AIT lasted nine weeks -Completely different environment than basic training -More relaxed in some aspects, given the weekends off -All while he was there he knew he’d have to go to Vietnam �-Remembers Fort Polk having a mock up Vietnamese village for training exercises -On the last day they were told they would be kept stateside (00:12:50) Fort Carson -After AIT he was sent to Fort Carson, Colorado -He was allowed to live off base with his wife -Stationed there for five months -While there he was assigned to th 5th Mechanized Infantry Division -Went on maneuvers in the Rocky Mountains -Worked with Vietnam veterans -They told him that the war was coming to an end -During the time there his wife got pregnant -After five months he received his orders for deployment to Vietnam (00:15:21) Deployment to Vietnam -After receiving orders for Vietnam he was given thirty days of leave -Shipped out of the United States from the Oakland Replacement Depot, California -Arrived in Bien Hoa Air Base on April 28, 1970 -Remembers the first thing he noticed was that Vietnam was hot and it stunk -Taken by bus from the airport to the Army base in Bien Hoa -Told that he and the other new soldiers would guard the bunkers -During that time he was able to write to his wife, but she couldn’t write back -He didn’t have an actual military address yet (00:18:14) Camp Evans Pt. 1 -On May 1, 1970 the invasion of Cambodia began -Some friends of his were sent to aid in the fighting -On the same day he received his assignment orders -He had been advised to try and stay out of the 101st Airborne Division -His assignment was to Delta Company, 1st of the 506th of the 101st Airborne -Arrived at Camp Evans on May 7, 1970 -Received introductory Vietnam training -Booby traps, surviving in the field, information about the Vietnamese, animals (00:20:17) In the Field Pt. 1 -On May 17, 1970 he was flown to Firebase Rakkasan -Being around Vietnam veterans at Fort Carson had helped prepare him a little bit better -Veterans in the field still avoided the new guys though -Safety hazard being around inexperienced soldiers -Made contact the next day in the field -Called in an airstrike -The bombs missed the enemy and almost hit them instead -He and his unit moved into the NVAs old position on the ridge and set up camp there -Had 155mm howitzers covering their position -That night started calling in artillery fire against the NVA near them -Remembers their position taking a direct hit -Quick thinking saved his life -Their unit lost a soldier that night due to friendly fire (00:28:23) Camp Evans Pt. 2 -He was wounded during the friendly fire incident and was sent back to Camp Evans �-In the field hospital he saw the severe wounds that other soldiers had sustained during the fight -He was eventually transferred to another hospital at Phu Bai -Stayed there temporarily -After he was released from the hospital he spent a tense night in Phu Bai’s training area -The next day he caught a convoy that took him back to Camp Evans -Once there he met with his sergeant and got placed on latrine duty for the time being (00:33:51) In the Field Pt. 2 -Three days after returning to Camp Evans he returned to the field and joined 3rd Platoon -Conducted a large amount of ambush operations -Moved through the jungle towards Firebase Kathryn -Spent a few days there in June 1970 -Remembers a friend from Alpha Company getting killed -Had known him and been friends with him since AIT -On June 20th another friend was killed by a booby trap -A defecting Viet Cong soldier had placed the booby trap when he “surrendered” -The unit turned him over to the South Vietnamese Army -Remembers finding a caved in U.S. bunker position -Soldiers inside had been killed when the structure collapsed -Sappers were getting more skilled at infiltrating their positions -On July 4, 1970 they were called up for a stand down -Returned to Camp Evans and enjoyed Independence Day there (00:41:20) The Battle of Firebase Ripcord-Landing -He and his unit were called up to go and support the forces at Firebase Ripcord -On July 19 they were flown up to Triple Hill near Firebase Ripcord -On the morning of July 20 they were flown from Triple Hill to Hill 805 -Dropped into a “hot” (under fire) landing zone -Had to immediately establish a defensive position -Operated as an assistant to the M60 machine gunner until the machine gun broke (00:46:14) The Battle of Firebase Ripcord-Extraction and Rescue by Delta Company -On July 21 at daybreak the NVA started to bombard their position with mortar fire -Later in the day there was a brief lull in the fire for them to change positions -The Vietnamese were able to follow and harass them as they moved -After a while they were able to move to a landing zone for extraction -As the medevac helicopters came in the Vietnamese were shooting at those as well -Delta Company 2nd of 506th came in to extract them (D/1/506) -Escorted by D/2/506 to an adjacent area for extraction -By the time they finally touched down at Camp Evans they had suffered severe losses -He was grateful to be among the survivors -Had another stand down at Camp Evans starting on July 21 when they returned from Ripcord -Able to visit their company’s wounded at a rear hospital (00:55:45) In the Field Pt. 3 -Had to lead his platoon through the Lowlands after losses suffered at Firebase Ripcord -Led his unit back to Firebase Kathryn -By October 1970 he had been promoted to sergeant -It took three weeks for his company to get rebuilt after Ripcord -Replacements didn’t know how to adjust to being in a unit that went through Ripcord �-Remembers being at Camp Evans when Firebase Ripcord was evacuated and demolished -Spent the rest of his tour at either Firebase Kathryn or Firebase Rakkasan -When the monsoon season began the unit went to Firebase Rakkasan -After the battle at Ripcord contact with Vietnamese combatants dropped significantly -Booby traps were still a prominent threat -Knew that the Viet Cong were still out in the jungle watching every move they made -Went to Camp Evans for a minor stand down before going on R&R (01:04:35) R&R -Towards the end of his tour he went on R&R -Son had been born on September 26, 1970 -His wife and three month old son were able to meet him in Hawaii -Remembers that leaving them to return to Vietnam was extremely difficult -Spent last part of December 1970 and early part of January 1971 in Hawaii on R&R -Remembers his wife being concerned because he acted disappointed upon holding his son -Later explained that it was foreign being around something innocent and alive (01:08:12) End of Deployment and Coming Home -Last part of his tour was fairly uneventful -Basic patrolling -Very little enemy contact -Left Vietnam out of Cam Ranh Bay -Arrived in Fort Lewis, Washington -Got discharged out of the Army there -Given a bonus at the end of his service due to making the rank of sergeant -Got home on March 28, 1971 -Met his wife, son, and mom at the Fort Wayne, Indiana airport -Never faced harassment when he came home -Knew friends that were abused by protestors -Flew into both airports at Fort Lewis and Fort Wayne without incident -Got his old job back as a house painter (01:12:54) National Guard -In 1976 he joined the Army National Guard on a whim -Signed up for a year -Wound up serving with other Vietnam veterans -Spent eighteen years in the National Guard -Retired as a sergeant first class -Spent twenty years all toll in the Army -He had been in the 193rd Infantry Company -Comprised mostly of combat veterans -Later on became a mess sergeant -Easier than being in the field after he broke his back in a car accident � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delagrange, Merle (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Delagrange, Merle Description An account of the resource Merle Delagrange was born in 1950 in Grantwood, Indiana. He was newly married and living in Ohio when he was drafted in 1969. After training at Fort Campbell, Kentucky and Fort Polk, Louisiana, he was stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado until he received his orders to be deployed to Vietnam. He arrived in Vietnam on April 28, 1970 and was assigned to D Company, 1st Battalion. 