1079 24 26018 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/6f083d1eb58bfd06fd8bd9113b0492d3.jpg 394fc13d32c81d8da56f05fa458045c8 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/61e19aeaa9db6d8b9c5802a4312ed49b.jpg 14f17f9e13f3743cca869f3dfe1f1bae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0115 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Young couple on Memorial Day Weekend Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young couple smiling at the camera and wearing sunglasses with their arms around one another. The handwriting on the front of the picture says "Mem. Day, May '68." The handwriting on the back of the photograph says: "Saugatuck Memorial Weekend, May 1966. Colleen + I." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Memorial Day Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a1e99c4e43c825c8c273774fbb140023.jpg bbd131ae64998b65e61d6e718d8d0faa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0015 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Title A name given to the resource Young couple smiling on the beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a couple smiling and sitting together on the beach. Towels are spread throughout the area and the dunes are located in the background. Circa summer 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2a752975cc3470ff6b90274bb659914a.pdf f75da741fe793e57dc975b65c3c94019 PDF Text Text LATINA/O LEADERSHIP OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM 1993-1994 m m U Young Lords Oral History Project . «y • * . • & m 1 -Presented by: Yolanda Quinones . . .. , . ,,, ...... Vicky Romero Chicago Region sFiv<fP> fe • • -J i©§ . DePaul University Library Special Collections and Archives FHOTOCOPf �DePaul University Library scial Collections and Archi PHOTOCOPY �BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE YOUNG LORDS (dates are approximations. Research is on going.) The Chicago Young Lords, founders of this Hispanic Movement, were iifu the sons and daughters of the first Puerto Rican immigrants to Chicago. Without funding, they successfully built a national grassroots movement within the Hispanic Barrios of the United States. It all began when City Hall decided to create an inner city suburb in Lincoln Park and in the process displaced the entire neighborhood of the first Puerto Ricans. DePaul University Library Special Collections and Archives PHOTOCOPY �(page 2) 1945-1950 Luis Munoz Marin becomes first popularly elected Puerto Rlcan Governor. Fomento replaces sugar cane with Industry and Tourism In Puerto Rico. U.S. and Mexico In conflict with Bracero Program Massive unemployment forces Jibaros to emigrate to U.S. migrant camps. Jlbaro Tomateros" move from migrant camps to large cities. 1950 1955 Neighborhood barrios of La Clark and La Madison develop In Chicago. More massive migration: La Clark and La Madison expand. I960 Carl Sanburg Village and University of Illinois displaces thousands of Puerto Rlcans. ; Lincoln Park and Wicker Park develop Puerto Rlcan Barrios k Sons and Daughters of first immigrants go from Athletic Clubs to gangs. 4 Lincoln Park and OldJTown become an 'Inner-City Suburb." 1968 Young Lords thrash urban renewal office. Local Mafia owned real estate office Is picketed All windows of Anglo businesses on Armltage Ave. are busted. Jan. 1969 Wicker Park Welfare Office Is stormed by Young Lords and Latinos. Cha-Cha conducts political education classes In his living room. TIJerlna literature and Black Panther movie is shown to Young Lords. EOO People picket Chicago Ave Police station after arrest of Cha-Cha Jimenez. DEPAUL University Library S p e d ! Collections and Arduves P PHOTOCOPY �FEB. 1969 (page 3) Young Lords go to Corky Gonzales Youth Gang Conference, In Denver, CO. Demonstration to Wicker Park Welfare Office. Cha-Cha is Indicted 18 times In 6 week period. Ranging from aggravated battery on police to mob action Ralph Rivera's button Tengo Puerto Rico en ml Corazon" becomes symbol of Young Lords. Chicago Ave Police workshop Is taken over by Young Lords. Meetings begin with Armltage Ave Church for space for Young Lords programs. Young Lords march against police brutality. Alblzu campos march. Cha-Cha speaks at University of Puerto Rico. Students spontaneously burn down R.O.T.C'building. Fred Hampton, Cha-Cha and Young Patriots meet to form Rainbow Coalition. Cha-Cha goes on speaking tour with Fred Hampton. APRIL 1969 Young Lords and 350 Latino community residents take-over and sit In at Mc Kormick Theological Seminary for one week until demands are met: Demands Met; $ 6 5 0 , 0 0 0 Is to be invested In low income housing. $25,000 opens a clinic In West Town for Lado. $25,000 opens People's Law Offices In Lincoln Park. $S5,000 (committed but never received for a Young Lords Cultural Center.) Mayor Daley, Hanrahan and others call for a "War on Gangs" to attack Black Panthers and Young Lords. MAY 1969 Manuel Ramos is shot at Orlando Da vita's party by off- duty policeman James Lamb. Four Young Lords are arrested. Policeman is not charged. Service is held at Mc Kormick Seminary for Manuel Ramos IOOO people join Young Lords in purple berets at St. Teresa's DePaul University Library Special Collections and Archives PHOTOCOPY �y ( page 4 ) funeral Mass for Manuel Ramos. Puerto Rlcans side with Young Lords against police abuse. Young Lords take-over Peoples's Church and set up a Day Care Center, a clinic, a cultural center, and National Headquarters. Gang Intelligence unit and Red Squad station a car 2 4 hrs day photographing anyone entering Y.L.O. Church, (later It was learned that "Colntel Pro" was also Involved In inciting riots. Infiltration, and creating divisions within the Latino and African-American movements. i • i JUN€ 1969 Urban renewal land to be used for a $IOOO a year tennis court Is taken over and 4 0 0 people camp out on Armitage and Haisted for a week. Later it becomes People's Park arid Playground equipment is added. Police create a riot In.People's Park. Cha-Cha arrested for mob action. Young Lords march to Humboldt Park with over 10,000 people. Many In purple berets carrying Alblzu Campos and Manuel Ramos posters. Chapter of Young Lords opens In New York. Young Lords Join Black Panthers In support of Bobby Seale conspiracy trial. Young Lords visit California and meet with Brown Berets, Black Panthers, and Black Berets. Chapter of Young Lords opens in Hayward, CA. Young Lords march with I.W.W. S6PT. 1969 Cha-Cha marches with Nationalist Party at Grito de Lares march in Jayuya, Puerto Rico. United people to Inform good doers- Uptight is formed to , discredit Young Lords. They pass fliers at suburban churches. Alderman Mc Cutheon's press conference is taken over by Young Lords. Mc Cutheon is exposed for soliciting prostitutes. Caballcros de San Juan vote to support Young Lords. Puerto Rlcan Bishop Antullo Parllla celebrates Mass for DePaul University Library Special Collections and Archives PHOTOCOPY �( page 5) Young Lords in Chicago. Cha-Cha and Fred Hampton arrested at Wicker Park Welfare Office. Obed Lopez Is beaten by police. Mary lou Porrata Is assaulted by welfare case worker. Cha-Cha travels with Corky Gonzalaes on speaking tour. Young Lords visit Alcatraz during Native American take-over led by Richard Oakes. Young Lords visit Cuba through Venceremos Brigade. Police attempt to disrupt Young Lords block party. OCTOBER 1969 Emeterlo Betances Health Clinic screens people door-to-door for lead poisoning Murals are painted on church walls. Young Lords donate blood for local Puerto Rlcan businessmen. November 1969 Fred Hampton arrested for liberating ice cream and giving It to ghetto children. Day Care Center Is fined $ 2 0 0 each day it remains open, (unless floor is raised 3 feet and the celling Is lowered 3 feet.) Cha-Cha arrested for $23 dollar theft of lumber, while ten people flee and escape police, (later Cha-Cha pleads guilty and receives one year sentence. DECEMBER 1969 Fred Hampton is murdered by State's Attorney Hanrahan and Chicago police. Young Lords attend funeral. Cha-Cha is told by attorneys not to sleep in same house 2 days In a row. 1970 New York Lords and Chicago Lords meet and both agree to work independently as revolutionary companeros. Jose' (Pancho Lind is murdered by a white street gang. The killer Is a brother of a policeman at scene and is not arrested. DePaul University Library Special Collections and Archives PHOTOCOPY �( page 6) Young Lords march to court to no avail. Rev. Bruce Johnson and his wife are both found stabbed to death In their beds. Rev. Johnson was stabbed 17 times, his wife 9 times. Women members of Young Lords meet with Vietnamese women at Canada Conference Young Lords march with Methodist Bishop In memory of Rev. Bruce Johnson. The Rev. Bruce Johnson case has never been Investigated nor solved. Cha-Cha decides to go underground, (while underground forms 2 chapters of Young Lords sets up a training school, and works on Young Lords newspaper. DECEMBER 1972 Cha-Cha turns himself In... before 5 0 0 people at the Town Hal! police station In 46th ward. Cha-Cha serves year and then released only after putting up bond for remaining IO cases. Cha-Cha plea bargains and decides to plead guilty for mob action In return for no Jail and probation. Cha-Cha visits Peoples Republic of China SEPTEMBER 1973 Cha-Cha announces campaign for alderman of 46th ward. FEBRUARY 1975 Cha-Cha comes in 2nd and gets 39% of vote in an area with only IOOO Latino registered voters. ALSO IN THE MID 7 0 s. Cha-Cha is wanted for burglary. While In hiding the machine controlled Uptown Lerner Newspaper runs same article several times. The burglary case never goes to trial. Fain Group Is arrested. Cha-Cha Is arrested the same week. Demands trial and Is released when time expires on speedy trial law. No witnesses or accusers are brought to court by state's attorney. FEBRUARY 1983 Young Lords work together with Puerto Rlcan Parade Committee. Cha-Cha introduces Mayor Harold Washington before a crowd of 100,000 Puerto Ricans In Humboldt Park. DePaui University Library Special Collections and Archives PHOTOCOPY' �DONATION .50 kuss . - 4 . • ... ... - . v. teK*?-•' VsiSWA'.-i-"--. . . . S.Su.>.".' Li . < QUE VIVA EL PUEBLO 11 A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF JOSE CHA-CHA JIMENEZ GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE YOUNG LORDS ORGANIZATION ��w xt g 0 fl> p 1 X K O o H° < (5 O (/j O o TJ £L £-< •< >£f O f < i** v « CO ^ �"QUE VIVA EL PUEBLO" A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF JOSE CHA-CHA JIMENEZ GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE YOUNG LORDS O R G A N I Z A T I O N �I Ull IT I U 1» i- iili Ultllir. I i u n J. I CHA-CHA JIMENEZ DEFENCE COMMITTEE P.O. BOX 3 3 8 2 MERCHANDISE MART S T A . CHICAGO , ILL. 60654 I �m 8 £L o « (5 c 0 , « H cf o§ I©' O o "U < 3 C O P w D - M o « f t cr �PLATFORM: SELF DETERMINATION FOR LATINOS AND ALL POOR AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE OF THE WORLD : r •' .»f• „.v<i5,S rV- •.•'.-/•••• ^/it-Ki-'ii. iV-'.*i&r v a v w V . V 't"".-/\r»>.- •- • 7 • * . v - . * ^ - . t - -^gr J*4* .•?. rrv .. f'^L*^*1 r . ' .1. We .want Independence and s e l f - d e t e n n l nation f:..- ^.f o r the Peopl e_ ; of ^Aztl an;and. Puerto Vu - ,, . 2. We want an end .to al 1 Ilmperi a l l s t wars— economic. a n ^ m u i t a r y . . ; ^ * We want an end ; t o the' mercenary": nature ofmQStffiiF the U.S. m i l i t a r y system ^nd'an end t o o p p r e s s l ^ ^ ; o f Latinos and o t h e r poor and oppressed people.o||n by threats o f Imprisonment o r by economicalTy ^ ^ ^ J .' - V . depriving them o f t h e i r b a s i c needs then f o r c i n g ^ ? them t o volunteer o r allowing thera t o be : / I n t o unjust, imperialist: w i r s . . ^ • ... : . 4 . . We want e q u a l i t y f o r the s e x e s . .; 5 . W e want an end t o the i n n e r - c t t y removal^o^^v - l a t i n o s and o t h e r poor and oppressed p e o p l e ; - W e 9 " want Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed people t o \ control the housing t o be b u i l t 1n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e conmunltles so that they can be sure 1t 1 s w f i t f o r human beings and economically reasonable. ' We a l s o want a l l e x i s t i n g housing brought up t o . comply with the codes. 6. We want a guaranteed Income and f u l l emoloyment f o r Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed people. 7 . We want b1-!1ngual education f o r Latinos. An education t h a t teaches Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed people the true h i s t o r y o f t h e i r past -»d exposes the true nature o f t h i s decadcnt ,1ety. (continued on bojdc cower) • �CO 13 |.o "U n e OS c ,O3 •ami (-C Ml OH ® O » a. O g # >sr o < a C O �Ui 1 f• O e- g o§ o§ o » op T? < < »-< C O > B2 S 3 Brca » �8. We want an end to the robbing o f Latinos and f l a i l poor and oppressed people by GREEDY YANQUI » BUSINESSMEN 1n the Latino cowminlty. - - ^ ^ ® 9 ^ ; ^ M w a n t : ; a n i e n d - t o the enormous drug problem m ^ c a u s e d by ;th1 s ^ e w d e n t ^ s o c i e t y *ant t h ^ W d n i g ; - pushers £ithe|r1 ch perpetrators o f t h i s I ^ s6c1etyi ; arrested >nd t r i e d by t h e l r y l c t l m s ^ H e : ' t ^ w a n t a l l those now In j a l l f o r crimes r e l a t e d ' ^ o to drugs discharged t o coemmlty-control 1 ed rehabX ? , n i t a t 1 o n centers and provided with good and ^ ^ ^ e f f l d e n t m e d l c a U c a r e . We want research begun v r 1nmed1 ately so t h a t the use o f methadone heroin addicts can be discontinued; ' ••''•V'^. f - P ? . #'10. We want the same good and e f f i c i e n t health H: I care that 1s given to the rich t o be given t o ' Latinos and other poor and oppressed p e o p l e . We want 1t to be f r e e t o Latinos and a l l poor n and oppressed people. HEALTH CARE IS A HUMAN I RIGHT. . ; v 3. ,7 11. We want an end to the brutal1zat1on and cold-blooded murder o f Latinos and a l l poor and oppressed people by Yanqul p o l i c e 1n t h i s country. We want p o l i c e 1n Latino convnunltles t o be , ' ... Latinos and under the control o f the Latino comnunlty. 12. We want a l l Latinos released from f e d e r a l , s t a t e , county, and c i t y j a i l s , because they have not had f a i r t r i a l s nor have been t r i e d by a jury o f their peers as defined by the U.S. Cons t i t u t i o n . They have been t r i e d by Yanqul courts and jurors who have no basic understanding o f Latinos nor o f the conditions to which Latinos are subjected. Cha Cha Jimenez, General Secretary Young Lords Organization Cook County J a l l December 31, 1972 �:ktrcdj:':in Cha Cha's story shows the 'lenctht to which the rich who run this country will qc to keep Door people and Latinos down. Born ir, Puerto R1co and raised 1n a U.S. slum, Che Cha 1s only a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t from other Puerto Rlcans; that 1s, he has already spent ten years of his l i f e 1n court and 1n j a i l f o r rebelling against tne system. Those near him 1n his teen-age years would ask i f he had been anything more than a drug addict and i gang member. But what 1s a gang but a chjup of younc people—products of the ghetto in r e b e l l i o n — d i r e c t i n c their H o s t i l i t i e s toward rther poo- v i c t i m Instead of their oppressors. Drun addiction is only ar extension of the gang. Altiiouah ccrfused fo** many years as to who thr oppressor was, Cha Cha used "his time 1n tc think. He l e f t j a i l with a vague conception of nr. oppressor— a conception he sharpened as he experienced continued abuse. He saw that his problems were not unique but common among the p o o r , e s p e c i a l l y among Latinos. He reorganised the dissolving s t r e e t gang—then on the verge o f f a l l i n g into drugs—and turned 1t into a p o l i t i c a l organization f i g h t i n g f o r the s e l f - d e t e r mination o f Latinos and other poor and oppressed peoples. The Young Lords Organization was concerned with the issues o f welfare, health, day care, and p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y . I t also dealt with the questions of Puerto Pvicar. Independence and urbar. renewal. These were the issues which brought repression from the oppressor. Mayor Daley and his "Maquina Demoeratica," who had dominated the Latino vote ever since we can remember, could not tolerate a Latino organization opposed to their scheme f o r driving the poor out of their neighborhoods so that suburbanites could return to the inner Daley drove the Latinos froir, the areas r: ^curled" by the Carl Sandburg Village and the b: • <tv" of . " H i n d s . Wher, ht promised then relocc'w * and decent housinc, h€ swindled I �them. He did the same thing to the Lincoln Park conmunity. But Cha Cha, the Young Lords, the Latinos and the poor of Lincoln Park who had been driven out of t h e i r homes too many times saw through Daley's demagoguery and p r o t e s t e d . This Daley could not t o l e r a t e . A deluge of indictments poured out o f S t a t e ' s Attorney Hanrahan's o f f i c e to Lincoln Park residents and Young Lords. The Young Lords leaders g o t f o u r and f i v e cases each—they were charged with e v e r y thing from l e a f l e t t i n g too c l o s e to a school to mob action. Cha Cha alone got eighteen cases dumped on him. He was given a year f o r taking $ 23 worth o f lumber. He has now won thirteen cases. He s t m has f o u r cases pending. w \ % 3J -o O § q ® 9 H & 5 ' 0 § ? O § ^ o- £ y §f £ E $ a> What were the crimes committed by the poor and Latinos of Lincoln Park 1n 1969 and 1970? Demanding self-determination 1n a democratic society? What was so d i a b o l i c a l about a fonner s t r e e t gang and I t s leader trying to serve t h e i r people? Why was the news media used to slander them? As long as s t r e e t gangs k i l l and b r u t a l i z e their own people they are Ignored and sometimes even aided by the oppressor, but when they attack the r o o t of "the problem, the creators of the ghettos, the actual criminals o f t h i s s o c i e t y — t h e oppressors—will u t i l i z e every means in t h e i r power—the courts, the p o l i c e , the S t a t e ' s Attorney's o f f i c e , e t c . — t o suppress them. The only crime that Cha Cha committed has been to wage a struggle f o r self-determination and to refuse to humble himself before the oppressor. For t h i s , he is new in j a i l . As Cha Cha himself said a f t e r the Young Lord Manuel Ramos was murdered in cold blood by an o f f - d u t y policeman: They can They can They can But" they j a i l us; brutalize us; even k i l l us— c a n ' t stor> us! �CHA CHA JIMENEZ Jose (Cha Cha) Jimenez was born or, August 8 , v 1948' in an apartment 1n "El Mi 11 on, a slum of Caguas, Puerto R1co. His parents came from a rural area. The youngest o f 15 children, his mother Eugenia had been raised 1n a convent because her' father was bl1nd and there was no one to take care of her. At the age o f 16, she l e f t the convent to marry Cha Cha's father Antonio. In her pregnancy, she went to Caguas to be near a doctor. 'Antonio had already l e f t to find a job 1p the United States; he was in a migrant camp near Boston when Cha Cha was born. Cha Cha's older s i s t e r died of pneumonia shortly a f t e r his birth leaving him the only male and eventually the oldest of four children. When Cha Cha was two years o l d , Antonio had earned enough money to send f o r him and his mother. They lived near Boston f o r a year, then moved to Chicago with Cha Cha's new-born s i s t e r . There they became tenants 1n a hotel which had been converted into r a t - and roach-infested apartments. Known as the Water Hotel, 1t was on the corners of Superior and La Salle streets on the near-north side in the old Clark Street area. There, the family lived near r e l a t i v e s and friends who had l e f t Puerto Rico f o r similar reasons. In the l a t e f o r t i e s and early f i f t i e s , migration of Puerto Rlcans to U.S. c i t i e s skyrocketed from an average of 10,000 peonle a year to 50,000. They came looking f o r jobs to establish some savings with the hope of eventually returning to their homeland. In Chicago, two centers of the Puerto Rican community grew up—an area around Madison Avenue from Ashland to Kedzie and the neighborhood where Cha Cha lived from Ohio to North Avenue with Clark Street as i t s nucleus. Among Puerto Ricans these "barrios" were corrmonlv called "Ls. Madison* and "La Clark." "La Madison" i �"<2c been an established r e s i d e n t i a l area with twoana three-story apartment houses. I t had a sense c f ccnm/nity with Latino b u s i n e s s e s , t h e a t e r s , and agencies. "La Clark" was d i f f e r e n t . Long before the Puerto Ricans moved t h e r e , 1t had been an area under syndicate c o n t r o l . "Los chinos" from "La Clark" had a firm g r i p on " l a b o l i t a " (the numbers game); there was a l o t o f gambling, drugs, p r o s t i t u t i o n , and homosexuality, e t c . . "La Clark" had "mixed h o u s i n g " - - i f you could call i t that. Although many Puerto Ricans lived 1n the Cabrini p r o j e c t s , most o f "La Clark" was made up of dilapidated hotels bandaged and divided into apartments and single rooms. In renting these buildings, i t seemed as 1f the landlords were trying to coin the l a s t b i t of p r o f i t from t h e i r Puerto R1can tenants. Cha Cha's family lived 1n the Water Hotel f o r a couple of years until i t was f i n a l l y condemned and torn down. Drifting northward two or three w blocks at a time, by 1956 the family had reached 1Q the boundary of "La Clark." In a t o t a l o f s i x \J y e a r s , they hadl^been-fo-rced 'to move nine t i m e s all because ofmrban^enewalX I t never dawned -is OO l . on them that trfe c1^~aeTTBerately intended to x Ho** a> * — ; push the Puerto Ricans out o f t h e i r homes. The Puerto Ricans thought the buildings would e i t h e r < a> be renovated or leveled and then reconstructed O K W) so that they would be able to return to l i v e in them. The men who ran the c i t y had a d i f f e r e n t O 5® plan. Today the expensive areas o f the Carl - o sL Sandburg Village and "Old Town" have replaced > ^ ft P most of "La Clark" and Puerto Ricans are a r a r i t y . To make way f o r the r i c h , the Puerto Ricans from "La Clark" were pushed into the adjacent community of Lincoln Park or into the new barrio o f "La Division." People from "La Madison" poured in there t o o . The other pockets of the Puerto Rican community in Chicago—"La Blue Island," "La 63," "La Sheridan," etc.