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne Division stationed at Camp Evans. He was wounded in a friendly fire incident in early May, but soon rejoined the unit and was with them when they were heavily engaged Firebase Ripcord in July and had to be rescued by another unit. Throughout the rest of his tour he led a platoon on patrols until he left Vietnam and returned home on March 28, 1971. He joined the National Guard in 1976 where he stayed with the 193rd Infantry Company for eighteen years and retired as a sergeant first class. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McGregor, Michael (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American United States. Army United States. National Guard Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-11 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DelagrangeM1532V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/787da269f88be88bf3b8898fc58ef5f0.m4v 08621cc2f04cd9c639092fc76c4c36ee https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fd3582d6cee632a92f294fbe3e33fb09.pdf 87afc4b36db43713979a65872818cb07 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veteran’s History Project Afghanistan and Iraq Jeff DeLange Length of Interview (00:21:10) Background Born in Grand Rapids, MI; attended Caledonia High School Father worked at Steelcase and mother was a real estate agent; has two older sisters First family member to serve in the military Was called by a recruiter and thought it was a good idea; went into the Army (00:01:05) Didn’t consider any other branches after being called Would have considered the Air Force due to their higher quality of life while deployed Basic training was a lot of work and little sleep (00:02:50)  Very difficult at the beginning, homesick; did basic training in Georgia (3-4 months)  Trained in Fort Benning, Infantry Training  Infantry, 11-Bravo  Had to adapt, no choice  Joined when he was 18, was quiet  Saw plenty of people get in trouble (mostly because of cell phones and cigarettes)  Not too much of a social life; had to be tough  Food was never good o Every day had the same thing for breakfast: eggs, biscuit and gravy, sausage or bacon, cereal; had very little time to eat (10 minutes for the last person in line) o Lunch and dinner would change; half the time it was chicken o Would drink water, no pop (not recommended) �Afghanistan/Iraq Served in Afghanistan March 2006-November 2006; in Iraq November 2007-January 2009 (00:06:15) Worst feeling was the week before thinking about where he was going; one year of no break Trip was a 24 hour flight, total; not a good feeling The weather in Afghanistan (March) was still cool and rainy; stayed in one FOB (base) with no showers and go every 2-3 weeks to another place eight hours away to take showers  End of May, had to leave the FOB, hotter temperatures  Remembers going on patrols during summer, would up to 100 degrees; had to wear a lot of gear  End of November (2006), began raining a lot, got to mid 40’s  Iraq in November (2007) was the same way; even snowed one day (00:08:50)  Summer was painful heat In Afghanistan, had a chow hall, less structured schedule; Iraq had more strict schedule (00:09:30)  In Iraq, his patrols were scheduled from 4PM-12AM, always missed dinner  Would eat local food sometimes in Iraq, not in Afghanistan Civilians he met in Iraq were often beggars (00:10:50)  Afghanistan was a less developed country, but didn’t have as many people begging Never used his gun in Iraq; once in Afghanistan (00:11:40)  Thought they were going home in July (Afghanistan), but was extended another 3 months; before then, went on patrol in Mid-July (10th)  Were going through a mountain valley next to a river before being attacked; went on for seven days o Had gone through the area a month before and had been attacked  Lost one of the men there  Was a 10-day mission called Operation Perth � Thought they would be going back to America; one week later, stay was extended for three more months During combat, have to keep one’s head down and shoot; comrades are counting on you, as you are counting on them (00:13:15) Met a lot of friends (his best friend had just been deployed one week before this interview)  Stays in touch with a lot of his friends from the Army In Afghanistan, didn’t have as much opportunity to contact his family; Iraq wasn’t as difficult, would call every night  Longer missions during Afghanistan  Remembers calling his father about the extension Played a lot of cards in Afghanistan, and watched DVDs (00:15:25)  Didn’t want to do too much (especially because of the heat) after patrols, during preparations, cleaning gear, sleeping  Remembers 4th of July, had basketball courts set up, but didn’t have enough time use any of them Afghanistan/Iraq: Re-Deployment (00:16:20) Re-deployed in November; opened up a FOB called FOB Warrior (Battalion he was in called Warrior) His platoon was one of the last to leave; had to teach the new people coming in, patrols Iraq: JSS (Joint Security Station), turning Iraq over to the Iraqi people Working with Iraqi National Police and Iraq National Army; showed them what they did Flown back afterwards, 22-26 hour flight (00:18:05) Remembers coming home from Afghanistan, had friends he celebrated with Didn’t have too much difficulty readjusting back to civilian life Has about 10 friends from the Army he still keeps in touch with The Army taught him independence, how to work hard, teamwork, how to be adaptable (00:19:45) �Doesn’t regret joining the Army; learned and experienced lot, made a lot of great friends; it was hard, but has no regrets � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DeLange, Jeff (Interview outline and video), 2009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DeLange, Jeff Description An account of the resource Jeff DeLange served in the Army for a total of five years as an infantryman and toured in Afghanistan and Iraq between 2006 and 2009 where he conducted patrols and later helped with the turnover of operations to the Iraqis. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Miller, Hayden (Interviewer) Caledonia High School (Caledonia, Mich.) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iraq War, 2003-2011--Personal narratives, American United States. Army Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-11-01 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeLangeJ Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a077ed05d6098cec4c563743d370d6c6.jpg 987a932048e52841b47d02d67abc0981 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a3abe7e6572ef7df5fc0ce7c3f1d8b2c.jpg b9d5addb0602ea540060d4f00e15e60d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Slavery Collection Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Slavery--United States African Americans United States--Politics and government--19th century Description An account of the resource A selection of correspondence, diaries, official documents, photographs related to the American Civil War and to the institution of slavery, collected by Harvey E. Lemmen. The collection includes a selection of documents from ten states related to the ownership of slaves and abolition, correspondence and documents of soldiers who fought in the war and from family members and officials, diaries and letters of individuals, and a collection of mailing envelopes decorated with patriotic imagery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lemmen, Harvey E. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/472">Civil War and Slavery Collection (RHC-45)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/470">John Bennitt Diaries and Correspondence (RHC-43)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/471">Nathan Sargent Papers (RHC-44)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/478">Theodore Peticolas Diary (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War Patriotic Envelopes Collection (RHC-51)<br /></a><a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/479">Whitely Read Diary (RHC-52)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804-1897 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg; application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image; Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1804-1897 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delaware. Loyal to the Union Description An account of the resource Design shows female with state coat of arms and "Loyal to the Union. State of Delaware." Design in red and blue on a white envelope. For sale by Wm. Ridenburgh, 132 & 134 Nassau St., N.Y. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-49_PE076 Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Subject The topic of the resource United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Postal service--United States--History Covers (Philatety)--United States--History Patriotic envelopes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/476">Civil War patriotic envelopes, (RHC-49)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5f26f602653befde708fac36ceb99cad.jpg 5b778ec6cc15bd193688608bd316f056 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeLeeuwHenry Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource DeLeeuw, Henry Description An account of the resource Henry DeLeeuw Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/bfee8717107ab8137c7b89b197700106.mp4 79e43f77e701c5edf9da624825eec743 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/587dd550edd41e8c5474d86128db401f.pdf 735a9964bb63677d6f38a67f33bf0dd4 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Vietnam War Frank Delfino 1:50:42 Introduction (00:22)        Frank was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 21, 1949. His parents were Frank and Dora. He has a younger brother and a much younger sister. His father was a World War II veteran. Franks‟ father worked as a construction insulator, and his mother was a hairdresser and a home maker. Frank graduated from high school on June 8, 1966. After graduating, he flunked out of college twice. In those days, everyone was thinking of how they could get out of going to Vietnam. (02:21) On his 20th birthday in 1969, Frank was working at the United States Postal Service when he delivered his own draft notice. (04:50) He began to train himself by doing push ups and other things to get into better shape before he went to basic training. He left for basic training on February 25, 1969 during a blinding snow storm. Military Training (05:37)             When he had his physical, he remembers people having letters getting themselves out of service, while others were eliminated from military service due to previous sports injuries like bad knees, ankles, perforated eardrums and other things. Frank reported to Fort Jackson, South Carolina after a 26 hour train ride from Boston. When he arrived, he was sick with an upper respiratory illness and was admitted to the infirmary. (07:45) Because of his illness, he was in the infirmary for three weeks. Frank was with a great group of guys who worked together and did well during basic training. (09:45) Looking back on basic, Frank and his group did not have any disciplinary issues. (11:39) The better they did allowed them to get liberties that were available such as four hours each Sunday. One drill sergeant was the army boxing champion and offered to teach boxing lessons for anyone who wanted them. Frank took him up on it and learned from him. Basic training lasted 8 weeks. After that, they stayed at Fort Jackson for AIT (Advanced Infantry Training). While there, they learned more about the army and weaponry. (13:37) Most of his instructors in both basic training and AIT had spent time in Vietnam. Much of the training was geared for Vietnam. They would be woken up in the middle of the night to perform marches and other things to get them used to being on the move at short notice. �                 In AIT they did lots of obstacle courses, rappelling and other physical conditioning that would prepare them for Vietnam. (15:54) The training not only built physical confidence for Frank but also mental confidence. He realized that he could be a leader, which led him to become a squad leader. While walking through the woods, they would have pop-up targets that they would shoot at with blank ammunition. During patrols they would have to cross rivers and streams up to their necks and learn to hold their rifles and other gear above their heads. (17:45) AIT lasted for another 8 weeks. After that, Frank signed up for mortar school. They asked for volunteers to go to mortar school and then be sent to Korea. Mortar training was also done at Fort Jackson, which lasted three weeks. Frank and his unit did so well; they broke every training record they could at mortar school. On May 10, 1969, the 101st lost a large amount of NCO‟s at Hamburger Hill. That battle changed the plan to send Frank to Korea. They were instead sent to the NCO training program at Fort Benning, Georgia and then on to Vietnam. (20:43) Frank and another man went in and spoke to their captain to protest the decision. They all ended up at Fort Benning anyway. After thirty days of leave, Frank reported to Fort Benning on July 20, 1969, the same day that Neil Armstrong landed on the moon. (22:43) They were treated very well because they were soon to be non-commissioned officers and they did not