—grew un l a t e r . h® ! ** o i y -eJ �Che. Che. had alreacy attendee Mo'iv Name Cathedral, St. Joseph and Frank!ir, schools when he entered Newberry Elementary School 1n Lincoln Park 1n the t h i r d grade. At f i r s t he had a d i f f i c u l t time adapting. Lincoln Park was a conwunlty of poor white Americans—Irish, I t a l tans7~peopTe from Appalachia, e t c . . ChaTChars tMli-y~was~one of the f i r s t Puerto RicajPfamITtrrTnJIhe neighborhood. Kids at scRooTTwould call "IfvT"few Puerto R1can children "spies" and beat them on t h e i r way home. Cha Cha came home injured many times. He told his Darents he had "tripped and f a l l e n , " but they understood otherwise because they had seen a f i g h t 1n the a l l e y next to their home. The s c u f f l e began among gypsy youth, whose families shared the building with the Puerto Ricans. All the residents o f the apartment house got a panoramic view from t h e i r windows as 1f they were watching from separate booths in an outdoor stadium. The youths were belting a young gypsy who was Cha Cha's f r i e n d . When Cha Cha raced outside to help him, the gypsy youths converged on him. When Puerto Rican youths poured out of the building, the f i g h t s h i f t e d to a b a t t l e between gypsies and Puerto Ricans. Even Cha Cha's friend sided with his kinsfolk. The soectators began casting t h e i r b a l l o t s arguing with each other, screaming and cheering v i c t o r y f o r t h e i r s i d e . After l e t t i n g the f i g h t go on f o r some time, the adults i n t e r vened and brought i t to a halt. As more Puerto Ricans from "La Clark" moved into Lincoln Park, Cha Cha's family followed the current a block upward as I r i s h , I t a l i a n s , and Appalachian whites moved further north. Cha Cha's father began guzzling liquor (two of his uncles had already died from l i v e r infections caused by a l c o h o l ) . To get her husband to stop drinking, dona Eugenia made a "promesa" to dress 1n black f o r a year. She persuaded her husband to j o i n the Knights of Saint John, a Latinc organization r �f c m e d by the Catholic archdiocese of Chicago. Through the aid of a p r i e s t assigned to L a t i n o s , she organized Spanish catechism classes in her home f o r Puerto Rican children 1n the area. Meanwhile, Cha Cha was getting Into t r o u b l e according to the neighbors who t r i e d to keep their sons away from him. Cha Cha c o u l d n ' t understand the d i f f e r e n c e between his actions and those of the neighbor kids nor did he know why people were t a l k i n g . In f a c t , a recording at the time with the t i t l e "Everybody E l s e ' s Son's a Troublemaker But Mine," would have been appropriate. At his mother's request, the p r i e s t talked with Cha Cha and met with him a l l summer. Soon he became an altar boy at the Spanish mass 1n Saint Michael's church. His mother arranged with the p r i e s t to enroll him in a Catholic school — « p j a i n t T e r e s a ' s . Though a poor f a m i l y , they did § h o t have to worry about t u i t i o n which the p r i e s t ^had taken care o f . Most of the classrooms 1n - g O e s t . Teresa's were f i l l e d with Germans, Polish X - § i J>®ople and I t a l l t a n s . There were only a few O 8 bblacks and Latinos 1n the s c h o o l . In Cha Cha's —4 cf. sslxth grade c l a s s , there were none. O?, ® O w 2. When he entered St. T e r e s a ' s , he had been O § C o m p l e t e l y transformed from nrischievousness to 3S ^ cplety. His teacher—a nun—took special i n t e r e s t y rfn him and became his f r i e n d . He put his mind to J5 sMs studies and no longer spent much time with his ST.'Neighborhood f r i e n d s , who people thought had been £ the cause of his mischief. Before and a f t e r class w and on weekends, he helped around the church and school—shoveling snow, sweeping, mopping and waxing the f l o o r s , and dusting the pews in the chapel. In the three years he attended St. T e r e s a ' s , he was always f i r s t o r second in the number o f candy sales made to raise funds to build a new church. Continuing as f *ltar boy at St. T e r e s a ' s , he else sane ir . i r . Hear comple- L �ticn of her "promesa," dona Eugenia had set up an altar in their home. Latino neiahbords o f t e n asked her to lead in the r e c i t a t i o n of a rosary; i t became part of the d a i l y schedule at home. I t was not surprising then that at the age of eleven, Cha Cha had made up his mind about his f u t u r e . After graduating from eighth grade, he wanted to enter a seminary to prepare f o r the priesthood. Meanwhile, although there were s t i l l only a few Puerto R1can businesses in Lincoln Park, the influx of Puerto Ricans continued. I t was the early 1960 1 s and s t r e e t gangs were spreading over the c i t y . There were a few gangs 1n Lincoln Park among the European m i n o r i t i e s , but none as yet among the Puerto Ricans. When Puerto R1can newcomers were detected in non-Puerto R1can sections of Lincoln Park, they were beaten mercilessly like someone was beating dust out o f a carpet. From time to time, the Puerto Rican grapevine r e ported incidents l i k e t h i s . St. Teresa's had no gangs although there were a couple o f gang members in the s c h o o l , which was l o c a t t d in the t e r r i t o r y of a European gang. In hopes o f preparing f o r the priesthood, Cha Cha stuck to his s t u d i e s . In the spring—when the gangs surfaced—he became inadvertently involved in an incident. A group of Puerto Ricans who l a t e r the same year would form the Black Eagles, the Paragons or the Young Lords, retaliated against some of the European gang members. Because some of their own had been hurt, the European gang was out f o r revenge. Although Cha Cha had riot been involved in the i n c i d e n t , some of the gang members ranembered him from Newberry. One day as he was walklnc home from s c h o o l , they caught sight of him from across the s t r e e t and yelled his name. He kept walkina t.ni pretended not to hear. They veiled aaai• "his time he looked at them, turned the come; "an down the Mock. The gang ris shed a f i e -r cha:" : nc M r :nt * 1 he net into �the Puerto Rican s e c t i o n . To avoid f u r t h e r beati n g s , Cha Cha found a new route home from s c h o o l . More f i g h t s accurred between Puerto Rlcans and European gangs. The Puerto Rlcans—who by now had grown 1n number—began to organize themselves in s e l f - d e f e n s e . Orlando D a v l l a , founder o f the Young Lords, asked Cha Cha to a meeting. He had met Cha Cha at his mother's catechism c l a s s . Cha Cha decided to attend the meeting along with nine other youths. At t h i s meeting, the Young Lords were formed. The Young Lords remained a nominal organization f o r Cha Cha: he was not an active p a r t i c i p a n t . Most o f the b a t t l e s were fought at the p u b l i c school while he was at the Catholic school. Further, at this time, gang organization in Lincoln Park was j u s t beginning. During the summer vacation, Cha Cha was in a few scattered f i g h t s at the beach, but when classes resumed, he s p l i t from the gang to readapt h1mg1 s e l f to a d i f f e r e n t environment. He returned to » ^ M s s t u d i e s . Now he was 1n his eighth year—th« g. year o f d e c i s i o n . He sent his a p p l i c a t i o n t o a ^ Redemptorlst seminary 1n Wisconsin f o r which he TJ Q needed l e t t e r s of reconrnendation from the p r l n c i anc* pastor of St. Teresa's. X tf r Although Cha Cha O o 3 had behaved himself all semester, toward the end tf. 4* o f the term he and another classmate were caught O a | throwing eggs at a bus in which—they found out O 4/5 later— the pastor was r i d i n g . They were suspended O S * from school f o r a few days. Instead o f a l e t t e r C 0 * recommendation, the pastor asked the seminary ^ > Sfto deny entry to Cha Cha. The seminary wrote him o <5to try again the following year. This would be . H T . ^ d i f f i c u l t . Because Cha Cha could not a f f o r d ^ t u i t i o n to a Catholic high s c h o o l , he would be w going to Waller, the public s c h o o l , which would make 1t less easy f o r h1rr to be accepted at the seminary the following year. Further, Waller was the school which the Young Lords and other neighborhood gangs would attend. t �Like his other classmates, Cna Cha t r i e d to find people from St, Teresa's who would be going to his new s c h o o l . Although Waller was the nearest high s c h o o l , only one other classmate planned to go so Cha Cha d i d n ' t find many a s s o c i a t e s . Soon a f t e r graduation, some of his classmates' families organized a graduation party to which neither Cha Cha nor his family were 1nvited—an example of ant1-Puerto R1can f e e l i n g which he had experienced c o n s i s t e n t l y at St. T e r e s a ' s . He found out about the party while walking down the s t r e e t with two other Young Lords dressed t h e i r purple and black sweaters. Two o f his f e l l o w classmates stepped out of the s t o r e f r o n t where the party was being held. When they saw Cha Cha they asked him why he wasn't at the party. "I j u s t d i d n ' t f e e l 11ke going," he r e p l i e d . The Young Lords were anxious to move Into the dance, but Cha Cha persuaded them not to. By now, Lincoln Park was flooded with Puerto Ricans and other Latinos. By sunnier, gang f i g h t s were routine. When e i t h e r side 1n the c o n f l i c t had I t s members roughed up, both sides would come together quickly l i k e s o l d i e r s 1n a f o r t a f t e r the sounding of r e v e i l l e — w i t h their weapons and ready f o r b a t t l e . However, gang f i g h t i n g was not the only wave of action the gangs created 1n Lincoln Park. The Puerto Ricans hung out on the playgrounds in their i d l e time. Cliques of twos and threes would disappear f o r hours at a time to get drugs, s n i f f g l u e , smoke marijuana, shoot heroin, burglarize homes, s t r i p c a r s , snatch purses, and s t i c k up people. After awhile, the Young Lords—the youngest of four or f i v e Latino groups on the playground—got Into t h i s . Cha Cha's Catholic education and previous environment did not help him here. I f he wanted to be accepted by the crowd—or as i t was called then, i f he wanted to be considered a "regular"—he had to change his ways. He did so and a f t e r awhile he a t �.•found himself in j a i l . In f a c t , by the time classes began at Waller, he had been arrested many times, had spent nearly two of his summer months in a juvenile home, and had been placed on a y e a r ' s probation. c/i H P. O % Cha Cha lasted only two months at Waller, Soon a f t e r r e g i s t e r i n g , he was arrested and spent two months in j a i l before going t o t r i a l . When his case f i n a l l y came up, the judge decided to deport him to Puerto Rico f o r a year. Discharged from 3 Q IL Z cs ^ ) ^ ^ H g". 5 § ^ ? w i § ^ J o- £ ^ > j u v e n i l e home, he was put on a plane f o r Puerto R1co. For the eight months he stayed 1n Puerto R i c o , he kept out o f trouble with the p o l i c e . When he returned to Chicago, he t r i e d to enroll 1n school but was turned down. A week l a t e r , he was back in j a i l . When the judge asked him how long i t had been since he had been 1n p r i s o n , he t o l d him eight months. So he put Cha Cha on probation f o r another year. 5". | By the time Cha Gha was seventeen, he had developed from a "regular" to the president o f the Young Lords—not f o r being tough but f o r being ••trusted" a f t e r so many trips to j a i l . I t was 1964 and gang fighting had stopped some. Cha Cha and most of the other members concentrated more on s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s and their g i r l f r i e n d s , but the p o l i c e wouldn't leave him alone. They caused trouble f o r him and his g i r l f r i e n d . Because they eloped and because Cha Cha had i long p o l i c e r e cord, his g i r l f r i e n d ' s probation o f f i c e r t r i e d to keep the couple apart by forcing her family to leave the community. It was d i f f i c u l t f o r Cha Che tc accept t h i s . He had been discharged on parole a f t e r two more months in the j u v e n i l e home and now her probation o f f i c e r and his Drobatlon o f f i c e r had taken i t UDon themselves to keep the couple apart. Cha Cha and his g i r l f r i e n d managed to meet s e c r e t l y f o r some months, but a f t e r awhile the g i r l found another romance in her new school. The authori t i e s ' scheme worked. the 10 �When Cha C'na's friends told h i * , he l e t i t ride at f i r s t , but one day they raised the subject again while drinking wine. Cha Cha and three otheYoung Lords took the El to the neighborhood of the g i r l ' s school where they found her with her boyfriend in a small restaurant. One of the Lords had given his k n i f e to Cha Cha because they thought Cha Cha too t i p s y to f i g h t and they d i d n ' t want to stab the youth. When the Lord threw the f i r s t punch, the boy started to run. He ran straight 1ntc Cha Cha who had been standing near the door. Cha Cha reached into his pocket, pulled out the blade, and stabbed the boy three times. The boy rescued the other side of the street when a gathering from the school stormed Cha Cha and the Lords. When Cha Cha lunged at the group with a cleaver, they took o f f . The g i r l also pushed her way into the f i g h t . Cha Cha belted her and stabbed the boy two more times, then took o f f v/ith the Lords i leaving the youth stretched out on the s t r e e t with f i v e knife wounds. Chasing the Lords, a group from the"school cornered them 1n a drugstore until the p o l i c e came and arrested them. When ^ they went to c o u r t , Cha Cha took the blame and got six months in a state penal farm. The other Q Lords were discharged. —j O When Cha Cha got out in mid-1966, the street O gang had broken up. Most of the* were in the O s e r v i c e , in j a i l , or married. A few stayed t o gether on. the corner but there were no mo^e ^ meetings and nc gang structure. Besides the Lords on the c o r n e r , there were others who came just to l o i t e r and get high. If there were any f i g h t s , they were with this combined group rather than with the Young Lords street gang, ' h i s s i t uation was pure gold f o r Cha Cha because he had nc desire tc be part of e gang. When he get out of the nena1 fan:., he founc job Li t £tocl:b©v ir t nearby *acter\ rr.akinc 3 * . 6 : ?.r h * j r . He faunc i nev p-".'>*, enc who* 11 li �he be.*;an to cake s e r i o u s l y . Problems i>-cse when the g i r l ' s family found out <?bout C'na Cha's o o l i t e record. Without t e l l inn , they l e f t ths rommunity. This time, however, Cha Cha managed to keen in touch with M s g i r l f r i e n d . n 2. O L % g ^ &< y c I 5. 5" % g P» gs ET a v § All was going well until he got i n t o an argument with a neighbor. Because he had spent so much time 1n prison, Cha Cha d i d n ' t knew his neighbors. I t was a Friday evening and Cha Cha had come home from work with Manuel Ramos. They had stopped to have a few beers before reaching Cha Cha's home. They planned to wait f o r each other while they changed clothes and washed up. They were going to a dance that night. While Cha Cha washed up, Manuel decided to leave because he d i d n ' t want doffa Eugenia to see him 1n a s l i g h t l y drunken s t a t e . He l e f t a message to t e l l Cha Cha he'd see him l a t e r at the dance. When Cha Cha g o t the message, he walked down the block t o catch up with Manuel to t e l l him his mother wouldn't mind, but He couldn't find him so he turned around and walked back toward home. From a distance next door to his house he saw an o l d e r man y e l l i n g at a young g i r l , who took o f f toward the backyard. A l i t t l e drunk, Chi Che mistook the g i r l f o r his s i s t e r . Not knowing that Cha Cha was his next-door neighbor, the man thought Cha Cha was provoking him. He t o l d Cha Cha to "mind his own business and go to h e l l . " Anytime he wanted t o , he said, he would y e l l at the c l r l . He f e l t p e r f e c t l y in the right since the o i r l was his own daughter, but Cha Cha took a swing at him and his son, who had come down to help his father. Dofia Eugenia came out to explain that Chi Cha was her son, he was a l i t t l e drunk, e t c . . She told Cha Cha that his s i s t e r had beer, 1n the house all alone. Apologizing to the mar ' his son, Che Chi shook hands with theft; and s v : - ' toward home., f t that p o i n t , i Dclice ca*- drew u The o f f i c e r c-de-ed II �Chs Ch= to get into the car. Ir borken English, dofie Eugenie, tried to t e 1 . the policeman that the problem had been settled. ''No trouble, no trouble,' she repeated. While she v/as t e l l i n g Cha Cha to go upstairs, the policeman kept pressing him to get into the car. Cha Cha told his mother not to worry—he would explain to the policeman and everything would be all right. Cha Cha never got a chance to explain. The policeman—angry because Cha Cha had not come right away—grabbed him by the c o l l a r . When Cha Cha reacted by grabbing him by the c o l l a r , another policeman came up from the rear and cracked his club over Cha Cha's head. Cha Cha lay unconscious on the pavement. The policeman knelt down on his arms and began banging his head on the sidewalk. Tn tears hi? mother screamed, "My son, my son! Por favor, no hit my son!" She and one of her daughters tried to pull the policeman o f f Cha Cha; another s i s t e r put her hands under his head as the policeman banged 1t on the concrete. The third s i s t e r grabbed the policeman's club and hurled 1t across the street. The neighbors— including the man and his son whom Cha Cha had h i t screamed at the p o l i c e to stop when doPla Eugenia nicked up a b o t t l e and threw 1t at the o f f i c e ^ . Blood streamed from his mouth along with two of his teeth. When he came t c , Cha Cha was in a police wagon with his mother, who was praying over a rosary. Though not arrested, his three sisters had asked to go tc the d o ! i c e station with their brother end mother. Cha Che did not know his mother had been arrested. When he found out he was so shocked and Infuriated that he began to fight with the policeman again. This time at least ten policemen beet him black and blue. He was lucky tc be e l l v e the next day when he appeared in court. His face was swollen; his neck showed signs of internal fc'e^-'nc where they had choked �him; h& was 1 imping, or. one leg whore they had kicked him. The neignbor who had argued with him brought no charges against him. The only charges brought against him were those of the policeman. Cha Cha was accused o f knocking out his tooth— or aggravated battery. Cha Cha's mother was charged with d i s o r d e r l y conduct, but her case was l a t e r dismissed. After the dismissal of her c a s e , Cha Cha eloned with his g i r l f r i e n d and l e f t the c i t y because he knew that he would l o s e his case 1n c o u r t . The courts would uniformly accept the policeman's word. Because of his previous p o l i c e r e c o r d , whatever he said in court would be of no value. a g El n o o o* g p jL . £ cr « A f t e r about a year, he and his underaged wife decided to return to Chicago. She was pregnant. They both f e l t they could c l e a r up t h e i r d i f f e r ences with her mother while Cha Cha wanted to c l e a r up his case with the courts b e f o r e the baby was born. When he went to the p o l i c e s t a t i o n , the p o l i c e could find no warrants f o r his previous a r r e s t so they told him to f o r g e t about the case. Q T h e a i r l ' s mother, however, did not want a "criminal" & g f o r a son-in-law so she v i s i t e d the court and had 5Cha Cha j a i l e d . She got a court order preventing h 1 m f r o m v i s i t i n g his wife or his new-born c h i l d , g. Cha Cha went to the penal settlement again. This < time when he returned he was r e a l l y depressed. He g began shooting heroin. Daily until he was addicted and l a t e r f o r what seemed a milennium, he kept f-4 taking narcotics. He was in and out of j a i l until 5 . in 1968 while in prison he made up his mind to ST beat the drug problem. At the time he was in maximum s e c u r i t y because of a rumor that he and twelve other Latinos were trying to escape from the House of Correction. He had not read a book in i t s e n t i r e t y since the eighth grade, but in his i s o l a t e d c e l l , there was nothing else to do. At f i r s t he started w J th �r e l i g i o u s books—Seven Story Mountain by Thomas Merton. He began to think about his l i f e . He pot into r e l i g i o n . He wanted to go tc church service but he c o u l d n ' t get out of his cell except to shower once a week. S t i l l he began mental invocation and regretted the mistakes of the past. He asked to see the p r i e s t and on his knees 1n his c e l l through the bars he confessed his s i n s . He read every book he could get his hands on. When a cousin who was also 1n j a i l told a Muslim trustee that Cha Che was Puerto Rican, the Muslim began to supply Cha Cha with p o l i t i c a l books. He could not see Cha Cha as a Puerto Rican at f i r s t because of -his l i g h t complexion. Jokingly, he would say, "But hs looks l i k e the devil—the beast." Then they would all break out in laughter. While Cha Cha was in maximum security reading about Martin Luther King J r . and other p o l i t i c a l leaders, protests were flooding the nation. It was 1968. Martin Luther King J r . had j u s t been murdered and r i o t e r s were streaming Into the j a i l s . He saw them as they passed the maximum security c e l l s . Along with the r i o t e r s he watched Mexican Immigrants being brought 1n—100 and 200 at a time—for having no passport papers. Cha Cha talked with their: in Spanish. They t o l d hirr, they had come to this country to get jobs so they could feed and clothe t h e i r f a m i l i e s . They had never been arrested until now when they were picked up at their work places. They would be flown back to Mexico, but they would return again to look f o r another j o b . The prison guards shoved them around because they coule not speak English. Chi Cha and the other"Puerto Ricans translated f o r them from their c e l l s and yelled at the guards f o r harrassing them. When Cha Che got out of j a i l , he returned to Lincoln »erk. The druc addicts on the comeo f f e r e d hirr hercir. but he had decided no* that he Ir • "D !X O 3 �wanted to help his people. He d i d n ' t want anything to i n t e r f e r e . He knew this was t h e i r way of t e l l i n g him they were happy to see him o u t , so he p o l i t e l y told them he d i d n ' t want drugs. They weren't surprised: people who g o t out o f j a i l usually said that at f i r s t — a couple o f weeks later they were back on drugs. But Cha Cha was s e r i o u s . He kept on reading and studying—about Malcolm X, the Massacre o f Ponce, don Albizu Campos, e t c . . . He found other people in the community who thought l i k e him. They Invited him t o urban renewal meetings. The people at the meetings were all white middle c l a s s peoDle.. There were no Latinos or other poor. Cha Cha began to see hov,' with the help o f these white middle c l a s s people urban renewal plotted to f o r c e the Latinos and other poor people out o f Lincoln Park. He O & p £- was angry, but what could he do? I f he t o l d his f r i e n d s , would they help? They seemed to be Interested only 1n drugs and gang f i g h t i n g . S t i l l he knew some o f them had been f o r c e d out of "La Clark" before and he knew that only the people could stop Daley's urban renewal plans, so he began to talk with them 1n the taverns, on the corners, and any place he found them. He put together three o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The f i r s t , the Concerned Puerto Rican Youth, was < co-opted by the YMCA and the same white middle class people who were pushing Latinos out of Lincoln Park. Concerned Puerto Rican Youth preferred to play basketball and b a s e b a l l ; they spent t h e i r time throwing dances to earr, money f o r more sports a c t i v i t i e s . Cha Cha could not see himself doing this while his people were being f o r c e d out o f Lincoln Park so a f t e r quitting them he organized the Puerto R1car Progressive Movement, which held classes on Puerto Rican issues. Later the Puerto Rican Progressive Movement disbanded t c become Da»*t of the Younc Lords which Cha Cha reorganized. It wasn't d i f f i c u l t *or the Young Lords tc under- [6 �stand what Chi Chi was saying aoout urban re/ewtl, racism, p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y , e t c . . After a l l , they lived i t . They developed quickly. At f i r s t , Cha Cha turned his apartment i n t o an o f f i c e and organized c l a s s e s . Later they shared an o f f i c e with another organization until eventually they occupied a church, renamed i t People's Church, and turned 1t into their national headquarters. The Young Lords held meetings in Lincoln Pari: on the problems o f housing and urban renewal. From early morning until late at night they would d l s t r l bute l e a f l e t s announcing t h e i r meetings until all Lincoln Park had been covered. In the cold winter months, poor people would come to People's Church with their children to t e l l the Young Lords that the s h e r r i f f ' h a d evicted them from t h e i r homes and dumped their belongings on the sidewalk. Taking the family's belongings i n t o the church, the Young Lords would ransack Lincoln Park looking f o r a vacated apartment. Because many landlords were remodeling t o . r a i s e r e n t s , many apartments were empty then. When the Lords found one they would move the family i n , v i s i t the landlord, and pay him the f i r s t month's rent i f the family had no money. They would t e l l the family to call on them 1f the s h e r r i f f returned. The s h e r r i f f , who had b u i l t no bonds with the people of Lincoln Park, usually took o f f when conmunlty people gathered. The Young Lords helped to organize the Poor People's Coalition of Lincoln Park, an organization of all races which protested Daley's urban renewal and fought f o r low income housing. With 250 poor f a m i l i e s , they seized and occupied an empty l o t at the corner o f Halsted and Armitage to protest the construction o f an exclusive tennis club (membership fee—$1 ,000) where Latino homes had once s t o o d . In May o f 1969 the Young Lords and other comnunity grouns confronted HcCormick Theological Seminary, en i n f l u e n t i a l backs'- c - II �urban renewal. Among other demands, they r e quested $601,000 f o r low income housing. When the administration of the seminary refused the demands, community people—Latino, b l a c k , and white—took over the Stone Administration Building and occupied 1t f o r four days 1n one o f the f i r s t conmunlty occupations o f I t s kind 1n the country. They renamed the Stone Administration Building a f t e r Manuel Ramos, the Young Lord who a few days before had been shot down in c o l d blood by James Lamb, a Chicago policeman. Lamb was not on duty at the time; when four Lords turned him Into the p o l i c e , the p o l i c e pressed charges against them, not Lamb. Recognizing that Manuel's murder was part of a broader movement o f repression 1n the United States, the Lords immediately organized a march o f 3,000 people from P e o p l e ' s Park to Division S t r e e t , the heart o f the Puerto Rican community. Shouting "Manuel Ramos v1ve en todos r e v o l u c l o n ar1os!"and demanding the a r r e s t o f Lamb, they were also marching f o r the Independence o f Puerto Rico. The Lords were the f i r s t to bring the Issue of Puerto Rican independence t o Chicago. Over 3,000 people took part 1n the w e l l - d i s c i p l i n e d Albizu Campos march. In a d d i t i o n , the Lords sponsored cultural f e s t i v a l s f o r the community with entertainment, f o o d , and c o l d drinks f r e e to a l l . They were involved in welfare marches to protest the harrassment o f Latino and other poor women not receiving t h e i r welfare checks. They set up a free breakfast pTtgram f o r c h i l d r e n , a clothing program and a f r e e health c l i n i c f o r f a m i l i e s . Chapters of the YLC grew up all over % the country—in New York, New Jersey, C a l i f o r n i a . They were in the process of setting up a free day care center and a druc ^ u s t program when Daley's systematic repress•' ^egar,. Mayor Daley coulc' buck nc inte* ce with his tr-bar �rerusial s(.her..a. Gctti ng funds frfir tf.fe r e d v i ' government, he could no I at*orri to be emo?rr~ ssstid or to frighten the federal o f f i c e r s frcm HUD (Housing tno Urban Development}, so wrier- the Latinos and'other people o f Lincoln Far'; under the leadership o f the Young Lords oecww an obs t a c l e to Daley's plans, he stflrinoned a press confcronc* tc announce his "War on Gangs." To carrv out t h i - wsr, he appointed his close •friend Howard Hanrahan, who followed his orders w e l l . From the way i t looked as indictments b i t all Lincoln Park residents objecting to urKsn renewal f Daley thought all Latinos *nd poor people in the area were gang members. The repression beosn a few months before Manuel's r.iuraer--in January 1569 when Cha Cha was nicked up and charged with two old warrants from 1967. He was standing on a comer explaining urban renewal to a crowd o f young people when a car with two policemen from the Gang Int e l l i g e n c e Unit drew up and ordered him to get in. "Am I under arrest?" he asked. "No, we just want to talk with you," they r e p l i e d . "Well, I d o n ' t want to talk with you," Cha Cha answered. The two policemen jumped out of the car and told Cha Cha he'd "better get i n . " The young people began to taunt the policemen t e l l i n g them Cha Cha d i d n ' t have to get in the car. Cha Cha t o l d them to cool i t and got into the car. The young people then rounded up community people and lawyers and marched tc the Dolice s t a t i o n . At the s t a t i o n , the p o l i c e keDt Cha Cha unstairs f o r two hours while the o f f i c e r s combed their f i l e s f o r warrants. Cha Cha was 1»to what seemed to be a f r i e n d l y argument with the p o l i c e about Balev's urban renewal. The o f f i c e r s upstairs were all Dcllce who had arrested Cha Cha 1n his gar.c - » r s — l i k e Commander Brasch, who is n-. ' indictment for exH �t o r t i o n . In the conversation, they brought up Cha Cha's p o l i c e record and advised him to " o u i t while the quitting was good." Cha Cha replied that he d i d n ' t see anything i l l e q a l in what he was doing. He had been 1n j a i l b e f o r e f o r stealing from his p e o p l e . If he had to go to j a i l now f o r helping them, he d i d n ' t mind. The p o l i c e downstairs f i n a l l y came up with two old warrants f o r Cha Cha's arrest—from the aggravated battery case in f r o n t of his parents' home. Cha Cha t o l d them the p o l i c e hadn't been able to find these warrants when he turned himself 1n f o r them long b e f o r e , but the p o l i c e were bored with talking to him and stuck him in the l o c k - u p . Cfl % 2. O §j C §• | w s' |F a, p< The Puerto Rican young people raised the bond money which got Cha Cha o u t , but the r e pression continued. A week or so l a t e r , Cha Cha and twelve others were arrested at a welfare demonstration and charged with "mob a c t i o n . " -The other twelve were l e t o f f : Cha Cha was n o t . The same day they charged him with another "mob action" 1n r e l a t i o n to an urban renewal meeting. Again he was the only one i n d i c t e d . Three times he was arrested f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduct—a charge placed on people when nothing e l s e can be found. He was then accused o f aggravated kidnapping o f his own c h i l d . The c h i l d was with i t s nether who had been separated from Cha Cha f o r some time. I t was his mother-in-law who with the generous help of the p o l i c e aeoartment had f i l e d the carp l a i n t . The case was sc ridiculous the judge got mad and mismissed i t the next day. As the Younc Lords " e r t Peonie's Church f o r . another welfare demonstration, Cha Cha and eight or nine others were arrested f o r aggravated battery against a policeman. (No oolicemen we^e taken tc any hospital f o - i n j u r i e s — n c one was bruised or scratched. Nc one had been touched. Ir court, however, oo* 1 cemen considered J n*t~" ik'e':. Mesnw1*'" 1 s ctner v ounc Lords we'"6 «- r �netting t r a f f i c t i c k e t s and being cneckec for i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . The idea was to keep all of then* o'Jt of the welfare demonstration. Two policemen told Cha Cha they had two warrants f o r his f a i l u r e to appear 1n court. Cha Cha was sure he had not skipped a court date so he asked i f he could phone his attorney to have his lawyer sncsk with them. They agreed. They couldn't dn much e l s e ; a f t e r a l l , when Cha Cha asked them to show him the v a r r c n t s , they had none. While Cha Cha was phoning his lawyer, comnunlty poon'e began to gather. This was enough to prompt the policemen to make Cha Cha get o f f the phone. They shoved him 1r,te the car and drove away. The lawyer went to the station to t e l l them there were no warrants f o r Cha Cha's missing a court data, so when the p o l i c e could find no warrants, they charged him with resisting--arrest. The arrests and indictments continued through 1969 and early 1970 until they totaled 18. The p o l i c e tried everything 1n t h e i r power to isolate Cha Cha from the community. Because he had many cases against him, he not only had to appear 1n court three and four times a week, he had to appear in d i f f e r e n t courts at the same time. When he arrived l a t e , the court would Issue a warrant. When lawyers told the court Cha Cha would appear l a t e r , the i r r i t a t e d judges invariably answered they weren't interested in talking to attorneys, they wanted to see Cha Cha. When all cause for arrest was exhausted, they started charging him with possession of marijuana. It is true that Cha Cha voluntarily pleaded g u i l t y on petty t h e f t charges o f taking $ 23 worth of lumber. However, the S t a t e ' s Attorney's o f f i c e acknowledged that this was the only case Cha Cha was g u i l t y o f . They placed i t f i r s t on the court case agenda while shunting and procrastinating or, the prior cases. Because Cha Cha had already Zl �pleaded guilty he did not think a t r i a l was necessary. However, at the l a s t moment, the S t a t e ' s Attorney, who "wanted to give Cha Cha all his legal r i g h t s , " added the charge of burglary t o the same case which made a t r i a l necessary. If Cha Cha were convicted o f burglary, instead o f the one year sentence, he would get f i v e years f o r a p i l e o f lumber worth $ 23. Of those protesting urban renewal in Lincoln Park, Cha Cha was not the only v i c t i m o f r e p r e s s ion. Because o f his leadership r o l e , he got the most indictments and i s currently 1n j a i l . But many community people were harrassed f o r nothing more than entering People's Church. The ttRed Squad" and "Gang Intelligence Unit" photographed the people from t h e i r cars and l a t e r v i s i t e d them in t h e i r homes. They stopped and questioned people wearing buttons distributed by the Young Lords l i k e the one which read "Tengo Puerto Rico en ml corazon." (I have Puerto R1co 1n my h e a r t . ) They were arrested at demonstrations protesting w e l f a r e , urban renewal, and p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y . Members of the Central Conmlttee of the Lords got f o u r and f i v e indictments apiece. Along with Cha Cha, other Young Lords and conmunlty people were forced i n t o hiding to avoid Hanrahan's and Daley's repression. Although the indicments were supposedly related to Daley's War on Gangs, the Young Lords Organization proved to the p o o r — e s p e c i a l l y Latinos—that they were not a s t r e e t gang as their enemies portrayed them. They were not in • any gang f i g h t s . Instead of harming the people, they served"them. Cha Che Jimenez was no gang leader. He was the leader o f a bonafide Latino pol 1 ti cal organi zation—struggl ing f o r sel f determination within the confines of the United States. LL �HISTORY Charges/Court OF CHA Bond 1. Petty Theft (Lumber Case) $20,000 Judge Rom1t1 None 2. Disorderly Conduct it Judge Wachowski $30,000 3. Disorderly Conduct Judge Mooney 4. Disorderly Conduct $5,000 5. Aggravated Battery Judge Dunne 6. Aggravated Kidnapping $25,000 Judge Epton Br. 43 7. Aggravated Battery 8. Resisting Arrest $1,000 Br. 46 9. Curfew Violation 10. Unlawful Use of WeaDon L3 $500 $10,000 �CHA'S CASES Maximum Sentence Won/Lost 1 Year Lost $500 Fine Won $500 Fine Won $500 Fine w°n 1-5 Years 2 Years to Life 1-5 Years 1 Year $500 Fine $500 Fine and/or 1 Yea- Won w°n Won Won w°n Won �Charges/Court Bond 11. Unlawful Use o f Weapon $20,000 12. Possession o f Marijuana $10,000 Judge Olson 13. Possession of Marijuana $1,000 Judge Surla 14. Resisting Arrest 15. Mob Action Etc. $20,000 Judge Rom1t1 16. Mob Action $5,000 Judge Romi t1 17. Aggravated Battery $5,000 Judge Romitl 18. Jumping Bail (3 Counts) $30,000 Judge Rorriti Total $60,000 t&. hntndmtnt ol Er.c.tulvt bcuZ thiCS. not be Ke/tiU/ied, not limit oat puniiK 2.S �Maximum Sentence Won/Lost $500 Fine Won and/or 1 Year 90 Days t o 1 Year Won 90 Days t o 1 Year Won 1 t o 5 Years Won 1 to 5 Years Pendi ng 1 t o 5 Years Pending 1 t o 5 Years Pending 1 to 5 Years Pending oo G. O fi.% a: & r/ "5 O 5 < 8 ^ Jfi Oa! ^BSfflj r r r .tne. U.S. ConiZUwtion cxct&A-ivc (IntL -unpoivi. noK cAueZ and X �cm* cha : s lumber case In August 1S70, Cha Che pleaded guity to taking $ 23 worth of lumber from a building contractor in Lincoln Park. A?. h< stood unemotional and s i l e n t before Judge Rom1t1 , he was given the maximum sentence one can rece1/e f o r petty theft—a year. He is now ser/ing the one-year sentence, We have included '.his section as part of the pamphlet because we f eel that 1t 1s Important f o r oeoDle to know ;he circumstances o f ^hs case. In the spring of 19CrJ, the Young Lords Organization began planning a new day care center where welfare mothers could leave their children wh1U looking f o r work. It was also seen as a means of involving welfare mothers 1n the community— especially 1n the issue o f urban renewal, as they would be most a f f e c t e d by Daley's i n n e r - c i t y removal of the poor. The comuunlty"responded w e l l . Many persons dropped Into People's Church to o f f e r t h e i r s e r v i c e s . The Young Lords gathered long l i s t s of children, parents, teachers, and personnel who along with the Young Lords would make up the center. They had v i s i t e d other centers to see how they were managed. They repainted the church ir. bright rainbow colors f o r the children. Community residents painted c o l o r f u l pictures of clowns, birds, &no animals on the walls inside the church. It was to be named after Manuel Ramos, whose port r a i t was painted on the w a l l . Coronunlty r e s i dents also put together a mural of Puerto R1can history. Preparatory meetings began with people who would be involved in the cei t e r . The opening date was set. People's Park was to be used f o r recreation. Nutritionists we-e busy making up menus. A few large companies ind many small £7 �conmunlty stores promised to donate food and supplies. There were more than enough nurses a v a i l a b l e . The Young Lords refused any aid from the federal government or the c i t y . They did not want the program co-opted. As opening date approached, Mayor Daley began t o move. . The Board o f Health and the F1re Department paid a v i s i t to P e o p l e ' s Church. At f i r s t , the Young Lords prevented t h e i r e n t r y , but the center s t a f f and the c o n g r e g a t i o n — s a t i s f i e d that the church was 1n p e r f e c t c o n d i t i o n — t o l d the Young Lords that no harm could be done. For two o r three hours, the o f f i c i a l s Inspected every corner o f the church. When they f i n i s h e d , they ordered f i r e e x i t signs be put up 1n a l l entrances. They concluded that the church f l o o r (the s i z e o f a gym) had to be raised two or three f e e t . They also decided the c e l l i n g was too high. They Insisted that 1f these things were not done, there would be no day care c e n t e r . They announced they would come t o the church on a weekly basis to check f o r more v i o l a t i o n s . Meanwhile, the Young Lords and the day care center s t a f f who were d i s tributing f l i e r s about the center were harrassed by the p o l i c e and charged with d i s o r d e r l y conduct, l e a f l e t t l n g too c l o s e to a s c h o o l , e t c . . Attention had to be refocused on the people being j a i l e d f o r whom bond money had t o be r a i s e d . The Health Department took the minister and congregation to court over code v i o l a t i o n s . The judge Imposed a $ 200 f i n e f o r every day the church stayed open. A t r i a l had to take place to determine whether or not the church could remain open. This Involved not only the f a t e o f the day care center but the f a t e o f the church and the Young Lords' o f f i c e . Authorities had ordered that room p a r t i t i o n s be b u i l t along with the enormous ^ o o r . The Young Lords and the center s t r ^ f ,t around 28 �to all the lumber yards In the area asking f o r donations. They came back with two o r three scraps o f wood. Cha Cha could not understand v/hy these huge lunber yards could donate only a few scraps o f wood when they supplied the same b u i l d ing contractors who were pushing the poor out o f Lincoln Park. .He went himself t o ask f o r donations. When they brought Cha Cha more scraps, he told them a n g r i l y , "You keep that garbage. We d i d n ' t come here to beg from you. This donation 1s something you owe to the cormunlty.' 1 With that, they l e f t , got Into their c a r , and drove o f f to the o f f i c e . That night Cha Cha and a friend were arrested. At the p o l i c e s t a t i o n , Cha Cha told the Young Lords that he did take the lumber; that he had mlstaklngly reacted and that he would be willing now to pay the consequences. In c o u r t , the building contractor could not prove the wood belonged to him. Further, Cha Cha had been given a r e c e i p t f o r the wood. There were no witnesses who had seen Cha Cha take the wood. In the l a b o r a t o r y , sand, dust, and wood p a r t i c l e s had been found 1n the defendants' c l o t h i n g , but 1n c o u r t , the l a b technicians said that these p a r t i c l e s could be picked up almost anywhere. The only reason Cha Cha was found g u i l t y o f taking $ 23 worth o f lumber was because he himself told them he took 1 t . The only reason there was a t r i a l was because at the l a s t moment the State's Attorney placed another f i c t i t i o u s charge on Cha Cha related t o the case. I f he had been found guilty o f the other charge, he would have gotten f i v e years Instead o f one—all f o r $ 23. The other defendant got t h i r t y days 1n j a i l f o r the same case: his sentence was l a t e r n u l l i f i e d . CHA CHA'S BOND JUMPING CASE At the end o f June or 1n early July o f this year, Cha Cha w i l l go to 'al f o r three counts of bond jumping relateJ * he f a c t that he did not Z1 �show up in court when he was supposed to s t a r t serving his one-year sentence f o r the lumber case and begin t r i a l f o r the remaining c a s e s , which at the time totaled n i n e . The charge o f jumping bond 1s usually dropped, but Cha Cha 1s not j u s t another case. Before Hanrahan l e f t o f f i c e , he made sure Cha Cha—al though away from the conmunlty at the time—got charged with Junplng bond, which brought the t o t a l cases pending t o ten. Bond jumping 1s a case which c a r r i e s a maximum sentence o f not l e s s than one year and not more than f i v e years f o r each charge. When a person f a l l s to appear 1n c o u r t , he 1s Issued a warrant and has t h i r t y days to appear to quash the warrant. I t 1s very easy f o r the S t a t e ' s Attorney to prove a person g u i l t y o f jumping bond. All that 1s necessary 1s to place the clerk o f the court on the witness stand to declare that the defendant did not appear. The judge then f i n d s the defendant g u i l t y . However, 1f 1t 1s a Jury t r i a l — a s Cha Cha w i l l have—1t 1s up t o a jury t o hear .the defendant's side of the story to f i n d him g u i l t y o r not g u i l t y o f intentional bond jumping. The whole matter hinges upon " I n t e n t . " Did the defendant have Intentions o f jumping bond o r was he placed I n . e x position where he had no o t h e r c h o i c e ? The matter now w i l l be in the hands of the j u r y . I t will be Interesting t o see what type of jury Cha Cha g e t s . There are not many Latino j u r o r s . So the case r e s t s on 1) whether there 1s a jury o f Latino peers t o l i s t e n to the e v i dence; 2; whether the judge and S t a t e ' s Attorney w i l l permit the choosing o f Latinos 1f there are any Latinos to be chosen; 3) whether the jury w i l l be able to understand Cha Cha's background and culture and 4) most Importantly, whether or not there will be a f a i r t r i a l . 30 �CALL FOR ACTION The hypocrisy o f the judicial system in t h i s country is clear in the f a : t that poor and oppressed people c a n ' t get a f a i r t r i a l by a jury of their peers. This in turn r e f l e c t s the f a l s i t y and contradictions of the s o - c a l l e d "democratic way of l i f e . " The self-determination and s p i r i t of struggle of an oppressed oer.ple can never be t o t a l l y repressed as shown oy the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people a id as reflected in the words o f Cha Cha Jimenez: They can They can They can BUT THEY j a i l us; b r u t a l i z e us; even k i l l us; CAN'T STOP US! Cha Cha represents t h i s growing s p i r i t of "lucha" and p o l i t i c a l consciousness among Latino people in the U.S.. That consciousness comes from the i n j u s t i c e , the repression, and the e x p l o i t a t i o n which v i c t i m i z e us. We can c l e a r l y see how this process comes about when we look at the transformation of the Young Lords from a s t r e e t gang defending i t s e l f against other s t r e e t gangs—including Latinos—to a true Latino p o l i t i c a l organization defending Latinos against Daley's gang*--including the p o l i c e department and the court system. We should f i g h t against the injustices of this y&nqul government which wants to oppress us and put Cha Cha in j a i l . We should f i g h t against the i n j u s t i c e of Door housing which f o r c e s our people to l i v e in rat-androach-infested gnettos, where, f a l l i n g plaster and cheap paint give lead-nolsoning to our children—our children who c'on't know what 1t means to l i v e in one place f o r more than four or f i v e years because urban renewal oushes our families frorr, one qhetto to another. 3[ �We should fight against the i n j u s t i c e of racism which keeps all poor and oppressed peoples divided because of color and keeps Latinos divided among themselves. Hermanos are constantly fighting each other f o r j o b s , government funds f o r education, and t u r f , while this r a c i s t government makes no c o l o r d i s t i n c t i o n when i t decides who 1t w i l l oppress—economically, educationally, or by means o f open aggression Including police b r u t a l i t y . We should f i g h t against the Injustice of a court system which places high bonds our people c a n ' t a f f o r d , so they have to stay in j a i l separated from family and friends until they are c a l l e d to c o u r t , where their "court-appointed a t t o r n e y — - a l i a s PUBLIC DEFENDER—has made a deal f o r them with the State's Attorney's o f f i c e to get them l e s s time f o r a crime they did not commit. We should f i g h t not only against these i n j u s t i c e s but against all the i n j u s t i c e s o f this yanqui government which f o r c e s Its culture and l i f e s t y l e s on our country.and f o r c e s our people out of our country by promising them bigger and better j o b s , homes, and l i v e s , that do not e x i s t here 1n the American ghettos. We should and must f i g h t against a l l the i n j u s t i c e s of this yanqui government that wants to put people who struggle—people 11 ke Cha Cha—in j a i l . Que viva elISsPueblo! m > „ Libertad a Cha Cha! u � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BTS00061-01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Quiñones, Yolanda Romero, Vicky Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1993/1994 Title A name given to the resource Young Lords history (English), 1993-1994 Description An account of the resource History of the Young Lords Organization. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Depaul University Library. Special Collections and Archives Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Civil Rights -- United States -- History Community activists Puerto Ricans -- United States Social justice Relation A related resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/0688adc7ffd6351d02a2640adddc5976.pdf 2c3d090edb637d26772e9fece2ee15f9 PDF Text Text �J INTROT/UCCION Puerto Rlcoy esta situado a 1,000 mlllas de distancia del cabo de Florida 'el mar del Caribe, es una colonic: de lea Estados Unidos (Yanqtic»)f qua ha estado Estados Unidos, cons l l l ^ b a j o su .dominacion desde 1898s Aztlan, es el suroeste de loa : ido, Nuevo Kexi'co, Arizona, y Tejas) que M&ilii'teistis de cineo estados (California, Colorad Wg.'iiiiM'ti fueron : rotados de Mexico por el tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo de 1848, Hay rauchas Sltli;, il^P" similardades'en .la lucha por liberation del puertorriqueno y chicane, primero bf.jo Pf^,''la dpminacio*n de : Espana,,y ahora bajo la .dominacion de: los Estados Unidos, lo cual •J ' aqui n 0 aotros tratare men. Los chicanos y puertorriquenos han sido sometides al impe'rialismo de los ^r?";''., Estados Unidos''por la pe'rdida de sus tierras; y despues por ser forzados a defender a los mismos capltalistas, quienes les robaron sus tierras en guerras por adelant 'f'' taraiento del imperialisrao. Coijio resultado del imporialismo, han sido v'ictimas del racismo que se ha; creado en este pais; han side forsados a trabajar como campssinos f^silfemigrantes de sueldos simamente abijo de la line a de pobreza, y al m.ismo tiempo son mantenidos'quietbs;,por la iglesia, drogas y otros metodos de control. A consecuen. cia .se mantienen pobres y. han sido forsados a vivir bajo las mas peores condicionesJ 1 "'' | mientras no solanente como chicanos 'vpuertorriquenos, puertorriouenos, sisso siao tambien tambien como eomc latinoameri can OS'han sido lentamante despojados de'su cultura. Por todas estas similaridadcs y mas? hoy dentro de los limites de loo Estados Unidos estan tratando de unirse m m para pelear por .su libertad y destxuir el inperialismoo If^Mf,. .... . .. ' ' Un grupo-que ha desempenando una parte significante on este movimiento, es la organ5.2 acion de Los Young Lords, quienes por sus luchas de derechos de la gente latina han ayudado a' traer esta unidad.' Por su eiemplo, la•'organizacion de Los Young-Lords ha:;dado iniciativa a la lucha de autodetermininacion de la poblacion ^ . ; latina. : •• *y- ' vi v^-.w-'i^,-. . ' - ' ••.. i..