start training until the next day because the instructors wanted them to all see the moon landing. There was no yelling or screaming while at NCO school; it was more like an Ivy League college. NCO school was enjoyable and Frank learned a lot while there. Most of the exercises were done in the field, and they had classroom instruction with movies. (25:45) NCO school lasted twelve weeks; Frank graduated in the upper third of his class on October 10, 1969. His dad and brother came down for his graduation and then he was given about a 12-14 day leave. From there, he was assigned to be the training NCO at Fort Riley in charge of physical training. (27:19) He was in charge of getting the officers up at 5:30 am and making them run and do other exercises. He was told by the colonel that he was in charge of physical conditioning of the men. Frank came up with a training plan that was approved by the commanding officer and he told Frank that if any of the officers had a problem with him running the show as a buck sergeant to let him know immediately. Frank always had the men fall out wearing baseball caps, white shirts, and bloused boots, but no rank. Frank stayed there until January, when he was given a month leave at home before he was sent to Vietnam. (30:10) Vietnam (30:20)  Frank went from Logan Airport in Boston to [McChord Air Force Base] in New Jersey straight to Guam and then on to Bien Hoa. He landed at 5:30 am February 8, 1970. �                  When he got off the plane and went into the receiving building, he saw five or six hundred men waiting to go home. One of them ran up to Frank, held him up, and yelled “Look! Fresh meat for Charlie!”. Frank was scared when he got to Vietnam because he had been watching the whole thing unfold since 1963 on television and he knew what was going on there. (32:47) They were processed in and stayed in a transitional barracks for two to three nights. They took incoming mortars that night and he was put in charge of a section of the wall on guard duty. The smell of the country was like body odor, fish, and extreme humidity. He also was in charge of KP duty and he had to pull graves registration, which was going through the bodies of the dead and checking them in. (34:47) Frank stayed in the transitional area for three days until they were all brought out to a staging area, some thirty guys in total. A sergeant came over and told them they were going to the 101st. (38:00) They were flown to Phu Bai and waited for four to five hours before someone came down from Camp Evans to pick them up. They were sent north in a convoy with several other vehicles that were all guarded. Since Frank worked at the Post Office, he was sent to the 101st mailroom and stayed there for two weeks. After that, he was given a combat assignment in the jungle near Firebase Ripcord. (40:40) When he landed in the jungle, his squad was waiting for him. Frank was considered an FNG „Fucking New Guy‟, and he could tell by the look on the faces of his men that they were worried. Right away, he told the men that he wanted to get out of there alive, and he wanted them to leave with him. Frank told his radio operator to babysit him for the first month and help him along. (42:25) Frank pitched in and helped with tasks like hauling the machine guns and other things because he wanted to establish unit cohesiveness. He was petrified for the entire time he was out in the bush and he did not get three hours of sleep for three and a half months. (44:45) It was the tail end of monsoon season, so it was wet and humid. Frank was so scared out there, but he never showed it because he had to lead his men. His mission was to search and destroy, but they did not get hit very often. They did get a lot of mortar incomings and they found booby traps. They worked along Highway One to the A Shau Valley. He would go out for a week and then come back in. (47:15) Franks experience in the field was that they never knew what was going to happen the next hour. Frank was with Charlie Company, 1/506th, 101st Airborne. He operated between Camp Evans and Ripcord. They worked the jungle, trails and some of the rivers. They would go out and set up camp, then see what they could drum up. They always moved in squad size and they had four squads. (49:36) For the first month, Frank lost a lot of weight and had a tough time acclimatizing to the climate of Vietnam. After seeing what the NVA and Viet Cong did to their own people for helping the Americans, Frank began to lose the fear of being hit and just wanted to get them back. �        They called Frank “Sergeant Kaboom” because he loved to call in airstrikes and then sit back and watch them come in. He was also great with a map; he always knew where he was and where everyone else was too. (51:12) Frank felt that once he got there, things were starting to wind down. From February to mid May, it was relatively quiet and he thought he had the enemy on the run. (53:30) He had a Kit Carson Scout with them that was a former Viet Cong and about 16 years old. Frank‟s mother sent panty hose, make-up, hair spray and many other things for the boy‟s family. After that, he was like Frank‟s body guard, he loved him. They also had a dog unit attached to them for a little while. Frank had three MOS‟s, Eleven Bravo (basic infantry), Eleven Charlie (mortar man) and Eleven Foxtrot (intelligence specialist). Because of his intelligence background, he was sent to Camp Evans to run the base defense at the Headquarters TOC. (56:00) He did not want the job, but he was told that he was the only man in the company with that MOS. When he left his men, Frank told them he would send them something back out. Frank knew what they needed so he sent socks, foot powder, food, beer, ice, boots, undershirts, shorts, shoelaces, candy, writing paper, and a few Playboy magazines. (57:44) For his new job, he coordinated base security and flights going in and out of the base. He would usually start around 4 or 5 in the afternoon, and work until 6 or 7 am. During that time, they moved personnel and material to and from the firebases. He also organized the wounded being sent back to the rear. (59:25) He did all this without any form of technology besides a rotary phone and two crank radios. They used shackle codes that changed every twenty four hours. These were passwords that everybody needed to know. Frank‟s call sign on the radio was „Boston Blackie‟. (1:01:05) Ripcord (1:01:35)          Frank knew that something was going on up at Firebase Ripcord, but he was so busy running the TOC (Tactical Operations Center) that he did not pay much attention to it. Because he did such a good job, he was more or less left alone by his superiors. (1:03:38) Frank worked with a man named Steve McCarthy, who was a good friend and helped him get through the experience. The daily routine for them was when they first got into the office they would check the logs from the night before for any activity, enemy contacts, reinforcement requirements and anything else that needed to be done. (1:05:24) Because he ran the TOC, he was able to get to know everybody in several different units and could acquire things if they were needed. He knew where everything