- Gha-Cna.Jimenez ha manifestado direccion desde el comienzo de la organizacion. El ha sido la fuerza que formo'la organizacion de una pandilla callejera a una „'; o^Sanizacipfj^bllticaj y ; hasta la fecha la ha mantenido funcicnando. Para empez&r a entender la historia de la organizacion de Los Young Lords, debemos de principiar . > x con la historia del Ministro de Defensa. w< V Aqui sigue una brave historia tanto del Kinistro de .Defensa Cha-Cha Jimenez m .como de la organizacion de Los. Young Lords. No hay ninguna idiologia envuelta. e a escrito, ; Esta aqui estrictamente para su propia justificacipn e interpreta" , ' cion. ; J i ms ] V',/ , - * 1 •'.' IH •. �PARTE Is KISTGRIA BP CHA-CHA '• . - .:'•• - . a .San Salvador es una secc'ioh campina de Caguas, Puerto iiieos Dona Eugenia-y Don-Antonio padres.de Cha-Cha son de es'ta area en Puerto |,;'Ricot- Dc'fta/ Eugenia era la ma's -joven do 'una familia de 15? ella fue trasladadaa Un convento, porque su padre era ciego y no habi'a nadie:.. -.'mas para.cuidarla. Alii, ella no aprendlo' nucho de leer y escribir, pero .le dieron.una buena edu'caci on religiosa, lo bastante para : poner' la a pensar v e h ;ser una isohja; vivid*: allx hasta que conocio a Don Anfjf; .'tonio'j cor,' quien se ca'so a la edad. de 16 anos« 'Dor. Antonio t&mbicn si, efldo-de la rci'sma seccion de C'aguas fue creado dent.ro una familia'pobre. vT :: '. . Don Antonio, en b u s e a d e trabafjo fue*a Boston, Massachusetts, trabajc? como campesino mifrrante. en un cbnservatorio de totoates, era un 7. :' recolectador de tomates. Penso','que viniendo a Los Estados Unidos pot'f. dfa propcrc.ionar las neces.ldad.es de• su'''familia de la'vida diaria» Se 'vi vino- a Los Estados Unidos,. y Dona Eugenia se' fue a vivir a El 'Millon, • 'r barrio'bajo en Caguas, .'El Mill-on, es cpnocido-por sus drogas, roboa, prostitutes y otrss-' caracterlsticas de un barrio bajo. Ella fue'a ' vivir en una c a s a de "otras-;familias conbcidasei Una de las raz'oncs de -/:. ; I M ? , ' • mudarse fue para'ostar cercaiV.del hospital,adonde iba a toner su ninojr l^iit''' antes tuvo' una nina que murio'de pultcenia tres. messes despuos del nacimiento de Cha-Cha* Ello fue a causa de falta -de dinero para propor; cionar adecuadas "atericiones' rridicas., Don Antonio.no podia mandar ninfe-'ii V' gun dinero a su. ie'sposa, y por cbsas no'esporadas Cha-Cha. no pudo ser nacido. on el hospital{ y tuvo que haber nacido en ; la casa en El Millon. 1 I®®!' ' . '-.T{. ;' j'VfoS-'5'VI • • V.•• !j.-'j''••••::\i: '. :'• '•••"••• i" • I • t i :• !;.. r p .A la edad'de un ano, Cha-Cha y su mama regresaron al catapo. Otra '.vez, por razones monatarias, Dona .Eugenia fue'a vivir con los padres de Don Antonio, En Boston : Don Antonio no estaba haciendo'nucho dinero.no podia e m d a r lo suficiente para mantener su familia. -.Un ano mas tarde,. Don Antonio regreso con un poco de dinero que ; se habia ganado. , Como DoiTa Eugenia- tenia - pocos vestidos, la llevo al fflWWt- •' para-, comprar unas ro'pas. Despues, llevo a ella y a Cha-Cha a Boston, 'Massachusetts adondo el trabajaba. Lo habfan puesto de eneargad o del coriservator.ro de tomates, dandole alojamientp de casa. Como vivian cerca del trabajo, Dona Eugenia le .ayudaba a trabajar, des' quitando el alojamiento que les proporcionaban. En este lu.car nacio una de las hernianas de Cha-Cha. • . A la edad de tres afios, Cha~Ch'a y su familia se mudaron a Chicago. Don Antonio tenia familiares ,'en Chicago, y asi so "mudo en busca de mejor traba jo, para poder soportar a la familia. A qui, ellos vivieron en ;|||®fe.ter Hotel, localizado en las callss' Superior y IaSalle un bloque (cua- ! ifll^dra); de la Clark. : De nuevo, por falta: de dinero para cuidados medicos, , S otrajhermana fue obligada a nacer en ol hotel, ca'e-a infestada do ..rato- . .' filches y c u c a r a c h a s . Despues, de haber se establecido en Chicago con fa- • i miliares y amigos, se tuvieron que mudar, porque el hotel iba a ser demo•lido(donde el Water Hotel estalxi situado, all era, be encuentra un hotel similar a :Hollday. ;Inn,.: pifsoina.,-: sal^.uo deccanso ]ote.).jijDo aqui la fa- • \ m m i �-JlSs 5. ! .*:, 4;V' .... p -;{:/. : 7 S>.' •i / " milia '<3© Cha-Cha se r.ud o tree o cuatro bloquss al norte, en la calles LaSalle y Oak? all5' la -ultima do sus hermanas fue nacida. Despb.es, do do* o tres mudatizas, la farailia do Cha-Gha aparecio on las calles Gothe y LaSalle, donde despues de habor sido situados en osa comunidad, se tu~ vieron cue mudar porque la oiudad iba a rer.ovarla.Cada ves que, la ciudad mud abar~ari<r~gcrnte -para-ise-j o-ras'-la-ooRdici. o»es- de...la_c.ojrAiiiid3<dj.: las vi~ viendft-s eran modernizadas solamente para gents de r.uoldos medianos y . altos» Asf fue el caso aqui.En el area dentro de los 1'/mites de estas calles esta'ahora situado el Carl Sandburg Village, adonde hay una ciudad dentro d.e una ciudad, conciste de "townhouses" y 10 a 15 edificios >)j , de altos apartamentos, con rontas de $3C'0 para arribaj y su polioia de seguridad privada. Para dar el aire de una " ciudad real", tambien tiene tiendas, laundries y hasta sus parques privados. Do las cal].es Gothe y LaSallo se mudaron a una area 'ahora conocida comb "Old Town". En este • tiempo Old Town era un barrio bajo, pero ahora es bien conocido como area de clubs nocturnos y atraccioh turi'stica para las gerites de los suburbios. Otra vez igual quo antes; al pasar una temporada su farailia fue empujada por renovacion urbana hacia la comunidad de Lincoln Park, alii Cha-Gha vivio' por el mas largo tiempo, Al mudarse a Lincoln Park Cha-Cha tenia 9 anos de edad. En un total de seis afios ellos habian ] !.• sido forzados a mudarse de la comunidad nueve veces. y todo era a causa. de renovaciohes urbanas. Lincoln Park era una comunidad de americanos MjJ 1', blancos, aun no habia sido tocadn por renovacion urbana. En ese tiempo ' esa comunidad consistia de irlandeses pobres, italianos, y hlancos pobres de los raontes de appalfichia« Era tod a via un barrio bajo, pero esta vez era. un barrio bajo de gente blanca Cha-Cha habia vivido en comunidanes latins.s pero por renovacion urbana, ahora, estaban dividiendo a los latinos. • , . j . ^ En Lincoln Park fue adorrte Cha-Cha Jimenez y otros companeros ayudaron a forraar la pandilla callejera de I.os Young Lords. Estos siete jovenos eran de las prineras familias latinas que vivieron en'esta area. •>' • ..• ' Todos ellos eran victimas do renovacio'n urbana, viotimas del racismo en la coiiiunidad al igual quo Cha-Cha. Los jover.es eran molestados constantomente llamandolos "spies" y nuchas veces los golpeaban, llegaban'de la escuela a sus cases sin poder resplrar despues de ser correteados por las pandillas americanas blancas. Esto roalmente, fue lo que unio'y creo'a Los Young Lords. I'iasj y mas puertorriquenos de la comunidad vieja de Cha-Cha eran sidos vaciados, y eran movidos hacia la comunidad de Lincoln Park. Mas grande, y ma's grand© crecia la pandilla callojera de Los Young Lords. Ya no habia que correr de la escuela a sus cases, ahora era al revels. • Dona Eugenia habia sido c rend a en un converito, v era muy religiose; coroo resultado, clla no podia er.terider las rasoiies de la actitud de Cha-Cha, solamente sabi'a que su hi jo se estaba metiendoso on "trouble" (problemas). Dona Eugenia einpezo'a dar clases de catacismo, preparando a nines latinos para su primera coriunion. Un sacerdoto de rnudia confiar.za, de una iglesia cercana(San Kiguol), le ayudaba a pre'parar esas ''"::' ; . v clases. Daspuds de ciert.a tcr.porada ol'iba ye;car.5'nnbo a los nifios' para' -^ - V : saber quo tan to habian aprcndidc. Porque Don Antonio cot a ha bebiendo mucho, y Cha-Cha siampre se estaba metiondo eh "trouble", Dona Eugenia ; hizo una pi'unnBa, vir.t1^»v1 or.o do n o p m jv.r nn a no. Ella lo suplioo al ' t- • - '•}'•; . I ...... • ..i-Jm. . ... �: : turn : : padre, quoJ le hablara a Ch'a-Chaif pdnsaba que el lo podia- manteriOr fuera • : . : d'o . " trouble"0 ' -El padro le :hn."blo' acerca- de sor un mchaguillOi -para las '•' ':' misas de espariol -de dos 5.gle siac,. .de ..San -Miguel .y Santa Teresa. v:^- la mama do Cha-Cha, sc volvio M e n in tip. a con una r.:on;ia que era maostra. do Cha-Cha. Esta monja empezo' hablarle a Cha-Cha acc-rca de entrar al sacerdocic, ar.i eft crapc-so a tenerle• un gran -respeto. Por . toda esa influencia, Cha-Cha se corivencio'de que sus amigos (que por . , . easualidacL succ.djen sor todes latinos)» e r & h l a causa tie que o l se motie. ra en prohlenas ("trouble"). Tambie'n estaba convencido, de que-el se a r r e - . . penticra, y aytidara a con vert ir a la gente a la igics'iav Todo esto paso' . * cuando el estaba en sexto, soptlmo. y octavo grado. Cha-Cha era-1 rat a do con desprebi'o por su difcrente estilo do vida, . y por ser el unico nine latino en toda. la escuela. Un ojemp3o de esto, paso', cuando e'l fue. el unico on no serinvitado a la fiesta de.graduacionde-octavo grado, organizada por uno de los otros estudiantes (despues,jinas latinos ontraron a la escuela do Santa Teresa). , ; . •; Por todo esto, otra 'vez Cha-Cha empezo a juntarse- con sus viejos amigos. Tod a via el queria entrar al sacerdocio, pero de . nuovo empezo' a meterse en problemas® Ccmo rosultado, su principal y ol sacerdote de la i'glesia mandaron cartas al seminar.io adondc-.o'l habia hplicadoy y asi fui*-.= •:. ccrco no lo fc.ee'ptaron> SI neninario-le replieo'quo tratara ol proximo aho. pallor era la union, escuela que or. aquol ticmpc Cha-Cha podia atonder, era / mas o monoG Ids cusrtoles de^Los Young Lords/ No tcniendo dinerb para ' .;: a tender a una secundaria catolica, fue*. f orsacici - a ir a esa. secundaria. En el verar.o antes 'de 'entrar a .Wallor, .Cha-Cha se hizo popular on . la policia juvenil local. Fue* llevado por robo de carro,inhalacion de pegadura, pelea de pandillas, y por romper ventanas. Durante todo el vera n o , estuvo seis rue so s en la correccional. El sacordote le ayudo'a que saliera dos voces, pero de spues perdio las espcranzas. Estuvo un ano bajo vigilancia. Ese veraho fue llevado para ser interro/redo de 25 o '30 voces (todo su record juvenil fue' dado'de baja por habar cstado en la estacion d e policfa eomo 52 voces. Tod.?,s esas voces no fuoron arrostamlentos aunque nuchas veces era llevado coir un grupi tevtodos ellos'quedaban en libertad). Cha-Cha duro' dos noses en Waller antes de ser arrestado por un caso de robo. Durante sucscancia en Waller, fue conocido muy bien por el oficial Truent. Paso" eineo meses en la. correccional (Audy Home),esperando por cl juicio dc la acusacion del robo, Su mama no perdio'animo. Consigui o un abogado, quion le robo todo el diriero • porque el juez ya habia tornado una decision. El juc-s le dio' a Cha^Cha una aliernativa, irse a prisio'n por un ano (por violar la proeacion), o irse a vivir a Puerto Rico por un ano. Su mama prefirio que se fuera a Puerto Rico. Una semana despue's, Cha-Cha fue' entregndo ante sus padres on el aeropuerto asegurandose de que abordara el avion con destino a Puerto Rico, : : . ' • '; ..;...-. i. Cha-Cha regreso* a Chicago echo meses desput^s para reunirse con sus amigos. Trato de volvor a la escuela, pero no fue* aceptado, Ni siquiera se preocuparon por decirle que aplieara en otra escuela. '•''•'J WrW •;'.-.-vvi v. •• -v-'-^vB. tkmM't • ,,-jir.:; If ••-:> 1 • 'bv v �:— — t. Otra vcz, en el r-eri'edo de tres semanas Cha-Cha fue arrestado por .el rcbo de un carrc. Fue' enviado a la correccional por un mes esperando para el proceso de.corte. Violc'varias voces la probacion, pero su of icial'lo nculto'P'-rquo vie'"que Cha-Cha tenia interos en ayudar a gente que tenia los mismos problenias que el. Trato'de hablarle a Cha-Cha acerca de quo 'fuera a la-eseu£la,_y lle^rra_a..se.r un.jraba4ador_soclal_..(''Ceia.1 worker) 0 Cuando Cha-Cha tenia 1? anos • anunalo cinco veces a un jcven por el . pecho y la 'espialda. Se penso'quo el jcven iba a morir, por la • se'riedad de . este caso las autoridados juveniles dijeron quo no auerian tener.nada que ver con Cha-Cha. • Otros tres Lords., estaban enredados en el mismo caso^ uno de ell os" era. Manuel Ramos. El los tenian abogadc menos Cha-Cha. Su mama fue a visitarlo, y le dijo que un abogadc queria. $1500 dorales para comenzar el caso, que clla tenia ahorrado un dlnero y que iba, a sacar un pre s tamo. (Cha-Cha les habf'a dicho a las autoridades que su mad re estaba muerta. El no quiso comunicarle a su mama del incident,o porque sabia que la iba a doprireir? pero el]a se dio" cuenta por medio de los noti- . cieros,) Ko obstante lo dijo quo se clvids.va y quo no se proocupara- por el abofrado. •Cuando Cha-Cha fue' llevado a corte, lo pregunto al juez que si podia hablar. • El juez le pregunto que si tenia un abogado. Como ofl no tenia abogado fuo'parmitido que hablara. Cha-Cha. decla.ro que. el habia sido til culpable, cl unieo quo apuna.lo al joven, y cue los otros arres- , tados solamente t.rataron de evitar la peloa. Fuesto que esta era un?. corte menor, el jues no Osporaba que cl se confensara culpable. El defensor publico todavia no le habia hablado a Cha-Cha, y asi se prosento con el juez en la cdm&ra. Cuando aparecieron do nuevo, e.1 juez lo pregunto al joven apunalado cue si podia identificar a Cha-Cha, El jovon ocultando, dijo quo el rcalmente no sabia. El defensor publico trsto de convencer a Cha-Cha. para oue retraetara su confosion. Pero como no pudo ser, el defensor publico le pregunto al juez que temara on considcracion la sinceridad del joven; Cha-Cha no tenia n i w u n record adulto(en c-se tiempo la corte no permitia contar records juveniles), y como la arma alegada no habia sido encontrada. De spue's do una explication del jues, Cha-Cha fue' sentenciado a seis ir.osos do prision en Vandalia, Illinois, granja. del estado penal. Todo c-1 juicio dure? como vc.-in.te manutos. Cha-Cha. cumplio'casi todos los seis mesee en el calabozo por pelcar y negarse a trabajar. f Cuando Cha-Cha salio', emposo' a' salir con una muchacha. Plaiinaba casarse, 'cstablcserso y queria olvidarse do las peleas callejeras, drogas etc. Su novia so habia mudado al barrio previanente antes do su libertad. Algunos vecinos habian hablado ma] en contra, de Los Lords, y como Cha-Cha , habia sido el lider principal del grupo, los padres de la novia sabian lo- suficiente para no accptarlo. Lo hieicron dificil para los dos peder llcvar; acabo i-:U'.s nnos»Cha-Cha no era permitido ir a su casa, y despue's de un tiempo sus padres se mudaron del barrio para separarlos. Su novia eneontro la manora do comunicarse y le dio' su n u e v direccidn. De nuevo Cha-Cha fue a pedir permiso para podorla ver. Esta vcs le dioron per-' miso, y todo iba bion por un tiempo hasta que empesaron a entremeterse de nuevo lo hi cioron dificil pars quo se vis rati, y entonc.es Cha-Cha cmpez'o a trnliajar activamenvo oon el grupo. Aunquc era dificil todavia continuaban '••Aj^t; • V:' .-•'is; �?,•"• | ^Puesto/que Cfe-Cha e m e l liderc del groupo, y era M e n conocido por \i;.les pollen a s , siempre que algo pasaba on el barr":o, o cualgUier cosa relacionada con algun miembro pandillei-o, Cha-Cha era llevado a interroga: torio. Kuri'ca daba a la policia ninguna informacic>n. Nuchas de las veces lo dejaban i r W o r o a voces lo detcnian por cargo's de mala conducta, por' ^-fAt.^.^n r r n r ^ , Ite vea en cuando lo culpaban por de-., . litos que el ios bier, sabian que no los habi'a cometido^ .Habia veces que . • Cha-Cha sabia quien habia cometido los delitcs, pero el cayadamente lo ..' X £ guard aba - y servxa las sentencias. Por esto y ma's, era respetado por los :••••' roiembror. r?r>1 gruno D ., . V-v .: <;:.' . " : ,. ;. . . En una ocasion un. carro de policxa se encontraba estacionado en la callo, y a uno. de -los Lords se le ocurrio' ir y coger una cachiporra. De's-. pues de tomarla regreso a la esquina adonde Cha-Cha y Los lord's se e n c o n - , • ' traban, les di.jo a t.odos de lo que habia hechO* El policia regreso' al car-, ro y se d i o c u e n t a de que la cachiporra no estaba| la primera parte adonde fue',fuoaJa esquina adonde Los Lords rondaban. Al'Jx vio'a Cha-Cha con un grupo do otros Lords, dliguio' a Cha-Cha y lo llevo a la estacien do poll- j •. c5a. Estando allx, el policxa le dijo a Cha-Cha que alguien lo habia visto tomando la cachiporra. Cha-Cha rcplico', "JYo no se de que tu hablas'" El policxa lo eiapeao' a golpear. sangrandolo do la na'ris. Aunque Cha-Cha ;•"• sabla quien lo habi'a hecho, el se quedo cayado. Minutes despues un poll- -.. ci'a entro con otro Lord, la cachiporra y la tostiga, quien ya habi'a identificado al culpable. Cuando el policxa Is pre gun to a la testiga que si A.-] habia. visto a Chn.~T!ha cercas del carro* ella dijo quo solamente habia yisto i a una persona, y que no era. el» Allx todavxa Cha-Cha se encontraba encerrado culpandolo de conducta desorcdenada. -A -•'m En otra ocasion, cuando trabajando en un reciente empleo. Una tarde del viernes, de spues de haber reoibido su sueldo Cha-Cha y Manuel Ramos, quien estaba trabajando en el misno sitie, decidieron comprar unas cuan- )>'• tas cerbezas y ir a la casa de la mama de Cha-Cha a tcmarselas. Manuel no queria ir y beber en su casa, porque jahabl'an tornado y la mama' de Cha-Cha podia tonar una mal impresion. Cha-Cha convenc:! o' a Manuel de que fuera a su casa y esperara miohtras se barlaba y se cambiaba do ropas de trabajo; y as£ llevar acabo cl plan de ir a un baile esa noche• Mientras Cha-Cha se , estaba bariando, Manuel le dljo a Dofia Eugenia que iba a su casa a cambiarse de ropas, y que el encontraba a Cha-Cha en el baile. Cuando Cha-Cha termlno de banarse, canino por la calle para ver si podia alcanzar a Manuel. Como no pudo verlo, entonces regresaba a su casa. Cerca de su casa escueho a_r<n hombro^de edad gritandole a una nina, como el habi'a Ibebidp penso" que la nina era su. hermana. El fue hacla e l hombre y le dio'una bofetada, despuo's un hijo del hombre snlio'de su casa a pslear con Cha-Cha •• (Cha-Cha estaba en la car eel -cuando. sus padres se mudaron a ese sitio. . , Como arenas acabato de haber llegado de la carcel, el no conocia a sus vecinosj sin embargo sabian- de el por medio de su.mama). Su mama'ya habia . salido de la casa. Solamente tres punetazos habian sido lansados, y la \ ' pelea .termino. Dona , Eugenia le pre punt o a Cha-Cha que, que habia pasado; .' -. y el le dijo que habia cncontrado a el hbmbre gritandole a su hermana. Su"" ' ' '.'. '•""''.;' mama le probo'el echo de' que sus• h'enrsanas estaban en la casa. El y su mama -. . : - ; ' so disculparon del hombre y.su hijoj ya todo se habia arreglado. �•^j.-*/;.^;-I-;: ,1 rvv-l'V'/ • -v- : , .., J':'?.:. •..••.. : • ' - f , ? * ! ^ ? ? * . ^ ? ? ^ m w * > • ' , •U'.'.r: ). no-l-n una patrulla t,oT -1 a r^i vio'a \i>> n •»unungrupo m-imfldo gente,a.Cha-Cha rr»>i + n gb-n^Gfta' V r.u i En esto, policiaca y su mama' que camiuabari a su caca. La patrulla paro", y uno de los policias le , ';! grito' a Cha-Cha para que fuera hacia. el. Su mama'le dijo al policia. en ingl eo ihal pronu'neiado,"everything O.K., no trouble 0 " El policia de nuevo le grito'a Cha-Cha para que fuera? entonces Cha-Cha le dijo a su mama que' e»pc7rarai~qne---3^--a-habla4rls_al_pftllc:ra. Cuando Cha-Cha camino hacia el, el policia lo agarro' per el cuello y le dijo,"JMo~Te"d'i"j5~'qne-tra-jeras — tu culo aqui?" "J Maid it o J" Cha-Cha entonc.es. probocado tambien lo tomo' del: cuello y le di jo, "J Ponds jot" "JQuita las m'anos de mi condenadoj"1 ya la calle esta.ba llena' de patiullas, y'ol.ro policia vino por atras de Cha-Cha y lo tiro" al suelo de un naeanaso. Cha-Cha estaba inccnsciente. El poll-'r:=';".' cia que primefo lo'-'agarro', ahora. lo tomo de sus brazes atrapandolo bajo , .•'• sus rodillas, ;'y asotandclo contra el suelo. La mama'de Cha-Cha y una de sus hermanas trataron de quitarle de ensiina el policia. Su hermar.a puso sus manos entire su eabesa para que no se golpeara, mientras otra jalo'la ; macana del policia y la tiro'al otro lado de la calle. Los vecinos, in- ,'rr v cluyendo el hombre y su hijo, estaban alrededor, gritandole a los policies que lo -dejaran en pa's, . •;, ,, Cha-Cha fue' llevado a custodia. Su mama" y hermanas querian ir con el para ascgurarse que nada le pasara. la mama'de Cha-Ch.a, aun no habla sido culpada de nada. • De spue's de muchas dudas, su mama'y hermanas fuer'ori permitidas que ac'ompanaran, pero sus hermanas. tuvieron que irse en otra patrulla. Cuando Cha-Cha recobro' conocimiento. vie'a su mama resando el .. rosario. Le .pregnnto' que. que' estaba haciendo alii. Ella contesto'aue solamente oueraa a.companarlo, le di jo que se recast?.ra y descansara. Entonces ella continue' resando el rosario. Cuando llegaron a la estacion de policia, Cha-Cha fue' encarcelado. En el otro lado de la estacion su mama!* espcraba infomacioh de los ca.rgos y la hulta.Los policias que lo arreataron entraron a 2 3 celda, Cha-Cha estaba • despierto y era fichado. El oficial culpable de'todo el incidente, se encont.raba furio-o v alegaba de que habia psrdido unos dientes. Dijo que debian arre star a su madre por "privar el derecho de justicia." En esto le estaban tomando las huellas, se voltio'y dijo, " J No oi' lo que tu dijistes!" "I Due fue'?" El oficial replico", "I Voy arre star a tu madre!" Cha-Cha enojado dljo,"iTu': va's arre star a mi madre? ICondenadoJ" Cha-Cha empujo'al oficial que lo estaba ficl.vj.ndo, y per el lado lo brinco'al'oficial que lc habj.a ar-ostado. Como 5 ma's pel iclas brincaron sobre Cha-Cha, lo tirarcn a?, suello. Lo goltcaron con sus sacanas ahorcandolo y pegandole por tod as partes. Cha-Cha ahora tenia una hemorragis interna, y tocia sangre. Finalmente ,"'le torcieron sus brazos, esposandolo por detrasj de nuevo inccnsciente se enccntraba recostado en su cama. Mientras Cha-Cha era golpeado, su mama era arrestada por "privar el derecho de justicia," Tres sacerdotes, un capita'n recintoj familiares y amigos'quienes vieron el incidente : fueron a ver lo que habia pasado y die- ' ron $25 dolares de multa para Dona Eugenia, Uno de los sacerdotes, acompanado por un oficial se condujo nacia la celda par?, ver a Clja^Cha. El ,V-V, estaba toca a bajo, el. sacerdote trato" de despertarlo'' pero no pudo. El po- ' licia. le dijo al' sacerdote que toda via estaba borracho. ( A su regreso le dijo a su mama' que Cha-Cha estaba bie'n, rerco poroue todavla estaba borracho que era mejor dejarlo esa noche y sacarlo al otro dia. ;.";. r ' �'. Al rba siguiente, Cha-Cha entro'a corte cojeando (de las patadas que .: /.r^ ; le babi*an - dad o' la noche anterior). Su cara estaba hjnchada, su cabeza estaba tajada, y de la hemorragia tenia una 'sena roja en su cuello.. Pagaron la multa de $100 do!ares, y salio* ' / ' ' '-'vi. ; r ; Jpi!"''^ h h <Vry n r haV^r? i ^ d n ' p»r utv. largo tiempo; estaba;d.e«-';j; ^ • prim id o por lo que le habia pasado a su osposa e hljb; el salici' esa noche y se emborraoho. Le dijo a sus amigos". que esperaba quo los policias era- t .pezaran algo con el. El es con'ocido por sus ainigos por ser cayado y por ser una persona que no le gusta envoiverse en peleas. Esa noche, en la taveina habia la ordir.aria pelea de siempre, y esta ves .el se envolvio, Cha-Cha, con. su cheque quo ann-lo..tenia, se encarcino'solo a la estacion de . / .policfa - adonde el habia estado el dia anterior 5 pago' la ..'nulla de su papa y , '.'7 salio'. Was tarde, Cha-Cha y su papa' bromiaron aeerca del incidence* en vez .. . del papa sacar al hi jo, el hijo saco al papa. - . i E l . caso de su papa'fue' dado'de ba-ja, pero el caso do su mama consistio en el pago de los dientes de oficial (aunque ella no lo habia hecho, los pago) antes de que fuera a corte. . * '•.