was and how to get anything that someone asked him for. Once he got out of the field, it was much like a normal job. (1:07:32) Towards the end of Ripcord, it began to get his attention. Racial tensions came around June 1970 and a rumor came through that said the black soldiers were going to try to take the TOC. He went in to the colonel and told him immediately. He then went down to the armory and got an M-60 [machine gun] and he bolted it to his desk. Frank also contacted every unit and sent out a directive that said �     that anyone that went down to the TOC and tried to compromise base security would be shot on sight. (1:09:29) One day, he took a flight up to Ripcord around June and asked the men what they needed. He arranged to get the men what they requested. Frank only went up there twice, once for the meet and greet and to see what they needed, and then again to survey the area. (1:11:35) On July 4th, things really escalated and they really started sending a lot of air strikes and support up to Ripcord. On July 22 and 23, they began to organize a massive amount of helicopters to go up there and remove the equipment, guns and evacuate personnel. (1:14:23) Frank will never forget seeing the men that came off the helicopters when they returned from Ripcord. He sent everyone to the TOC to help get the wounded off the choppers and to the appropriate areas. The men looked like they had just looked into the face of the devil himself. (1:16:50) Life on Camp Evans (1:18:32)           Life on the base was very different than life in the field. He showered twice a week with hot water, which was great. There were no cuts, scrapes, leeches, pongee sticks and they had a mess hall. (1:19:28) Frank had a freezer in the TOC and he had his father send them popsicles from home. They would then use these as a medium for trade. He could get steak, lobster, shrimp and many other things for them. Being back in the rear, they also had to deal with people that wanted to stay out of the field. They also had „dope hooch‟ which was where people went to smoke dope. (1:21:42) Every night, Frank would go out along the line and check each bunker. He would find men sleeping while on duty or smoking dope and he gave each one an Article 15 on the spot. He told them that if he caught them again they would be sent straight to the brig. They also had a Black Power movement on the base. There were nine black soldiers that refused to go out in the field. They were referred to as the “Evans Nine”. The men were locked up until they were able to be sent to Long Binh Jail. (1:23:13) Heroin was two dollars a bag in the villages. Frank never did any drugs of any kind while in Vietnam. Camp Evans also had a lot of marijuana. (1:25:55) Morale was pretty good on base while Frank was there. They would get incoming mortars from time to time, but otherwise, since it was a big base the enemy couldn‟t do much to them. Once they were showing a movie on a Friday night, when they had incomings come in and they all just took off. (1:27:18) They had Vietnamese nationals that worked on the base, but Frank never trusted them and once they caught a worker stepping off the distance between the TOC and the other buildings. Frank caught the guy and had him arrested. Another worker that worked in the base laundry was a Viet Cong sympathizer. (1:29:27) According to Frank, the real heroes of the Vietnam War were the nurses and the scout dogs. �       Frank was in Vietnam for 10 months and 20 days. After Ripcord things really quieted down and they had a long lull. When he picked up the mail one day, he learned that he was going home on December 21st, which was forty days from then. He didn‟t tell anyone because he wanted to surprise his family. To pass the time he would commandeer a pilot and take helicopter rides around the area.(1:31:47) A friend of Frank‟s from Boston had an uncle that was a two star general. One day he called and told Frank that he was going to send a command helicopter down to pick him up and bring him to a change of command ceremony in Da Nang. Frank attended the ceremony with General Westmoreland, General Abrams, the Vice President of Vietnam and the American Ambassador. When he got there, a lieutenant was the door man and he told Frank to beat it before he had him arrested. Frank told the lieutenant to find General Collins, which he did and they had a great party. (1:36:56) Vietnam wasn‟t all bad for Frank, it was peaks and valleys. They had a Halloween party and a horrible excuse for a Christmas tree. Frank did lose four friends while in Vietnam. (1:38:27) Frank had a chance to go to Sydney, Australia on R&R, but instead he went home early. Back in the States (1:40:59)       Frank left Fort Lewis, Washington on December 24. He arrived home on Christmas morning at 9:30 am. He snuck in the house and he could hear his parents talking in the other room. He walked in and surprised them. Frank was so skinny when he got home, he weighed 118 lbs. (1:42:49) Once he was home, Frank began working at the Post Office again two weeks after getting back from Vietnam. He was put on the night shift, and because of the amount of stress he had been under, he did not get a full nights sleep until June. (1:45:08) At work, he started to exhibit anger. One of his supervisors at work was a Marine who served in Korea. He had it out for him and one day it came to fighting. A year later he quit the Postal Service and on April 1972 he began working as an insulator like his father. (1:47:15) Frank also began taking a few college courses which he was successful at. Looking back, Frank wishes he would have finished his education sooner. He stayed in the insulation business and retired in 2005. He has lived and worked in 41 states and has been a boss, general foreman and a superintendent. His service in Vietnam enabled him to look at any task with confidence and perform any task well. He graduated from the University of Massachusetts in Boston in 1989 with a degree in marketing and management. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delfino, Frank (Interview outline and video), 2013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Delfino, Frank Description An account of the resource Frank was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 21, 1949. He graduated from high school in June 1966 and had two unsuccessful attempts at college. He worked for the United States Postal Service and received his draft notice on his twentieth birthday 1969. Frank was drafted into the United States Army. After basic training and AIT, he attended mortar school and the NCO training school in Fort Benning, Georgia. He served for several months as the training NCO at Fort Riley before being sent to Vietnam. Frank was attached to Charlie Company, 1/506th, 101st Airborne and was stationed out of Camp Evans. Frank was involved with Firebase Ripcord and later operated the TOC at Camp Evans and was in charge of base defenses. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings United States. Army Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-10-10 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DelfinoF1547V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/259d932610c305914a40a1f04f5d6e6c.jpg aa691cdec645fd02144fba1d7b2457f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_F198-0009 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-05-08 Title A name given to the resource Delicatessen in Broad Channel, Queens, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a local delicatessen on a streetcorner in the Broad Channel neighborhood of Queens, New York. In the photograph, the delicatessen features numerous advertisements on the side of the business, including ads for Pepsi-Cola, White Rose Coffee, Ballantine Ale Beer, and a large sign that reads, "Join the Star-Spangled Savings Plan, Buy U.S. Savings Bonds." Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Broad Channel (New York, N.Y.) Delicatessens Advertisements Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6b30c6e42e9c34067e9f704ec81a8f4a.jpg c9fe97eaece424548d0512315c05d097 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Decorated Publishers' Bindings Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Description An account of the resource From the early 1870s to roughly 1930, many publishers issued their commercial book covers with a remarkable variety of graphic designs and illustrations. This sixty-year period saw many artists and designers contributing to this art form. While some can be identified from their style or initials, others remain unknown. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Seidman Rare Books Collection Michigan Novels Collection Regional Historical Collection Lincoln and the Civil War Collection Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-08-30 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a>, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source Michigan Novels Collection. PS3511.L8 D4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-01_Bindings0022 Title A name given to the resource Delightful Dodd Description An account of the resource Binding of Delightful Dodd, by Elliott Flower, published by L.C. Page, 1904. Subject The topic of the resource Book covers Covers (Illustration) Graphic arts Publishers and publishing Pictorial bindings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en">No Copyright - United States</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1904 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5b5b6a3c2ceb4cad5c7f0f8e2c74714d.jpg 19c4f05df0011fc364c2b772f1025b89 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oceana County Migrant Labor History Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shell-Weiss, Melanie Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Growing Community: A Century of Migration in Oceana County." This project was a collaboration between El Centro Hispano de Oceana, the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society, and Grand Valley State University funded by a Common Heritage grant from the United States National Endowment for the Humanities. The materials in this collection document the history of communities in Hart, Shelby, and Walkerville and explore themes of migration, labor, religion, family, belonging, national and cultural identities, regional, national, and international connections, and citizenship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oceana County (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource El Centro Hispano de Oceana; Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage project) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf image/jpeg audio/mp3 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Image Sound recording Language A language of the resource eng spa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Hart (Mich.) Shelby (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Hispanic Americans Account books Diaries Oral history Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-06_Oceana_MoulE_photo-004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Title A name given to the resource Delivering apples to processor, circa 1950 Description An account of the resource Photograph of Esther Moul's father delivering apples to be processed. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Moul, Esther Relation A related resource Growing Community (NEH Common Heritage Project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Subject The topic of the resource Oceana County (Mich.) Farms Farmers Migrant agricultural laborers Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives 1950s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fc35a8b8a98c59a22c3561df0acfba19.mp4 651f0e3e33ac37a0f009eb6d79f5169b https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/40841bc2d9e0c426f4dc68e7323bb474.pdf 4d8a383ba81cee0c3472eede4554afec PDF Text Text Grand Valley State Veterans History Project Valeria Dellinger WWII Veteran United States Army (42:03) (00:23)Detroit Michigan  Valeria was born April 4 1925 at her grandmothers home in Detroit  Valeria’s father worked for Ford Motor Company and her mother was a stay at home mother  Their house was on the west side of Detroit by St. Lawrence Church. Valeria remembers playing jacks on her porch when she was young.  (3:40)Valeria remembers starting pre-school in Detroit and attending a Catholic school for 6th and 7th grade. It takes two years of Catholic school to be confirmed.  (5:20)Valeria returned to public school for 8th grade and on thru high school. She attended Chadsey High School on the west side of Detroit. Valeria was 5’9” in high school so she played basketball and did very well at it.  She attended her senior prom with a fellow she can not remember his name.  She did graduate high school.  (7:40)After graduation she worked for Michigan Bell training to be a telephone operator  Valeria was 18 years old when she graduated  Valeria was at the movies when Pearl Harbor was attacked. Her mom told her when she returned home. She had no idea where Pearl Harbor was.  Her cousin went into the Coast Guard and his ship was bombed and died.  Her younger cousin went into the Coast Guard also and he didn’t weigh enough and was told to eat bananas so he would weigh enough. He came home safe  (10:00)Valeria also had a female cousin who was a year older than her that also went into the war. She says that her entire family was set on Japan not winning this war.  Valeria went to the movies twice a week and they would give newsreels about the war during the movies. She remembers seeing television for the first time and thought it was great to have the movies in her own home.  Valeria originally tried to enlist into the Marine Corps but was told they had enough women enlisted already. She wanted to serve her country anyway possible so she enlisted into the Army.  To enlist, she had to go to the recruiting office and be sworn in. Her parents also had to sign for her to do this. She remembers while in basic training she was investigated because she was supposed to go to Los Alamos. (12:20)Basic Training-Des Moines Iowa  Valeria’s uniform needed to be altered because she was tall and thin. She said they were nice uniforms though.  During basic training, Valeria attended classes, drilled and marched. She said there was no rifle training.  