>-• •:<• ;'• ^ f : • . \ & ' vr'r El caso de Cha-Cha fue mas complicado. El abcgado le dijo que su caso era impossible. El sacordote, el capitan del recinto democrabico, y su abogado, le segufan dic-iendo que era toda su culpa,, que deberia d e . ; avergonza.rse por haber metido a su ma.ma' en p r o b l e m s (ella nunca habia . : tenido problr.tnr.c-, con la 1 *>y)» Tcdo lo escucho cayad.ameht.3* De spues .pregunto'"que, que le pod 5a pacar a su mama' si se iba. SI abogado le dijo, que nada le pass be. a ella, pero que el se iba a meter en muchos problemas, si trataba de irse, y que los poiicias lo agarrari'an. .y '-jy Cha-Cha decidio irse. Le dijo de su decision a su mama y novia. Su novia le dijo que ella queria acompaiisrlo. Como por un ano se fueron. Los dos estaban trabajando, y para este tiempo ella estaba embrazada, querfan arreglar todo con sus padres. Despue's de hablar con sus padres, tcdo iba bien en el transcurso de un jsesj entonces ella fue' a pasar una eemana con sus padres* D u r n t e esa semana* sus padres la influyeron para q\ie se quedara mas tiempo. Cha-Cha todavfa podia verla, pero ahora siempre que iba lo hacian sentir ma's y mss desgraciado, Se aoeroaba el nacimiento del bebe, y se estaba convenciendo ella de que.se quedara a vivir con sus padres. Cha-Cha trabsjabn fueras de la ciudad en el turno da la noche. Una noche de spues de vi.sita.rlo todo el dia fue a trabajar sin do'frairr el cansancio lo a^oto'y se durmio' en el trabajo, como resultedo fue despedido, Se puso bien deprimido* y teniendo un dinero que hnbi'a ahorrado fue' y se entrego' (por el ineidente que pa so'con el poll cia). Cuerla aclarar todo para / que cuando el bebe' naciera no tuviera que .preocuparse. Se entrego , y las autoridades no encontraron .ninguna cita para ru arrestamiento. Cha-Cha les dijo que rovisaran bienj al no encontrar nada, las autoridades le agradecieron mucho p o r haberse entregado, Le dijieron que ya no tenfa . nada de que preocuparse. (Dos anos ma's tarde, de spue's de educarse pollticaraente, apaicecio' esa cita para su arrestamiento, que fue servido.) . - . . . . 4 & 9 9 L 0 . . . ••>•• i ^ �. i s s s f e - g s ^ Todavia Cha'-Cha tenia p r o b l e m s para ver a su novia. Cadi- vez- que iba, "sal fa discutiendo con los padres. Ho se sentia l ien acudir sin dinero.; P o r todo lo que habia pasado, tampoco se sentfa bien vivir eon sus.padres. Como no tenia ningun sitio adonde vivir, se quedaba en diferentes easas. Todo deprimido y sin nada, el unieo refugio que .encontro fueron las drogas. > .•ffF'nrHrtft ''fl~hrriMi'iiij oinpczo''a vender'drogas para, otros vendedores. Solafoeri•te vcndia lo suficiente para softener su habito,' que "'h.ab1a-convertido- i.-;' en necesidad. .Despues de un tiempo no pudo venderla ma's. Necesitaba tan- . to la droga que rcbaba a los vendedores. Ya lo conocian por eso, y ya no lo daban nada para revender. Como resultado de todo, Cha-Cha tuvo que r. » 1 robar casas y asaltar prente. '". .V -,Un dia,' no pudo conseguir ningun dinorc para comprar la. droga. Cha-Cha se eiicontraba onfermo y desesperado. 131 vendedor en la esquin'a estate, impasiente,-ya. estaba por irse a su casa; Cha-Cha lo convened o'para que esperara por'el una hora mas. Cha-Cha era so' la calle, tcmo' un desatornillador y lo puso cercas del cuello de un hombre para que le diera su dinero. El no se did' cuenta que eran dos hombres, el otro hombre ompujo^a Cha-Cha, y les dio suficiente tiempo para irse en el carro. Trataron de atropellarlo con el carro, y rapidamente manejaron a gran vslocidadj regreso' hacla el vendedor pidiendole que esperara de nuevo, le dijo que estaba scguro de conseguir dinerc. En el otro lado de la calle el vendedor observaba todas las manicbras de Cha-Cha. v como no quiso mas esperar, le dio'la droga a credito, Dos dias despues, Cha-Cha regreso^a la misraa esquina trata ndo de conseruir la droga.. El hombre que i nfconto' robar dos dias ants'riores estaba en la esqu?r.a con la policia, senaio a Cha-Cha para identificarlo. Ma's tarde fue a corte y sirvi o 60 dias de prision. Cha-Cha. fue' enviado a la correccional. Al principio, fue' puesto en el dormitorio que tenia 12 latinos. Esto era bastante rare; por lo regular ponen 5 o 6 latinos juntos, y lo hacen, dado a la tendencia que los latinos tienen de unirse rapido. Alguien en la seccion, habia hablado acerca de huirse? tan pronto como lo oyeron, culparon a los latinos. Cha-Cha solanente tenia. 40 dias mas de servir (comparado por otros tiempos, cuando tenia que servir de 6 meses a un ano), lo dijo al guardia que no tenia porque eeoaparse; pero no obstante, fue'' rnandado al calabozo con el resto de los latinos. Despues los mandaron a maxima seguridad. En maxima segu- • rida.de habia un reli&ioso, 'que a escondidas repartfa librcs, pa pel y lapiz e s . A Cha-Cha y a los otros, les facilito sus servicios. Algunos de- los libr.os que Cha-Cha pudo leer fueron de Martin Luther King, y un libro H a mad o "Seven Story Mountain" (hasta ese tiempo no habia,leido nada desde el octavo grade), r i e n t m s estaba en prisic'n, su novia fue a verlo con la be b e . Por la.s visitas y los librcs, Cha-Cha empezo a pensar en porque deberia dejar las drogas. m Cuando Cha-Cha salio y fue al barrio, sus ojos vieron mas. Los morenos en ese tiempo estaban rotinando; conocio nucha gente en la carcel cue habian estado envultc-s en los motines. Cha-Cha continue" estudiando, ahora estaba y estudiando mas de otros grupos en las comunidades morenas y chicanas. Se llevaba bien con los grupos chicanos, r-uesto que eran latinos, y tambien porque en el movimiento latino todavia no habia ningun grupo puertorriqueno.^ Como renovacioh urbana era la principal fuersa, bloques completes en la area de Lincoln Park eran demolidoc. Cha-Cha so mudo tantas veces, que cauhdo sus padres le dljicron, q^e. tenXan-'q^Te mudarse de nuevo, o.l dijo, �, ; - . ^ , , If <4%mm* M i ustedes se pueden mudar? pero yo me 'quedare a qui I" ";ya estoy cansado de v mudanzasS" P o r todas esas contradicciones que eran M e n c'laras, Cha-Cha via la ,, necesidad de former un grupo que peleara per-los desachos do la gento lati:;a« . 1 -Ens' la comunidad comenzo a ir a reuniones de renovacion urbana y oouocio a otras gentes que teriian eT~ mis mo .tirtT5res-que~el«— -Esas -reunicnesJLa: ayudavon a ver mas claramonte las contradicciones* Cono todavxa era presidente.de Los Young Lords, el penso que este era el grupo que intenta edificar trato de establecer politica en Los Young Lords, pero no dio re'fjultado proque todavia Los Lords euerian tales cosas cono ir a baile s y partoo sociales. Organ!so oiros dos grupos permaneclendo presidents de Los Young- Lords* El conocio a esta gente en tavernas y centros de la comunidad, AX princiipio nadie le escuchaba, pore Cha-Cha seguia incistiendo y no perdia el anino., Los Lords may ores no iban de acuerdo con la idea de Cha-Cha porquo estaban muy ocupados "arre'batandose." Pero Los Lords menores ya hablair ido con Cha-Cha a algunas rbiroioses de renovacion urbana* Lentamente, re/rresaron al grupo porquo Cha-Cha estaba hablando del racismo y brutal.idad policiaca. 1 Con Los Young Lords mayores (Manuel Ramos era uno de ellos) Cha-Cha fijo' una . junta para la reorganizacion del grupo. Cuando Manuel Ramos murio' esa.misma seman'a las contradicciones se veian bien claras y todos los ultimos Young Lords se reunieron de nuevo. Cha-Cha no sabla mucho acerca de como organisor, solamente sabla lo qua habia aprondido por medio do la practice diaria. . '' • ' •, 'J. •';• • • t ^ . . . ; , . , jjesde entonces, Lcs Young Lords han ho oho y 1 participado en los siguientes eventos: se apoderaron del "Theological Seminary " (on ei oual, las d e a a n d a s p o r $601,000 dolares para construir casas de salaries bajos, fuercn e'ehas y confirm a d o s , pero nunca cuplidas); se apoderaron de una area vacia y la llamaron "People*s Park;" tuvieron demostractones para Welfare Rights y marches ortar.do la independencia de Puerto Rico? tuvieron festiyaies en las calles, relacionardoce con la cultura latina; atendieron a conferencias chica-ras- para formar unid&d entre toons los "latinos 1 y hasta esto memento, tienen en funcicn una clinica gratuita. Cha-Cha ya no se relac.ionaba con peleas calle jeras 0 drogas. Los Young Lords ya no eran una pandilla. cino, una organisaci.cn politica. Cha-Cha fue arrestedo 1? veces en un ano v medio, Estas voces fue'arrestado, segun ellos por acciones de desoxd&n, por atender a juntas de renovacion urbana, y por otros actos politicos. P o r tcdo esto, y mas fue"for;',ad0 a salir de la comunidad. •> il^myl-^/Ji^ M M 'v . .. J . '' J..•' - •• if 'i * V-T-.--- H v|||f't||| �! : Parte II'» EH. LPS PRIMERCS AMOS ' • ' Historia de la Crpanizacion de Los Young Lords ^ v;lv . , - fcgft ; ' ; : En 1959, siete jovenes fornaron una pandilla para protegerse} en ese tiempo # era cuando muehos" puertorriquonos y latinos eran maltratados por pandillas blancas en la area de Lincoln Park (cerca del lado norte de- Chicago)• El principal proposito y actividad del grupo era p a r a p e l e a r con las pandillas blancas que los molestaban, por controlar los sitios- de ronda.,. calles, y territories pandilleros* Al. misao -.tiempo que el grupo crecaa, se ramificaba a otras areas cercanas, a escuelas secundarias a donde otros latinos esta ban teniendo los mismos tipos de problemas. 'M';. -'..!'' [; V En ese tiempo, cuando la mayoria de Los Yc-ur.g Lords.tenian problemas. de. pobreza, con la polieia, con oficiales de vigilancia, con renovacion urbana, con drogas y con otras pandillas; los jover.es constantemente eran plagados por trabaj ad ores sociales que tenian por solucion a esos problemas, ,el de jugar baloncesto en una iglesia local. En 1964, Cha-Cha Jimenez fue"nombrado presidents de Los Young Lords ifu^ra, de los siete originales, el fue' uno de los poccs que quodaban. En ese tiempo, el grupo empezo"*a tener actividades sociales en una YMCA local. Algunas hermanas por medio de los eventos sociales en la YMCA se estaban asociando con Los Young.Lords. 'Mas tarde ellas fueron organizadas por Cha-Cha en un grupo llamado Young Lordettes. Represion golpeo a los Lords, al mismo tiempo se transfornaban pasivos jugando baloncesto en la iglesia cercana, y ycndo a los eventofe sociales en la YMCA. Tcdos los prin'cipales lido res del grupo fueron encarcelados incluyendo a Cha-Cha', a qui en por ser el principal lider fue atacado con mas fuerza, Despues de pocos meses; el grupo de Los Young Lords se destruyo". Ya no iban a la YMCA o a la iglesia local; el proposito de los eventos sociales y programas que habian sido originalmente planeados para los Lords, ahora eran descontinuados. Como resultado de todo eso, la u'nica cosa que esta ban haciendo ahora, era "arrobatarse" en la esquina. Una cosa que continuaron haciendo fue'llamarse Young Lords. * — f Despues de casi'dos anos,y en 1968, Cha-Cha regreso a la comunidad de Lincoln Park. En ese tiempo la mayoria de Los Young Lords estaban casados, tenian en sus casas problemas financiered, en "welfare," y todavia rondaban en la esquina arrebatandose. Muchos de ellos tambien habian sido mudados por renovacion urbana. Al ver todo eso, Cha-Cha quien a la rnisna vez tenia problemas con su novia, se deprimio bastante, y recurri'o"a la heroins, y asX.otra vez aparecio'en la carcel, A su regreso, despues de haber leido libros acerca de pasividad social, , y de unidad dentro de la comunidad morena, 61 reorganiso Los Young Lords. Esta vez'fue corno la organisacio'n "de Los Young Lords-que iba a pelear en contra de las' injusti- '-.-•; cias de la "maquinaria Daley," injusticias. recivida.s pOr el pueblo latino. En . : algunas de las cosas ^oue la organizacion paptieipo', fue''en . la recaudacion de fondos (bailes, Has do Salsa;, dinero que fue" recoiectado, y utilizado para la compra do comida, rcrpas y .jugetes.,dis.tribuiaos a familias necesitadas.durante la na\ - —. uuun» . uuinJi we id, .Jist„, / j. r"r .-v-y^ + if-^vv o-x �fete^vi. ^ - ....... . : ' '' ; ' rf • 7 • ^mm^NAM'^h. M m m . Cosas que la gente pobre experimenta todos los dias pobreza sol Ida> hambre, y casi dcGer.ploo total atccarcn <r-acv.' esquina de la vida puertorriquena. Un grupo de "interesados" duenos de tierrasj quienes habi'an formado una organizacion proyanqui, ellos tnlegrafieron al presldente Roosevelt diedendo "existe un estado actual de anarqufa, pueblos sitiados; policias sin potencia y negocios paralieados;" ; Jorge Bird Arias, admjnistrador y viceprcsidente da la companta azuonrera Fa.ia.rdo,- : U y { coritrolada nor los americanos, mando"'un telegrama al secrotario de guerra Stern, . . y decla "condiciones existentes, econolnicas y polfticas demandan un hombre bueno ; i-„ fuerte y capaz." '•'.. ' ; . - v IGenei.Jj. Blanton Uinship! asf penso'ol departamento de guerra, que el era el u hombre "capaz". Con sus acciones claramente comprabo'qUe no disgusto al gobierno ameri carlo, El General Uinshipenposo 'ligerame-ntc. moviiizandq. el aparato federal ii'f; y ordeno el arresto de Don Pedro Albizu Campos, y de otros lideres puertorriquenos . independentistas. Pero el movimiento independentista se aguanto firrco y el pueblo siguio"luchando® " ' Poco mas' o renos por el l'l- de marzo do 193?; les lideres locales ihdependentistas notificaron a las autoridades de un desfile (en protesta por el encarcelamiento de los lideres independentistas) que seri'a celebrado el domingo 21 de. m a r z o . Aunque rsalmente el permiso no era requerido, la peticion fue enviada al alcalde? el respondio' dando el permiso rapidaracnte (la peticion era una cortesia de los independentistas que extend.iercn al gobierno municipal). . • ' Arribando a Fence el viernes 19 de marzo, el eoronel Crbeta jefe de policia ' llego^ a estudj.ar la situacion; despues de su regreso a San Juan el eoronel Orbeta hablo* con el general kinship quien en ese momento nlaneo* y ordeno"'el masacre de Ponce. El eoronel Orbeta fue* regresado a Ponce para conveneer al alcalde que diera fin al desfile. . En los dias. anteriores del 21 de marzo en Ponce una significante central!sacion de policia. fue ll.eva.da a cabo. Ctra fuerza adiclonal de 200 hombres fue llevada para ayudar a la rutins ria. guarnicio'n policlaea' de Ponce % '"so encon traban bien armados de rifles, carabinas, semiametralJadoras Thompson, gases lucrimogenos, granadas y ademas con las comunes naeanas. Despues de largas discuclones con el eoronel Orbeta, finalraente el alcalde se : convencio. El alcalde inmodiatanonte notifico'a los lideres independentistas, les informo que no habi'a notado que el di'a del desfile era el Domingo de Ramos, festividad religiosa, que los sacerdotes Paulinos lo suplicapon que' no permitiera dar a cabo el desfile. Ignorando el hecho de que el' estaba' nintiendc.,- lob independentistas ' le dijieron que la gente quo iba al.desfile ya estaba en Pence 9 que el desfile pro^ seguiria en orden y^ que ellos le dirlsn a los •sacerdotes-;'de las realizaciones. En 1 eso el alcalde paro la. con versa cio'n y les di.-jo que. el permiso habia sido cancelado. ' •' ' " " ' 'L .......... . , ,. . . . . . "I " '' • . . . . ; . ....... .. .. ...... �Alii siguio una discucicn agitada en contra de uno y otro, por un lado el coronel Orbeta, el capitan'Felipe Blanco (jefe de policia del distrito de Ponce) y por ol otro los lideres independentistas«, . •i ' •--.' * Hlentras las dlscuoiones proseguian, la policia se consentraba excesivamente en toda las calles alrededor del sitiotty /euuiou y larebien-en—6-squina:d.e_ .las ._ calles Aurora y Marina. Los independentistas ontraban al sitio de reunion junto' con sus esposas y nines. Bastantes evidencias Questran que aquellos que no erai» -.;:' independentistas fueron avisades por los policies que no fueran dentro de la area de las calles Marina, Aurora y Jobos. Los que eran permitides crusar las lineas It.eran independentistas-, facilmente rcconocidcs per sus uniformed y por insignias puastas en alguna' parte do sus ropasV."""• i - • -• -. - i . . . ••u. . El coronel Orbeta y el capitan .Blanco visitaron el area brevemeute arites de •; los disparos. Hasta la misma atmosfera se encontraba tonsa» Los poiJiH'nr. ofih.-VKm all i v los independentistas ya eran rod ©ados. Ma's tarde dijeron que no les habian dado ordenes ,a los policias. Segu'n Orbeta fueron en una patrulla a los orrillas y cercanias.de Ponce sola,mente para, ver el paisaje; que despnos de .los d:isparos ellos regresarepn. ' •• La calle Marina corre de norte a sur, la calle Luna es la primera calle que crusa. Mas arriba, la calle Aurora crusa la calle Marina, es en esta esqUina en donde los independentistas tenian su sitio de reunion. La policia se alineo'en los dos lados de la calle Marina, entre las calles Luna y Aurora. En donde la ca~ 11c Aurora crusa. la calle Marina, uri giupo namcroso se paro'esp&rardo ayuda de cualquiera de ley dos 2ados. Todos se encontracan armados con rifles, con gases lacrimogenos, con carabinas etc. No obstante otro grupo de policias armados con •semiametralladoras se paro'detras de la formaoion de los independentistas. Testigos quo vieron y fotografos ensehan como en todos los respectos, los independentistas estaban desarmados completamente atrajpatlos en la esquina. Tarnbien demuestran que gente en grupos grand.es, casi todos se reunieron on. la esquina de las calles Aurora y Marina, aproximadamente enfrente del sitio de reunion de los independentistas! Completamente rodeados sin posibilidades de escapar, es evident© que la for™ macion policiaca solaiaente tenia un propo'sito en mente. No solamente era para romper el desfile o desenvclver un motin.• Despersion classi ca y tactions antimotinantes dan oportunidad a'despersarse. Puertorriquenos independentistas en ese fiel Domingo de Ramos eran deliboradamente negades de esa oportunidad. £,Cual era el proposito? Era aterrorisar al pueblo puertorriq-.cno eon nria-et±ibiciou'de" brutal.idad vulgar-—un masncre e Por tolas ..partes los llovieron a la gente descargas de fuego. Por aproximada- . mente diez minutos fueron sonetidos a disparos crusados. Los ultimos disparos .terminaron su mision y 20 muertos eran tendides. En un hospital cercano, un nino lloraba a causa de he'ridas, mas de 150 personas fueron heridasf algunos fueron. mutiladas para el resto de su vida. m :1 ' <' La ultima media hora antes de los disparos y los mortiferos die?, minutos de •• v'^v masacre nan pa sad o a la hir.torla como un insuperable ejempl o de calrca y valor de la, -. gente bajo fuego« ' c-y. ^^'.•Jijr .r:^-.- •rm •ivn-^ui^-^^kAxitw �s s g ® ^ :;:, : i\ i . RENOVACION URBANA ^ • rnimmmmm . •. • • : •• :: -J i.V- • • : 1 : &••>//: •.'••••• $ -M••; - V , ':••'•.•'''• - 3 Aproxi.madamehte a fines de dleiombre de 1968, la organizacion de Los young Lords se die cuenta de que tres campanias de bienes y raices on la area de Lincoln Park,""estaban--tra:b3->.nd<^Gon-renQvaGloajirlaMj_plane^,n rindsr afuera a todos.los latinos. Fue en este tiempo cuando Cha-Cha decidio^qiiFla "6rganiSa6I"on do "Los- Young Lords tomaran una posicion sobre el problema de "Renovacion Urbana." Una demost^acion fue planeada'en rrotestacion de "Fat Larry" (un agente de bienes y raices) por sus abuses en .la comunidad hacia la gente latina y por sus notas racistas en contra' ' de ellos« v;-,; M-.: : ] • . . ••;: U n f--- - .... .. • ,• .y * ,. grupo de Los Young Lords, represantando los demostradores, entraron a hablar con "Fat Larry", el respondio'sacando una pistola automatica *38 y otra semejante a • una ametralladora que apunto'a Cha-Cha* Despues su a n d a n t e comenzo'a llamar a la policia. Cuando la policia llego', ellos inmediatamentc c-mpesaron a esculcar a Cha-Cha, mientras "Fat Larry" lo vigilaba. Tcdo esto pasaba adentro de la oficina de "Fat Larry"j mientras, la gente era ordenada a dispercaroe* Ellos no se fueron hasta que Cha-Cha salio' • • -, : V , A l dfa siguiente una3 hojas sueltas fueron distribuidas para informar a la ' comunidad de las conexiones entre "Fat. Larry" (incluyendo a los otros agentes) y la renovacion urbana* En enero de 1 9 6 9 , EX Concilio de Conservacion de la Comunidad (CCC) se reunie- : ron para aiscutir el futu.ro do la comunidad latina. (El CCC deciden en'asuntos de renovation urbana, tal cono, cualer, cases debon ser demolidas y cuales no deben ser demolirlas*) La organizaeion de Los Young Lords, y otras gentes de la comunidad asistieron a esa reunion. Despues de vcr a todas las gentes que asistieron, la junta directive decidio posponer la reunion porouo no tenian los principales miembros de la ;unta directiva. Al mes siguiente, el CCC vote unanimemente (despues de ser forzado por la co- }' munidac) para no reunirse de nuevo hasta que tuvieron en su junta directiva a repres e n t e e s latinos y morenos de la comunidad. Al dia siguiente de la primera reunion de CCC, Cha-Cha fue arrestado, Dijeron que solawente querian hablar con e l , pe*-o cuando se nego a ir con olios, eacaron dos citas viejas de arrestamiento de 1 9 6 7 , las cuaj.es ya estaban ac3.ara.dao (una tenia que ver con el caso de asalto grcvio en el cual un policfa .psrcio'unos dientes; pero Cha-Cha ya se habia entregado). Su multa fue fijada por $2,500 dolares, el nismo dfa salio'en libertad con dinero donado por la comunidad. BIENES TAR Pi'ELICO El 31 de enero, Cha-Cha acompanaba a la Oficina d e l BJenestar Publico, a una recipients, este es un procedimionto que generalmente oojc todo el die sin'dar aingun resu.tado al final^del.dfa. Y a era tiempo para cerrar la oficina, las recip- ' ientes que estaban alii, docidieron en no irse hasta oue las atendieran. Cor.o consequencia, una confrontacion resu.lto" cuando una cafetera accidentalse voltio: El Director Asistento de la oficina viendo esto, camino hacia ' > • ;•>,• X. �do« f.onoras y las empujo, una tie ellas estate embarazadai Cha^Cha viendo•.I'd slicedidoVk'^ fue y tuvo nu'as; cuantas palabras con el Director Asistente. En ningu'n tiempo; ChaCha toco' al Director, porque-el sabia que la policia lo queri's, tantc que lo arrestarian por cualquier cosa; y tambien porque las recipientes .tenian•la situacio'n : blen eoutrolada. ' : y - : - — ~ 1 \ ' \ • •f^r' "' La policia fue llamada, y cargas de agravlos fueron fxjades a Cha-Oha, por lo c u a l u n a inulta fue dad a de $ 5 w 0 dolares. Cuando 1.1 ego a la estacion de policia • ;. otra cita vieja de arre's tam3.cnfcofue' encontrada, la dual era por. "acolon de muche- .",'; dumbre," y otra ves $5000 do!ares de multa fueron fijados, Un total de $1000'dol-' V.& ares en dinero en efectivo tenia que ser r e u n x d o — y se reunion Cha 7 Cha fue' sacad o esa-misma noehe* •• » _„_..••_..•';.-j...- .\ J. • /••'''•{t'^''Ji '^y/-': f'^.'. V " V V ';•• V , . " : ' ' . ';.' * * '' : ' ^ • v' •'• - ?} C O ^ * ^ " Como resultado del incidents on la oficina del. Bienestar Publico y porque Iks recipientes no estaban recibiendo sus cheques, una marcha fue' planeada en la comunidad lati.. . Mas de 500 recipientes y otras gentes de la comunidad marcharondesde la esquina de las ca.Lles de California y Division (cerca de la parte* norte ."'•"•'. de C h i c a g o — a l oeste de Lincoln Park) hasta la oficina del Bienestar Publico, Ifielcer -' Park, localinada en las cal3.es de Daroen y Milwaukee« la organ.izac3.on do tc'.? .Young '[I ' Lords, otros latinos, morenos, y grupOs de blancos pobres marcharon. bajo uav bands ia. que decia: "In.iuR+.ir.in hacia uno, cs in just tela ha.cia t o d o W Cha-Cha no pudo asistir a esta marcha. Apenas saliendo de la oficina de Los Young'Lords con camino hacia la marcha, Cha-Cha en el proce'so de explicar a lbs miembros algunas cosas relaci.pnadas con la marcha{ fue' arrestado junto con otros Lords por conducta desordenada. Algunos de Los Young Lords fueron a la estacion de policia para depositar la multa de Cha-ChaJ mien bras ,ei resto fue' a la marcha. Cuando la marcha terai.no, Cha-Cha todavi'a estaba encarcelado® No porque Los Young Lords no depositaron la nsulta, pero porque la policia estaba deteniendolo. La gente en la marcha oyo'quo Cha-Cha habia sido arrestedo, y asx continuaron la marcha hacia la estacion de policia. Cha-Cha y lor. otros Lords salieron en libertad; pero no hasta que $100 d d a r e s (dinero en efectivo para oada uno) de rescato fueron pagados. Mientraa la gente estaba protestando la p(>bresa y la b!cu!.a.lidad policiacaj el establec5.miento estaba demostrando a la gence que ellos en realidad no tenian ningun interes ,por sbs d'emandas. Esto fue mostrado por medio de, los arrestamientos y las multas dadas a Cha-Cha y a len otros Young Lords, Mas tarde hubieron otras marchas de recipientes- en las que la organizaeion de Los Young Lords participnron. En cada una de estas marchas Cha-Cha fue' arrested o por aiguna cosa u otra, tol eon.o por ixieitar un mot in j conducta desordenada; y por aselto gravio. �5 ffifyftyi'!,'-'' 'v< J IvV. ' ^ " ••'•'•.,-. it' *• ,rn;j>nn „ „ • fe S ASESINATO^DE KAHUEL RAMOS MARCHA . i , . • ; ; 1X• ,1, V (.,.:,% ,":. - $ Wv - - f > ••"•'•,.> - \ O^Vh J:' ' il fe if V.3 . ,l • "•'/•••••••l- _ EI sabado tres do mayo da j.969, un grupo 'de casi 15 amigos, incluyendo Young y sua lamalias.estaban en la casa de unos-do "loo '.orris -odloTbrando el 21 'cum?.•• -V ' • Pl^anos de Manuel Ra.ir.os y tambien el del otro compahero. La casa esta' 1 ocaliikda^v.f on el lado sur de Chicago, en un barrio predominante de blancos que es conocido " por su racismo. Era una noche cal^rosa, la puerta.de entrada oe habia dejado . abierta para ventliar el apartamento. Cerca • de las once de la noche, Manuel y.. ''' ';';'• otro bensa.no .oyeron dicputando, y oian much03 otros ruidos que venian de afuera, entonces olios decidieron sali'r a haber que e m lo one estaba pasardo; Desde la u o r t a . P hasta^el apartamento habia un pasillo, alii fue donde Manuelr.fu.a disparado por el policia James Lamb. Lamb tenia su brazo ernpunado en el cuello de un Lord,:-rAi^ con un .38 en su otrs ma no one aguantaba sobre el hoxbro dorcnho del Lord, • aquien fn agarro usandolo para protegerse. El dispare a Manuel en cl ojo a kJj u I w I o y a olvo '-'r •'.' Lord lo raspo por el cuello. " 1 *!:>•• • ' .:'>"•,. •'' -v. • : i';V.;' E 1 policia James Lamb estaba descansando esa noche. pios, una camiseta y unos pantalones todos chorreados de presentss, : nmediaitamente atendieron al lado de Manuel, ensangrentado. Durante todo ese tiempo, todavia Lamb no Traia pueatos unos -'chainpintura. Los Young Lords quicr. estaba tendido tcdo se identificaba. . . 1 . .V ' . En unos cuantos minutos, las calles se llenaron con patrullas policial's. "Los Cuatro Lords" llevaron a Lamb ante los policies, y no fue'hasta ese entonces cuando por primera vez se identifico como un policia. En vez de que James Lamb : fuera arrestsdo, "LuL Cuatro Lords" fueron los arrostadosj les forjaron cargas in- ' ventados, tal como el de "agravios." Mientras Lamb conversaba con las nollelas, tirades en el suelo se encontraban Manuel y el otro hermano que tambien..habia sido disparado. Iamb afirmo'que el habia inicialmento salido porque oyo un di spare. Tambien sostuvo que vio'"un revolver que..era apuntado desde la puorta; asi pues el disparo, sol amen be Viendo el revolver y no a Manuel, quien segun Lamb, tuvo que haber toninido el revolver apuntandolo desde adentro "el apartamento. Conforms al la forme de la entrada del apartamento totalmento expuento on la entrada'do la puerta. ' • . 1 Para "Los Cuatro Lords", una multa fue'fijaria para cada. uno por cantidad de' $10,000 d d a r e s (despues fue reducida), "Los Cuatro Lords" fueron sacados al dia siguiente. Los Lords sabian quo en una fcrna tenian que protestar el asesinato, tambien sabian que por todo el pais gente pobre habia sido asosinada asi como y Manuel. En ?Jl- horas, una maroha, fue organi'ssda. Comenso en "El Pa roue de la Gente;" las 3000 personas que participaron maroharon por la calle Division en la comunidad latina. El estendarte que guxaba la marcha decia,"5 Manuel Ramos vive en todos . revolucionarios!" - L a marcha a la fur.eraria, viendo el cuerpo de Manuel• se convert!0 en mas infureciniento por el raciomo y explotacio'n. Una earavar-a de 75 carros fueron mane-: jados hasta la ,estacion.de poplicia cn las calles 35 y Loue (al lado suroeste), demandaron justicia. por el asesinato. Exlgian el aa-retjto de J.-,nes Lamb. Seguro que la demanda fue re oh <\.v, ad 3 . ^ X Z J?, ^ •'. �W i g El d£a del funeral, Los Young Lords sirvierch de guard!a a la'carrosa..En la" ,|f . ruta al sementerlo, ir.anos empuriadas eran eleyadas desde casi todos los cien carros. : K La organizacion de Los Young Lords sabia el vordadero significado de "unidad/' Y - . A* 1 • hasta la fecha saben la importancia de unir a tcdos lod gentes pobres, oprimiuas xtl^—-^—y-de—todos-C-Qlores. para que asi" yeleeii en contra- de los verdaderos opresores. . . 1 I;: ':; En mayo 1 9 , el abcgado defensor de "Los Cuatro Lords" presento en corte, ante el juez Oerda una queja fi.rn.ada por los familiares de Manuel Ramos, la queja era* ;. / en contra del policia James Lamb; solieitaba una cite de arrestamiento y encarcelamientb por el asesinato de Manuel Ramos.. El juez Corda solamente replied, " INoI" Kasta..ahora,. James . Lamb es.exisicnte cor.o un "oficial dc la paz"- (uti policia). LA TOMA DEL SEMINAR 10 Kc CORMICK ;.;.'• Durar'-r la misma sernana de la muerto de Manuel el McOormiek Theological Stone Administration Building fue' tornado por la organizacion de Los Young Lords, todavia 7, se encontraban enojados por el asesinato de Manuel y renombraron el seminario con el nombre de "Manuel Ramos Memorial Building." El seminario McCormick ha contribuido a crear problemas en los alrededor.es de la coaunidad, el mayor problema es' el de casa y vivienda* • ,' ." r, i i •. •". / Junto con otras instituciones en la comunidad, el seminar!o' soporto' y empeso un programa de renovacion urbana, que fue' i'ntentado para raudar a las gentes pobres de la comunidad y reemplazarlos por rasident.es de altos y medianos. ingresos. Eso lo hacen constantemente, priricipalmente por la exterminacion de mas de 1100 casas familiares y la remocio'n de tres a cuatro voces mayor In cantidad de familias? son areas do viviendas tornados por instituciones y tambie'n para viviendas de precios ma's altos p-ra los residentes en la -conuniuad. Como resultado Cha-Cha dijo, "Queremos que ellos,».empiezen a ecsprar algunas casas y propicdades' para la gente pobre \y algun as viviendas ae baja r e n t a g ( C h a - C h a Jimenez, Ministro de Dofensa, de la organizacion de Los Young Lords). La organizacion de Los Young Lords tuvieron una. junta con representantes de la administracion de McCormick; la junta fue' una sen-ana antes de la toma del seminario, presentaron una. lista de dies demandss con el punto principal de una requisicio'n de $601*000 dolares para viviendas do bajas rent as. CincO dias despues, tuvieron una junta en la que Kc Cormick presento'una serie de respuestas formales, la. mayoria. de las demandss fuoron rechazadas. y el rest-o fueron contestadas en '_"'[' voces enganozas. ; • , / r .Dos dias despues tuvieron otra junta, en la Que se hizo ver, que era evidente que las respuestas dad as por McCormick habfan sido totalmente insuf icientes y que, ahora los Young Lords ten!an. que reeurrir - "vna. accion educative en la comunidad". A media noche, el Stone Administration Building fue' tornado. Inmediata seguridad fue' fijada en el odificio la ontrada y la sal Ida de todas las personas fue controlada por aproximadamenta GO personas de la com>midad, quien oficientemente cerraron todas las entradar. del odificio, A la srhniri is Iranian so lo inforjad de la ' : : "V '' "•• / -'i ••' �tiff W • -'V.-• ;.<• p ' v Toina rlVl erHficio; mientras la gente esperaba las respuestn.s de las demandas. \\' Una de las rrimeras respuostas fue deliberada en forma de tribunal, ordenando a la gente que desocuparan el edificio. Finalmente, despues de cuatro dras el director del semlnario 11a mo' una c.onfcrcncla de prensa, prosponld* eljtribunal y dijo que iba a Ilevar a cabo las demandas. El edificio fue desocrupado >eea uiendo una junta popular. « • -v l i B M m ^ : 'M' . « -'i ; ••.- 1 • i i f e l f l Aunque los funcionarios del semlnario estaban de acuerdo con las demandas? aun hasta ahora, todavxa las demandas no re han llevado a cabo. El unico dinero que .fue,recibido fue' el dinero. para "La Oficina de Loyos para la Gente" (localizada en las calles Hals ted y Webster), los Lords ayudo'a establecerla para el sirvicio do la gente do esa area. Tambien otras cantid&des chicas fueron recibidaa rara cier--.v,: A',.tas actividad.es en la comunidad, pero son insignificantes comparadas con. las demandas originalss -que fueron pedidas y e.cordadas, El dinero para' viviendas ($601,000 dolares), es una do las diez mas import,ante dcmanda que nunca fue' cumplida. Hi tampoco se llevo a cabo la demanda de $25,000 dolares en la que la organisacion de Los Young Lords pedran para eropezar un centro cultural, quo era forsosamente necesita- ,., d o en J a c .munidad,. , . 'AA\'a A,'/.:• •••"•' Para exagerar la sign if i can sa de esta accio'n serla dificil. En recientes anos A en Los Estados Unidos esta.es probablemente la primera vez cuando gente de "la comun i d a d — g e n t e p b b r o — t o m o en posecion una instituci^n principal en la comunidad. cor.o la de McCormick que fud con la intenci^n de una ejscucion ccmpleta" de una lista de demandas polxticas y economicas. Ademas, los grupos que tomaron el edificio no fueron solamente latinos, pero tr.mbien morenos y blancos. Ellos son en general, politicamente radicales? ademas do sxmplemonto tratar do forzar unas cuantas conce«* siones, interrogan la legalidad del sistema y su poder, « LA COjhFEPENCIA DE D g W g H La organiaacion de Los Young Lords, consciente de la necesidad por unidad para obrar con tooos los p r o b l e m s que efectan a la gente latina, y pobre, asistieron a La Gonferencia. de la Juventud en Denver, Colorado. La raso'n principal de la conferencia, fue para que los chicsnoa y latinos de los cinco estados suroestes (Tejas, California, Colorado, Arizona, y Nuevo Mexico) se unieran todos bajo el nombre de "Aztlan." Estos cinco estados una vez pertenecieron a Me'xi.co, pero fueron robados por los Estados Unidos en 1893. - Aztlan - - - I.os Estados Unidos empezaron infiltrando a Tejas. Desde el comienzo'de la migracicn, hasta la abolicion de la esclavitud; la csclavit-ud era el principal, argu- .. mento en la historia de T c j a s , porquo la. oconomia del nlgcdon do los inmigrant.es do lcr. Estados Unidos depend5a totalmente en esto. Cuando el Fstado M«?x}cano descen- • die?' una constitucion abollendo la esclavitud, Stephan Austin, quie'n estaba. hablando -.jAAA por los enojados blancos poseedoros do eoolnvos, fue' a la ciudad de Mexico con una propuesta para separar Kd>r1 on. El amenav?o', que el gobiei'n.o de ••n-M v ^ p - a.y Tejas - ^ ^del S srosto' ? » deif?"T'ia �S f t ^ Tejas iba hncei- derrocadc por los GoJ-Onistas blaneos si cstos arraglcs no se T i e - ' : ' • varan a cabo, Como Mexico. se nego, los americanos (bajo 1:?- orden del Presidents ,. : Polk) se rebslaron y veocieron a. las fuerzas Msxicanas (ba.io la orden de Santa Ana/ la batalla de San Jacinto pero on abril de el 1836» Santaa .Ana fue' capturado y forzado a". aV .,—'•en f lxmar^la.iaiifreg2L._dalXeJaff,'• cuando rcgreso. Mexico, el renuncio' la concurYa que el tratado de pa's nunca fue'.discutido, ninguna frontera entre las dos lactones fue fijada, Tejas reclame'el territorid hasta el Bio Grande, p e r o Mexico.. .x insistio que la frontera se fijara on el Rio Nueces. Porque Mexico no reconocio' ,las..fronteras. f i j a d a s p e r . los _Estacios_ Unidos. clla continue' ocupando la f a c a d e \ > tierra entra ; el Rio Nueces y el Rio Grande, ' (Esta'faja de tierra fue conoCida come'; la zona sangrienta por las continuadas guerras-.de guerrillas.) En este tiempo habia un fuerte movimiento en La Republica-de Tejas (Kex.ics.nos Vendidos).; era gente. que estaba lUchando por el estadismo al principles de Tejas se .convert.to' es- . tadoi •. . £ • v• 7f Como Tejas ya era un estado, el gobierno da. los Estados Unidos estaba en la po.sicion ?•> enforzar la reclamacio'n fronteriza de La. Republica de Tejas. El .Presidents Polk qiseria• fornar a Mexico a pelear, asi el iriando H-000 tropas para ocupar tierras Mexicanas en el cur del Rio Nueces, un terrltorio que Tejas nunca habia controlado. Antes del final del ano do i 8^5, Polk habia ordenado sus tropas a el otro la do de la faja de tierra del Rio Ilueces testa el Rio Grande* Los Mexicanos t todavia no hablan ensenado niguna opcsicidn. En la mil-ad de 1 "nkf>. T-olk se canso' a de esperar, a s i el mando sus tropas para floouear la embccadura del Rio Grande. Este acto da o gresi on fue" respondido por el ejercito Mexicans, Ahora Polk tenia el "derecho" para declarer la guerra. El ejercito de los Estados Unidos planeo un ataque triangular en contra de Mexico, Una orden fue' da d a a el general Taylor para capturar Monterey y avangar ' hacia Mexico desde el nortej el general Winfield Scott iba a capturar Vera Cruz, y avanzar hacia la ciudad da Mexico por el surj y coronel Kearney fue' ordenado a ocupar el Nuevo territorio Kexica.no, Los Estados Unidos ton San un ejercito bueno y almas buenas, y asi puss conduciercn una ofer.siva total en contra de Mexico. ^ Pero el resultado de la guerra dependi'a, en los grupos dominantes. Ellos le • tenian mas miedo a los campesinos que a ningunos otros invasores, asi ellos se aseguraron quo los campesinos estuvieran desarmados, Como habian sido los campesinos qu.ienes fueron llamados a pelear; este acto por la clase dominant^ Mexicana", fue" prcbado ser desastroso para tcdo Mexico, Los Estados Unidos estaban avanzando mas adentro de Mexico, y los campesinos fueron dejados (desarmados) defendiendo su pa~ tria lo mejor posiblo que ellos podian. Los campesinos mexicanos y los indios estaban haciendo lo posible para rechazar.a les americanos, Ellos no estaban propiamente armndes y no habian tenido entrenamiento militar, sin embargo la rcsistencia aumento. Presidente Polk habia sido afrontndo con la posibilidad do desastre. No era solameirte que la resistencia mexicana estaba crosiendo y que el tenia la posibilidad de una larga ocupacion''' de Mexico, pero tambie'n texia que ol 'Congrcso negara. la vctacion para fondes de guerra. Polk quteria torminar esta guerra lo m s pronto posible. El mando a su oficial mayor del departamento estadista, Nicholes Trist, para negociar un tratado con el gobierno mexicano. �•'••• U n ano mas tarda, ya habia sido tomada la cuidad'do Mexico,' el Presidente fornia. Trist no pago'ninguna v — / - para..sus^^vjLag_.demandas en el Tratado del Guadalupe-Kidalgo. (151 . brado asi, porque Trist escogid para +'ir:SaT~<t~TOTTtra-to nl pueblo i/i'rgen"de Guadalupe, El .esperaba que los.mexicancs qvdeh.es son muy pensa.riari que la Virgeh habia perraitldo que esto pasara y que ella Vdirigiondo.") . ; • j Tratado fue' nomdedicadp a.la.^ .. religiosos, " / los estaba « Aunqua Polk queria mas tierras, el recomendo' que el Senado aceotara el Tratado, El.Senado acepto'todo pero mends .cl a r t l c i Q o , ol •'Cua'Lvparanti.zaraa 16s'. txtuLcs a las tierras de los mexicanos viviendo en Tejas. Los maxicancs no querian ver todas sus tierras despojadas dc su gente que vivia en Tejas, entonces^ellos no ciorabinieron con esos arreglos en el Tratado. Polk en bonces respondio que r, i no wdiaii ,-b guerra podia- continuar. Por su economia pobre y dispues de hacer vcncidos tanta veces en batallas con • los Estado? Unidos; sintieron que perder la mitad de sus tierras era mejor, qiie perderla t.oda.; Fueron forsados a firmar la entrega de su territorios que ahora 11amamos Nuevo Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada? partes de Colorado Kansas, • •• ! Oklahoma y Wyoihir.g. , '•• ; LA T-: MA de LA IGLESIA » El 29 de septiembre de 196?, el reverendo Brace Johnson J r . y su esposa fueron enc ontradns apunalados a muerto en su casa localizada en cl 2028 norte do Sem: inary (en Lincoln Park). El reverendo Johnson era el passer de la Igle'sia"Metodista en la avenida Armitage, fue renombrada La Iglesia de la Gente (mayo de 1969) cuando la organizacion de Los Young Lords y la gente de la comunidad se apederaron de ella, despues de una solicitud negada por espa'cio para establecer una oficina y un Centro de Kinos. •> * Explicando a otros la exactitxid de las acciones de la organizacion de Los Young Lords; el reverendo, su esposa v la junta directive de la iglesia empesaron a ayudarlos en sus sixpence para abrir el Centro de Cuidados de Ki'nos Gratxjitt.o. Esas gentes defendieron a Cha-Cha y La Organizacion a pesar de presiones y amenazas; • cuando Cha-Cha y La Organizacion eran atacados por la policia, por el regodor del • distrito, por otros politicos, y ademas por los intentop de los inspectores de estructura de cerrar la iglesia. • • • - . • '• En los mesas previos a su muerte, el reverendo Johnson a lo nenos una ves por la semana iba a corte en conexi on a "violaciones" legales tales como violaciones de estructura codiga; violaciones sanitarias; y por el peligro de combustion en la, iglesia. �Lea participation do la comunidad tenia que extenderso a todas las gentes pobre en la comunidad, incluyendo a .madres de families. . La organisecion de Los Young Lords sanla esto. Una de las racones brincipa.Les por la cual no podicn envoiverse -a-ca_por su vlgorozo envolvlr,lento en el cuidado de sus nines. El "centro-'de cuidado de ninos" fue "ihtendad.o pare cuidar a los ninos de laS seis de- ia-manana-a la seis-—. de la. noche. Esto reducia el di'a de labor de las madres para darles oportunidad a participar en las actividades de la comunidad. & & & & & ' ' •' m ^ l d i ^ ' ^ y M i ^ • -A , Cuando la comunidad fue informeda del Centro, ayudaron a establecer las fac alidades, .en la Iglesia de la Gente. Hacioron tales cosas como pir.tar, poner parti-" clones, cor.siguieron mate'riales, litres y coeinaren etc. E l Centro de Cuidado de Kinos consist'ia en educar a los nir.os a su culture, pin tar, leer, escribir y a tender a varias actividades de campo, etc. .i , El Centro de Cuidado de Minos nunca se pudo Ilevar a cabo, porquo fue atacado con difcrentes violaciones falsas, segun ellos decien que el techo era muy alto y el suelo muy bajoj- y que las series do e m e r g e n c e en las sal Idas no tenian sus requis- .• itos. tiki, de 30 miembros de le organizacion fueron arrestedos por,causes como, por • re part, ir ojad sueltos cercas de las escuela s , por conducta desordenada' por 'distur: i*' ber 1a pas y otros cergos conectados con el Centro de Guide de Ninos. Cha-Cha tam'-i i bien fue arrestado supuestamente por hater robado $23 dolares en madera para, el Centre, Le fijaron una multa por cantidad de $5000 dolares.. (rocibio* una sentencia de un ario do prision solamente por este caso)* ' Por cade di'a que el Centro Permanccla habierto la corte fijo, $200 dolares de multa. El sisten.a no queria que los Lords continuaron educando a la gente en sus necosidades5 ni tampoco querian que recibieran el apoyo do la comunidad. Cuando los Lords'vieron que no podian operar el Centro (por causa de la Maquinaria Daley)» Cha-Cha y los Young Lords no se dieron por vencidos. Trataron otros me todas pare servir a la comunidad. Ademas del "Prograna de ropes C-ratuites" que hasta la feche continue y el'Trograraa de Desayuno Gratuito" que funciona durante la tempors.de- de escuela, ellos se reuniercn con estudiantes de -medicine de la universidad Northwestern y planearon una "clinica de salud gratuita" para la gente latina y la gente pobre de la comunidad de Lincoln Park. PROGRAKA. DE SALUD •> Las condiclones en la area de Lincoln Park son los misses come on tcdas partes. Los latinos no cst-an irformados de la seriedad del cuidado do salud. No saben de las vacunas anuales, de cosas venenosas (por re suit, ado de malas condiciones de vivienda) y otras preceuciones de salud. La gente pebre tione que ser educada a cerca de le salud de sus hijos, Las sehoras embarazadas tiene que tornar varias medidas de precaucion durante el estado de enbarazo para a segurar un alurnbramiento sa- ; ludablo. Una dieta baloceada, vacumis fr~cuonc.es, y viviendas adequedas son necosidades que les hace falta a la rente pobre; como resuliado sufren una male salud; . �I i m m i t e Por eso, Cha-Cha y la organizacion de Los Young Lords ompezarcn la ; clinica de oalud para educer a la gente en sus necesidades de salud y dereehos. Pero porquela clinica no tenia tolas las facilicad.es y equipo,, hicieron arreglas con Grant Hospital .(tree bloques de dista.nc.ia de la Iglesia do la. Gente) para llevar ar sus ... pacientes, para rayos X y otros exam :'.r,aci ones sofisticadars Un arreglo fue hecho tuvioran que pagar, pues la clinica es gratuita. • *>•>"-"»'• Viendo que la clinica de los Young Lords habia tenido una reaccion bueria en . la comunidad, la .administration y la con,junta del Grant Hospital empezaron-a da.rles .'. a los pacientes una actitud mala en la recepciones y ompezarcn a cobrarles. Varias.'' . reuniones se llev-iron a cabo entre la comunidad' y la administration de Grant Hospital. Los Young Lords desenmascararqn en cuanto a el arreglo de'-. admision y las realidades que • ellos piac+,5 caban; dos maneras de cuidado de saluds cuidado de salud ' para los rices,y cuidado de salud para los pobres, esto se revelo claramente a la ^ ''''' gente de la comunidad. Ellos habian dado a la gente el ultimo traio de atencion, ' Como resultado de las reuhiones; las rienandas de la organizacion fueron reconocidas y la clinica recivio mss equipo medico, • Unos '«. -uip'os de salud fueron f'ormados. Yendo a casa por casa, ellos informaban a la gente pobre de la clinica y sus servicios, v tomaban .examines s e n c U l o s ' " en l a c a s a r La Clinica de Salud Gratuita ofrece cxaminaciones fisicas y de ojos, ' • •" trabajos dentales, vacunas, cuidado de nine, cuidado prenatal y postnatalj y si algunos do los pacientes necesltan cuidado bajo supervision de hospital, son mandados• a Grant Hospitel, Poolores y enfeaaeran do habia copancla fueron ccpccialr.cnto pro-. cur?.oos, Ssi los pacientes puedea hablar libremente, sin dixicultades. La clinica • al principio era abierta una vez por la semana, pero fue' rrolongada dos veces por .la semana por la buena respuesta de la comunidad. " • '' Por el envoiviniento de la organiaacidn de Los Young Lords en la comunidad, el sistema hizo todo lo pcsible para cerrar la clinica- 'Los Young Lords han reci- varias citac jones para aparecer on corte a Dropueota, cue la "clinica ruederser un peligro de combustion y por no tenor liconcia. El sistema sa.b£a cue"la clinica tenia doc tores licenciad.es y adecuados. La razon que ellos ouieren fa clinica .Licenciada es para que la junta de Sanidad Pueda investigar en cualquier tiempo los archives unformaeion podri'a hacor tomada de estos archives y u s arid--para morootar a los pacientes), Abierto a todos, la Clinica do Salud Gratuiita no rechaza a nadie„ Lor empleados voluntaries quieren que todos sus pacientes sean sinceros acerca de su salud y condiciones famiiiares; cualouier informac-ion respecto al paciente son nantenidos confidencialmeute, y no seran enceriaacs a la-junta de sanidad o a cualouier otro que pueda usarlos para molester a l o s p a o i n t e c . _EL PARQUE DE LA GENTS ' ; - • -'> El Parque de la Gente es un terreno vaci'o en la esquina de las calles Halsted y Armitage (cerca de la parte norte de Chicago) adondo la gente rica estaban pen-. .,,, sando- con.stru.ir un club privado de .tenia, en el cual el pago de cada miembro era i Z'-L $.1000 dolares al.ap.o, Cohs-ciontes do la real i dad de que f ami lias pobre s habian v vivido en ese sitio: y habian sido fcrzadoc a mudarse; v ademas tambien conscientes V de xa ..necesiaad.de tener un campo do recreo para los n.inos, la organizaci6n. de Les . ' ' v . •s / ••• - - . - - . . . . . . . . �l l ; . p ^ Young Lords decidieron tomar ol terreno. Tomaron el terrene aproximadamente eon 250 families pobres sorportandolos para formar ol Parquc.de la Gente; esto era, mientm.s que la gente; empezara hacer planes para viviendas de bajas rentas para. contruirlas en ese lugar. • .: ;; : h; r - \ Renovacio'n Urfena forzo que^e~T^ittar3.rra- -5:5CO -gentea- pobres ,en_l9 ->5o JL©r osta razon el terrene vacio aun existe, Despues do cuatro aiics que se dejo baldio, la . ciudad decidio que la mejor cosa para ol t e r r e n o fuera una cancha.de ter.ls. Cuando vl/;; la gente lo supo, empozaron hablar para recobrar el terreno, '.. La organizacion de Los Young Lords soporto.a la gente en sulucha,' a.yddandolos : 'a- iomar' el .terreno' vactf.ai'' El'parqne se limpie>•• •• colurvpios y Ibarras fueron puestae. ; p Esto essolamente uncs de los muchos cases adonde la gente pobre osta lunhando por . sobrevivir en una ciudad que esta tratando de expulsarlos. ' ' Yj'iy> LA FIESTA BCRIKQUENA Otro ajemplo do la "lucha por sobrevivir" fue en la fiesta llamada "Recordando a Boriqueu que la organizacion de Los Young Lords patrocinaron. Iba hacer;una fiesta pacifica; la'organizacion de. Los Young Lords abastecio comida gratuita y , ; / entretenimi.en.to» Como 200 policias' aparecieroh. para parar la fiesta. Dijeron que Los Young Lords no tehian permiso, y a r r e s t a r o n cinco Young Lords por decirle a la ' gente que se que.da.ran ,y no se - 'fue ran. • ' • '•••. Sin embargo,'ellos no' pudieron parar la fiesta, porque las gentes llenaron las calles y sopori.aron le organizacion de Los Young Lords? e'so otra, vez demuestra, cuanto respeto el "establecimiento" do les Estados Unidos tiene por la gente latlna« Cha-Cha Jimanez oomento' sobre los inoidentes del dia, y dijo, "No hay necesi- . dad de dadicar esta fiesta a 'Boriquen,* la policia ya'la dedicaron ensenadonos, que todavia somos esclavos." Puerto Rico Puerho Rico se \nri : vo i l.,UkC'j anas b? io la, dominscio'n espanola* .Se convertib a territorial en noviembre 25 de j.t59y con una constitueich de gobierno autonomo, Un gobierno mtlitar fue' esta.blecido ocho meses despues, cuando e.l ejercito de E.U. bajo el general Miles ocupo La Isla y la declare colonia, yanqui. En 1900, La Ley Yanoul Foraker lie go a existencia. Esto establecio un gobierno civil, pero todo los cficiales eran mandados por los Estados Unidos. (Los E.U. con el tiempo, tenian eai mente hacer a Puerto Rico un estado, pero si se hiciera, • je de desarollo do La Isla ,) Un ejsmplo de la "ayuda" de dependia en el porcenta, E.U, a Puerto Rico fue en su donacioh que les did a las vietimas del hurracan d® San Ciriaco (tenpranos 1900's) dinero que aumaba a no mas de ochenta centavcs per persona. 1 El Acto Jones fue pasado on 1917-. Esto estampo la ciudadania do los E.U., al pueblo puertorrique rio0 Uno de los "privalegios" de la ciudadania es el dereeho de �' ser reclutado. En yorfad este fue el a n o , en que los" t i W entro a • la' primera" giier- ra mundia'J -3 f i Los 1930's fueron anos terribles para el pueblo puert'orriqueno. Dos hurracanes y La Depresion Grande trajo casi dest r a d o n total a Puerto P i c o , una isla colonial del pais r,as rico del raundo. Habia anargufa polftlca, desempleo en ;masas*-•-,.•.;. y hambre on dondc quiara. Fue en este tiempo' que 'las TucHas'' puertotriquenas-por- : independencia empezaron. Alii habi'an muchas. corifrontacionss entro los "Indeponfjentistas". y la policia puertorriquena (vendidos). un ejemplo fue'"El Masacre de Ponce." Un grupo de marchedores pesivos, iban andsndo, bajo la calle principal de , Ponce tocando el himno puertorriquefco el Domingo Die de Bancs. Una ordon vino, originaliriante do general Wjnship (Yanqui), y disparos fueron descargados entre el gen- ' tio,. raatando a 21 persona e biriendo a mas d e 150« En este tiempo, las condiciones eran igual que los de los ternpranos 1800, E l mejor ingreso de'un trabajador de fines era de $il8 dolares a l aMo* Puerto Rico, en 1 9 ^ 7 , fue' dado el privelegio de electar su propio gcbernador. Luis Munoc Marin se hizo el primer gcbernador de Puerto Rico P elcctado en 19^8. Como nadie mas corr i o , en.contra de e l , el ga.no la elecioh® - El Pre. id elite Truman firrco' el proyecto de la Ley, "Commonwealth"'de Puerto ' Rico (conocido como la loy Publica 600)«. La gente estaban protestando por toda L a ; t I s l a . Un policia y cuatro demandantes fueron matador, cuando un grupo de 'gento ata• caron La Fortaleza, la mansion del gcbernador en el viejo San J u a n . Mientras, al-' zamientos sucedian en P o n c e , Utuado, Arecibo, Narraniito y Jayuya. Dos puertorri- .-,.-' queries de Kueva Y o r k , en 1950. fueron a Washington B . C . y atentaron asesirmr al presidents Truman. Hoy Puerto R i c o , sigue siendo ussdo por los Imperialj.stas americanos, por medio del gobernador Ferre'i I-ks de de la tiorra de Puerto Rico es usada por • bases inilitares do los 2 . U . , para protejer la costa surena de lor. B . U . (Primeralfiente. la base Ramey de Fuerza Aerea en el costa oeste y la estacion Roosevelt via. Naval, on la costa este.) No puoden volar en cleccionos, por legisladores que declaran guerra.s en l.os E»U», pero tienon que eervir en lac fucrzas armadas de los Estados Unidos, En el Congroeo no tienen ni voto, ni v o z . Bajo el control Federal esta el corcesi nnario do la. caoa de correo, la radio, la television y el serv.ic.io de derechos de aduana* Mientras la mayori'a de su poblacidh se mantiene pobre, es llamndo "El apartvlor de America, en el mar del Caribe,"' • Negocios amc-rio.mas tienon cadenas.de tiendas alii (Gulf, M o b i l , y estacinnec faRilnnr-rar. Esso; S e a r s , J - C . Fenney's, y Woolworth's),, Ademas do todo esto, Puerto Rico comparado con otros pai'ses del roundo, tiene la rcS's grande poblacion en drogaa, do acuerdo a, su tamano. Los Estados Unidos, forza a los ninos puertorri quenos- a hablar ingle's en las escuelas y esta tratando de hacerloa civ5 d a r su. culture.. •••'•;.' Puertorriquenos hen sido expuestos al racismo de la. democracia en los E.U. E<3tau oprimidos, como toda la domes gente pobre que esta. bajo el imperialism©. .Ell- .i£(§j o s , son msntenidos pasivos, por drogos; subyugadc.3 a viviendas inadoonatlasj proven- , tides a recibir una buena educacion; y > mir.'ar ayuda mediea en el unnn-n fjnf t.i r-JK-n nr> <l.in<-•»•«.." �• I L I INDEPENDENCIA PUERTORRIQ.UENA MARCHA FOP. — — ; — .. . : . , , , ^ I , S M La organizacion.de Los Young Lords dirigio a la comunidad lat'lna en una marcha' ' para dera'osirar apoyo a la lucha por Indepehdencia .de los pnortorriquenos y tambien ""para"-protestar e l a.Q061na.to da Manuel-Ramos»..asesiri.?,do._en el Otono d e 1969« La marcha empezo'en el Parque de la Gente, una. cuadra de distan'cia del Cuari^l Naclonal de la orga n is acio'n de Los Young Lords. Como la policia estaba.,en contra de la marcha? * -ma's de 250 policies se presentaron y con la ayuda de un "vendido"' . j-.p' trataron de persuadir a la gente que no partioiparari.cn la marcha* Pero el; pueblo respondio diciendo ":Q,ue vivan Los Young .Lords/," y la marcha creclo'"mas y ma's g r a n d p., .• La policia empezo hacer su retirada, cuando la marcha se acercaba a la calle . Division, corazon de la comunidad puertorriquena en Chicago. La gents qui en habia. estado mirando a la policia desde sus vertanas, vajaron de sus casas y se juntaron a la marcha. Se termino en el parque Humboldt, adonde Cha-Cha To haKlo'a la. gente acerca de la necesidad de oue los latinos se unioran. Esta no fue' la unica demostracion en apoyo a tod as las gentes pobres incluyendoa latinos, >rovovida por la organizacion de Los Young Lords. Hubieron nuchas mas, tratandose de viviendas inadccuadas, brutalidad policiaca? y abuses por el Depart a•V mento del Bienestar Publico y los hospitales. ; , /. 7 . ;.•',.'•'••'. ' '. • •. '• • ;f".'.; .... ; .V-^.,,.. '•"•' '..rfi'fi.;,», El incidents mas rccicnte que c.c llcvo a eabo, relacicnadc con la organizacion • de Los Young Lords, del Cuartsl Kacional en Chicago, fue el aseainato racista de uno de sus miembros, asesinado por un grupo bianco. •"PAMCHO" « » • • . • '.' . En el domingo de abril 11 de 1971, a las clnco de la'manana, Jose Luis "Pancho" Lind fue pror.uncia.do muerto do una severa fractura dul cranio en el hospital S t , Mary de Nazareth* Acercandosc a la media noche del viernes, despues de habor visitado a farailiares en esa comunidad; Pancho, su herma.no y su curiada andaban cerca de las calles de la narte norte de Chicago. Un grupo como de 12 blaucos se acercaron, atacandoIcs ccn bates de bcisboJ f sin rringuna razort o cause.> exeepto'el hecho de que ellos eran puertorriquefios trigeno?, en una comunidsd rac5a.ln.ente tcneaV Pancho estaba tendido en la cera, inconsciente, cuando la policia llego". Ccr.o resultado de la pal is a- su herrrano tenia urr. murieca. rota y el cuerpo do su esposa estaDa magullado. El grupo de blancos huyeron, sin stento por la. policia para cap— turatios; ni siquiera uno fue'arrestado. En este tiempo, su esposa estaba en la Conferencia de Mujeres en Canada'con Los Young Lords aprendionde de las atrocidrdos y brutalidados que el gobierno Imperialista los estaba inflictnndo al pueblo Vietnamitaj- Hiorii.rar, su esposo era otra vict.ima de la Vmita] idad en las naVlea dr> Chicago* • ' ':'' : ; v ' �: •' EveHittklffienie seis personas fueron arrestadas y detenidas por $1.5*000 dolares: . ^ v . s: de .lianza* Pero despues del line-up" oinco fuerc.i solt.ados por imprcpia identij |,v."" V-: . ficacion, El sexto tuvo una jurado en j u l i o 1 de 1971, casi tres neses despues' de*. la ranerte de PanchO« •'-.•• ' •' • \ '" '-V' ^ ' ' € —---Ufr-efi-oia-1 ^an-el-^irado_di4_o..qi\e_.Pancho fue pfronanctad.o "Nuerto a lav llegada" (BOA), sin embargo Paneho estuvo incapaoitado -en el hospital por un dia~.y medio," t:~'.."~ jt ;• teniendo transfucior.es de sangre y otros examenes. . .„.,.,........ -»-•, • Pancho fue' miembro de la organizacion de los Young Lords desde los primeros ."• >.. d i a c , .tambien antes que la organizacion se convbrtiera political El activamente !,.. •soportaba.a L a Organizacion, y habia.participado or. las numorosas kctividades que la organizacion de los Young Lords habia fomentado* Mieniras e:ca' perseguiclq ante's;;""';:: do ir e. una dempstzacioh al departamento del Bieuestar Publico, el fue arrer.tado'. : Vl junto.con Jose'.-"Cha-Cha" Jimenez, y recibieron cargos do asaltds gravios en. contra de un policia. Tar.bictn, fue' arrestado junto con nuevo Young Lords, . incluf yendo a Cha-Cha, per cargar ura arma escov.dida, iLa arrsa? Un serxuebo mojoso* . ; one entrada atras de una "guagua" perbeneeiento a un amigo.-carp'lrtere0 Mas tarde v,, '•'•;•; ^ los cargos'fueron retirados® ..:•''. : • -k •:.' J' a POR QUE NO MPS PUEDEU PARAH? TSrnpeza.pd o en 1959; como una. raildilla c&liejeraynnng Lords fneron re organ--,•-.-.is ad os en <969, por Jo se "Cha-Oha" Jimenez (uno do los siete originates que • emrezar- / on la pandilla) como la organizacion de Los Young Lord*. Su proposito no era ya . el de pelear con pandillas pero m s bien polesr por la liberacibn de tcda la gente . pobre. La organizacion de Los Young Lords rapidamente se extendio' , foraando ramas no solamente en Chicago (Cuartel-National de la organizacion da Los Young Lords) pero tambien en comunidades latinas en otras "partes de los Estados Unidos; fue el primer grupo do latinos (y el mismo tiempo jovenes) que demandieron*cambios radical-, es en el gobierno de los Estados Unidas imperial :1st a. El 26 de julio do 1969, un grupo en Kueva York fue oficialmente i-econocido como la. prinera rama de la organizacion do Los Young Lords. En septiembre, bajo la dire cci err del Cuartel Kacional en Chicago y por su ejennlo, Nueva York abrio' su oficina en una. extie nda, er.pezo un program a -de desayunos, exa minacioncs do descubri— miento de veneno de p i c m c y obraron con los problemas de derechos de salud. En oetubre del mir.mo one, dos ramas mas do la orcp.Msacicn de Los Young Lords, bajo el liderato del Cuartel Kacional en Chicago, fueron reconocidas y abiertas en I.'uevo Jersey y California. Tarnbi.fn por coo tiempc, una rama local en Chicago Heights fue formnda, pero a c a u s a de la repression dada per la policia local, la -rama fue descontinuada. • - . La rama en Bronx, fue abierta en abril de 1970, otra vez bajo la conduceion de Chicago, SiRuiendc la apertura de .la rc-ra er: 'Bronx, dor, raoao mas en California, roconoclpndo a Chicago como on .Vlnv'nv'r.-t r.-vlor, fu^aw; ,-nrlertas: a la. t;onte» En enero 1971, 'las war, rsciente rama so abrio en el esta.do an 'Jir.oonsi:s» '•• �m V o ,Wt K -1• Cha'^Cha sabia' que estableciendo Los Young Lords on una organizacion para uni~ icar y .guiar a-tod as las gentes opremidas en su liberacion, era conirario a este sistema de capitalismo, y indudablemonte se proponon a dar represion. Sin embargo, 'aur.que esta represion las ha golpiado muchas veces'.'en dife rente's formas, ellos la •Vhan blenvenido, la organizacion do Los^Yrnng Lords, fcajo el mandato de Jose "Chaper el Car3.no hacla las masas de la genie quo es superior, a la represion sistema ha clavado score ellos» jHos pueden encarbelar; Kon pueden- brutali.sar,* Hos. pueden mata.r; Pero no. no.s pueden parar! (Jose "Cha-Cha" Jimenez, Kinistro de a Defensa, Organizacion de Los Young Lords) Comite Central Enero de 1972 m m m � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BTS00060-01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young Lords (Organization) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Title A name given to the resource Young Lords history (Spanish), 1972 Description An account of the resource "Breve Historia de la Organizacion de los Young Lords." Spanish language history of the Young Lords Organization. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Depaul University Library. Special Collections and Archives Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Civil Rights -- United States -- History Community activists Puerto Ricans -- United States Social justice Relation A related resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource spa Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/555700da32023d9c7f967245a437a0ff.pdf fdd6bf25e243c1ed649b9510b04c04f7 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BTS00058-01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young Lords (Organization) Title A name given to the resource Young Lords logo poster Description An account of the resource Poster featuring the Young Lords logo of a raised fist holding a rifle. The phrase "Tengo Puerto Rico en mi Corazon" is arched above the image. Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Civil Rights -- United States -- History Community activists Puerto Ricans -- United States Social justice Relation A related resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource spa Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/275ff1656126f346decf2e4a08d6d740.pdf f07f51fb18db8f9b42fbfdac664d0777 PDF Text Text ioy 4, 1974 Angela Lind, Communications Secretary Young Lords Or~anization l. April 10, 1974 Cha-Cha Jimenez and Slim Coleman went with a letter to the Alderman to ask for a rermit for this event. 'They also as ked if we needed oetitions or letters, the Alderman sa ·id 11 :10. 11 The Alderman had Cha-Cha and Slim \•Jait and then chancied the subject to the ;ffA. He finally said that "The.v should 1\lri te up the puroose so he could go to the City Council to pass ; t and it could then be sent to the i3ureau of Streets and Sanitation." Cha-C:1a and Sl1m responded that the purnose i·.ras a block party and it t·Jas already stated as such in the letter. The Alderman said, "It v1asn't enough." So Cila-Cha and Slim explained in depth that it was a memorial for Manuel Ramos and Pancho Lind and also to observe the deaths of other poor peoole. ~!e :·:ould ::ie talking about the urban removal of Latinos and other poor people, the police harassmPnt anri drua situation on Wilton and Grace. Cha-Cha and Slim said t hey had already exoiained the purrose and they had understood that the Alderman and not the 3ureau of Sanitation was responsible for giving the permit. The Alderman then qave them back the letter and said he "didn't t,1ant it. 11 out as they \'Ia l ked out the door they gave the 1etter to his secretary . · 2. April 15, 1974 Cha-Cha and Slim went to the Alderman's office for a mee inq on another subject. They sooke to the ~Jard Committeeillan, /\xelrod. He said, "T · ~ Alderman reacted a little bit that ni91tt and not to ~1orry. The permit is going through and go ahead v1ith the event." That is when we started putting out extensive advertisement, contacted the bands, began making literally thousands of ohone calls to groups and individuals. ~e also be0an collecting netitions for the support of the event. He invited clerqy to give invocations for ,1anuel and Pancho, and arranged speakers representing various community grou~s. 3. April 17, 1974 Cha·-Cha and Slim wanted to ma ke sure that we would get the permit, so they went to the Upto1m States Attorney's office and snake to Francis Baumqart and asked him to please call the Alderman to hel p us ~et the permit. The Alderman told him "It's ur to the Alderman - not the States Attorney - to issue oermits and maybe he trmuld or maybe he \·1ouldn't. 11 4. ,l\pril 18, 1974 At a community meeting at St. 1•1 ary's of the Lake Church, they spoke to the Alderman again. He changed the subject by saying that vie had been disagreeing with him over the college site. tJhen we took the position that we didn't 1t1ant any more low- income housing :orndm·m and vie ,,mnted t he families that had been moved out to be relocated. He then said '\,e shouldn't do t hat" and walked away without giving us an answer. That same ni ght we also sooke to Sot. Bullerman, public relations for the 19th police district, informed him of the oroblems we \•Jere havinCl with the oermit, and said that ~,e wanted a meeting with Commander Hanley. �5. Aoril 19, 1974 Cha-Cha and Slim 1-.Jent to Sgt. Bullerman's office. He said "he felt the oolice vJere beinq used and he didn't li ke it." He said that we could go on with the event \•Ji thout the permit, but if he got II an anonymous phone call informinq hirn vie didn't have a permit he 1;1ould have to come and arrest everyone at the bloc!: party. 11 He told Cha-Cha and Slim to ~o back and mal~e an a9enda for a meeting tlith Commander Hanley. \le rilade an aqenda and brought it back. He said he vJOuld call us back for an armointrient, 1:1fiicl1 tie did. In the meantime, G. Abril 2( , 1974 an article came out in the Lerner Booster annouccing the block party. Also, in the ~eantime, 7. Aoril 24, 1974 Cha-Cha and Slir.i went back to see the Alderman, This time in front of a colleqe student, t<Jho uas doinq an intervie\-J 1:1ith him about how he conducts his office vJOrk, he told them, "he didn't see any reason ~,,hy \·Je couldn't get the permit for the block party. 11 ile said many oeople told him thev didn't want the block party, but he 1t1as sure that v1e knew manv neople t'llto 1·1a11tcd it, but we had to shm\l him something. !~e asked him again 1:1hat he \<Janted. Did he want retitions? He said "Yes, that would be a good idea." \'Je told him vie would bring him back netitions that niciht. That night when vie came back v1ith the netitions, his secret ary accidently brou<;ht out the fact that the Alderman had already sent out a letter askinq for the permit. (She said "It says 2 to 10 Pi1 on the netition but on the letter I sent out I ~vrote 2 to 9 Pf1. 11 ) The Alderman then nudged her \•J ith his elbm\l letting her kn01,1 to be s i 1ent. We came to the conclusion that he just wanted names to find out who would ootentially oppose him in the future. It would seem that the Alderman tJOuld use his nolitical office for his own personal gains. \;Je cannot understand why the Alderman v1ould go to such lengths to prevent a social event snonsored by Latinos and for Latinos and other poor of this vJard. :·Je did not inform you of this sooner because 'v-Je did not \Jant to fall into the tran the Alderman wanted us to. - To scare people away from this block party. An9ela Lind Communications Secretary Young Lords Organization �Angela Lind, Secretaria de Communicacfon Orqani zacfon de l os Ybtlng Lords El 10 de abril de 1974: Cha Cha Jimenez y Slim Coleman fuerorl con Lina carta al alderman pi Jiendole un permiso. Tambien le nrequntaron si necesitcban petition~~ al igual que una carta. El alderman le contesto qlJe, 11 :fo. 11 El hizo a Cha Gila ya Slin esperar mud10 tiernpo y mieritras asberaban ie tambio l a cohvcrsacfoh sobre RTA. Despues d~ sus pre0untas decidio que Cha Chay S1im escribiera n e1 pron.osito para el poder ir al consilio de la ciudad y luego hablar con el comite de sanidad y de las calles. Cha Chay Slim respondieron que el rroposito era para tener una fiesta en el bl oque y ya todo estaba espl icado en 1a carta que ellos le habfan entregado. El alderman contesto que no era suficiente. Ch a Cha y Slim procidieron con el orograma sabre la commernoracfon de :· Januel Ramos y Pancho Lind, tambien de otras gentes que murieron ayudando a su gente, sabre al removimiento de gente pobre del area central, sabre el abuso ~oliciaco y las drogas en las calles de t!ilton y Grace. Ellos trataron de esnlicarle al alderman que ya se haufa discutido el proposito anterior y que ellos sabian ~ue no el comite de sanidad nero riue $Olameote el alderman ten{a autoridad · sobre el oermiso. Al oir esto el alderman le entrego la carta y le contesto, 11 Yo no quiero esto, pero ellos al salir de la oficina le dejaron la Carta con la secretaria. 1. 11 2. El 15 ·de abril de 1974: Cha Chay Slim reoresaron a la oficina del alderman para seguir con la reunion sabre el permiso. Hablar6n con el hombre encargado del recinto·, Axelrod. El contesto, "El alderman no estaba muy contento esa noche, pero nose oreocupen. El permiso esta en nroceso y si9an con su evento. Entonces empezamos anunciandolo y hacienda publicidad. Tambien nos pusimos en contacto con las orquestas, y hicimos llamadas a miles de gentes y tambien grupos. Al mismo tiemro rcco9imos neticiones sabre el nermiso de la gente. Envitamos a raverendos para que hablaran sobre la muerte de nanuel y Pancho y tambien conseguimos qentes que hablaran sobre su comunidad. · ,, 11 3. El 17 de abril de 1974: Para estar seguiros que ivamos a tener el permiso, Cha Cha y Slim decidieron ir a la oficina de Uptown State's Attorney y hablar6n con Francis Baumgart. Ellos le pidieron a Francisque llamara al alderman y le ayudara conseguir el permiso. Al Francis llamar, el alderman le contest6, "El alderman es el que tiene autoridad sabre el perrniso y quizas lo doy. O quizas no lo doy. 11 El 18 de abril de 1074: Al redirle el nermiso al alderman de nuevo en una reuni6n de la comunidad (en la iglesia de St. ~1ary,) el contestc:i que nosotros estabamos acontra el porque estabamos cogiendo la posicfon de no tener removirniento y de no tumbar las edificios que eran de los pobresy al iqual que queriames la qente que se habi&n mudados regresar de nuevo. Al terminar dijo, "Ustedes no deben nacer eso. (Ysse fue sin una contestacfon.) Esa misma noche nos reunimos con el sargento Bullerman, relacionado con el districto 19, y le informamos nuestro interes de reunirnos con el Com. Hanley para descutir este problema sabre al oermiso. 4. 11 5. EL 19 de abril de 1974: Cuanao Cha Chay Slim visitaron al /~rgento i3ullerman y las enfrento con SUS sentimientos, Los cuales eran que, 11 el pensaba que la oolicia se estaba usando negativamente y esto a el no le qustaba. Tainbien le contesto "que si queriamos hacer nuestra conmemoracfon que la tuvieramos pero que si a lo llamaban a ~l, la gente protestando 11 que va a venir y arrestar a todos .que asistieran. Al terminar le dijo a Cha Chay Slim . 11 �que se fueron y hic1eran unJ a~enda nttra r 2unirse con el Co11. ;ianfoy. nos llnnaba para decirn0s cuando serfo l a cita. ,,1 resi~irla, 61 Con r,(s to cu,ir lio. 'J ientr.u s tu nto: t:1 24 de :firil tie 1974: LJ fiesta d<2l l1lo(!t!e ft!e Jnunciada en un art{culo <lel "Lerner ~,;ooster." V dentru:.; t ,rnto: El 24 de abril de 1974 c:ia Chay Sliri uecidi eron volv~r donJv: t; l ,\lder11tm. ts t a vez coi 10 '. rn:.ifo un estudiante de Col cc~o h~ciendole una entrevista l e contesto a ellos. ":io se ninauna raz6n nor la cual nuec.lan tencr su fiestr1. i:l :;aufo cm:: :1a::lian qentu nue no n.uerirln esto n8rO cnr10 Pl sahfa ~1.l':. nosotros ten1a11os l,lUChas resrw-,stas rosi li iv,1s, pues ·el neCF>Sitaba prueba ." :-\1 rr1-)'1 Untarl(:,, lo fjmJ el 1Uc)'.''1a, Si (JUeriu !i(~ticiones, el COnteStO <Jue sf. GuP- venori'a sfando una buena i dP.a. Al llevar las .:> ticionP.s fir1 ·adas la secretaria sin <]t1e rer nos inforno 11ue e l la ya :·rnL,fa hecho una cftrta ;1iclfondo el !"errTJiso. (El la di .jo, "lu carta ('JU(-'! yo rn nde dGC1cl <IP. 2 -- 9 P. i rero es ta dice dP. 2 -- 1~ P':.) El ahkm:an l e hizn un« S(c!Tfal riue ~P. iianteni era t~n sile11cio. no 1 Lle~anos a la conclusfon quc el al Jt=! rnJ n solanente querfa una listu tic· sentcs que f'n el futuro le ivci.n a contraducfr. El piensa (Jue su rosic(on rolitica le ruede rlyudar rarn sus 9a11oncias rersonal. rlo rodPmos en tender ~Or(JUfi el a lderrinn SP etrPvP. ir a ta 1 Qxtrf'PO para ne<Jarl e a 1os latinos tal evento, ~i solanent(~ lo h,1cei,1os rara la !)ente rohrP. ill i :3ual 'llle latina. 1m~remos r,e<li rle rerdon ror no traerl,~ ffsto Kntes, rero no 'lueri anr,s caer en la tranra 'lue el r\lcalde hahfa rlnnP.ado, ln cual P.ra asustrlrlos ~' nantenerlos fuera de esta ocac(on. Jmaela Lind Anr1ela Lind Secretaria de Cor1unicacfon 1r~anizacfon de los Youn~ Lords � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65_1974-05-04_YLO-report Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young Lords Organization Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-05-04 Title A name given to the resource Young Lords Organization Activity Report Description An account of the resource Activity report of the Young Lords Organization from April 10 to April 24, 1974. The report documents the efforts of the organization to coordinate a social event, and resulting conflict with the ward alderman. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Lind, Angela Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Young Lords (Organization) History Puerto Rican Civil rights Puerto Rican Social conditions Chicago (Ill.) Civil rights movements Community activists Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65) Relation A related resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1970s https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8b66536d2e04f9e0b41c9eeb3b8fedf7.pdf 8194dda881aceb012efd0d0fa72521b6 PDF Text Text YOUNG LORD QUIZ Please circle the best answers 1. From what Chicago neighborhood did the Young Lords originate and become a National Political Movement? • • • • 2. A) Humboldt Park B) West Town C) Lincoln Park D) Wicker Park What was the modern day land question that sparked Lincoln Park into action and raised the political consciousness of the Young Lords? • • • • 3. A) Police brutality B) Aids C) Military occupation of Puerto Rico D) Forcing Puerto Ricans and the poor from prime real estate areas like downtown and the lakefront. The Mission of the Lincoln Park Movement and the Young Lords was: • A) To elect John Kerry President • B) To kick out Daley and elect a new Mayor • C) Puerto Rican and worldwide self-determination and neighborhood controlled development • D) Elect Latino politicians 4. The Young Lords believed in what Mao Tse Tung called a People's War. What does this mean? • • • • A) Leaders will wage battle for the People B) Individuals don't make qualitative change. Change is brought about by an organized People C) Since we have no leaders, we must wait for a Messiah D) The "Latino Revolution" must be conducted only in Spanish �The Young Lords believed that a People's Party is necessary for change. It is the representative of the most progressive elements of its class. What other goals must it achieve? A) B) C) D) E) Unity of will Become the vanguard of its class Discipline bordering on military Build unity with the many to defeat the few All of the above Democracy Under Centralized Guidance was the system of management used by the Young Lords. It includes: A) B) C) D) E) Majority rules Lower leading bodies submit to higher levels and to Central Committee Individual submits to organization One always follows a directive. It can be discussed later. All of the above The first Young Lord's study group consisted of readings and speeches by Malcom X, Albizu Campos, Che, Frantz Fanon and Eldrige Cleaver. It was held at: A) Peoples Church B) Cha-Cha's apartment C) People's Park D) McCormick Seminary E) All of the above A "Cabezon" is someone who is selfish, and an individualist who also: A) Is ashamed to do "dirty or low class" work B) Gossips about members C) Fails to educate the people D) Lets things slide to avoid blame or for the sake of peace E) All of the above �Many reasons were given for the "split" between National Headquarters and the New York chapter. The Truth was: A) Minimal communication and major police infiltration B) National in Chicago lacked ideology, leadership skills, and discipline C) A physical fight took place between Andre Gonzales and Yoruba Guzman D) Cha-Cha was a criminal and had used drugs After being jailed nine months and exonerated for alleged kidnapping charges in support of the F.A.L.N., Cha-Cha Jimenez and the Young Lords resurfaced to help elect Harold Washington, first black Mayor. In June 1983, Cha-Cha helped organize the first city sponsored, neighborhood festival and introduced Mayor Washington in Humboldt Park; demanded humane treatment for the F.A.L.N.; and demanded Puerto Rican self-determination, before an elated crowd. How many were at the event? A) B) C) D) 100 10,000 100,000 5,000 The first political action ever taken by the Young Lords was to "thrash" the entire Department of Urban Renewal office. True or False The Young Lords platform spelled out its principles and was used as an organizing tool. True or False The Young Lords believed that before any battle one must unite with others and therefore decide "Who are their friends and who are their enemies." True or False �14. Manuel Ramos, Julio Roldan, Jose "Pancho" Lind, Methodists Eugenia Johnson and Rev. Bruce Johnson were all affiliated with the Young Lords and were murdered. Now they are also victims of unsolved murders. True or False 15. The Young Lords helped set up a People's law office, "survival programs", a free breakfast for children program, a Puerto Rican cultural center, free health and dental clinic, voter registration campaigns, and a free day care center. These involved the community, exposed injustices, and helped destroy enemy "encirclement and suppression campaigns"against the Young Lords and the Lincoln Park Movement. True or False � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park Collection Subject The topic of the resource Young Lords (Organization) Puerto Ricans--United States Civil Rights--United States--History Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Personal narratives Social justice Community activists--Illinois--Chicago Description An account of the resource Collection of oral history interviews and digitized materials documenting the history of the Young Lords Organization in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Interviews were conducted by Young Lords' founder, José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, and documents were digitized from Mr. Jiménez' archives. The Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection grows out of the ongoing struggle for fair housing, self-determination, and human rights that was launched by Mr. José “Cha-Cha” Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords Movement. This project is dedicated to documenting the history of the displacement of Puerto Ricans, Mejicanos, other Latinos, and the poor from Lincoln Park, as well as the history of the Young Lords nationwide. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jiménez, José, 1948- Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/491">Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-04-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng spa Type The nature or genre of the resource Moving Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-65 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2012-2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BTS00063_01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young Lords (Organization) Title A name given to the resource Young Lords quiz Description An account of the resource Young Lords history quiz Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.) Civil Rights -- United States -- History Community activists Puerto Ricans -- United States Social justice Relation A related resource Young Lords in Lincoln Park interviews Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Young Lords in Lincoln Park collection (RHC-65) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/85a0eaf1f4c1d018389a2bb94fdad178.jpg 5bcd492ed98e50ccfbd5ae9fe930fc5c https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7a8f7c7dd5cd2c9bf9adf7e12c7a016a.jpg a5a74731b91f4b64ec421ed6744c65c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0092 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-07-04 Title A name given to the resource Young man at Oval Beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young man among sunbathers at Oval Beach in Saugatuck, Michigan. He is wearing large black sunglasses and bright yellow swimming trunks while crouching down and looking up at the camera. There are people around him laying down on towels. The handwriting at the top of the photograph says: "Saugatuck, July 67." The handwriting reads: "Saugatuck, 4th of July '67 Weekend. The Oval. William [?], Darling (Jerry), Acacia U. of Mich." Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Fourth of July Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/af5cec763b6c8d469ec8eb6957ccfcfe.jpg 8f148e7bb4fbf177dbe4554eb5b3e866 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0104 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Young man lying on the beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a blond young man at Oval Beach in Saugatuck, Michigan. He is wearing sunglasses and striped swim trunks while lying down on a beach towel amongst other beachgoers. In the photo he is looking toward the camera with a half-smile. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/90eee4d5c31d8c3ef70fa7c9033ee8c6.jpg 904153c4ba632850535b754fc0b818dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Oxbow-18-21 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ox-Bow School of Art and Artists' Residency Title A name given to the resource Young Man Painting Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a man in a white tee shirt and glasses as he paints on a canvas in what appears to be the outdoors of Ox-Bow "Summer School of Painting" in Saugatuck, Michigan. The photograph is blurry and the gentleman appears to be seated on the ground while painting on a canvas. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Art school Painting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Mike Van Ark for the Stories of Summer Project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8af78acb8869053378b3a175f092ab62.jpg a14c11de1137b16f347a0ff87e09eb00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_G058-0003 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-06 Title A name given to the resource Young men traveling in Ambleside, England Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a group of young men hiking single file down a paved road in Ambleside, England. The town is located within the Lake District National Park and the group of gentlemen are seen wearing outdoor clothing and rucksacks full of camping supplies. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Ambleside (England) Lake District (England) Lake District National Park (England) Hiking Backpacks Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a1640c530838974606dec29edcf71d49.jpg 04cdfcfc536b4c545c709a430fefe125 https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/e9e215b132fa9b72d20f1d02e8208c43.jpg 8180e493f3bee2cdfdb1761f511f3778 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0013 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-07-04 Title A name given to the resource Young people sunbathing among the dunes Description An account of the resource Photograph featuring groups of young people sunbathing on the beach and having conversations among the dunes. The inscription on the back reads "Saugatuck, 4th of July '66 Weekend, Me, Colleen James, Dick Fosdick, Marietta, Dick's friend." Circa Fourth of July weekend 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/a75ec2ca65aa37ec9e97697df6f51898.jpg eb09519e16592ec05a7ef9284558b6d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas R. Gilbert Photographs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R., 1942-2023 Description An account of the resource Photographs scanned from negatives and transparencies from the Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183). Douglas R. Gilbert (b. 1942) is an American photographer from Michigan. He was born in Holland, Michigan and is the son of Russell W. and Carmen (Andree) Gilbert. Gilbert earned a B.A. in social sciences and art at Michigan State University in 1964, an M.S. in photography from the Institute of Design at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1972, and a M.S.W. from Salem State College in 1993. He is married to Barbara (McDonald) Gilbert, and has three daughters, Robyn, Rachel, and Anne. Gilbert took a serious interest in photography at the age of fourteen. In 1963 he joined the staff of Look magazine in New York as the second youngest photojournalist in the magazine's history. As a Look photographer from 1964 to 1966, he photographed folk musician Bob Dylan, the Newport Folk Festival, Simon and Garfunkel, the New York City Financial District, the children and facilities at the Manhattan School for Seriously Disturbed Children. From 1967 to 1969, Gilbert did several shoots, including that of folk singer Janis Ian for Life magazine. After moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1969 to attend the Illinois Institute of Technology, Gilbert conducted notable photo shoots of business and political figure Lenore Romney, and pursued more personal and artistic photography, focusing on urban and rural landscapes in Illinois and Michigan. He then joined the faculty of Wheaton College, where he taught from 1972 to 1982. In 1993, Gilbert graduated from Salem State College, Massachusetts, with a Masters in Social Work, and later pursued a second career as a psychotherapist. Douglas Gilbert died in June 2023. Throughout his photography career, he pursued both freelance commercial work as well as artistic work. His art photography is characterized by its classic black-and-white format, and features people, places and objects shot great attention and sensitivity. Gilbert's works are held in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, and the Grand Valley State University Art Galleries, as well as in numerous private and institutional collections. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-2011 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783%E2%80%9D">Douglas R. Gilbert Papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Subject The topic of the resource Photographs Photography -- United States Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections and University Archives. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image Type The nature or genre of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-183_F206-0011 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gilbert, Douglas R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-05-11 Title A name given to the resource Young photographer at Rockaway Beach, NY Description An account of the resource Black and white photograph of a close-up view of a young male photographer holding his Leica Summicron camera while taking a photograph of photographer Douglas Gilbert at Rockaway Beach, New York. Scanned from the negative. Subject The topic of the resource Rockaway (New York, N.Y.) Rockaway Beach (New York, N.Y.) Photographers Leica camera Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/783">Douglas R. Gilbert papers (RHC-183)</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">In Copyright</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1960s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5bc9dad74a65d4f57bddc6455abfd131.jpg eefef26889d09ad5825920fef1f06372 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) Scrapbook Subject The topic of the resource Science--Study and teaching East Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Rapids (Mich.) University of Michigan Description An account of the resource The Honors Institute for Young Scientists provided a competitive scholarship to an advanced summer educational program in science and math for high school juniors and seniors in the Grand Rapids, Michigan area. It expanded to include approximately 12 states by 1962. In 1966, Grand Valley State College took over the program, changing its name to the Honors Institute for Young Scholars. The scrapbook includes articles and photographs of the Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) in Grand Rapids. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/465">Honors Institute for Young Scientists (RHC-38)</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-03-28 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpg Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-38 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1958-1966 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Source <a href="https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/resources/465">Honors Institute for Young Scientists (HIFYS) scrapbook, RHC-38</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RHC-38_HIFYS10 Title A name given to the resource Young scientists' institute opens Subject The topic of the resource Honors Institute for Young Scholars Honors Institute for Young Scientists East Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Rapids (Mich.) Grand Valley State College Science--Study and teaching University of Michigan Science Description An account of the resource Young Scientists' Institute Opens, newspaper article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Honors Institute for Young Scientists Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Special Collections & University Archives Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-NC/1.0/?language=en">In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/ba34b4f5503a2f6575946f13c86df8f7.jpg e50976ccf1fa0a25f7935aa14e506c88 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0094 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-07-04 Title A name given to the resource Young woman at Oval Beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young woman sunbathing at Oval Beach in Saugatuck, Michigan. She is wearing a mutli-colored bathing suite and smiling at the camera. Other beachgoers can be seen sunbathing in the background among the dunegrass. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/80931b28b8cfdd9c29ca72ab935b482e.jpg 9a5e7366dc6f6b5c6d79f5d82734a803 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0004 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09 Title A name given to the resource Young woman on a dock overlooking the Kalamazoo River Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young woman walking on a dock overlooking the Kalamazoo River. She is wearing a light brown jacket with her back turned to the camera and there are boats docked nearby with people standing just ahead of her. In the background, the Mount Baldhead radar tower can be seen from a distance. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Kalamazoo River (Mich.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8f121f6c5bce5591112ae13a2defb271.jpg ec260edf4a6f3b34348f205183d0005e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0016 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Title A name given to the resource Young woman smiling on the beach Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young woman seated on the beach and smiling at the photographer. She is squinting while wearing a white shirt and white sunglasses perched on her head. Beach towels and dunegrass are featured in the background. Circa summer 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Outdoor recreation Sand dunes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/d1aa02b1745e63db9938e5957e965145.jpg cc69447d657d06da73c658865df40400 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0101 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Young woman standing in front of 'Round the Corner Ice Cream Shoppe Description An account of the resource Photograph of a young woman, Colleen James, standing in front of the 'Round the Corner Ice Cream Shoppe entrance. She is wearing a brown button down shirt and smiling at the camera. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Central business districts Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/cf28c133a2d95128f24a2565edff7a0f.jpg 4e408eed2a4beada5c6dae99b7c709b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Summers in Saugatuck-Douglas Collection Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. Kutsche Office of Local History Description An account of the resource Collection contains images and documents digitized and collected through the project "Stories of Summer," supported by a National Endowment for the Humanities Common Heritage Grant. The collection aims to document the twin lakeshore communities of Saugatuck and Douglas, Michigan, as they transformed through the state's bustling tourism industry and acceptance of minorities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1910s-2010s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Various Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Douglas (Mich.) Michigan, Lake Allegan County (Mich.) Beaches Sand dunes Outdoor recreation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University Libraries. Allendale, Michigan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Saugatuck-Douglas History Center Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Stories of Summer (Common Heritage project) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Text Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DC-07_SD-Walsh-J_0121 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Walsh, Jerri Title A name given to the resource Young woman standing on a road leading to Lake Michigan Description An account of the resource Photograph of a solitary woman standing on a road with Lake Michigan in the distance. The photograph is in black and white and she is holding a purse while wearing her summer attire. Subject The topic of the resource Michigan Saugatuck (Mich.) Allegan County (Mich.) Women Michigan, Lake Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Digital file contributed by Jerri Walsh as part of the Stories of Summer project. Relation A related resource Stories of Summer (project) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/">Copyright Undetermined</a> Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. University Libraries. Lemmen Library and Archives https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/5e75d94b6281f4f31259a3a30ad2f853.jpg 65236dcfded953bac05336f1f0126f9a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context YoungJames_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Young, James Description An account of the resource James Young Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/7dd94af3da1290b9e1bb1c87278d5c73.jpg f81dabd4346e0f20fd64edf46ba7f372 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context YoungJames_Photo02 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Young, James Description An account of the resource James Young Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/2da6bd9fceff1fd26961e0bcc0b1d73a.jpg 1e044a66d9e1f111ba55895ff1a9fb53 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context YoungJames_Photo03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Young, James Description An account of the resource James Young Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/8ffc4ac3fd9c8f4dc3151b461c3d3210.jpg a31fc8f11f0b4ff201de5f4d756a7542 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context YoungJames_Photo04 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Young, James Description An account of the resource James Young Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng https://digitalcollections.library.gvsu.edu/files/original/1414cce1613c1c62a9b7732331440124.jpg 803dfbd4a13145d3254ae0a6a568130f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Faces of Grand Valley Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource University Communications Description An account of the resource A non-comprehensive collection of photographs of Grand Valley faculty, staff, administrators, board members, friends, and alumni. Photos collected by University Communications for use in promotion and information sharing about Grand Valley with the wider community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s - 1990s Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived GV012-03. University Communications. Vita Files Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copryight Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University College administrators College teachers Colleges and universities -- Faculty Michigan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GV012-03 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Language A language of the resource eng Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context YoungTheodore_Photo01 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grand Valley State University. University Communications Title A name given to the resource Young, Theodore Description An account of the resource Theodore Young, Philosophy Subject The topic of the resource Grand Valley State University – History College teachers Universities and colleges – Faculty Michigan Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University Communications. Vita Files, 1968-2016 (GV012-03) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Grand Valley State University. Special Collections and University Archives Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Language A language of the resource eng