The Army had prior knowledge of her experience with the telephone company. �   Valeria was in basic training for about six weeks. (13:50)Valeria was in basic training in the spring of 1945. She was interviewed after basic training on where she wanted to work at. She wanted to be a nurse’s aide but was told they had enough of them. She was told they need switchboard operators in the south west. They did not tell in it was in Los Alamos.  Valeria took a train along with civilians and service men and women to Los Alamos.  (15:35) Valeria was surprised to pull into Santa Fe, New Mexico. She wondered where she was with such a small city.  Before going to Los Alamos they had to go to Oak Ridge Tennessee for a physical and a psychological testing to be performed. One female was traveling with her from basic training to Tennessee and to New Mexico.  Valeria was asked by the psychologist what company of people she preferred, men or women? She answered women. He asked if she planned on getting married. She said yes and he let her go. Her friend was asked the same question and answered men to the first question and he told her he needed to see her back again.  (18:00)She met her husband in 1946 [1945?] during the Battle of the Bulge while he was serving in the war. He was from North Carolina but recently died on Christmas Day. He put in 20 years in the service. (19:00)New Mexico  Valeria spent time her with dances, the movies, and at the PX where you could purchase Coca Cola. She said they could be involved with sports but she decided not to. All of this was on the base.  Valeria did not have to do KP duty. They had Mexicans doing all of those duties.  You were not allowed to listen in on conversations or ask questions. She didn’t mind because she wasn’t curious.  Valeria has a book about what was expected of them.  (21:10)She went to a dance with a fellow and met another guy from his barracks. He asked her to the movies and ended marrying him. She says she was very shy at the time so she double dated with her friend and her boyfriend.  Valeria’s husband had previously served in Germany but re-enlisted and was sent to New Mexico.  (24:00)Valeria’s husband’s brother was a prisoner of war during the Battle of the Bulge and escaped. She remembers her husband saying that he hated the Germans but figured that was a result of having to fight them in the war. She did not ask her husband much about the war thinking he probably would not have wanted to talk about it anyways.  She says she served until November 1946 when she was discharged. She was engaged at the time.  Her husbands name was A.G. She called him Bill. (25:33)Home in Michigan  Once Valeria was discharged she came home. She obtained clothes for their wedding and headed back to New Mexico. (25:50)Los Alamos, New Mexico  May 1947 she was married at Los Alamos where he was still stationed. She received a job for the civil service as a switchboard operator.  Valeria’s husband was transferred to Albuquerque, New Mexico  Valeria had a daughter in 1948 and discontinued working at this point. �   Her husband was a security guard and MP at this point. In 1952 her son was born. (28:40)Valeria’s husband was asked to go to the Pacific for service. He did not tell her it was for Hydrogen bomb testing. At this point, Valeria returned home to Detroit. Her son was four months old at this time.  In 1953, Valeria said she saw it in the news that they had tested the hydrogen bomb. Her husband was there a year and she knew he would be coming home at that point.  (30:30)1953, Valeria’s husband requested to be transferred to North Carolina at Fort Bragg. Valeria moved to North Carolina till they divorced in 1956.  Valeria took her two children back to Detroit and did not remarry.  Valeria’s children are Linda and Alan.  Linda is a housewife with no children and Alan works with construction building new homes. He married a woman with two children but no biological children. There are two grandchildren Gabriel and Kylie.  (34:00) Valeria’s mother’s maiden name was Katherine Puskarz and her father was Joseph Wysick. Her grandmother’s name was Mary.  Valeria has two younger siblings, Raymond and Theresa. They called her Tessie.  (35:20)Valeria came to the Veterans home when she couldn’t take care of herself. She had an apartment in Farmington Hills. Her son lives in Rockford.  She said something happened to her mind that made things too complicated for her to handle alone. Her daughter found the facility on the internet.  (38:00)Her daughter in law comes and visits her once a week and does all her laundry for her and brings it to her.  Valeria enjoys being at the Veterans home. She says she is kept busy. She enjoys playing bingo. (40:50)Affects of the war on Valeria’s life  Valeria feels that the service made her more outgoing and met many women and men during her time in the service that became great friends. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dellinger, Valeria (Interview outline and video), 2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dellinger, Valeria Description An account of the resource Valeria Dellinger was a veteran of WWII in the United States Army in 1945 and 1946. She served in Los Alamos, New Mexico as a switchboard operator for the military at the time of the development of the atomic bomb. She married her husband after she was discharged in 1946. He remained a MP for the military and transferred to the Pacific when they were testing the atomic bomb, while she stayed on at Los Alamos in the civil service for a while before moving to Michigan. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Collins Sr., Charles E. (Interviewer) Collins, Carol (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans Video recordings World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American United States. Army. Women's Army Corps Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-10-16 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DellingerV0226V Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/82ef85a8bedf2f2392579586084ae6c5.m4v 1bfcd697458ec5d24f71fd99099b2eb7 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8635af1528d542c2c8f315a5e4e89720.pdf 41abcc56f1ee28d0e596bedefb60f371 PDF Text Text Grand Valley State University Veterans History Project Interview Glenn Dells (Length 14:19) Vietnam Veteran 1966-70 (00:19) Pre-enlistment: • He lived in the north end of Grand Rapids where he finished high school • Decided to enlist so that he could choose which branch of the military he serve in • He actually enlisted before he was done with high school (01:30) Enlistment: • Served in Florida before he went to Vietnam • Served in Phan Rang while in Vietnam • He spent two years serving in Alpena, Michigan after he got back from Vietnam (01:52) Military Occupational Service (MOS): • He was a munitions specialist • As a munitions specialist he would handle, build, deliver, blow up, and disarm bombs • Sometimes he would have to go on patrol and would at times be shot at (02:49) Good and Bad Memories: • Meet a lot of friends • He went to Vietnam right after his son was born and missed a year of his life • His father died while he was over in Vietnam • He remembers how he and other soldiers were treated terribly for serving their country during Vietnam (04:16) Casualties/Fear: • His unit did not have many casualties • He knew other units where only one guy survived • He would wonder why it was not him who died instead • He was fearful when bullets were flying by, but it was also exciting • “Young people went to war because old people couldn’t do it” (05:17) Food: • They had cooks and mess tent, but sometimes the quality of food depended on the time of season or how much combat was going on around their camp • During periods where their camp was being attacked a lot they would have to eat sea rations, cans of beans, and other foods like that �(05:47) Free Time: • They would drink a lot and do other things to try to forget what went on • Sometimes they could go to the nearby villages • They sat around, listened to music, and would go to the club where they would have entertainment • Got to see the Bob Hope show that held at his camp • Mostly they worked and slept because they worked 12 hour days (06:36) Vietnam Civilians: • A lot of Vietnamese worked at their base • He had a Vietnamese maid that ended up getting killed when she was taking part in an attack on their base • He was almost killed by a 75 year old women, and by a group of 6 children ages between 7-10 years old • No one knew who was friend or foe (08:01) Keeping in Touch: • Mainly letters were the only form communicate with those back home • They got to make a three minute phone call once during Christmas • The phone call was made through HAM operators, so he never got to hear the voice of the person he was trying to talk to (08:53) Holidays: • He might have gotten a box of cookies or something like that, but for the most part there was no celebration (09:14) Skills/Lessons Learned: • He learned to take orders, and how to do the job right • He learned how take pride in doing your job, and how to take pride in yourself • His skill in handling bombs was not of much help after the war • He also learned how to cope with tragedy and success • Learned how to be a better citizen (10:15) After the War: • Left Alpena with his family and headed back to Grand Rapids • He was a medical technician at a VA hospital • He worked with veterans that had many different problems • He is now a maintenance man (11:52) Thoughts on Military Service: • Every man should spend some time in the military because it is their obligation • He thinks that if we had to fight a war at home that people would thik differently about military service • We are lucky to live in this country were we have many rights others around the world do not have �(13:12) Military Organizations: • He is a member of the VFW and the American Legion (13:24) Pictures: • Him standing in military gear • Him standing next to bombs • Digging and filling sand bags • Him after the war in a nice car • His lighter from Vietnam (front and back) • What looks like a picture of him coming back from Vietnam � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veterans History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. History Department Description An account of the resource The Library of Congress established the Veterans History Project in 2001 to collect memories, accounts, and documents of U.S. war veterans from World War II and the Korean War, Vietnam War, and conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere, and to preserve these stories for future generations. The GVSU History Department interviews are part of this work-in-progress, and may contain videos and audio recordings, transcripts and interview outlines, and related documents and photographs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1914- Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Subject The topic of the resource Afghan War, 2001--Personal narratives, American Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979-1981--Personal narratives, American Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American Michigan--History, Military Oral history Persian Gulf War, 1991--Personal narratives, American United States--History, Military United States. Air Force United States. Army United States. Navy Veterans Video recordings Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Smither, James Boring, Frank Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-27 Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project interviews (RHC-27)</a> Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dells, Glen (Interview outline and video), 2007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dells, Glen Description An account of the resource Glenn Dells served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War from 1966 to1970. His military occupational service (MOS) during Vietnam was munitions specialist; which meant that he built, delivered, blew up, and disarmed bombs. He was stationed in Phan Rang when he served his time in Vietnam. He talks about his experiences with the Vietnamese population, and how it was difficult for him to distinguish friend from foe. He discusses some of the regrets he had about serving in Vietnam; like missing a year of his son's life. He talks about what he and others would do when they had some free time, and how they got to see the Bob Hope show at their base. He tells about how they would normally communicate with those back home, and how they were allowed to make a 3 minute phone call via HAM operators on Christmas. He talks about what he had learned from serving in the military during Vietnam. Some of what he learned was how to take orders, how take pride in doing your job, and how to take pride in yourself. He also talks about how he feels on the subject of serving in the military today. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Vanwyck, Kayla (Interviewer) Subject The topic of the resource Oral history Veterans History Project (U.S.) United States--History, Military Michigan--History, Military Veterans United States. Air Force Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Personal narratives, American Video recordings Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Relation A related resource Veterans History Project (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-06-01 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DellsG Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/455">Veterans History Project Collection, (RHC-27)</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf video/mp4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/fc1b4fc42a752e635c99b8cd2c9cc56b.jpg bdbdec702ee22e7dfa6d160782bdd5d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeLongArthur_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource DeLong, Arthur Description An account of the resource Arthur DeLong, Psychology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0ccbd5f931f70c032266c7b5806415e4.jpg c16ae396b0b132898c1a6e7e0a5dd64b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DeLongArthur_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource DeLong, Arthur Description An account of the resource Arthur DeLong, Psychology Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng